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This work is on the design of a fully integrated 0.13-µm CMOS multi-standard power constrained simultaneous noise and input matching low-noise amplifier (PCSNIM LNA). The multi-standard capability is obtained via the implementation of CMOS switches. The input and output matching are fully implemented on a chip, which is uncommon when compared to the existing multi-standard LNA topologies. The multi-standard LNA is operated at 0.9, 1.8, and 2.1 GHz frequencies. The design covered wireless standards of GSM900, DCS1800, and W-CDMA applications. The multi-standard LNA can obtain noise figure as low as 1.72 dB. The third-order intercept point, IIP3, is as high as −4 dBm, while IP1dB is −10 dBm. The power consumption of the design is only 7.4 mW. This resistorless multi-standard LNA design is not just able to operate at three different frequencies but also has a comparable performance with the rest. Its merits are contributed by high linearity and low power.

The structural integrity and aesthetic quality of concrete structure exposed to open-air area are vulnerable to sunlight, heat, moisture and rains, thus resulting in deposition of deteriogenic biofilms, especially on the floor surfaces. Apart from visual inspection, there is a need for scientific approach to assess and quantify the extent of bio-deposition. Our sample is a floor tile, fully exposed to outdoor environment. The study comprises of two folds: at first stage, we employ statistical image analysis technique to analyse and quantify various bio-depositories on the sample. In the next stage, we subject the sample image to undergo fusion process utilising discrete wavelet transform technique. Subsequently, we try to explore the change in the image quality and quantification aftermath image fusion.

Multisensor data fusion is an emerging technology applied in various engineering applications. It provides significant advantages over single-source data. The use of multiple types of sensors plays an important role in achieving reasonable accuracy and precision. A novel integrated heterogeneous multisensor data fusion approach in structural health monitoring is proposed. The study concerns to find a simple and affordable monitoring strategy for alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), which is one of the root causes for structural deterioration in concrete.A standard method to accelerate AAR expansion is employed on four samples, which are prepared with different levels of alkali concentrations. Different sensor systems are used at surface and internal levels. Acoustic sensor system, electromechanical system, and optical systems are employed to obtain surface level damage. The internal level of damage is obtained by embedded sensors within the structure. Features extracted from heterogeneous sensors are fed to d...

The current work investigates the use of liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with a 10:1 ratio of prepolymer:curing agent = 10:1 as the intermediate layer for adhesive bonding with Flame Retardant 4 (FR4). The spin coating of liquid PDMS on FR4 allows irreversible adhesive bonding with the solid PDMS. The strength of the proposed adhesive bonding technique has been investigated under different treatment temperatures: oven-heated at 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C, cooled down in the room temperature of 25 °C, and exposed to direct sunlight at 35 °C. All the samples were left for 6 h. Investigations were conducted to analyze the effect of FR4 surface roughness on the strength and quality of the adhesive bonding. The standard procedure of American Standard Test Measurement (ASTM) D1002 was followed to verify the strength of PDMS-FR4 adhesive bonding. Strongest adhesive bonding, free from air bubbles, was obtained from a sample with smooth surface of FR4 that has undergone a cooling down treatment in the room temper...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Over the years, new discoveries have led to new applications, often taking advantage of their unique electrical properties, extraordinary strength and efficiency in heat conduction. Since industrialisation, human activities have resulted in steadily increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases. Excess amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in living environment is toxic and unsuitable for human consumption. Thus, a need exists for accurate, inexpensive, long-term monitoring of environmental contaminants using sensors that can be operated on site. Over the past decade, many wireless sensor network (WSN)-based monitoring applications have been proposed. This article reviews the developments of sensing elements to monitor CO2 in the environment. The cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science,...

Implementation of a data fusion system is a complex task. Several of the most critical issues related to the implementation are requirements analysis, sensor selection, architecture selection, algorithm selection, software implementation and testing and evaluation. A number of data fusion frameworks have been developed to serve the purpose. This article reviews the literature on data fusion models, as well as aspects of systems engineering related to multisensory fusion. A novel generic framework is proposed to link data fusion system engineering with algorithm engineering paradigm. A new term called ‘impact factor’ is introduced to designate data fusion performance research findings.