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From the mid-2010s, the Indonesian government began to strengthen its direct participation in the economy by investing significantly in and via state-owned enterprises. Since the ownership reorgani...

The Brazilian political system is a mix of representation and participation and innovation and political continuity. It introduced several new form of direct participation but also kept the proport...

The Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law issued by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 2008 recommended...

This study examines the conditions for co-production in the delivery of immigrant services in Hong Kong. The study shows that co-production of new immigrant services occurs under three conditions: a joint plan, direct participation, and establishing partnerships. The analysis also suggests that co-production is affected by structural and cultural factors, resulting in three insights. First, a civic culture of “mutual help” develops in co-production activities. Second, maintaining co-production activities requires formal arrangements and informal relationships. Third, participants become strongly connected through repeated social interactions and day-to-day communication. The implications of these findings for the broader study of co-production are discussed.

The goal of the direct participation of food producer constituencies – and other citizens – is a key component of food sovereignty, the policy framework first launched by La Via Campesina and engendering the much wider food sovereignty movement. In this paper, I outline the reasons why the reform of the United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS) can be regarded as historically significant to this goal. Focusing upon the CFS's aspirations for inclusivity, I outline a framework for interrogating the experiences of social movement activists representing food producer constituencies seeking to convert their formal right to participate in the CFS into substantive participation. Going beyond the capturing of their experiences, the framework also reveals the different ways in which their challenges in attaining substantive participation can be overcome, with a particular emphasis upon adjustments within the arena itself. The paper concludes with an overview of the research agenda suggested by Raj Pate...

This article explores the potential of participatory modes of adjudicating socio-economic rights to mitigate the democratic and distributive deficits of adjudication, particularly in the context of the structural reforms required to fulfil the positive duties imposed by these rights. It traces a particular application of a participatory model of adjudication through the doctrine and remedy of meaningful engagement which has emerged in the context of South African evictions law. The benefits of meaningful engagement in advancing direct participation by communities and organisations in the processes of socio-economic rights realisation are considered. However, attention is also drawn to the ways in which engagement orders can limit participatory systemic reforms that advance the normative goals of these rights. The article is intended as a contribution to the broader global debate on models of participatory adjudication in the context of socio-economic rights.

Referendums on issues of European integration have become more and more important in recent years, particularly after the failed referenda on the EU Constitutional Treaty in France and the Netherlands. This paper examines the impact of direct democracy in national contexts on the decision of governments and parliaments to conduct EU referendums. The results of a qualitative–comparative analysis of 30 countries since 1945 show that this form of path dependency exists only in part: While some nation states with plebiscitary traditions also grant their citizens direct participation in major EU decisions, others do not convene EU referendums or call for EU referendums even though they have no experience with direct democracy in national politics.

This study seeks to understand mothers' participation in their children's school mathematical learning. It focuses on the majority White-British cultural group, in terms of how they experience historical changes between their own school education and the education of their children. The study also explores the impact of mothers' personal histories in terms of direct participation in current methods of learning. The experiences of two different groups of White-British university-educated mothers were explored; those with teaching experience (direct participation in current teaching practices) and those without. Although the two groups showed similarities in the way they interpret their past experiences, those with teaching experience were able to construct more positive representations of current methods, and were able to bridge the gap between differing mathematical practices more easily. The study suggests, however, that even those mothers with positive representations of current practices may revert to ...

The authors investigated whether student-perceived parental involvement predicts improvement in academic, behavioral, and relational outcomes for low-achieving adolescents. With a sample of 59 racially diverse 9th-grade students, the authors measured 3 dimensions of parental involvement: direct participation, academic encouragement, and expectations for grades and attainment. Analyses revealed associations between 2 types of parental involvement and outcomes, which held after considering student gender and race. Students whose parents had higher expectations about grades and attainment had higher grade point averages and were rated as more academically engaged by their teachers. Students who reported that their parents were more academically encouraging experienced more care from their teachers. Results suggest certain types of parental involvement may be more effective than others in supporting low-achieving adolescents’ school performance.

Managers from 192 companies filled out the Employee Direct Participation in Organisational Change questionnaire measuring employees' direct participation (DP) in organisational decisions. Four main forms of DP were identified: individual and group consultations, and individual and group delegation. Workplace safety was measured with the number of accidents, the number of employees working in hazardous conditions, accident absenteeism and sickness absence. Results showed that the 2 latter indicators were significantly related to some parameters of DP. Thus, companies that used face-to-face individual consultation had lower accident absenteeism than ones that did not. The same effect was true for group consultation with temporary groups, and individual and group delegation. Workplaces with high scores for scope for group consultation had lower accident absenteeism, and those with high scores for scope for group delegation had lower sickness absence. It was concluded that employee DP had a positive influence on workplace safety, even if involvement was not directly related to safety.

This article lays out some of the key issues driving organizations' increasing interest in enterprise content management (ECM). It then problematizes both the rhetoric that technology developers are using to sell ECM technologies to business leaders and the assumptions on which business leaders are basing critical technology implementation decisions. Finally, it argues why technical communicators must take action—through direct participation in the ECM discourse—to shift the rhetoric that is structuring the ECM debate and thus shaping the potential of the field of technical communication.

Investigations and prosecutions involving murdered and physically abused children are among the most serious and most complex faced by law enforcement professionals. These cases are complicated on legal, factual, medical, and scientific levels. Oftentimes, the evidence against the suspected perpetrator is solely circumstantial. Many of the problems inherent in these investigations can be overcome by prioritizing these cases. The local prosecutor's office can take the lead in ensuring justice by direct participation in the investigative phase and by ensuring continuity in the prosecution. In this article, I outline a model to ensure that this happens.

This article describes a case study of a new venture by the children's theatre company Oily Cart to develop a participatory theatre piece for carers and their under-two-year-olds, entitled Clouds. Given what little is known about how to design and conduct arts events with this age phase, a case study offered the opportunity to identify features and factors which might then pertain to other, similar ventures. At a time of rapid expansion in arts opportunities for the very young, it is important to move beyond the usual evaluation procedures to research such arts occasions in more depth. The study adopted the usual case study design of collecting data from many, varied sources including documentation, observations of performances, interviews and direct participation. Although orientated by some initial guiding questions, the study remained open to foci as they emerged. In particular the reseacher became interested in the nature of the experience for the very young children and their carers. This, in turn, t...

The singular position of Montesquieu's political philosophy seems to raise the question: Isn't the opposition between republicanism and liberalism a largely artificial one? On the one hand, the description of the republican vivere civile in the Spirit of the Laws testifies to the important ties that exist between Montesquieu and the tradition of ‘civic humanism’. However, this apparent theoretical proximity between Montesquieu and the British Neo-Harringtonians ought not to be taken too far, obscuring the deep divergences that differentiate their respective positions, notably when it comes to the interpretation of history. Montesquieu's break from the republican tradition is exemplified by his rejection of its conception of freedom rooted in the citizens' necessary participation in power. But in the end, this does not enable us to conclude that he subscribes to a purely liberal theory. The British model shows that even if direct participation in the exercise of power is not necessary for the existence of ...

Efficient Brisbane was a household energy and resource-efficiency education campaign conducted by the Brisbane City Council (BCC) between November 2000 and April 2001. Council distributed a voucher book to 360,000 households incorporating 18 incentives for products and services in the areas of energy efficiency, water conservation, waste minimisation and transport. The vouchers appealed to self-interest and environmental conscience, mixing information with enticements in an approach which sought to influence the attitudes and behaviour of a small proportion of a large population. Council worked with six partner agencies, using an expression of interest process to obtain the direct participation of over 40 companies. 2319 vouchers were redeemed, yielding estimated direct greenhouse savings of 1110 tonnes per year. An estimated 45,200 tonnes per year of additional abatement occurred through education, with community concern about greenhouse increasing by 11 per cent. Householders’ recall of the voucher book...

The problem of adaptation to peaceful civilian life and the rehabilitation of former combat soldiers is timely. A considerable number of young people who have experienced the consequences of direct participation in armed conflict are returning to society, and in a certain sense these people determine, and will continue to determine, the complexion of our society as they undertake various types of occupational, social, family, and other sorts of activity. What type of influence will these people wield, and how should society relate to them? Which features distinguish the socialization of this category of young people, and on what do these characteristics depend?

Despite the wealth of literature on HRM and employee involvement, now there has been a remarkable lack of large-scale survey evidence on the diffusion employee involvement in work organizations in Europe. This gap in large-scale survey evidence on the diffusion of direct employee participation has now been filled representative sample of workplaces in ten major European Union countries which commissioned by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in Dublin (the EPOC project). It is by far the most comprehensive overview of the implementation and effects of direct employee participation of its kind. The paper shows that, on the basis of the EPOC survey results, there appears to considerable gap between the rhetoric and reality of direct participation. The paper shows that while the incidence of different forms of direct participation was widespread ten countries, the scope, in terms of number of issues involved and the number of given to employees, was relatively limite...

SUMMARY Frustration with didactic methods in teaching American students about European-style “participation” led to the use of a semester-long simulation of a European works council in a graduate cross-cultural course. Students shaped in the American culture of person-centered, direct participation learned by living an institutionalized, representational participation system. A written class council charter contractually bound both instructor and students to power-sharing via redefined roles in the management of the class. Student testimony documents the effectiveness of this simulation in driving learning to previously unreached levels.

Some have argued that the post‐Cold War period has been much more unstable or violent than what came before. Certainly the number of wars has increased in the 1980s and 1990s, especially in Europe and Africa. More important, however, the nature of wars has changed. Overall casualties and direct participation in wars tend to be lower but the ratio of civilian to military casualties has risen quite dramatically. Wars tend to be longer, more pervasive and less decisive.

Women's involvement in trade unions and their direct participation in industrial action has been the subject of growing interest for labour historians and industrial relations scholars. Some research has also concentrated on women's indirect participation in paid work. However just as this field of investigation has made inroads into the study of labour history, some have advised a return to ‘traditional ‘concerns of institutional labour history by focusing more specifically on the institutional forces which shape industrial relations. The following article takes up this debate about the perceived benefits in adopting an ‘institutionalist’ or ‘rank and filist’ approach through an investigation of the 1929 strike in the timber industry. By analysing those closely associated with strikers and their unions, thereby adopting a ‘rank and filist’ approach, it suggests that hitherto unexplored aspects of mobilisation may come to light. It concludes that gender relations was an important factor in sustai...

The period since the Second Vatican Council has seen significant changes within the Catholic Community and in national educational policy. Four central concerns for Catholic schools have arisen and been exemplified by an extended process of legislation leading to the Education Reform Act 1988. First, the control and nature of the curriculum; second, the training and appointment of teachers; third, the admission of pupils and finally the control and management of Catholic schools. The central object of the Church's direct participation and provision in education, at least at the level of principle, has been to ensure the existence of a Catholic education (curriculum content) for Catholic children (admissions) taught by Catholic teachers (appointments) in Catholic schools (control). Therefore, the major policy areas for the Church are curriculum, admissions, staffing and the overall control of the Catholic school. This article will deal specifically with the Catholic school and its curriculum in the context...

An examination of previously reported kinetic expressions describing peroxide bleaching of wood pulp under alkaline conditions reveals that the overall process can be considered as a combination of two parallel reaction routes. The first route corresponds to a reaction involving direct participation of the perhydroxyl anion in chromophore elimination. This mechanism can be identified with the classical explanation for peroxide bleaching. The second route can be associated with reactions in which chromophores are eliminated through the action of free radical intermediate species. New experimental evidence is presented to show that processes catalysed by transition metal ions can lead to enhancement of bleaching. A two stage peroxide bleaching sequence, initially under acidic conditions in the presence of chromium, followed by alkaline conditions produces an acceleration in bleaching rate, without significant additional consumption of peroxide.

This article is part of an ongoing project that examines how different segments of U.S.-Mexico border society carry on cross-border relationships, and how such contact affects their way of life. The focus here is on subgroups on the Mexican side of the border, with an emphasis on economic ties that exist with the U.S. side. The working categories I have devised are based on familiarity with border literature as well as knowledge accumulated through many years of observation and direct participation in the workings of border society. Lack of hard data necessarily makes my typology hypothetical and speculative. Ideally, fieldwork would sustain the generalizations about the various subgroups herein identified, but in the absence of such data my preliminary portrait may prove helpful in formulating strategies on how empirical research on this subject might be carried out. My chief aim, then, is to submit this conceptualization of border society for discussion and further reflection and refinement.

From the very first day of the Great Patriotic War, local Soviets of all the Soviet republics contributed in every possible way to the use of all forces and means for the needs of defense of the Motherland and the defeat of the enemy. The Ukraine was one of the first to experience all the hardships of the fascist invasion: the death of people, the destruction of cities and villages, and the bestial cruelty perpetrated by Hitler's minions on the occupied territory. With the direct participation of the local Soviets of the republic, about 2 million people were mobilized into the ranks of the Red Army in the first months of the war alone, 657 fighting battalions were formed, sections of the People's Army numbering more than a million persons were created, and over 2 million citizens worked to build equipment for defense. The Soviets also used their efforts to organize the evacuation of the population, industrial enterprises, and various material goods from the territory near the front. By the end of 1941, mo...

In recent decades discussions by the entire people of drafts of laws and of the most important questions in the life of society have become firmly established as a practice in Soviet political life. This form of direct participation by citizens of the USSR in solving problems of countrywide and local significance is widely employed in our country. For example, the adoption of the laws on marriage and the family, on pensions, on environmental protection, and many others, was preceded by discussion everywhere. Therefore, it is natural that the question of the new Basic Law was submitted for discussion by the entire people. That this step was obligatory was emphasized in the Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-fifth Party Congress and in a number of other documents of the CPSU (1) and followed directly from the text of the preamble to the draft Constitution of the USSR, which states that it is specifically the Soviet people that "affirm the principles of the social structure and policy of the ...

Direct participation of industrial hygiene personnel in planning and implementing compliance with several pertinent sections of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is warranted. TSCA is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency and there is a variety of areas in which industrial hygiene input is and will be required. Major sections of TSCA which require industrial hygiene participation include Testing, Premanufacture Notices (PMNs), Regulation of Hazardous Chemicals, and Reporting and Recordkeeping. The industrial hygiene input requires interaction with other groups such as Toxicology, Environmental, Government Regulations, Legal, Medical, Research and Development, Marketing and Manufacturing in order to provide a comprehensive response to and compliance with current and anticipated TSCA rules.

One of the tasks outlined in the "Fundamental Directions of General Education and Vocational School Reform" is that of achieving a radical improvement in the way the younger generation is prepared for work. "Properly organized labor upbringing, instruction and occupational guidance, and the direct participation of schoolchildren in socially useful productive labor," the document states, "are indispensible to the cultivation of an insightful attitude toward schoolwork, to civic validation, to ethical and intellectual personality formation, and to physical development."

Comrade Deputies! In April 1959 the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, on the basis of the theses of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which were drawn up on the initiative and with the direct participation of N. S. Khrushchev in accordance with a law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, passed the Law on Strengthening the Ties of the School with Life and Further Developing the System of Public Education in the RSFSR. The need for such a decision arose from the fact that our country was entering upon the period of the comprehensive building of a communist society, when the communist education of the working people, and especially the young generation, acquires exceptional significance.

The Soviet people revere the memory of the wonderful teacher and democrat, Ilya Nikolayevitch Ulyanov, V. I. Lenin's father, a man who devoted his life to the work of educating the people of the Central Volga region, particularly the Chuvash. His fruitful work in the field of education in the Simbirsk province continued for 16 years. With Ilya Nikolayevitch's help more than 400 elementary schools were opened in the Russian, Chuvash, Mordov and Tatar villages of Simbirsk province. Many school buildings were erected, often with his direct participation. He organized the training of teachers in the province. The history of the Poretzk Seminary and the Simbirsk Chuvash Teacher's School, are closely linked with the name of I. N. Ulyanov.

“Some way must be found to allow the federal government more direct participation in university affairs.” Dr. McCarter, a Canadian researcher, takes this stand in arguing that it would support the development of science in Canada. Dr. McCarter is director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario. This article is reprinted from the February 1969 issue of the Canadian journal. Science Forum.