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We thank P. Regnard, P.H. Moreau, and L. Fellmann (SILABE, Strasbourg) for medical care given to the monkeys. We thank S. Mundweiller, S. Godard, E. Moissonnier, D. Thomas, S. Mely, B. Labrosse, D. Pannetier, and C. Leculier (P4 INSERM–Jean Merieux, US003, INSERM) for assistance in conducting the BSL-4 experiments. We thank M-A Dillies (HUB, Institut Pasteur) for helpful discussions. We thank G. Fourcaud and B. Lafoux (UBIVE, CIRI, Institut Pasteur) for technical help. We also thank L. Branco (Zalgen Labs) for providing recombinant proteins. We are grateful to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (R. Hatchett, G. Thiry, and M. Saville) and C. Gerke (Department of Innovation Development, Institut Pasteur) for invaluable support.; International audience; The area of Lassa virus (LASV) circulation is expanding, with the emergence of highly pathogenic new LASV lineages. Benin recently became an endemic country for LASV and has seen the emergence of a new LASV lineage (VII). The first two outbreaks in 2014 and 2016 showed a relatively high mortality rate compared to other outbreaks. We infected cynomolgus monkeys with two strains belonging to lineage II and lineage VII that were isolated from deceased patients during the 2016 outbreak in Benin. The lineage VII strain (L7) caused uniform mortality. Death was associated with uncontrolled viral replication, unbalanced inflammatory responses characterized by increased concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and the absence of efficient immune responses, resembling the pathogenesis associated with the prototypic Josiah strain in monkeys. The lineage II strain (L2) showed apparently lower virulence than its counterpart, with a prolonged time to death and a lower mortality rate. Prolonged survival was associated with better control of viral replication, a moderate inflammatory response, and efficient T-cell responses. Transcriptomic analyses also highlighted important differences in the immune responses associated with the outcome. Both strains caused strong inflammation in several organs. Notably, meningitis and encephalitis were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in all monkeys, independently of the outcome. Due to their apparently high pathogenicity, emerging strains from lineage VII should be considered in preclinical vaccine testing. Lineage II would also be beneficial in pathogenesis studies to study the entire spectrum of Lassa fever severity.

International audience; This introduction examines the intellectual, political, economic, and social context to the reception of Robert Owen's ideas, and Owenism more generally, in Continental Europe. The introduction describes how Owen's ideas attracted significant interest in the years following the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in France, and discusses how the French reception of his ideas served as a filter and medium through which his ideas were disseminated throughout Continental Europe. The article describes the individual contributions to this special issue and traces the story of how Owen's ideas never attracted in Continental Europe the widespread interest they enjoyed in Britain, Ireland, or America.

This paper argues that the 100% money proposal of the 1930s should not (as is often the case) simply be considered as an avatar, extended to deposit currency, of the Currency School’s reform prescr...

This manuscript is an invited commentary on the article "Toward a standard model of consciousness: Reconciling the attention schema, global workspace, higher-order thought, and illusionist theories", by Drs. Graziano, Guterstam, Bio, and Wilterson, published in Cognitive Neuropsychology (2020). We believe this article is a timely attempt to find commonalities among a growing number of theories on consciousness. In our commentary, we highlight the advantages of the Attention Schema Theory (AST) and we illustrate how recent findings are compatible with the proposed link between the AST, a theory based on social cognition, and theories originating from the field of neuroscience. Finally, we describe elements that could be included in future versions of the models of consciousness. In particular, we emphasize that the field of consciousness will greatly benefit from moving beyond how we become aware of external information to consider internally generated conscious experiences.

International audience; This paper proposes to explore French cultural policy to show how the white boundary making is embedded in the ‘routine structures’ of cultural life. It takes the example of the implementation of national cultural policy as a means of seeing how the privilege of the majority operates. Against a formal insistence that the French definition of citizenship and equality does not leave room for the discussion of visible identities, it argues that immigration issues in relation to culture are relevant loci for the numerous instances of boundary drawings that it helps highlighting. Specifically, it shows how in the process of designing and implementing cultural policies, administrative officials have defined culture as artistic, universal and secular throughout the years. As a consequence of which, the privileged currently take part in the definition of artistic norms, while migration-related minorities have to justify for the social benefit of any of their artistic initiative.

International audience; Pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will: Gramsci's political thought in the last miscellaneous notebooks Abstract: In the Prison Notebooks, Gramsci combines a "pessimistic" analysis of the growing authoritarian trends of the 1930s with an "optimistic" commitment to the potential for socialist transformation and the elaboration of an effective strategy for the workers' movement. By discussing key texts from the miscellaneous notebooks 14, 15, and 17, I investigate the way in which, in the last phase of his work in prison, Gramsci interprets the changing political and social dynamics that characterise "western" countries (and that are central, mutatis mutandis, also in present-day politics). In particular, I focus on the complex conceptual cluster elaborated by Gramsci (with the categories of "bureaucracy", "police", "discipline" and "political party") in order to illustrate the way in which he explains the transformations of the mechanisms of political participation, and the new, "totalitarian" forms of political engagement of his own times, as well as their possible solutions.

International audience; Alcohol use disorders (AUD) is a major public health concern. General practitioners (GP) must play a key role in identifying this disorder and offering appropriate interventions. The authors conducted a survey among French GP in the Provence – Alpes – Côte-d’Azur (PACA) region to better understand their practices regarding AUD. Random sampling was used to enrol 101 GP in a 15-minute survey. A Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview exploring demographic and professional characteristics was conducted using a questionnaire. One third (31.7%) of the participants systematically addressed alcohol use with their patients whereas six (5.9%) never addressed it. Logistic regression analyses showed that after adjustment for the number of AUD patients followed up (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.19, 3.08]) and GP interest in addiction medicine (5.41 [2.17, 13.40]), GP who systematically screened patients for AUD were more likely to accept controlled drinking as a therapeutic goal (5.41 [2.17, 13.33]), and to perceive patient denial of AUD as a major barrier to care (1.39 [0.60, 3.22]). GP providing care for AUD were more likely to monitor tobacco cessation (9.08 [2.60, 31.64]) and to prescribe opioid maintenance treatment (7.35 [2.52, 21.41]). Alcohol screening is insufficient in general practice in France. Providing updated guidelines is essential to foster experience in this field among GP.

International audience; Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are conditions related to defective regulation of the innate immune system. Sanger sequencing of the causative genes has long been the reference for confirming the diagnosis. However, for many patients with a typical AID phenotype, the genetic cause remains unknown. A pioneering study in 2005 demonstrated mosaicism in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS); the authors found somatic mosaicism in 69% of their cohort of Sanger-negative CAPS patients. We aim to address the extent to which mosaicism contributes to the etiology of AIDs and its impact on phenotype. We retrieved English-language publications reporting mosaicism in AIDs by querying PubMed with no restriction on date and we surveyed French reference centers. We provide a comprehensive clinical and genetic picture of mosaicism in AIDs. We estimate that the proportion of CAPS-like patients presenting mosaicism ranges from 0.5% to 19%. We also discuss the possible links between the proportion of mutated alleles and various clinical features. This review reevaluates the contribution of mosaic DNA variants in CAPS. Mosaicism may be more common than anticipated in other AIDs. No significant difference was demonstrated between variant allele frequency and clinical phenotype. Such knowledge has implications for the development of guidelines for genetic diagnosis, genetic counseling of affected families and effective patient care.

International audience; The literature on the 100% money proposal often reveals some confusion when it comes to its implications for the banking sphere. We argue that this can be partly explained by a failure to have distinguished between two divergent approaches to the proposal: the “Currie–Fisher” (or “transaction”) approach, on the one hand, which would preserve banking; and the “Chicago Plan” (or “liquidity”) approach, on the other hand, which would abolish banking. This division among 100% money proponents stemmed, in particular, from different definitions of money, and different explanations of monetary instability. The present paper attempts to clarify this divergence of views.

International audience; Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in Australia and South-East Asia, respectively. Since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person NiV transmission were observed. Widely distributed fruit bats from Pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. Numerous studies have reported henipavirus seropositivity in pteropid bats, including bats in Africa, thus expanding notably the geographic distribution of these viruses. Interestingly, henipavirus infection in bats seems to be asymptomatic, in contrast to severe disease induced in numerous other mammals. Unique among the mammals by their ability to fly, these intriguing animals are natural reservoir for many other emerging and remerging viruses highly pathogenic for humans. This feature, combined with absence of clinical symptoms, has attracted the interest of scientific community to virus-bat interactions. Therefore, several bat genomes were sequenced and particularities of the bat immune system have been intensively analyzed during the last decade to understand their coexistence with viruses in the absence of disease. The peculiarities in inflammasome activation, a constitutive expression of interferon alpha, and some differences in adaptive immunity have been recently reported in fruit bats. Studies on virus-bat interactions have thus emerged as an exciting novel area of research that should shed new light on the mechanisms that regulate viral infection and may allow development of novel therapeutic approaches to control this highly lethal emerging infectious disease in humans.

International audience; This introduction scrutinizes the numerous studies that deal with the memory of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and it identifies two major fault lines. The first concerns the level of analysis. A large body of work favours top-down approaches and focuses on the institutions and policies that govern the communist past. Conversely, another set of studies opts for bottom-up approaches that address the social representations and practices related to that past. The second fault line concerns the conception of the presence of the communist past, regarded either as a permanent legacy from the past (primordialist perspective) or as an instrument mobilized for political aims (instrumentalist perspective). In order to bridge these divides, the authors advocate approaching memories through the public policy instruments that are designed and implemented to deal with the past. Adhering to the notion that policy instruments are not purely technical and neutral devices but in fact carry interpretations of the ‘problem’ to be solved, this approach offers insights into what constrains social practices linked to the communist past, and how individuals put up with these constraints.

Rousseau's relation to the Physiocrats has long been described as a “missed encounter” of which the Rousseau's letter to Mirabeau would serve as evidence. In opposition to this statement, I show in this article that this letter may offer a reliable prism which sheds light on Rousseau's meaningful opposition to physiocratic views. This opposition can be analyzed along three distinct conceptual lines, each interesting in its own right, and with regard to the birth of our political modernity. These are the theory of government, the definition of interest, and the interaction between public opinion and the formation of citizenship.

Published online: 10 Jan 2023; International audience; This introduction discusses responses to ethno-racial discrimination in a hostile political environment, colour-blind France. The article presents the current characteristics of the French case, including data measuring ethnoracial discrimination. We outline the on-going role of state institutions and their agents in disqualifying minority claims, but also the recent turn against Islam and the hostility towards new movements against structural racism. We discuss how colour-blindness constrains both local policies and movements. We examine the consequences for individuals that experience discrimination and the collectives that fight against it. We highlight the various strategies that they adopt such as discretion, infrapolitical mobilization as well as tactical re-framing.

In this paper, we explore a French debate in the nineteenth century Liberal School: the question of inheritance. We first present the opposition among liberal economists between the advocates of the liberty of bequest and the defenders of its limitations. We then try to show that these contrasted positions cannot be reduced to the confrontation between the doctrine of natural rights and the principle of social utility. Finally, we propose another explanation for the divergences of the Liberal School through different conceptions of the State.

International audience; "This article examines the possibilities of implementing race- and gender-separated organisational models within institutional participatory mechanisms in the light of the concept of discretion. Based on an investigation carried out within a participatory mechanism in a French working-class neighbourhood, the text shows how discretion allows the existence of a homogeneous public in terms of gender and race, despite the French colourblind political context marked by the valorisation of the norm of ‘social mix’. The article highlights the effects of this discreet non-mixed organisation both in terms of individual empowerment processes for the participants and in terms of the acknowledgment of this group as a legitimate audience by local institutions."

International audience; This article analyses how convertible local currencies (CLCs) contribute to their circulating territory, in the case of France, where a systematic survey was held in 2019–20. It builds a framework in which CLCs contribute to a territorialized infrastructure and assume functions of territorial intermediation, thus supporting a territorial development process. It examines how the CLC organizations define their territory, before assessing the territorial development they carry, with evidence about their size, role in the territorial coordination of actors and governance issues. This assessment raises doubts about their actual contribution to territorial development, while possible achievements are discussed.

Published online: 01 Sep 2022; International audience; While France is often described as a representative case of colour-blindness, recent decades have seen the adoption of antidiscrimination as a public policy objective. However, its implementation remains problematic. This study attempts to make sense of this, exploring the challenges of adopting and implementing antidiscrimination policy in France; and the ways in which disagreements between stakeholders about what discrimination is and how to fight it complicate the issue. The analysis was based on qualitative interviews that examined the adoption and the implementation of antidiscrimination policies in Vaulx-en-Velin, a suburb of Lyon. While the analysis indicates that it is a good example of what can be implemented at a local level, it also demonstrates the vagueness surrounding the concept of antidiscrimination and how it weakens the fight against discrimination in France.

The neurophysiological substrates underlying motor imagery are now well established. However, the neural processes of motor inhibition while mentally rehearsing an action are poorly understood. This concern has received limited experimental investigations leading to divergent conclusions. Whether motor command suppression is mediated by specific brain structures or by intracortical facilitation/inhibition is a matter of debate. Interestingly, although motor commands are inhibited during motor imagery (MI) in healthy participants, spinal cord injury may result in weakened motor inhibition. Using magentoencephalography, we observed that mental and actual execution of a goal-directed pointing task elicited similar primary motor cortex activation in a C6-C7 quadriplegic patient, thus confirming the hypothesis of weakened motor inhibition during MI. In an age-matched healthy control participant, however, primary motor area activation during MI was significantly reduced compared to physical practice. Brain activation during actual movement resulted in enhanced recruitment of premotor areas in the patient. In the healthy participant, we found functional relationships between the primary motor area and peri-rolandic sites including the primary sensory area and the supplementary motor area during MI. This neural network was not activated when the quadriplegic patient performed MI. We assume that the primary sensory area and the supplementary motor area may be part of a functional network underlying motor inhibition during MI. These data provide insights into brain function changes due to neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury and evidence cortical substrates underlying weakened motor inhibition during MI after deafferentation and deefferentation.

To assess the influence of law and jurists in the conduct of contemporary French state, this article examines the role of the Council of State at ENA (École Nationale d'Administration), the main school for top civil servants. Although the study reveals the decreasing part of law in the bureaucratic capital over the past fifty years, it also shows how government lawyers have resisted this downsizing process. The teaching of a subject called ‘legistics’ provides top officials with a different view of law. Dedicated to promoting the political utility of law, legistics complies with managerial values while it sticks to the Weberian model of bureaucracy. As a result of the introduction of legistics, new techniques of legal drafting have been spreading within French public administration. Legistics thus plays a role in the contemporary reshaping of public legal practices, as well as in the renewing of legal legitimacy in the reform of public affairs.

International audience; In his classic work Le Parti Républicain sous la Monarchie de Juillet (1901), Iouda Tchernoff underlined the importance of Pagnerre’s Dictionnaire politique (1842) in the history of 19th century French republicanism. Within this mass of republican ideas, Tchernoff noted the presence of the expected references and developments concerning Jean-Jacques Rousseau as well as popular sovereignty. However, he also underlined that “within [its pages] one could above all see an effort to adapt the republican regime to the new conditions of economic and social life” . For Tchernoff, this was one of the great originalities of this particular dictionary...

International audience; When one focuses on what literature owes to law, one naturally looks at the learned milieux. Nevertheless, if one wishes to appreciate the extent of the presence of law in literature, it may be of interest to seek its traces in authors characterised by a certain marginality, to the extent that they have no legal training and very little literary training either. Cellini constitutes a borderline case for law and literature, two areas he experienced without having either the formal knowledge or the skills for them. This reflection, which inscribes Cellini's work in the juridical system of the Middle Age and the early Modern Age, allows us to understand how this work claims, through the language of Law, an image of sovereign artist, which places Cellini above the law and side by side with the great princes.

The coastal areas of the island of Delos, located at the centre of the Cyclades archipelago (Greece), are rich in submerged Hellenistic archaeological vestiges. This submersion can be explained by ...

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The influence of wearing hearing protectors on the detection of seven railway warning signals in noise was evaluated by comparisons of the masked thresholds measured with and without hearing protectors, out of a total of 80 listeners. The results show that wearing hearing protection devices (HPDs) improves the audibility for normal hearing listeners whereas it tends to impede the audibility for hearing impaired listeners. Moreover, the impediments greatly depend on the warning signal acoustical characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed in order to propose a criterion for hearing impaired listeners that guarantees their security when wearing hearing protectors. If we do not consider one given high-pitched signal that is not suitable as a warning signal, the conclusion is that security is assured when the average absolute hearing threshold (average at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz for the best ear) of the listeners remains lower than a hearing level of 30 dB.

International audience; During xenophagy, pathogens are selectively targeted by autophagy receptors to the autophagy machinery for their subsequent degradation. In infected cells, the autophagy receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52 targets Salmonella Typhimurium to the phagophore membrane by concomitantly interacting with LC3C and binding to ubiquitinated cytosolic bacteria or to LGALS8/GALECTIN 8 adsorbed on damaged vacuoles that contain bacteria. We recently reported that in addition, CALCOCO2 is also necessary for the maturation step of Salmonella Typhimurium-containing autophagosomes. Interestingly, the role of CALCOCO2 in maturation is independent of its role in targeting, as these functions rely on distinct binding domains and protein partners. Indeed, to mediate autophagosome maturation CALCOCO2 binds on the one hand to LC3A, LC3B, or GABARAPL2, and on the other hand to MYO6/MYOSIN VI, whereas the interaction with LC3C is dispensable. Therefore, the autophagy receptor CALCOCO2 plays a dual function during xenophagy first by targeting bacteria to nascent autophagosomes and then by promoting autophagosome maturation in order to destroy bacteria.

Autophagy is a fundamental process for anti-viral defense. Not surprisingly, viruses have developed strategies to subvert or use autophagy for their own benefit. In cell culture, autophagy proteins are proviral factors that favor initiation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Autophagy proteins are required for translation of incoming viral RNA. We propose that autophagy factors might support the delivery of incoming RNA to the translation apparatus and/or the recruitment of cellular factors required to initiate HCV translation.

“To each according to his ability, to each ability according to his works” constitutes the founding slogan of the Saint-Simonian doctrine (1825–1832). A century and a half would pass before...

We apply a heterogeneous coefficients spatial autoregressive panel model capable of producing estimates of knowledge production function parameters for each region in the sample. Past literature has used conventional spatial autoregressive panel data models to relate patent production output to knowledge production inputs. These models summarize the relationship involving N regions over T time periods by restricting coefficients to be homogeneous across regions and time periods. Of course, we can allow for region-specific and time-specific fixed effects in an attempt to ameliorate the fact that we rely on homogeneous coefficients in the model. Introducing these allows for region- and time-specific differences in the model intercept. A heterogeneous coefficients spatial autoregressive (HSAR) panel model specification allows for variation in the level of spatial dependence/interaction as well as knowledge production function coefficients, intercepts and noise variances across each region. In many contexts (including our case of 94 French NUTS3 regions) a small group of regions within a country account for the majority of innovation activity. Some regions might exhibit knowledge production output that is sensitive to private R&D inputs, while others involve relationships where the knowledge base or public inputs are more important. Some regions might benefit from spill-out impacts of neighbors, while others do not. From an econometric viewpoint, it would be desirable to have estimates of the knowledge production function at the regional level that allow for differences in the level of interaction/spatial dependence between regions as well as knowledge production function coefficients, intercepts and disturbance variances. This type of model would allow inference regarding how knowledge output of each region responds to changing levels of own- and neighboring-region knowledge inputs, and how knowledge production is influenced by neighboring region production as well as time-invariant region-specific factors. We estimate region-specific knowledge production functions for 94 NUTS3 regions in France using a panel covering 21 years from 1988 to 2008 and 4 high-technology industries: chemistry, pharmaceutical, mechanics and materials. A great deal of regional heterogeneity in the knowledge production function relationship exists across regions, providing new insights regarding spatial spill-in and spill-out effects between regions.

The recurrence of debates concerning the work of an author, the lively controversies it raises among opponents and followers and the redirection of its interpretations as time goes by is a sign of ...

We report the case of a patient who had an important experience with painful events, allowing the investigation of brain concomitants to painful (P) memories in fMRI. The patient had to recall P events that were contrasted with non-painful (NP) memories. Painful memories of the right lower limb activated the left paracentral lobule,fronto-insular operculum and superior parietal cortex. Additionally, whilst the recall of non-painful events activated the hippocampus, the recall of painful events did not enhance the hippocampal signal to significant levels. These suggest that brain activations differ for the autobiographical recall of painful and non-painful memories.

The aim of this study was to measure physical and functional outcomes during the acute postoperative recovery in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Motor imagery has been shown to decrease pain and promote functional recovery after both neurological and peripheral injuries. Yet, whether motor imagery can be included as an adjunct effective method into physical therapy programs following total knee arthroplasty remains a working hypothesis that we aim to test in a pilot study.Twenty volunteers were randomly assigned to either a motor imagery or a control group. Pain, range of motion, knee girth as well as quadriceps strength and Timed Up and Go Test time were the dependent variables during pre-test and post-test.The motor imagery group exhibited larger decrease of ipsilateral pain and knee girth, a slightly different evolution of range of motion and an increase of ipsilateral quadriceps strength compared to the control group. No effects of motor imagery on Timed Up and Go Test scores were observed.Implementing motor imagery practice into the course of physical therapy enhanced various physical outcomes during acute postoperative recovery after total knee arthroplasty. According to this pilot study, motor imagery might be relevant to promote motor relearning and recovery after total knee arthroplasty.Partial effect-sizes should be conducted in the future. Implications for rehabilitation Adding motor imagery to physical therapy sessions during the acute period following total knee arthroplasty: • Enhances quadriceps strength. • Alleviates pain. • Enhances range of motion. • Does not have any effect on basic functional mobility. • Does not have any effect on knee girth.

Journal of Economic Methodolog. Published online: 05 Sep 2017; Book review of : Choosing not to choose. Understanding the Value of Choice, Cass Sunstein, Oxford and New York,Oxford University Press, 2015, 219p, 29.95$ (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-023169-9. Journal of Economic Methodolog. Published online: 05 Sep 2017; International audience; Choosing not to choose, the latest book by Cass Sunstein (author of Nudge), discusses the benefits one might expect from the generalisation of default rules in our society. The advantages offered by default rules have been corroborated by numerous studies in behavioural economics and have beenextensively used to defend a new type of paternalism (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, Sunstein 2014a, b), often referred as referred to as libertarian or behavioural paternalism (Salvat 2014, Rizzo 2016, Lecouteux 2016). While Sunstein’s previous works discuss the benefits of default rules and otherpaternalistic policies, Choosing not to choose specifically addresses the pros and cons of impersonal as well as personal default rules. Sunstein’s ideas are less ideologically biased and more rigorously argued than in his other books and, more importantly, by introducing a distinction between impersonal and personal rules, he makes a real contribution to the debate on behavioural paternalism.

During the first decades of the nineteenth century, the emergence of “economie politique chretienne”, with the aim of founding a new school of political economy, marked the French intellectual landscape. The name of J.-P.A. de Villeneuve-Bargemont is usually cited in this context. But, before Villeneuve-Bargemont, Charles de Coux had launched this approach powerfully. The present paper first states the circumstances of Coux's writings and their specific intellectual context. His project is then analysed, and his critique of political economy, his fundamental idea for an alternative approach, and his description of the logic of an industrial economy are discussed. Finally, the solutions he proposed to eradicate pauperism are examined. A brief statement of the significance of his work and legacy concludes.

The critical importance of the start phase in bicycle motocross (BMX) racing is increasingly acknowledged. Past experiments underlined that the internal lane of the starting gate provides a strong positional advantage. However, how lane position affects start performance and cognitive and somatic state anxiety remains unexplored. We examined the start performance and anxiety responses of youth national-level BMX riders in both experimental and ecological contexts. We used contextualization motor imagery routines to evaluate start performance and state anxiety from the internal and external lanes. Cycle ergometer measures revealed a better start performance from the external lane, but we did not record any lane effect on actual gate start times. Both somatic and cognitive anxiety scores were higher before racing from the internal compared to the external lane. Finally, state anxiety (i.e., somatic anxiety, worry and concentration disruptions) negatively predicted the start performance. Present findings provide original insights on psychological factors involved in BMX start performance, and might contribute to fruitful coping interventions and training programmes in sports overlapping the framework of "handicap races" taking the specific form of positional advantages/disadvantages at the start (e.g., ski/snowboard cross, athletics, swimming, motorsports, etc.).

Motor imagery (MI) is the cognitive rehearsal of an action without overt motor execution. Among the prerequisites that are important in developing MI training programs, the timing of imagined movements has received a growing body of attention over the last two decades. Nowadays, researchers frequently measure the temporal congruence between actual and MI times, and the difficulty in preserving the temporal features of the actual movement during MI has often been taken as imagery impairment. Interestingly, some data provided evidence that real-time imagery is not the only way to improve performance, while others demonstrated that voluntarily changing the timing of MI can alter the subsequent actual movement speed. The purpose of this review is to provide a complete overview of the variables both being affected and influencing the timing of MI. Differences and similarities between actual and MI times are examined, while the importance of real-time MI and the determination of the factors that may lead athlet...

Sprint running is a critical performance parameter in many sports such as athletics, soccer or rugby that implies large forward acceleration. From a mechanical standpoint, previous studies showed t...

42ème congrès de la Société de Biomécanique, REIMS, FRANCE, 02-/11/2017 - 03/11/2017; Intensive tennis practice, with its unilateral solicitation, leads to sport-specific adaptations particularly in shoulder range of motion and muscular strength at the dominant shoulder (Gillet et al., 2017). However, excessive or imbalance changes are known to increase the risk of shoulder injuries (Chorley et al., 2017). Shoulder injuries can be evaluated and prevented by monitoring the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR). The SHR assess the contribution of the humerus and the scapula during the arm elevation. Commonly, a 2:1 ratio is observed and its alterations are related to shoulder injuries (Hosseinimehr et al., 2015). However, asymptomatic overhead adult athlete presents a lower SHR ratio in the dominant side compared with the nondominant one (Hosseinimehr et al., 2015). To our knowledge, the SHR in young competitive tennis players has not been characterized yet. A better description of the SHR in such a population may help to improve the shoulder injury prevention. This study aimed to describe the SHR of young competitive tennis players. We hypothesized that the SHR in the dominant side should be lower than the nondominant one.

Bone remodeling characterizes the lifelong turnover and adaptation of bone tissue to its mechanical and biochemical environment. This phenomenon is of major importance, as it governs healing as well as osseointegration around implants (Haïat et al. 2014). Several scales and physics are involved in bone remodeling. Indeed, changes of the mechanical environment of bone at the organ scale lead to apposition and resorption of bone material at the microstructural scale which, in turn, result in an evolution of the mechanical properties of bone tissue, at the tissue scale. Moreover, biochemical stimuli can also trigger bone remodeling. In this work, we present a thermodynamically consistent framework for describing the evolution of bone elastic properties at the tissue scale. Such an approach allows to consider not only mechanics, but also phenomena related to biological activity. In particular, we focus on the stress driven rotation of the principal axes of the elastic tensor of bone. Rotation of bone material axes describes, at the tissue scale, the reorientation of bone microstructure induced by the macroscopic loading.

The influence of hearing loss and aging on the perceptual organization of sound sequences was investigated by comparing the ability of young normal-hearing subjects and elderly subjects having either impaired or normal hearing for their age to form perceptual auditory streams from sequences of harmonic complex tones as a function of differences in fundamental frequency (F0). The sequences consisted of repeating triplets of harmonic complex tones separated by a silence (ABA-). In conditions in which the F0s of the A and B tone were so low that the harmonics could not be individually resolved by the peripheral auditory system even in the young normal-hearing subjects, those subjects showed similar stream segregation performance to the elderly hearing-impaired subjects. In contrast, when the F0s of the tones were high enough for the harmonics to be largely resolved at the auditory periphery in normal-hearing subjects, but presumably unresolved in the elderly subjects, the former showed significantly more stream segregation than the latter. These results, which cannot be consistently explained in terms of age differences, suggest that auditory stream segregation is adversely affected by reduced peripheral frequency selectivity of elderly individuals. This finding has implications for the understanding of the listening difficulties experienced by elderly individuals in cocktail-party situations.