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The perceived dichotomy between distant and close reading continues to shape conversations about the digital humanities. This debate has functioned as a red herring, overshadowing misreadings of computational work. Drawing on two case studies, I argue that the information produced from computational methods should be understood as a type of context, rather than as data or as a textual "reading." Viewing computational output as context implies that impartial and flawed methods can still supply valuable information. This is a radical departure from the field's current preoccupation with methodological validity. My first case study looks at Google's flawed learning algorithm Perspective. I posit that the tool can be reverse engineered to examine racist and sexist attitudes. I also examine my computational study of direct address in 2,000 Anglophone novels. Despite technical flaws, the project facilitated the textual recovery and close reading of several nineteenth-century African-American novels. As these examples show, the computational analysis of literature produces information that, much like biographical and historical context, is in its own right subjective and incomplete but can be used to provoke further acts of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines popular anecdotes about erotic responses to religious images during the Song dynasty (960-1279). It first compares three interrelated traditions in order to see different agents at work: discussions of living images in art criticism, stories about miraculous icons in religious accounts, and erotic encounters with nonhumans in tales and anecdotes. In comparison with these traditions, narratives of erotic interaction with religious images often emphasize the agency of the viewer. For cases in which images are said to have responded, the narrative often displays deliberate efforts toward justification and interpretation. This article then examines the materiality of religious imagery in Song anecdotes and compares it with the nonreligious images and objects that become jingguai? (transforming creatures). Finally, through analyzing the depiction of female beholders and their desire in anecdotes and medical treatises, this article argues that a changing discourse on female sexuality took place during the Song-Yuan period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay looks to Jonathan Culler's Theory of the Lyric for insight into debates about postcritical reading. While thus reading Culler's study against the grain, Culler's concern that certain modes of academic interpretation have become exhausted, losing sight of the literary, is one that theorists of poscritique have echoed. This essay also develops a reading of Ali Smith's 2014 How to Be Both to demonstrate the stakes of postcritical reading. Smith's novel both stages a biting rejoinder to various academic habits of interpretation and, through its own own lyrical qualities, suggests an agenda for re-grounding criticism in the sheer experience of reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While languages vary enormously in the way in which thinking is grammaticalized and how it figures in discourse, " think " appears to be a universal linguistic concept. Linguistic interpretations of this basic human activity can thus provide an important source of evidence for uncovering conceptual systems. Accordingly, this paper analyzes linguistic constructions of thinking--the ways in which this state or activity is " semanticized" or construed in language--preserved in the literary evidence of eastern monasticism, in order to uncover early monastic perceptions of the self and how these are formed and employed. Drawing on modern theories in linguistics, I argue that the unique linguistic interpre tation of thinking employed by late antique monks was not simply a convenient or expressive way to talk about mental processes, but a way of bringing about a profound shift in understanding of the self as distinct from one's thoughts. This paper thus points to the important role of language, and especially the grammar, in the formation of the monastic self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that intentionalist theories of meaning and interpretation, like those of Hirsch and Juhl, have been insufficiently attentive to the different levels of authorial intention that are operative in literary works. By countenancing intentions on different levels--ranging from simple semantic intentions, over the use of irony and allusion, to wide- ranging strategic decisions or attempts to express general ideas--and their complex interplay, intentionalism converges, at least in practice, on some of the rival approaches to interpretation. This paper provides a rationale for, and a sketch of, a multilevel intentionalism that is more sensitive to authorial and critical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the difference between criticism and critique in the reorganization of the humanities. He asserts that critique was characterized by deliberated recoil and vigilance out the acts of reading and interpretation while criticism required one to inhabit the text or critical appreciation. He argues that critique is not due to desire for dominion or gullibility but to response to the humanities.

A literary criticism of the book "Past Continuous" by Yaakov Shabtai is presented. It outlines the philosophical discussions, figures, ideas, and the intellectual lives of its characters. It discusses the representational range of tradition. It mentions the ostensible preoccupation with metaphysics and influential interpretation.

The article focuses on Anglo-American legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin's philosophy to classicists. His theoretical thinking on the nature of interpretation and ideas concerning what is involved in the process of interpretation are discussed. Topics include the aesthetic hypothesis, interpretive presuppositions, and the concept of chain novels used in fiction writing.

The article offers the author's view on hermeneutics. He mentions that hermeneutics is the theory of text interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. He refers the narratives of selfhood on the emergence of the Renaissance, Humanism, and modernity. He cites the narratives written by poet Franceso Petrarch.

An essay is presented on interpretation resistance. Topics include the author's preference for a hands-on approach in teaching and learning over a methodological one, philosopher Hippolyte Taine's appraisal by his colleagues, and the idea of "evidential paradigm" by Carlo Ginzburg published in his article "Clues" Roots If an Evidential Paradigm."

An essay on an interpretation to Nicolas Poussin's painting "Sacrament of Marriage" is presented. Topics include a description of the painting which is currently located at the National Gallery of Scotland, the act of describing as a form of interpretation, and the difference between the complexity of images or text and the conditions under which configurations are made.

An essay is presented on the predicament of action and thinking. Topics include the author's own definition of interpretation and its rivals as opposing between thought and action, a discussion on the action of thinking and speaking through Hans-Georg Gadamer's take on it, and the issues with prioritizing thinking before action as what is suggested in a philosophical understatement.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the issue on topics including interpretation and the reasoning behind it such as learning the meaning of the text, a reflection on the role of hermeneutic understanding in postcolonial history, and how technology is changing the view of interpretation.

An essay is presented on interpretation as a process by which the implicit is conducted towards the explicit of the subject. Topics include an overview of the different definitions of interpretations, viewing interpretation as a form of engineering, and the concept of responsibility in relation to the subject of interpretation and the interpreter as well. Also mentioned are authors Susan Sontag, Michel Serres, and Peter Sloterdijk.

An interview with Nigerian British poet and novelist Ben Okri is presented. Okri discusses the relationship of arts in secular and spiritual aspects of humanity through civilization-shaping, life-molding activity and prophetic. He mentions the importance of interpretation in human quality of daily living. He also emphasizes on the role of nature of the spiritual and nature of presents of art works.

The article focuses on the functions of literature and art to determine the link between the questions posed by evolutionary theory and the pragmatic and use-oriented strains of literary criticism. Sociopolitical movements that influence New Critical approaches include Marxism, feminism, post-colonialism, and ecology. One significance of literary narrative is its ability to create an imaginative experience of virtual realities that can improve cognitive and interpretative skills.

The article looks at Ludwig Wittgenstein's treatment of use in the context of the crisis of humanities. Some obstacles to the formula "the meaning of a word is its use" include the different kinds of use, everyday use, grasping a word's use, and useless philosophical expressions. According to the book "Philosophical Investigations," several factors between a word and its use that should not intervene include the event of understanding, system of signification and act of interpretation.

Does the way authors treat their own works tell us something about how these works are to be understood? Not necessarily. But then a standard argument against the "New Wittgenstein" comes under question. The argument is: the undogmatic interpretation of Wittgenstein's Tractatus cannot be correct, since Wittgenstein himself later treats it as a work that holds certain positions. My response is: the argument is only correct if the answer to four specific questions is "yes." The main purpose of the paper is to bring issues of philosophical authorship more into focus within Wittgensteinian interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Greek philosopher Plato's theory of interpretation as it is laid out in the dialogue "Protagoras." More specifically, the author explains that Socrates' seemingly paradoxical criticism of interpretation within the text can largely be explained by Plato's use of parody. It is argued that, contrary to the dominant understanding of interpretation in the "Protagoras," the use of parody does not render Socrates' understanding of the concept as insignificant.

This article explores evolving interpretations of the life of St. Hedwig of Andechs in the German-speaking world over the past century. In the early twentieth century, she became linked with the nationalist myth of Germany's Kulturmission to Eastern Europe. After the expulsion of millions of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, the expellee community recognized in Hedwig a woman who had endured similar forms of suffering. In the mid-1960s, as the dominant thrust of West German foreign policy gravitated toward dėtente, she emerged as a saint dedicated to the reconciliation of peoples, a theme that continues to resonate today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the role of the concept of mood in studying the emotional impact of film. Mood is said to central to the experience of film and that an understanding of mood in film is importance to film criticism, interpretation, and analysis. An analysis of how mood fits in the affective experience at the cinema is offered. The differences between moods and emotions are also discussed.

This essay explores Flannery O'Connor's sense of anagogical vision, wherein it sees all things as instances of participation in God. It states that for O'Connor, the logic of anagogy means that the visible realities of the world takes only a fullness of meaning. It notes that O'Connor's anagogical imagination, intends to lead one through the contemplation of future glory in the light of the Incarnation, and to enable one to see such existence with the grace of divine creation.

The article explores the interpretation of the philosophical work "Posterior Analytics," by Aristotle found in the 13th century text "Commentarius in Posteriorum Analyticorum Libro," by Robert Grosseteste. Particular focus is given to the combination of Aristotolian thought and theories of divine illumination. Inconsistencies between the two epistemological theories including their views concerning universals, classes of metaphysical truths, and principles of being. The relationship between intelligences and human cognition is also discussed.

The article discusses the significance of the "Page and Stage" project on several public libraries in the U.S. It mentions that the project was created through the collaboration of sixteen public library members of the Urban Libraries Council (ULC) and the Aquila Theatre. It notes that the project aims to present a timely and fresh interpretation of classical literature through exploring Homer's epic poem "Iliad." It concludes that the collaboration has brought challenges in the creation of innovative programs that encourage meaningful learning discussion about the history and ones aspirations.

The article discusses the role of intuitive, subjective interpretation as a valid and necessary complement to traditional analysis. The author pushes for reversing the strategy of studying play scripts by focusing on intuition rather than on privileged text. She calls for replacing the traditional term script analysis with script interpretation.

The article focuses on the author's literary view on emotionality. It presents the difference of the term emotions from emotionality wherein emotion is referred as a feeling while emotionality is the quality of emotions. It states that emotionality can be considered to be one of the most abstract concepts. It highlights Jutta Eming's insights on medieval emotionality and aspects related to history. According to Eming, during the medieval times, emotions play an important role in the society and literary fields. It provides various interpretations of emotionality from various philosophers such as Márton Dornbach, Sianne Ngai, and Michael Taylor.

The article discusses the functions of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz' principle of continuity and theory of consciousness. It notes that the theory of continuity will give an accurate analysis to various interpretations of the theory of consciousness, and is applicable against the Cartesian laws of motion than will lessen the first order features of a perception to various degree of perceptual distinctness. It also presents an account of the principle of continuity as a methodological principle showing a paradigm of a continuous transformation and proximity of formulations.

In this article the author studies games and play in the Middle Ages. The central focus of the article is the author's examination of the contention made that play is the expression of societal interpretation of life and the world. The statement arises from the book "Homo Ludens," by Johan Huizinga, a historian of the Middle Ages.

The article explores the narrative histories of archangel Raphael in books 5, 6, and 7 of John Milton's "Paradise Lost." According to William B. Hunter's interpretation of "Paradise Lost," archangel Raphael's martial narrative works as a temporal allegory. It relates that Raphael's account of the Creation operates as a spatial allegory that communicates the Son's work of restoration by associating vertical movements of descent and ascent with the salvific process of the Son's incarnation, death, and resurrection. In addition to the restorative scheme of symbolic movement, Milton implements a range of literary devices to inscribe within Raphael's history of the old and new Creation of humanity accomplished by the incarnate Son's saving work.

An essay is presented which argues on John Larner's various interpretations of Marco Polo's book "Le Divisament Dou Monde," using different medieval Western genres. It offers a history of the small talk genre of minor quasi-historic work in the Chinese narrative tradition. The author presents various works which interpreted th travel of Marco Polo to Asia in different ways.

This essay outlines the interpretation of the ancient traditions concerning bears and the image of Poliphonte as a strix, with reference to the myths attributed by Antoninus Liberalis. It discusses the Greek variant of the bear's wife motif, as well as the physical resemblance between bear and man. It stresses that Poliphonte might maintain in her upside-down position all her experience of inverted womanhood. Moreover, it notes that the ability of strix to practice womanhood inversion seems to be one of the motifs that work as an ideal bridge between the strix and the ancient human sorcerer, and between the ancient and the modern witch.

The article discusses Bible theology and fracture in the language and conceptuality of the New Testament authors of the meaning of the cross. Jesus's death and resurrection are considered. The apostle Paul's refusal to speak of an end of history after Jesus's death is analyzed. The role of orthodoxy and Hellenistic philosophy as demonstrated in the book "History of Dogma," by Adolf von Harnack are explored. The content of the hymns included in the "Lutheran Book of Worship to the Evangelical Lutheran Worship" is discussed.

Abstract:Widespread assumptions about the material constitution of demons in Roman and later antiquity have much to teach us about conceptions of the cosmos and the human person. Focusing on spiritual, psychological, or even the social implications of demons, the sophisticated readings of recent scholarship have proved so fruitful that more fundamental ideas about matter, physics, and biology are easy to miss. Exploring the physical "science" of demons, however, need not preclude their psychological interpretation. On the contrary, simultaneous attention to matter and spirit suggests that demons and people had more in common than we might otherwise suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the inquiry without names in the "Cratylus" of Plato. It mentions that the contents of Plato's Cratylus include Platonic corpus of learning, discovering, and inquiring without names. The first interpretation of Plato speaks about an acquaintance model while the second one articulates a field-work model. It mentions that inquiry without names differs with inquiry from or through names. Cratylus defends the notion that names have a natural correctness and this correctness is captured first on etymologically-derived descriptions true of the names of the bearers and the mimetic relations obtaining between the letters and syllables of names.

The article provides an interpretation of the theory of supposition by William of Ockham. It mentions that the theory of supposition by Ockham can be seen as a machine that yields possible readings as its outputs. It mentions that the output of a theory of reference is the reference of the input-term, whereas, the theory of supposition's output is the possible readings of the input-proposition or intentional entities. The theory of reference is said to be extensional while the theory of supposition is intensional.

This article examines the book of Revelation's own use of the holy war symbolism and the efforts of critics to avoid a literal interpretation that might justify violent action against the other. It explores how several twentieth-century novelists, including Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, Walter Miller, Walker Percy, and Russell Hoban, have retrieved the holy war from the book of Revelation in ways that raise questions about the use of such violence. According to the author, most biblical critics acknowledge that Revelation uses holy war imagery to portray the conflict within late first-century Christian communities in Asia Minor between Christianity and the imperial cult of the Roman Empire.

This article focuses on the interpretation of Early German Romanticism according to the writings on nature of Friedrich von Hardenberg. From 1795-1800, von Hardenberg believed in unknowable being and stressed that people could know reality, to be self-organizing nature since nature organizes itself spontaneously. He perceived that nature is partly intelligible since it develops organically, but partly unintelligible as it develops spontaneously. The author supports his idea that romantic poetry can re-enchant natural phenomena by portraying them as referring, meaningfully, to unknowable being. The account implying that the disenchanted view of nature can never be replaced is also identified.

This article offers the interpretation on the spatial presence of spirits among the Cartesians and Rene Descartes. It is noted that Cartesians believed that minds and bodies were distinguishable substances, but each capable of existing without the other. They elaborated that spirits were nowhere and did not have places because the spirits has no extension, measurable in length, breadth, and depth. The common view among philosophers and theologians that spiritual substances were spatially presented but were spread out three-dimensionally and could not ascribed places in Cartesian senses. They believed that God is present to all creatures because he creates them and conserves them. God is also present to bodies because he extends them and contains them, arranges, moves and stops them.

In the first ecphrasis in Vergil's Aeneid (1.441-94) describing Dido's temple to Juno through the eyes of Aeneas, Aeneas comes across as an isolated and confused interpreter of images of his sufferings: he understands the images he sees in one way, while the external audience understands them and his interpretation of them differently. Odysseus is neither alone nor confused when he hears Demodocus' songs in Odyssey 8. Moreover, the Odyssey—unlike the Aeneid—sees art as a basically straightforward and positive force in human life. Vergil draws on this contrast to depict Aeneas and interpretation in Aeneid 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "The Last Man," by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is presented. It explores how the narrator of the book, Lionel Verney, survives the catastrophe that precipitates the death of all other humans. Robert Lance Snyder argues the inadequate way of construing the plague in "The Last Man," which represents an irreducible phenomenon that both challenges and defines the limits of rational understanding.

This article discusses various methods in understanding Plato's philosophical concepts. According to the author, there is much criticism hurled at the traditional doctrinal approach to interpreting the philosopher's dialogues. The author argues that the doctrinal approach regard Plato's dialogues as philosophical treaties. In understanding the dialogues, an alternative approach has been made which provides an analogy of the said dialogue and dramatic works.

This article presents the author's analysis on the poem "Design," by Robert Frost. According to the author, "Design" is poem about interpretation. In poem's last line: If design govern in a thing so small, has an interpretation that brings science and literature together. He states that Frost has successfully applied the role meter in verse and anticipated generative metrics account of iambic pentameter to clarify the meaning of the poem. Included are the verse of the poem with the template of iambic pentameter.