Search

The Target Station at the European Spallation Source (ESS) is designed to convert high power proton beam to high brightness neutron beams, for studying fundamental properties of materials. Upon commissioning of the 'beam on target' planned in 2022, the ESS linac will deliver lower energy proton beam than the design value of 2 GeV, for neutron production. The beam energy will then be gradually ramped up, with the sequential commissioning of the downstream part of the superconducting cryomodules. During neutron production, the beam intercepting devices and moderators are exposed to intense flux of primary and secondary particles, suffering from radiation induced structural degradation. The extent of the radiation damage depends on the energy and intensity of the impinging protons. Currently, the lifetime criteria determined for these components are based on the 2 GeV beam energy. To secure availability and reliability of the neutron production during the beam energy ramp-up phase, the radiation damage rates in these components should be reassessed and the lifetime criteria be adjusted. In this paper, we present the lifetime criteria for the beam intercepting devices and moderators for different beam energies, to serve for the planning of the maintenance and replacement schedule during the proton energy ramp-up phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spallation Neutron Source, in operation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory since 2006, was designed to allow the addition of a second target station and an upgrade of the accelerator proton power. Both upgrades are now underway. This paper describes the evolution of the design of the target of the second target station with the emphasis on the effects of the proton beam footprint on the energy deposition in the target, stresses induced by the pulsed operation, and the importance of the residual heat. The moderator configurations and their optimization are discussed. With the utilization of pure parahydrogen moderators, small neutron beam cross-sections, and the specific optimization, neutron beams of the second target station will achieve exceptionally high peak brightness and time-averaged brightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elastic energy resolution, integrated intensity, and peak intensity of the direct-geometry neutron chopper spectrometer 4SEASONS at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) were re-investigated. This was done with respect to the incident energy and the rotation speed of the Fermi chopper using incoherent scattering of vanadium and simple analytical formulas. The model calculations reproduced the observed values satisfactorily. The present work should be useful for estimating in instrument performance in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tantalum-clad tungsten targets are a popular choice for spallation neutron production, due to the combination of high neutron yield and corrosion resistance. Such targets typically use the Hot Isostatic Press (HIP) process to bond the cladding to the core; this produces a strong bond but also introduces large residual stresses in the target and cladding. This is of particular interest at the ISIS neutron source, because cladding breaches are currently believed to limit the lifetime of ISIS TS2 targets. Two different and complementary methods were used to measure the residual strain in a tantalum-clad tungsten strip manufactured using the same HIP process as ISIS targets. The strip was produced with deliberately asymmetric cladding, causing it to deflect in proportion to the residual stress. FEA simulations were used to back-calculate the stress from the measured deflection. The strip was then placed on the ISIS instrument ENGIN-X, which allowed detailed through-thickness strain profiles to be measured via neutron diffraction. The results of both methods confirm the presence of large residual strains, and agree reasonably well with FEA simulations of the cladding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified boron-coated straw (BCS) detector configurations are introduced, in order to improve detection efficiency, and reduce the number of layers required to match the response of high-pressure 3He tubes, in large-scale neutron science instruments. A new 7-straw design employing thin-walled aluminum tubes facilitates operation in vacuum, and substantially reduces the scattering material by a factor of 5 compared with the flow-through design of the Multi-Grid detector. Another design introduces 18 radial walls inside each straw, coated on both sides with enriched boron carbide, to increase the coated wall perimeter 4.3 times. The so-called Pie straw offers a significant benefit in detection efficiency compared with round straws used in LoKI. An example of such a straw having 18 septa is explored in modeling and experimental studies, that can potentially reduce the number of layers needed in large-scale instruments like LoKI by a factor of 2.8. In a parallel development, a totally new configuration of boron-coated detectors is introduced, aimed to address the need for high spatial resolution, and high-rate capability in single crystal diffractometers, like MaNDi and TOPAZ at the SNS, and in neutron reflectometers. The proposed structure is a close-packed array of rectangular cells, each fabricated by wrapping copper foil having a coating of 10B4C on one side and electroplated tin on the other side, around precisely machined rectangular bars. The array is pressed together and then vacuum brazed together. The resulting structure is quite strong and precise in geometry. This so-called Microcell Straw Array can be configured with channel dimensions as small as 0.5 mm × 2.5 mm. Due to its ultra thin walls (25 μm) secondary scattering of neutrons is minimized. It is sealed inside a fully welded thin aluminum containment vessel that allows convenient operation in vacuum. A mature low power readout system capable of an estimated count rate of 22 MHz in a 15 × 15 cm2 detector is also proposed. The improvements are the result of recent advances in BCS design, spurred by the development of compact, high-sensitivity monitors for homeland security and military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As continuously shaped super-mirrors are becoming available, the conceptual design of focusing guides should explore a wider range of possibilities to accomplish an efficient neutron beam extraction. Starting from a desired phase-space volume at the sample position and using an upstream ray-tracing approach, the acceptance diagram of any focusing guide can be calculated at the moderator position. To ensure high brilliance transfer and homogeneous coverage, the acceptance diagram should be fully included in the neutron source emission phase-space volume. Following this idea, the guide system can be scaled into dimensionless geometric figures that convey performance limits for a desired cross-section reduction. Moreover, if we impose a monotonic increase of the reflection angle with divergence angle at the sample position, the shape of the mirror is analytically determined. This approach was applied in the design of a focusing guide for SNAP instrument at SNS, at ORNL, USA. The results of McStas simulations are presented with different options included. Our approach facilitates finding an optimal solution for connecting multiple guide pieces to avoid excessive losses and ensure a homogeneous phase space coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VENUS is an imaging instrument that will use a broad range of neutron wavelengths, from epithermal to cold, will include enhanced contrast mechanisms, and will offer novel energy-selective imaging techniques that directly connect the structures, properties, and function of complex engineering materials and systems to reveal practical and fundamental answers about their real-world performance. The instrument is to be built at SNS beam line 10 and will face the decoupled poisoned hydrogen moderator. The driving cost for the instrument is the beam line and instrument cave shielding. Initial scoping analyses were performed to estimate thickness and composition of shielding materials for the instrument cave and beam line. In light of the upcoming Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) project, these transport analyses were performed for proton beam on target at 1.3 GeV and 2 MW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a nominal beam power of nearly 1.4 MW, the PSI High Intensity Proton Accelerator (HIPA) is currently at the forefront of the high intensity frontier of particle accelerators. Key issues of this facility are minimization of beam losses as well as safe operation of the SINQ spallation source. Particular attention is being recently paid towards an improved understanding of the properties of the SINQ beam line by both enhancing the beam transport simulations and developing new diagnostic elements which can also, in some cases, preserve the target integrity by preventing too large beam current density, inaccurate beam steering or improper beam delivery. Moreover, part of the SINQ beam diagnostic concept is being rethought in order to include important missing devices like BPMs. On the simulation side, newly developed composite calculations involving general purpose particle transport programs like MCNPX and BDSIM will deliver insights about beam losses and transmission through collimators. All recent and planned developments of the SINQ beam line will be discussed in this contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Spallation Source being constructed in Lund, Sweden will provide the user community with a neutron source of unprecedented brightness. By 2025, a suite of 15 instruments will be served by a high-brightness moderator system placed above the spallation target. The ESS infrastructure, consisting of the proton linac, the target station, and the instrument halls, allows for implementation of a second source below the spallation target. We propose to develop a second neutron source with a high-intensity moderator able to (1) deliver a larger total cold neutron flux, (2) provide high intensities at longer wavelengths in the spectral regions of Cold (4–10 Å), Very Cold (10–40 Å), and Ultra Cold (several 100 Å) neutrons, as opposed to Thermal and Cold neutrons delivered by the top moderator. Offering both unprecedented brilliance, flux, and spectral range in a single facility, this upgrade will make ESS the most versatile neutron source in the world and will further strengthen the leadership of Europe in neutron science. The new source will boost several areas of condensed matter research such as imaging and spin-echo, and will provide outstanding opportunities in fundamental physics investigations of the laws of nature at a precision unattainable anywhere else. At the heart of the proposed system is a volumetric liquid deuterium moderator. Based on proven technology, its performance will be optimized in a detailed engineering study. This moderator will be complemented by secondary sources to provide intense beams of Very- and Ultra-Cold Neutrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution we describe NEPIR, the fast-neutron irradiation facility under construction at the 70 MeV cyclotron SPES facility of the INFN laboratory of Legnaro (LNL). NEPIR will be constructed in stages, according to the available funds. The initial configuration, based on a thick Be neutron production target, will be operational in 2022; it will be used for shielding studies against fast neutrons for space applications and to investigate neutron-induced Single Event Effects (SEE) in microelectronic devices and systems. In its final configuration NEPIR will have two target systems: one will deliver a Quasi Mono-energetic Neutron (QMN) beam, of general interest, with an adjustable energy peak in the 20–70 MeV range; the second target will deliver a specialized continuous energy neutron beam for studying the effects of fast neutrons produced in cosmic ray air-showers in electronic devices and systems. We review the use of NEPIR to characterize the sensitivity of electronics, describe the neutron production targets and the facility layout. In closing we describe ways, presently under investigation, to use the 15 MV XTU Tandem of LNL to produce nearly monochromatic fast neutrons that would complement the QMN system by allowing one to probe for SEE below 20 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monte Carlo radiation transport codes have become the primary tool for shielding and activation analysis at high-powered spallation neutron sources. However, use of these codes to model facilities that have large amounts of shielding requires the use of variance reduction methods. This paper presents examples that apply ADVANTG generated variance reduction parameters to analyses performed at ESS using MCNP6. This requires some limitations in ADVANTG to be overcome and little-known features to be used. The focus of this paper is to describe how these limitations were overcome so other analyst at spallation sources can benefit from these methods as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of the European Spallation Source, the engineering phase of the Neutron Beam Extraction System is approaching its end. Currently, prototyping is ongoing to verify and increase the understanding of the manufacturing limitations in relation to the engineering aspects and beam extraction requirements from the instruments. After that the manufacturing of the suite of 16 neutron beam port inserts (NBPI) and light shutter systems (LSS) are phased into final detail design and manufacturing. The NBPIs have been developed as a close collaboration between ESS' instruments design coordinators and intricately integrate a set of copper optics within a controlled atmosphere within the target monolith pressure vessel. The NBPIs therefore includes not only a processed atmosphere but also enables fine alignment of the optics assemblies within it, but also includes a system for inserting it into a very precisely aligned and measured position. Outside the NBPIs, along the neutron beam paths, sits the Neutron Beam Windows and sequentially, the LSS which incorporates an optical bridge beam guide before the beam enters the bunker area and the individual instrument beam transports. ESS have chosen the concept of LSS, which generates demanding requirements for alignment of moving shutter parts. These system parts are placed in the bunker area and bunker basement, areas that are partly accessible during maintenance periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LoKI is a SANS instrument being built by STFC ISIS as an in-kind contribution to ESS. According to the recent schedule, LoKI, is one of the first three instruments of ESS that is going to contribute to early science from 2023. MCNP calculations were carried out to determine the required shielding around different sections of the instrument. For the geometry development, SuperMC/MCAM was used. Highlights from the neutronics calculations based on the most frequent classes of possible events are presented here. These include heavy shutter performance, collimator section shielding and detector tank shielding. Activation and background calculations are not detailed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target station 1 (TS1) is currently in the implementation stage of a large sustainability project to continue future operation, in addition to making improvements to the neutron performance, ease of operation, and various other factors (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.1021 (2018) 012053). One aspect of this project is the extraction of the current irradiated equipment situated within the target area to enable the replacement of the target, reflector and moderator assembly (TRaM). This new assembly will be modular to allow any future upgrades to be installed swiftly. Removal of the current TRaM systems support structure is discussed within this paper. This extraction comes with challenges; due to its abnormal size, the welded structure cannot simply be placed in a shielded flask and removed, it instead must be cut up into 2 sections inside the remote handling cell (RHC) (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.1021 (2018) 012077). Testing has been completed using a gravity fed hydraulic bandsaw, and various components have been manufactured to allow ease of adjustment using the remote handling system. However, there is still work to be done before the shutdown in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotating objects, such as choppers, are common components of a neutron beamline, and the motion of these components is not described in the static geometry of an MCNPX model. The special case of non-static surfaces for rotation about a stationary point in space has been developed for MCNPX. In addition, velocity dependent kinematics due to the motion of the medium have been implemented. This implementation allows for the simulation of rotating objects at speeds comparable to the velocity of cold neutrons. Applications of the chopper extension will be discussed, including the direct simulation of a bandwidth chopper system, the thermalization of neutrons inside a spinning material, and the discussion of the implementation of a spinning single crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast neutron measurements have been performed with silicon and diamond detectors at nTOF, ChipIr, and CHARM facilities. The detectors have been used in pulse mode; the deposited energy and time stamp is measured event by event for each signal above threshold. The pulsed nature of the spallation sources gives high instantaneous counting rates that dictate the use of a fast electronic chain including a current preamplifier and digital acquisition. The energy-dependent response functions of these detectors to fast neutrons can be extracted from nTOF data using time-of-flight to provide energy tagging. These measured response functions can then be used both to benchmark Monte Carlo simulations of the response functions and to interpret the measurements at ChipIR and CHARM, facilities used for the irradiation of microelectronics, where time-of-flight energy measurement at these neutron energies is not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

64Cu is an emerging radionuclide of great interest in personalized nuclear medicine. It is produced by a cyclotron via the reaction 64Ni(p,n)64Cu. This production method increased during the last decades, because small biomedical cyclotrons can be easily installed close to the nuclear medicine department of a hospital. As a matter of fact, 64Ni is a very expensive target material. For this reason, an alternative 64Cu production method was investigated at ENEA by using the quasi-monochromatic 14 MeV fusion neutron beam made available at the Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) located at the ENEA – Frascati Research Center. In particular, two nuclear reactions were studied: 65Cu(n,2n)64Cu and 64Zn(n,p)64Cu. The radiochemical analysis of the activated samples was performed at the ENEA-NMLNWM laboratory located in ENEA-Casaccia Research Center. The activity measurements were carried out at the ENEA-INMRI, located in the ENEA-Casaccia Research Center, with high metrological level conditions and by assuring their traceability to the 64Cu primary activity standard here developed and maintained. A prediction of the 64Cu production by means of the high-brilliance 14 MeV neutron source named Sorgentina is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique properties of solid methane enable the conversion of hot, energetic neutrons into cold neutrons, with an efficiency approximately 3.5 times that of liquid hydrogen based moderators. However, practical applications of solid methane in neutron moderators turned out to be much more challenging than initially expected. Exposure of solid methane at low temperatures to neutron radiation leads to a build-up of radiolysis products in the solid methane matrix. Accumulation of defects beyond some critical number can result in a spontaneous self-accelerated recombination process, which in combination with the expansion of hydrogen built up in bulk solid methane during irradiation, was believed to be responsible for the moderator's breakdown. Here we present results of our thermodynamic model, based on the theory of thermal explosion. Our model agrees well with the test data obtained using methane moderators developed at the IPNS neutron source, based at Argonne National Laboratory and the data acquired during commissioning of the ISIS Target Station 2 solid methane moderator. We also discuss the products of radiolysis reactions generated by exposure of the condensed methane to neutron radiation. The succession of radiolysis reactions may lead to the production of long chain hydrocarbons, which can contaminate the moderator system and significantly reduce efficiency of the heat-exchanger. The possible solutions for cleaning moderators using targeted solvents are considered. In the conclusion we give some practical recommendations, based on our simulation results and operational experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution describes the computational methodology behind an optimization procedure for a scattered beam collimator. The workflow includes producing a file that can be manufactured via additive methods. A conical collimator, optimized for neutron diffraction experiments in a high pressure clamp cell, is presented as an example. In such a case the scattering from the sample is much smaller than that of the pressure cell. Monte Carlo Ray tracing in MCViNE was used to model scattering from a Si powder sample and the cell. A collimator was inserted into the simulation and the number and size of channels were optimized to maximize the rejection of the parasitic signal coming from the complex sample environment. Constraints, provided by the additive manufacturing process as well as a specific neutron diffractometer, were also included in the optimization. The source code and the tutorials are available in c3dp (Islam (2019)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutron Time-Of-Flight (n_TOF) facility at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) is a pulsed white-spectrum neutron spallation source producing neutrons for two experimental areas: EAR1, located 185 m downstream of the spallation target, and EAR2, located 20 m above the target. The facility is based on a lead target impacted by a high-intensity 20 GeV/c proton beam. It is designed to study neutron-nucleus interactions for neutron kinetic energies from a few meV to several GeV, with applications in nuclear astrophysics, nuclear technology, and medical research. The facility is undergoing a major upgrade in 2019–2020, which will include the installation of the new third-generation target. The second-generation target consists in a water-cooled lead cylinder, while the new target will be cooled by nitrogen to avoid erosion-corrosion phenomena and contamination of the cooling water with radioactive lead spallation products. The new design will be optimized also for the vertical flight path. The operation of the new spallation target will start in 2021. This paper presents an overview on the evolution of the design and on the related R&D activities (including beam irradiation tests) carried out to ensure the best performance for both experimental areas and avoid the contamination issues of the previous targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of high-energy neutrons at the European Spallation Source through the spallation process may cause an erosion of the tungsten target. The eroded particles could be released into the target helium cooling system which contains four kind of filters. Among them, the auxiliary filters called "getters" are designed to capture volatile elements and remaining dust. In this work, the ORNL's SCALE6.2 modelling and simulation suite for nuclear safety analysis is applied to assess shutdown dose rates and determine if added shielding and/or robotic arms are needed for their maintenance. SCALE6.2 is well adapted to treat this problem as it allows for isotope selection regarding source term calculation. Dose rates are determined by an ORIGEN2 source term and a MAVRIC shielding sequence calculation. As SCALE6.2 is non-standard software for ESS, the results are verified against MCNP, which is the baseline tool for neutronics analysis at ESS. Dose rate calculations show that additional shielding and/or robot arm are not needed to remove the getters after 3 months of cooling time, following 5400 h of operation at 5 MW beam power. At a distance of 1 mm from the getter, the dose rate is 0.2 mSv/h in the most conservative estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general control system (GCS) in the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) has a data storage (DS) server that stores operational data on the status of neutron and muon targets in the MLF. It has worked well to detect unusual situations around these target stations and to investigate the causes of accidents by checking data in the DS server for short-term operations. To pick up potential abnormalities in the slight state transitions from the target stations, however, it is necessary to introduce an abnormality sign determination system (ASDS). This ASDS requires an integral data storage (IDS) server that stores various operational data throughout the proton beams, target stations, and secondary beams for long-term operations because it judges potential abnormalities by using algorithms based on analysis of these data. This report describes a present status of the GCS, a conceptual design for the ASDS, and the installation of the IDS server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beryllium reflectors are used at spallation neutron sources in order to enhance the low-energy flux of neutrons emanating from the surface of a cold and thermal moderator. The design of such a moderator/reflector system is typically carried out using detailed Monte-Carlo simulations, where the beryllium reflector is assumed to behave as a poly-crystalline material. In reality, however, inhomogeneities in the beryllium could lead to discrepancies between the performance of the actual system when compared to the modeled system. The dependence of the total cross-section in particular on crystallite size, in the Bragg scattering region, could influence the reflector performance, and if such an effect is significant, it should be taken into account in the design of the moderator/reflector system. In this paper, we report on the preliminary results of using cross-section libraries, which include corrections for the crystallite size effect, in spallation source neutronics calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport of neutrons in long beamlines at spallation neutron sources presents a unique challenge for Monte-Carlo transport calculations. This is due to the need to accurately model the deep-penetration of high-energy neutrons through meters of thick dense shields close to the source and at the same time to model the transport of low- energy neutrons across distances up to around 150 m in length. Typically, such types of calculations may be carried out with MCNP-based codes or alternatively PHITS. However, in recent years there has been an increased interest in the suitability of Geant4 for such types of calculations. Therefore, we have implemented supermirror physics, a neutron chopper module and the duct-source variance reduction technique for low- energy neutron transport from the PHITS Monte-Carlo code into Geant4. In the current work, we present a series of benchmarks of these extensions with the PHITS software, which demonstrates the suitability of Geant4 for simulating long neutron beamlines at a spallation neutron source, such as the European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

scipp is heavily inspired by the Python library xarray. It enriches raw NumPy-like multi-dimensional arrays of data by adding named dimensions and associated coordinates. Multiple arrays are combined into datasets. On top of this, scipp introduces (i) implicit handling of physical units, (ii) implicit propagation of uncertainties, (iii) support for histograms, i.e., bin-edge coordinate axes, which exceed the data's dimension extent by one, and (iv) support for event data. In conjunction these features enable a more natural and more concise user experience. The combination of named dimensions, coordinates, and units helps to drastically reduce the risk for programming errors. The core of scipp is written in C++ to open opportunities for performance improvements that a Python-based solution would not allow for. On top of the C++ core, scipp's Python components provide functionality for plotting and content representations, e.g., for use in Jupyter Notebooks. While none of scipp's concepts in isolation is novel per-se, we are not aware of any project combining all of these aspects in a single coherent software package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HRPD-X is a proposal to completely replace the current high-resolution powder diffractometer (HRPD) at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source. The new instrument is expected to deliver a factor of four increase in solid-angle coverage. Taking advantage of new detector technology and coupled with a non-magnetic sample tank and improved incident- and diffracted-beam collimation, the new instrument will substantially improve HRPD's scientific capabilities to study magnetic structures and behaviour, high-pressure phenomena and supramolecular structures whilst strengthening its performance in already-established areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental procedure is assessed to obtain moderated neutron fields starting from almost monochromatic 14 MeV neutrons generated by means of an accelerator-driven D-T source. The use of a metallic pre-moderator and a standard hydrogen-containing moderator is effective in producing neutron spectra featuring a thermal peak and an epithermal slowing down tail extending up to 14 MeV. The performance of proposed moderation system was investigated by means of MCNP Monte Carlo calculations, benchmarked against experimental measurements using an explorative set up, assembled at the Frascati Neutron Generator. The benchmarked calculations allow at making predictions about the brilliance of a 14 MeV neutron moderator in view of possible applications in neutron science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As continuously shaped super-mirrors are becoming available, the conceptual design of focusing guides should explore a wider range of possibilities to accomplish an efficient neutron beam extraction. Starting from a desired phase-space volume at the sample position and using an upstream ray-tracing approach, the acceptance diagram of any focusing guide can be calculated at the moderator position. To ensure high brilliance transfer and homogeneous coverage, the acceptance diagram should be fully included in the neutron source emission phase-space volume. Following this idea, the guide system can be scaled into dimensionless geometric figures that convey performance limits for a desired cross-section reduction. Moreover, if we impose a monotonic increase of the reflection angle with divergence angle at the sample position, the shape of the mirror is analytically determined. This approach was applied in the design of a focusing guide for SNAP instrument at SNS, at ORNL, USA. The results of McStas simulations are presented with different options included. Our approach facilitates finding an optimal solution for connecting multiple guide pieces to avoid excessive losses and ensure a homogeneous phase space coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotating objects, such as choppers, are common components of a neutron beamline, and the motion of these components is not described in the static geometry of an MCNPX model. The special case of non-static surfaces for rotation about a stationary point in space has been developed for MCNPX. In addition, velocity dependent kinematics due to the motion of the medium have been implemented. This implementation allows for the simulation of rotating objects at speeds comparable to the velocity of cold neutrons. Applications of the chopper extension will be discussed, including the direct simulation of a bandwidth chopper system, the thermalization of neutrons inside a spinning material, and the discussion of the implementation of a spinning single crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]