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This paper examines the importance of Net Interest Margin (NIM) for banks' profitability and investigates whether the banks with higher NIM face cost complacency and suffer from adverse selection in their credit decisions and hence, higher Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). It evaluates the relationship of the level of NIM with the banks' wage and nonwage operating expenditure, Cost-Income Ratio (CIR) and gross NPA for scheduled commercial private sector banks and scheduled/non-scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) in India. The analysis shows that NIM has a significant positive impact on the profitability of banks. For scheduled commercial private sector banks, the gross NPA has the most profound negative impact on their profitability. For UCBs, the most significant negative impact comes from wage CIR. For none of the banks, credit delinquency increases with a higher NIM. While operating cost per rupee of assets is seen at an elevated level for banks with a higher NIM, the impact of the higher cost is more than offset by the increased income, and hence, the paper shows that NIM is one of the important determinants of bank's profitability and a higher NIM does not necessarily cause cost complacency and credit delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted every industrial segment of the world. This paper analyzes the performance of various Nifty sectoral indices in India during the peak pandemic period. The main objective of the study is to analyze as to which industrial sector was the worst affected in India from March 2020 to May 2021. The major stock market sectoral indices have been used to check the performance of various industrial sectors. Descriptive research design has been applied on daily closing Nifty sectoral indices data. The results reveal that during the period of the study, the investors who had invested in metal, pharma and IT sectors received the maximum returns, while those who had invested in financial services, FMCG and private banks received the minimum returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A contingent liability is one, the occurrence of which is contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an event. Contingent liabilities, also known as Off-Balance Sheet (OBS) exposure of banks, are not shown in the main balance sheet in assets and liabilities, but in footnotes. The quantum of such exposure in different components depends on bank factors like banks' business operations, policies and risk expertise. The present paper studies the pattern of contingent liabilities as well as its components prevailing in Indian public and private sector banks for a period of three years ending March 2017. The contingent liabilities of banks in India display no particular pattern and they take exposure in different components in accordance with their business strategy, risk-taking appetite and overall banking operations. While public sector banks have a conservative stance with about 41% exposure in contingent obligations, private sector banks have followed a more liberal approach with around 110%. The volume of contingent exposure in private banks is larger due to their better expertise and risk-prone approach. The extent of contingent exposure depends on individual bank's business strategy and client needs. In case of both public and private sector banks, the dominant form of contingent exposure is in terms of outstanding forward exchange contracts, which include derivative contracts. Banks' contingent exposure also includes guarantee obligations on behalf of constituents, acceptances and endorsements, investments in capital contracts, securitization transactions, etc., but their proportion is relatively smaller than forward exchange contracts. Given that they are risk-prone contracts, banks have to be prudent while undertaking contingent contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of Information System Effectiveness (ISE) has been consistently reported as a key issue by organizational executives throughout the world. Despite considerable empirical research, the results on the relationships among constructs related to ISE are often inconsistent. Many researchers, taking a cue from the inconsistency of results in this area, have suggested that a synthesis across the numerous empirical studies is needed. The problem is partially due to the fact that organizational Information Systems (IS) cater to multiple stakeholders with differing expectations. Each category of stakeholders views success or effectiveness of such a system from a different perspective. Studies focusing on ISE in the literature have relied on many surrogates like user satisfaction, system usage, decision performance, user participation, information quality and so on. But till date, none of the models have singly attempted to capture all the aspects of an IS from users' perspective. The present paper thus aims at identifying the constituents of ISE in the Indian banking sector. The data was collected from the employees working in private and nationalized banks in India. A three-tier model has been proposed to assess the effectiveness of the IS. The implications are for system developers as well as policy makers who are responsible for the success of organizational IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basel III framework was introduced by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) after the 2008 financial crisis which revealed the shortcomings of the Basel II norms. All the countries are supposed to implement Basel III norms by March 2019. The Basel Committee has recognized that the capital adequacy of banks plays a critical role in banks' failure and has increased the total capital adequacy to 9%, of which Tier I capital is 7% and Tier II capital is 2%. Other than this, a countercyclical buffer has also been introduced, the implementation of which will start from 2015. The higher capital requirements are expected to raise certain challenges for the developing nations like India. The paper first analyzes the current situation of the Indian banks by classifying the banks into public sector banks and private sector banks, new banks and old banks, and domestic banks and MNCs, and then compares the results in each category. The paper then discusses that even though the Central Bank has done a great job in maintaining the capital adequacy, it does not necessarily imply that the banks are safe because despite adequate capital, banks can fail. The paper also discusses that it would not be easy for the banks to maintain capital adequacy once the countercyclical buffer requirements kick in. As the Government of India is the majority stakeholder in the public sector banks, the higher capital requirements could also impact the Indian economy negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) have turned out to be a major stumbling block, affecting the performance of Indian banks. Several measures were initiated by the Reserve Bank of India to reduce incidence of NPAs. For the first time in the last several years, public sector banks in India witnessed decline in gross NPAs for the year 2018-19. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the reasons for the incidence of NPAs during 2006 to 2019 by studying the public sector and private sector banks in India. Dynamic regression model was deployed to understand the influence of past NPAs on incidence of current NPAs. Surprisingly, the influence of previous year asset quality is not significantly influencing current year asset quality. Size of the bank, profitability, credit growth, priority sector lending, accretion of NPAs and economic growth continue to have significant impact on the asset quality of the banks in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian banking industry is plagued by continuously increasing Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). Fresh accretion to NPAs is an important reason for its poor performance as it requires higher provisioning and also higher write-offs-both affecting the overall performance adversely. In this backdrop, this paper examines the financial implications of slippage, provisioning and write-offs on the profitability of three groups of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs), viz., public sector banks, private sector banks and branches of foreign banks, in India using their performance statistics from 2007-08 to 2018-19. For analysis and testing the hypotheses, t-test and correlation, besides descriptive statistics, are used. The study finds difference in the influence of three determinants, viz., fresh accretion to NPA, provisioning and write-offs on the profitability of domestic SCBs and branches of foreign banks, and between two groups of domestic SCBs, viz., public sector banks and private sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender diversity on board of directors of companies has been receiving critical attention all over the world. Many jurisdictions have introduced measures aimed at improving women representation in corporate high offices. The Indian government initiated its first step towards gender diversity on corporate boards by promulgating a provision in the new Companies Act, 2013, which enjoined upon companies to include at least one woman on their boards. The law was made applicable to all listed companies as also to non-listed public companies having paid up share capital of 100 cr (one billion) or a turnover of 300 cr (three billion). The legislative measure and its strict enforcement by regulators led to a virtual scramble to include women members on their boards. Indian banking sector, which is dominated by government-owned public sector banks and has significant presence by new private sector banks, responded to new norm regarding women directors in a manner that reflected mere tokenism. The Government of India which took a bold step to usher in an era of better gender ratio on company boards is expected to exhibit a role model act in its own banking entities but it has not done so. The paper analyzes women representation on bank boards in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant studies treat the impact of entry on concentration, market structure and competition rather mechanically; with some even going further to naively identify concentration as an indicator of competition. This paper critically examines these contentions by studying the trends and determinants of concentration with a view to gaining an insight into the process of competition. The deregulation of domestic private banking industry in India, since the early 1990s, provides an opportunity for such a study. This paper is the first of its kind to identify a distinct pattern of change in the concentration ratio and explains its determinants in terms of a cubic form equation. The determinants of Herfindahl's Concentration Ratio are number of firms, average asset size of the firms and their skewness. The study also points to a possible generalized pattern that market concentration follows upon deregulation of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes an attempt to study the effect of liquidity management on the profitability of public and private sector banks in India. For this purpose, 27 public sector banks and 20 private sector banks have been considered for the periods 2011-12 and 2015-16. Cash-Deposit Ratio (CDR), Credit-Deposit Ratio (CRDR) and Investment-Deposit Ratio (IDR) have been used as independent variables to denote the liquidity management of the banks, while Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) have been used as proxy variables for the profitability of the banks. It is found that there is a significant negative effect of CDR and IDR on ROA. However, in the case of ROE, it is found that there is no significant relationship between banks' profitability and liquidity taking all the variables into consideration, irrespective of the type or form of commercial banks in India. This leads to the conclusion that the commercial banks can focus on increasing their profitability without affecting their liquidity and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) in India have been playing a pivotal role, contributing immensely to the overall development of the economy. The SCBs comprise public sector banks (PSBs), private sector banks (PVSBs) and the branches of foreign banks (FBs). These banks are facing a major challenge in the form of deteriorating asset quality, triggering a substantial increase in the amount of non-performing assets (NPAs). Consequently, their profit is either plummeting or they are suffering and reporting higher losses. This study examines the asset quality of three ownership groups of SCBs, viz., PSBs, PVSBs and FBs, and the impact of asset quality on their reported profit, using performance statistics for the period 2012-13 to 2021-22. For evaluation of asset quality of banks and also its impact on their profit, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-square, correlation and t-test are used. It is found that deteriorating asset quality is the root cause for the mounting NPAs and the provision against these NPAs. The study also establishes that the amount of profit has been affected adversely by the deteriorating asset quality of SCBs in varying rates (insignificant to significant and negative to positive). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Program of 1991 has brought unprecedented changes in the Indian economy. The post policy initiatives resulted in the abolition of licensing policy, de-reserving the areas for the participation of private entities, disinvestment of government investments in public sector organizations, opening up of the Indian economy for global players in various sectors, disintermediation in the financial markets, reducing the role of public financial institutions, and the emergence of newgeneration private sector banks. This paper examines the impact of the entry of newgeneration private sector banks on the performance of public sector banks, by analyzing 29 performance-related ratios for 12 years (2004-05 to 2015-16), relating to these banking groups, to determine whether there is any significant difference in their performance. The results indicate that new-generation private sector banks are able to show better performance by judiciously sourcing the funds either from public/market at a cheaper rate of interest and deploying them on deserving assets at less operational costs. The competition warranted the public sector banks to improve their performance, to comply with the profitability considerations and as well realize the social obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, the banking industry has witnessed many changes in banking policies due to severe competition from the private sector banks. As a result of such changes, the workforce is experiencing high level of job stress and dissatisfaction. This paper aims at understanding the association between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction and finding out the factors of emotional intelligence which have an impact on job satisfaction. The study is based on descriptive and exploratory research. The study used a structured questionnaire containing three sections: demographic, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. The main finding of the study is that emotional intelligence affects the job satisfaction of employees of banking sector. The study suggests that the bank should undertake emotional intelligence audit at all levels in the organization to identify emotional intelligence of the employees. The bank should organize activities to increase the interaction between employees so as to improve their relationship and also offer various facilities to the female staff so that they can have a positive work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the inter-bank relative efficiency of public and private sector commercial banks in India. This study includes analysis of slacks which remain to be explored for getting a clear picture about the causes of inefficiency. Though the issue is important, no recent study, to the best of our knowledge, has addressed it. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach has been used to examine the efficiency level achieved and to identify the slacks. The results reveal that private (Indian) sector banks are relatively more efficient compared to public sector banks. It was found that State Bank of Hyderabad, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, United Bank of India, Dhanlaxmi Bank and ING Vysya could not achieve 100% efficiency even in a single year, whereas the Federal Bank, HDFC Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Nainital Bank and Yes Bank Ltd., all private sector banks, achieved full efficiency in all the ten years. The strategies suggested in this study to the comparatively less efficient banks would help them not only in improving their efficiency, but also in lowering the cost of their products for the overall benefit of their customers. Efficiency is also found to be directly affecting the profitability of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors that influence customer loyalty towards Internet banking and how the measure of customer loyalty differs between public and private sector banks. A previously proposed model of customer satisfaction developed by the researchers has been used in this study as the antecedent of customer loyalty. The model of customer loyalty consists of 11 constructs and 43 parameters. Three public and three private sector banks in India were selected for the study. The primary data was collected from 450 respondents. The results of path analysis for both sets of data (public and private) revealed that customer satisfaction has a positive significant influence on customer loyalty; however, the intensity of impact varied by some point. The comparative figures indicated that customers of private sector banks are more loyal towards Internet banking than customers of public sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an attempt to empirically investigate the impact of interest rates and foreign exchange rates on the movement of banking stocks in India (two from public sector and two from the private sector) for the period April 2013-March 2018 (weekly returns data). The study further makes an attempt to find out whether and to what extent different banks impact each other's return and volatility. The econometric tools employed to study the relation include OLS relation between the variables, GARCH(1, 1) methodology to determine the volatility spillover, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity tests, and also Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests. The results of the study show that the return of all the banks is mainly dependent on the return on Bank Nifty Index, while change in interest rate (91-day Treasury Bills) is not found to be influencing the return of any of the four banks. Evidence of spillover of return was seen more from the private sector banks to public sector bank's stocks. However, in case of spillover of volatility, there is evidence of bilateral spillover between ICICI Bank and PNB stocks. Also HDFC Bank's volatility was seen to impact SBI's volatility, while no impact was seen of any bank's stock on the volatility of HDFC Bank's stock. Further, OLS regression does not suffer from autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. The bank returns were found to be stationary for all the variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, numerous studies have used parametric and non-parametric techniques to estimate commercial bank productivity and efficiency in the Indian context. However, none of them has considered undesirable outputs in their analytical framework. The present paper makes an attempt to fill this gap and evaluates the performance of 49 Indian commercial banks for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 using Seiford and Joe Zhu (2002) approach, which is essentially a variant of the popular Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks happen to be one of the largest Intellectual Capital (IC)-intensive sectors. Measurement and management of intellectual capital, therefore, become essential, as it reflects the true value of the firm. The main aim of this paper is to estimate and analyze the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) for measuring the value-based performance of the Indian private sector banks for a period of five years from 2002-2007. The source of the data is the annual report, especially the profit/loss account and balance sheet, of the concerned banks for the relevant years. The data was collected through the RBI online database on Indian economy. The methodology was finalized based on an extensive review of international literature on intellectual capital with specific reference to literature that reviews measurement techniques and tools of intellectual capital. This study applies the VAIC method (propounded by Pulic Ante in 2000) in order to analyze the data of Indian private sector banks for the five-year period. It analyzes the intellectual or Human Capital (HC) and Physical Capital (CA) of the Indian banking sector and discusses their impact on the banks' value-based performance. The significance of this study is that it approaches the performance measurement and efficiency of banks in India with a new perspective and dimension. The performance of the banks is closely linked to their valuation and also their future strategies related to mergers and acquisitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the efficiency, benchmarks and targets for private sector banks operating in India. Keeping in view the limitations of ratio analysis techniques, production approach of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied to judge the efficiency of private sector banks. In this model, banks are considered as service providers, and while interest expenses, non-interest expenses and the Non-Performing Asset (NPA) ratio, i.e., net NPAs to net advances, are considered as input variables, deposits, advances and investments are considered as the output variables. The paper analyzes the efficiency of 29 private sector banks with the dataset ranging from the period 1998-99 to 2005-06. The results of the study indicate that there is a lot of scope for the private sector banks to improve their efficiency level, as, at the most, only 31.25% private sector banks were found efficient during the entire study period. The results indicate that a majority of private sector banks in India need to take steps to decrease the NPA level and improve their output parameters, such as deposits, advances and investments, because they have failed to acquire full efficiency score in all the years under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the productivity and profitability in pre and post e-banking periods and highlights the emerging issues and new strategies to enhance the performance of bank groups in today's liberalized, globalized and IT era. The paper concludes that though there is a paradigm shift in the performance of all bank groups in the post e-banking period, new private sector banks and foreign banks have an edge over Public Sector Banks (PSBs). The fully IT-oriented banks have become both a threat and a motivation for the PSBs. The paper stresses on customer-centricism, proficiency in managing assets, technology, skilled staff, transparency, human resource management policies, customer relationship management, and merger and acquisition policies as vital factors to enhance the performance of banks to face the emerging global competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sound and effective banking system helps in the building of a healthy economy of a country. India is not an outlier in this respect. The Indian banking sector has also undergone changes. These changes have given a sound industrial structure in the country. Further, to strengthen the structure, the Indian government liberalized the industry in the year 1991. This liberalization gave entry to many foreign players. It also helped many domestic players to establish themselves in the industry. Today, all public sector and private sector banks (both Indian and foreign) compete with each other. The main thrust of the paper is to find out how age and size of banks affect their growth performance. The paper contributes to the existing literature in the area and encourages future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the influence of workplace spirituality and individual spirituality on employee commitment and the role of gender and age as moderating variable. It was conducted among bank employees from various public and private banks in India’s northern region. Employees’ spirituality had a beneficial influence on their commitment to work as per Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLSSEM). Also, it was revealed that age and gender had no substantial moderating influence on employee commitment. This study would serve as a valuable resource for HR professionals and management teams who are looking to create a culture of spiritual engagement in their organizations. It may also assist employees in developing a sense of fulfillment in their job, which would boost their productivity and commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity and profitability are closely interrelated, and it is almost impossible to improve profitability without improving productivity. This is true even in the case of the banking sector. In this backdrop, the present study aims at measuring and comparing bank productivity from two different dimensions, viz., branch offices and manpower of three ownership groups of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India, viz., Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVSBs) and branches of Foreign Banks (FBs). For this purpose, the relevant data was collected for 16 years, 2004-05 to 2019-20; and the same was analyzed with the help of 't', 'f' and Tukey HSD (Honest Significant Difference) tests, besides using descriptive statistics and compound annual growth rate. The study finds that all the three groups have improved their productivity during the period. However, branch and/or manpower productivity differs across groups. It is also found that the FBs have achieved higher productivity in all the parameters when compared to both the groups of domestic SCBs, except in the two parameters, viz., number of employees per branch office and Total Business per Rupee of Wages (TBPRW). Between the two groups of domestic SCBs, the performance of PVSBs is better compared to that of PSBs on a majority of parameters and for a majority of the years. The present study enables the domestic SCBs to identify the area wherein they need to focus for improving their performance, which in turn improves their productivity, leading to improvement in their profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an appropriate theoretical framework and econometric methodology, the study seeks to measure and model competition in private banking industry in India in an attempt to analyze the process of market dynamics in the industry. The changing scenario of private banking consequent to deregulation is the motivation behind the study. It uses the concept of competition proposed by Stigler (1961) and measures it by Bodenhorn's (1990) measure of mobility. The study provides a critique of the mechanism of inducing competition, which is implicit in the Narasimham Committee (1991). It then provides the theoretical background of an alternative mechanism based on Structure- Conduct-Performance (S-C-P) paradigm, which incorporates basic conditions and strategic groups, apart from including entry, economies of scale, product differentiation and price-cost margin. One basic contention of the study is that competition goes beyond 'conduct' and encompasses all the four components of S-C-P paradigm: basic conditions, structure, conduct and performance. Accordingly, a three-equation simultaneous equation model is used to ultimately estimate the equation of competition through Tobit technique. The result demonstrates that variables related to basic conditions, structure, and conduct and performance influence competition. The study has found evidence against the simplistic relationship between concentration and competition, which remained implicit in the literature. The study also developed a methodology to arrive at market form from an analysis of three aspects of a market and concludes that private banking industry in India is characterized by monopolistic competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to measure banking efficiency by developing a non-traditional data envelopment approach model and proposes a non-parametric approach to measuring bank efficiency. It develops a non-oriented and non-radial model to calculate the productive efficiency scores of Indian public sector banks. Just about 20% of public sector banks in India were found efficient during the observed period of 2015-2019. The findings highlight the areas needing improvement and how average banks need to reduce their interest expenses and increase their other income to improve efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks are obliged to repay the deposits to the public on due date with an embedded option for foreclosure. They can also take preventive, remedial and legal measures for recovery of loans. However, despite their best efforts, some loans become Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) as they do not generate income. On the other hand, banks are required to make provision out of the current year's profits as a cushion against such NPAs. If such NPAs become irrecoverable, the resultant losses are required to be absorbed by banks. In this context, banks are required to maintain as much capital as required to meet the probable loan losses. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued detailed guidelines to banks on classification of loan accounts and provisioning norms, called Income Recognition and Asset Classification (IRAC) norms. The two important groups of banks in India are public sector and private sector banks. The present study is an attempt to analyze the performance of these two banking groups in terms of classification and provisioning of their loan assets under standard, substandard, doubtful and loss assets as per RBI guidelines. The study observes that private sectors banks are comparatively better in maintaining standard assets and making adequate provision for the NPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at assessing the impact of bank capital, bank liquidity and interaction of bank capital and bank liquidity on the credit growth of Indian banks. The sample of the study includes 26 Indian public sector banks, 19 Indian private sector banks and 25 foreign banks incorporated in India. The time frame chosen for the study is from 2004-05 to 2015-16. The dynamic panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system suggested by Blundell and Bond (1998) has been used to assess the impact of banks' capital and banks' liquidity on their credit growth. The results of the study indicate that after controlling for other bank-specific variables and after also controlling for macroeconomic variables, both bank capital and bank liquidity have a positive and significant impact on credit growth. The analysis of the impact of interaction of bank capital and bank liquidity on credit growth indicates that the effect of bank capital on credit growth is higher for banks which are less liquid than for banks which have high liquidity. The results further show that the impact of both bank capital and bank liquidity is higher for public sector banks than for private sector and foreign banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of Internet and advanced information and communication technology, it is very important for banking industry to introduce innovative electronic banking delivery channels and services. This study attempts to present a comprehensive view of the current status of e-banking in India and analyze the growth and trends of electronic channels of banking service delivery. In addition, the study does a comparative analysis of public and private sector banks. The study is mainly based on two-fold analysis: the first part analyzes online/PC banking through Diniz model of website survey, and the second part analyzes other e-banking delivery channels based on secondary data compiled from Reserve Bank of India website. The analyses revealed that e-banking is becoming massively popular in India and has led to huge competition among banks. Indian banks are showing higher growth and trends in terms of electronic banking delivery channels, and both public and private sector banks provide e-banking services competitively, but the main competition exists between the SBI Group and new private sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been some improvement in the Indian banking sector after the reforms, and CAMELS framework is a natural framework to analyze this improvement. The present study compares the performance of public sector banks with private/foreign banks under the CAMELS framework. The data used for the study were the audited financial statements of a sample of 58 Indian banks for the period 2003-08. The results of the study show that private/foreign banks fared better than public sector banks on most of the CAMELS factors in the study period. The two contributing factors for the better performance of private/foreign banks were Management Soundness and Earnings and Profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees are the service providers in the banks. The performance of a bank depends not on the various services/products it launches, but on the employees who provide those services to the customers. The employees' efficiency depends on their satisfaction level. More satisfied employees lead to better service quality and try to establish long-term relationships between bank and customers. Keeping in view the importance of employee satisfaction for an intellectually-intensive industry like banks, the current study is an attempt to find out the various factors that lead to the satisfaction of employees in the banking sector. Primary data was used in the study and the sample size of the study was 3,000 employees of private, public and foreign banks from different regions of India [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The service sector in India has been growing rapidly, and its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is increasing year after year. In the service sector, financial service is the lifeblood of economic activity, and in the financial service, banking plays an increasingly important role in the economy of a nation. At present, the focus of banks is on the customer. The number of players being large, customers have a good range of choice. Customer usually picks up a bank which provides maximum satisfaction and quality service. This has led banks to adopt more customer-oriented policies and schemes aimed not only to increase the number of customers but also to retain the existing customers. So, an attempt has been made by the researcher to study the demographic variables that influence the service quality in banking. The study was undertaken only in the private sector banks of Chennai. The sample size of the study was 300. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data collected for the study were analyzed with the help of SPSS package by using ANOVA. The findings of the study help to know which demographic variable influences the service quality of banks. This information also helps the banks to understand their customers better and improve their service quality in order to enhance customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study indicates that the productivity performance of public sector bank group has been better than private and foreign bank groups; both public and private sector bank groups are operating under increasing return to scale, while foreign bank group is operating under decreasing return to scale; and the public and private sector bank groups are laborintensive, while foreign bank group is capital-intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]