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The utility of the subpubic angle (SPA) as a sex indicator has not been tested for the Korean population. Moreover, the inconsistency in the SPA measurement methods makes the SPA comparisons betwee...

In this study, we present a novel measurement approach for systemic risk by considering an indirect network structure. In a departure from previous studies, this measurement method captures spillov...

This paper proposes an optical amplification method of measuring the minute displacement of a laser beam. The relationship between the displacement of the incident laser beam and the reflective bea...

Judy Munday,1,2 Niall Higgins,1,3 Lee Jones,1,4 Dimitrios Vagenas,4 André Van Zundert,1,5,6 Samantha Keogh1,3 1School of Nursing & Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; 2Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway; 3Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; 4Research Methods Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; 5Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; 6School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia & Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaCorrespondence: Judy MundaySchool of Nursing & Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Queensland University of Technology, Rm 529, Level 5, N Block, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, AustraliaTel +61 73138 8209Fax +61 3138 3814Email judy.munday@qut.edu.auPurpose: Perioperative hypothermia prevention requires regular, accurate, and consistent temperature monitoring. Zero-heat-flux (ZHF) thermometry offers a non-invasive, measurement method that can be applied across all surgical phases. The purpose of this study was to measure agreement between the zero-heat-flux device and esophageal monitoring, sensitivity, and specificity to detect hypothermia and patient acceptability amongst patients undergoing upper and lower limb orthopedic surgery.Patients and Methods: This prospective, observational study utilized Bland–Altman analysis and Lin’s concordance coefficient to measure agreement between devices, sensitivity and specificity to detect hypothermia and assessed patient acceptability amongst 30 patients between December 2018 and June 2019.Results: Bias was observed between devices via Bland Altman, with bias dependent on actual temperature. The mean difference ranged from − 0.16°C at 34.9°C (where the mean of ZHF was lower than the esophageal device) to 0.46°C at 37.25°C (where the mean of ZHF was higher than esophageal device), with 95% limits of agreement (max) upper LOA = 0.80 to 1.41, lower LOA = − 1.12 to − 0.50. Seventy-five percentage of zero-heat-flux measurements were within 0.5°C of esophageal readings. Patient acceptability was high; 96% (n=27) stated that the device was comfortable.Conclusion: ZHF device achieved lesser measurement accuracy with core (esophageal) temperature compared to earlier findings. Nonetheless, due to continuous capability, non-invasiveness and patient reported acceptability, the device warrants further evaluation.Title Registration: The study was registered at www.ANZCTR.org.au (reference: ACTRN12619000842167).Keywords: perioperative, thermoregulation, thermometry, sensitivity, specificity

Heavy ion therapy is currently recognized as the most advanced cancer radiotherapy approach in the world. This article introduces a high-precision and non-contact measurement method based on close-...

Namibia currently undergoes a rapid process of urbanisation of 4% annually, visible through an exponential informal settlement growth. Alternative measurement methods in cadastral mapping could sec...

The construction industry is struggling with poor safety performance. Also, the existing construction safety performance (CSP) measurement methods are no longer effective by reaching their point of...

Introduction: Aqueous humor and its dynamics (AHD) serve numerous functions to sustain ocular health and clear vision. Current methods to assess AHD have led to improved understanding of ocular phy...

Two ultrasonic measurement methods for pressure calibration to 4.4 GPa in a multi-anvil apparatus by measuring the travel times of longitudinal wave as a function of pressure are reported. The firs...

We conducted the first scoping literature review on ART uptake and adherence among Female Sex Workers (FSW), following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts. Eligibility criteria included: reporting an ART uptake or adherence result among FSW aged 18 or older; peer-reviewed; published in English between 1996 and 2018. Our search identified 6,735 studies; 30 met eligibility requirements. ART uptake ranges from 0 to 100% and adherence ranges from 50-90%, depending on measurement methods. Uptake and adherence influencing factors are mapped onto a social ecological model (SEM). Knowledge and beliefs, substance use, food insecurity and sex-work engagement were negatively associated, while older age, relationships and social support were positively associated with ART uptake and adherence. Standardised methods to measure uptake and adherence prevalence must be established for data comparison. Evidence regarding ART uptake and adherence barriers and facilitators span multiple SEM levels, although more research is needed regarding structural and occupational level influencers. Results suggest that the multi-level ART uptake and adherence barriers faced by FSW require complex multi-level evidence-based interventions. Study findings can inform ART interventions, future research, and offer guidance to other support services with FSW, such as PrEP interventions.

Speckle interferometry has long been used to measure the deformation of an object with a rough surface. Currently, it can be used to measure the shape of a three-dimensional microstructure by inten...

This study was designed to determine thiol-disulfide homeostasis as indices of oxidative stress in painters by using a novel and automated colorimetric measurement method. Male painters (n = 117) w...

Purpose This study aimed to identify whether functional bladder capacity (FBC) differs among subgroups of nocturnal enuresis (NE) patients and can be used to predict treatment response. Methods A total of 69 children with NE were included in this study between July 2017 and February 2019 according to medical chart review, retrospectively. All patients completed a questionnaire about voiding symptoms and 48-hour frequency/volume (48-h F/V) charts. FBC was obtained from the 48-h F/V charts and uroflowmetry (UFM) with post-void residual volume (PVR). All patients were primarily treated with standard urotherapy and pharmacological therapy. The response rate was analyzed at 3 months after treatment. Results The mean age of the 69 patients (42 male, 27 female) was 83.3 ± 22.4 months (range, 5-13 years) at the first visit. The percentages of children with monosymptomatic NE (MNE) and non-monosymptomatic NE (NMNE) on the questionnaire were 40.6% (28/69) and 59.4% (41/69), respectively. FBC of all patients was lower than the normal range of expected bladder capacity, and there were no significant differences between measurement methods, NE types (MNE vs NMNE), or response rates (p > 0.05). Conclusion Children with NE had diminished FBC in both 48-h F/V charts and UFM with PVR. We found no difference in FBC by NE type or treatment outcome. Therefore, FBC cannot be used to distinguish between NE types or predict treatment responses.

The authors study shock absorption characteristics and their measurement methods because test standards and specifications for shock absorbing adhesives are not clearly established. Especially, mic...

Objective. This article proposes a comprehensive literature review of past works addressing hearing protection device (HPD) comfort with the aim of identifying the main sources of variability in comfort evaluation. Methods. A literature review of study samples was performed: documents were hand searched and Internet searched using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Professional, Scopus or Google search engines. While comfort constructs and measurement methods are reviewed for both earplugs and earmuff HPD types, results and analyses are provided for earplugs only. Results. The literature shows that the multiple sources of the perceived comfort measurement variability are related to the complexity of the concept of comfort and to the various physical and psychosocial characteristics of the triad 'environment/person/earplug', which differ from one study to the other. Conclusions. Considering the current state of knowledge and in order to decrease comfort measurements variability, it is advised to: (a) use a multidimensional construct of comfort and derive a comfort index for each comfort dimension;, (b) use exhaustive and valid questionnaires; (c) quantify as many triad characteristics as possible and use them as independent or control variables; (d) assess the quality of the earplug fitting and the attenuation efficiency.

There are some major difficulties when predicting shelf life of chilled Penaeus vannamei in practice, such as numerous prediction indexes, complicated index measurement methods, and low prediction ...

The primary aim of this study was to determine the value of the inferior vena cava (IVC) ultrasound in the decision to hospitalise acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients. Our secondary aim was to find the most successful IVC measurement method in monitoring volume status.ADHF patients were accepted over a 1-year period in this study. Patients' vital signs, laboratory tests and IVC measurements measured by six methods (in B- and M-mode; maximum, minimum diameter and caval index) performed on an hourly basis were recorded. The presence of any statistically significant difference between the IVC measurement methods, laboratory tests and vital parameters between the hospitalised and discharged patients was calculated. ROC curves were produced in order to determine the ability of parameters to differentiate two groups. Spearman's correlation test was used to investigate correlation between the IVC measurement methods and patients' urine outputs.A total of 71 patients were included in the study; 42 of these were hospitalised and 29 were discharged. Potassium, brain natriuretic peptide, respiration rate, urine output, maximum and minimum IVC diameters differed significantly between the two groups. Minimum IVC diameter measured in M-mode was identified as a weak marker with 65% sensitivity and 64% specificity (+PPV: 73%; -NPV:54%) for hospitalisation. Change in maximum IVC diameter measured in B-mode exhibited a high degree of correlation with change in body fluid (cc: 0.802).IVC ultrasound may have a limited value in the decision to hospitalise ADHF patients. But Maximum IVC diameter may be an ideal method for monitoring hypervolemic patients' volume status.NCT02725151.

Purpose To measure marginal reflex distance-1 (MRD-1) values in normal subjects and patients with blepharoptosis using second-generation swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and to evaluate the usefulness of this measurement method. Materials and Methods MRD-1 values were measured using AS-OCT in 80 eyes of 40 normal subjects (16 men and 24 women) aged 20-59 years with no neurological or endocrinological disorders, and the measured values were compared between four age groups comprising 20 eyes of 10 subjects each in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. The Volk Eye Check system was simultaneously used to measure MRD-1 in 40 eyes of 20 normal subjects, and the measured values were compared with those obtained using AS-OCT. In 21 eyes of consecutive 13 involutional blepharoptosis patients (48-84 years of age, mean 70.2 years), MRD-1 values were measured using AS-OCT preoperatively and 3 months after surgery to examine the rates of successful measurements as well as preoperative and postoperative results. Results The mean MRD-1 value using AS-OCT in 80 eyes of 40 normal subjects was 3.70 ± 0.10 mm, whereas the values in 20 eyes of 10 subjects each from the four different age groups were 4.01 ± 0.54 mm, 3.88 ± 0.60 mm, 3.96 ± 0.77 mm, and 2.94 ± 0.79 mm for subjects in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s, respectively; significant differences were observed between the 50s group and other groups (p

Agricultural work is associated with increased risk of adverse musculoskeletal health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to quantify exposure to biomechanical factors among a sample (n = 55) of farmers in the Midwest region of the U.S. while they performed a variety of routine agricultural activities, and to compare exposure levels between these activities. Surface electromyography was used to estimate activity levels of the erector spinae, upper trapezius, forearm flexor, and forearm extensor muscle groups. Simultaneously, inertial sensors were used to measure kinematics of the trunk, upper arm, and wrist. In general, lower muscle activity levels, less extreme postures, and slower movement speeds were observed during activities that involved primarily the use of agricultural machinery in comparison to manual activities, suggesting a potential advantage of mechanization relative to musculoskeletal health. Median wrist movement speeds exceeding recently proposed exposure thresholds were also observed during many manual activities, such as milking animals and repairing equipment. Upper arm postures and movement speeds did not appear to confer excessive risk for shoulder-related outcomes (on the whole), but interpretation of the results is limited by a sampling approach that may not have captured the full extent of exposure variation. Not surprisingly, substantial variation in exposure levels were observed within each agricultural activity, which is related to substantial variation in the equipment, tools, and work practices used by participants. Ultimately, the results of this study contribute to an emerging literature in which the physical demands of routine agricultural work have been described on the basis of sensor-based measurements rather than more common self-report or observation-based approaches.

To introduce a new direct measurement method for ocular ductions by shifting light reflex with plastic prism [Prism Shifting Light-Reflex Test (PLR test)]. We used it to establish normative values of ocular ductions in each age bracket defined by decade and to investigate the change of ocular ductions with aging.Participants aged 21-80 years old without paralytic or restrictive eye disease were examined. The ocular ductions were measured by PLR test. Normal range of ocular ductions and rate of change with aging were evaluated.Of 123 participants, the mean ± standard deviation of ocular ductions in all age groups were 60 ± 12, 86 ± 9, 102 ± 9, and 123 ± 9 prism diopters for supraduction, adduction, abduction, and infraduction. From regression analysis, the ocular supraduction, adduction, abduction, and infraduction significantly decreased with aging (PLR test is a new technique for ocular duction measurement. Supraduction had the smallest range of ductions followed by adduction, abduction, and infraduction. Aging has the largest decremental effect on supraduction and the smallest decremental effect on infraduction. The normative values of ocular ductions by age in each decade were established.

This paper discusses the differences in perceived usability evaluations between crowdsourcing platform and laboratory testing. A retrospective evaluation measurement method was adopted. A SUS quali...

The use of machine vision technologies to detect the density of colored yarn-dyed woven fabric has significantly accelerated during the last two decades. Unlike previous studies, this paper propose...

This paper proposes a vision-based target-free deflection measurement method of bridge. This method eliminates the trouble of installing artificial targets on the structure. The proposed me...

The aim of this paper is to show that natural watercourses surveying gives the best results using integrated measurement methods (classical surveying and LiDAR). The paper contains comparison of th...

Feet feeling is a sense that shows the walking and standing comfort. In this study, a measurement method is capable of characterizing the subjective feet feeling comfort of rugs, was developed and ...

The aim of this study was to identify the latent structure and potential relationships between two sets of frictions measurements of warp-and-weft fabrics made with the sliding method and the Kawabata system (KES FB-4 method). First, linear relationships between all pairs of friction-related variables for the two methods were assessed and found to be weak and statistically not significant in most cases. Second, linear regression was applied to the variables previously exhibiting significant correlation only but the variables were found not to be useful for developing accurate predictive models. Third, multiple linear regression between a Kawabata variable and various parameters of the sliding method was used to construct a model that proved inaccurate owing to multicollinearity in the regressors; also, the method only allowed a single-dependent variable to be related. This was not the case with canonical correlation, which allowed two sets of variables to be correlated through multivariate analysis. This technique revealed a significant relationship between the two sets of friction-related variables

Current vision-based displacement measurement methods have limitations such as being in need of manual targets and parameter adjustment, and significant user involvement to reach the desired result...

Objective: This article presents a comprehensive literature review of past works addressing Hearing Protection Devices (HPD) comfort and to put them into perspective regarding a proposed holistic multidimensional construct of HPD comfort.Design: Literature review.Study samples: Documents were hand searched and Internet searched using "PubMed", "Web of Science", "Google Scholar", "ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Professional", "Scopus" or "Google" search engines. While comfort constructs and measurement methods are reviewed for both earplugs and earmuff types, results and analyses are provided for the earplug type only.Results: This article proposed a multidimensional construct of HPD comfort based on four dimensions: physical, functional, acoustical and psychological. Seen through the prism of the proposed holistic construct of HPD comfort, the main comfort attributes of earplugs have been identified for each comfort dimension.Conclusions: The observed lack of consensus on the definition of HPD comfort in the scientific community makes it difficult to prioritise the importance of comfort attributes yet necessary for future design of comfortable earplugs.

Aim. This article presents the construction, validation and psychometric properties of the Polish basic version of a workplace bullying questionnaire (called the SDM questionnaire). Method. The too...

The article describes an experimental setup constructed for the verification of harmonic impedance (HI) measurement method in a real HV power grid. The setup is located in a 110 kV distribution sub...

James A Davison,1 Sarah Makari,2 Richard Potvin21Wolfe Eye Clinic, Marshalltown, IA, USA; 2Science in Vision, Akron, NY, USAPurpose: To assess the value of intraoperative aberrometry (IA) in determining toric intraocular lens (IOL) power in eyes with no previous ocular surgery.Patients and methods: This was a retrospective data review at one US clinical site of eyes that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with toric IOL implantation where standard preoperative and IA measurements were available. Calculated IOL sphere and cylinder powers and orientation were compared based on the measurement method and the postoperative refraction, using both actual and simulated (back-calculated) results. Comparisons were between the surgeon’s preoperative calculations, IA measurements, the actual IOL implanted and results from the Barrett toric calculator.Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.7) in the number of eyes expected to have, or having, a spherical equivalent refraction within 0.50D of the target between Actual (92%), IA (93%) or Preoperative calculation results (86%). The percentage of eyes with expected residual refractive astigmatism ≤0.50D was significantly higher for the IA vs Preoperative calculations (75% vs 53%, p0.65).Conclusion: Modern IOL calculations for sphere produced results comparable to those achieved with IA. The value of IA in determining IOL cylinder power and orientation was more evident when comparing expected results between IA and a preoperative method based on measured total corneal astigmatism than when comparing to expected results from the Barrett toric calculator.Keywords: ORA, refraction, prediction error, IOL power calculation, astigmatism, toric IOL

Background: Fusional amplitudes are important for clinical practice in diagnosing and managing binocular vision anomalies. Several measurement methods can be used to assess fusional amplitudes. However, those methods are not interchangeable, and measurement repeatability has been questioned. Objectives: To compare the normative values of tests for the measurement of fusional vergence and to investigate sources of heterogeneity of diagnostic accuracy including: age, variation in method of assessment, study design and size, type (convergent, divergent, vertical, cyclo) and severity of strabismus (constant/intermittent/latent). Data sources: Bibliographic databases were searched up to March 2018, including Cochrane registers, PubMed, Web of ScienceTM, Google Scholar and Science Citation Index. Trial registers and conference proceedings were hand searched. Review methods: The review observed and reported according to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO. The I2 was used to show the percentage of observed total variation across studies that is due to real heterogeneity rather than chance. The results of the different studies and the overall effect (meta-analysis under the random effects model) are shown. Results: Eighty-one studies were included in the review. Heterogenous information about break vergence amplitudes is reported for the step vergence method (I2 > 50%; p < 0.05) in children. Four parameters were reported consistently to affect measurements; age, method of assessment, order of testing and target size. For the smooth vergence technique break vergence values heterogeneity was not present in children and adults (I2 = 0%; p > 0.05). Limitations: The results are based on cross-sectional studies that were performed independently of each other, with different examiners, methods of examination and different populations. Conclusions: The source of heterogeneity between studies for vergence break points measured with the step vergence method seems to be linked with age. Normal vergences reported in children had considerable heterogeneity compared with adults. In clinical practice, the population-based vergence ranges measured with the step vergence method in children should not be used as one single criterion. For the smooth vergence technique, normative population data can be used.

In order to monitor the deflection of bored piles, BOTDA sensing technology is employed to measure the strain and temperature profiles along three bored piles adjacent to a deep excavation. Based on the measured strain, the deflections can be calculated according to the mechanics of materials. Comparison between the deflections measured by traditional inclinometer and strain based measurement method has been fully conducted. A two-dimensional FEM model was constructed to simulate the interaction between excavation and subway tunnel and examine the deflection of the three bored piles during progressive excavation. Finally, the deflection profiles calculated from measured strains and simulated by FEM are comprehensively summarized and analysed. It can be found that the deflection changing trend at the top of the bored piles are consistent with the simulation results with acceptable errors while the deflection calculated from the measure strains has a significant discrepancy with the simulation results.

The paper presents the comparison of friction coefficient results obtained from two types of dynamic devices: SRT-3 (Skid Resistance Tester) and TWO (Traction Watcher One), which are used to evalua...

The indirect measurement method of the contour width deformation of the embroidery element is presented in the work. The square-shaped, directly measured, embroidery element is compared to its digi...

The aim of this study is to identify suitable science-based methods for measuring monotony-related fatigue. Monotony is one of three causes of fatigue that to date has rarely been considered in iso...

Since March 2015 the UWA in collaboration with the BGPA has conducted a time-lapse microgravity study of groundwater storage in Kings Park. Data collection has focused on seasonal to inter-annual change, with bi-monthly measurements extending across multiple days. Relative measurements are taken with a Scintrex CG-5 gravity meter and are referred to the Helena Valley reference station, which is located in the granite-dominated Perth Hills. Interim results (July 2017) suggest that measurement methods are sufficiently sensitive to characterize change, with measurement precision of ~2 microgals, or approximately 40 mm of stored water. Two-month storage-changes are defined from the gravity data, and usage is further defined as rainfall minus storage-change. Storage-changes are positively correlated with rainfall (r=+0.697) and negatively-correlated with solar exposure (r=-0.555). Thus, a fairly strong signal is seen of increase during the winter wet season, and decrease during the summer dry season. Usage is weakly positively correlated with solar exposure (r=+0.202) but also shows dry periods in late summer, where estimated usage is near-zero despite high solar exposure, and a high-usage period at the start of the wet season. Interannual change is substantial, and seems to be strongly linked to the Indian Ocean Dipole, which was strongly positive in winter 2015, strongly negative in winter 2016 and positive to neutral in winter 2017.

The operation monitoring of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) in the industry is primarily performed by measuring the filtration outcome by using opacimetric sensors. In this study, the feasibilit...

Existing measurement techniques have prevented extensive investigations of the effect of dryer fabric structure on contact drying of paper. Using a novel optical measurement method, the moisture content (MC) of paper can be accurately quantified at high spatial and temporal resolution while it is sandwiched between the heater surface and the dryer fabric. To study the paper drying process, an experimental setup is designed to simulate realistic conditions of a typical paper dryer while providing optical access for the measurement system. Ten commercially available fabrics manufactured by weaving synthetic filaments are used in the investigations. The 3D structure of the fabrics is characterized using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The fabrics are used in the experiments to investigate the effects of the filament structure and paper/fabric contact on the drying process. It is shown the fabric structure affects the drying rate and the drying time. Fabrics that have a relatively large drying rat...

This paper presents scaffolds and dissections for the comparative representation and analysis of Indic temple geometry found in temples across South and Southeast Asia. Scaffolds are representational schema that capture classes of constructive geometry such as grids, geometric profiles and procedures from canonical descriptions. Dissections represent horizontal and vertical profiles that capture attribute features of a temple from field measurement methods. Together, they guide the development of 3D schematic reconstructions of individual temples that capture the architectural form of the temple, but also the knowledge of temple production and their architectural lineage. Drawing upon canonical descriptions and previous scholarship on temple geometry, the paper outlines schematic reconstructions of four individual temples. A comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the temples reveals the role of the canonical constructive mechanisms underlying these temples. Individual temples and their similarity features are categorised into a series of related objects in compliance classes. More broadly, both method and vehicle posit a broader understanding of how individual buildings of a particular historical and philosophical lineage may be compositionally connected through the method of scaffolds and dissections and provide a symbolic view of variance in architectural production over time.

The inertial measurement method of the ESAH-M (Electronic Analysis System of Crossing – Portable) system for the railway turnouts is a promising technique in railway infrastructure. However, the me...

The question whether intrinsic bioelectromagnetism exists within DNA or not is an important and so far unexplored area of biology. We carried out a study of isolated genetic material, utilizing both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, to measure any possible intrinsic electromagnetic effects or fields emanated within the molecules. Studies were carried out with extremely sensitive ultra-low-noise trans-impedance amplifiers and a high-precision data acquisition system to record any possible faintest electromagnetic signals from the concentrated, as well as diluted DNA, in vitro. Some experiments were performed to investigate any possible electromagnetic effects of high-frequency (HF) RF fields on the DNA under test. However, after extensive testing and careful measurements, we failed to detect any possible intrinsic or induced electromagnetic activity from the DNA as compared to simple water or empty chambers. We reached a conclusion that there does not seem to be any measurable intrinsic electromagnetic activity or fields present in the DNA material, whether in concentrated or diluted form, and if there were, any such activity or fields would be extremely minuscule to be detected with scientific precision by current human measurement methods.

In view of the present defects of relative height measurement method, such as not easy to carry, high cost, large error and easily affected by obstacles, a relative height measurement metho...

The traditional asphalt mixture surface texture measurement methods cannot provide the distributions of the texture, which is necessary for studying the influence mechanism of texture on ty...

With the recent developments in science and technology, torque measurements have been widely used in many fields. However, present torque measurement methods have limitations for long-term applicat...

In this paper, a glucose solution concentration measurement method is proposed based on microwave resonant cavity perturbation technique. The mathematical model of TE011 cylindrical resonat...

Sanjeeb Chaudhary, Archana Gharti, Bhawana Adhikari Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal Purpose: A key factor affecting the success of endodontic treatment is correct determination of root canal working length (WL). The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of Propex II and iPex II electronic apex locator (EAL) in determining the WL under clinical conditions, to that of radiographic working length (RWL) using stainless steel (SS) and nickel–titanium (NiTi) hand files. Patients and methods: Thirty-seven patients, with 60 anterior teeth (60 canals) scheduled for endodontic treatment participated in this study after ethical approval. Electronic working length (EWL) was determined by the Propex II and iPex II according to manufacturer’s instructions using SS Hand K-files and NiTi Hand files. RWL was determined after EWL determination. The results obtained with each EAL with SS and NiTi files were compared with RWL. Data was analyzed statistically at a significance level of p < 0.05. Interclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the EALs, indicating similar accuracies between them with respect to accuracy in determining the WL (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the EWL and RWL and between SS and NiTi files for WL determination (p > 0.05) as well. The result also displayed a high intraclass correlation coefficient between the RWL and EWL measurement methods. Conclusion: Under the in vivo clinical conditions of this study, both Propex II and iPex II were similar to the RWL determination technique showing high correlation to RWL. Both are clinically acceptable EAL for WL determination and both SS hand K-file and NiTi file can be used interchangeably without compromising the WL during treatment. Keywords: working length determination, minor diameter, electronic apex locator, electronic working length, radiographic working length

Transportation infrastructure plays an important role in supporting the national economy and social well-being. Extreme events have caused terrible physical damages to the transportation infrastruc...

In this article, a novel partial electrical free measurement method to improve the power-factor of four-switch three-phase (B4) inverter for sensorless induction motor drives is proposed. This meth...