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This paper provides the details of a study on the effects of electron irradiation on two Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA), the Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) based and the Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)-based. Previous studies have shown that the properties of GaAs and SiGe HBT’s are very tolerant of gamma, neutron, and proton irradiation without additional radiation hardening. Nowadays, commercials on the shelves (COTS) LNAs have been used in CubeSat space communication systems which may be connected to other communication networks for the implementation of the space-aerial- terrestrial integrated 5G network (SATIN) systems projects, for satellites, launched into Low and Medium Earth Orbits. Previous studies suggest that the electron radiation in space may degrade the LNAs’ performance and might even lead to its failure. Located at the front end of the communication receiver system, this paper conducted such investigation to evaluate the performance under the radiation of the GaAs and SiGe LNAs considering the physics of the technology of each LNA, respectively. The results indicate that both SiGe and GaAs technologies are affected after electron irradiation. As a result, this degradation of the LNAs’ performance affected the communications system performance of the inter-satellite radio link. After the assessment of the quality performance of the communication link at the system level, it has been found that the inter-satellite space link will be at risk under high space radiation dose and the link BER degrades proportionally to the radiation dose level.

Internet Protocol version six (IPv6) is equipped with new protocols, such as the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). NDP is a stateless protocol without authentication that makes it vulnerable to many types of attacks, such as Router Advertisement (RA) and Neighbour Solicitation (NS) DoS flooding attacks. In these types of attacks, attackers send an enormous volume of abnormal NDP traffic, which causes congestion that degrades network performance. The expected behavior among these attacks is the existence of NDP traffic abnormalities. Thus, this research aims to propose a flow-based approach to detect abnormal NDP traffic behavior, which is considered an indicator of the presence of NDP-based attacks, such as RA and NS DoS flooding attacks. Also, the proposed approach relies on flow-based network traffic representation and adoption of the Entropy algorithm to detect the randomness in the network traffic. The proposed approach is evaluated in terms of detection accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score using a simulated dataset. The experimental result shows that the proposed approach obtained 98.1%, 55%, 100%, and 70.96% for average accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score, respectively, in detecting abnormal NDP traffic behavior caused by the RA DoS flooding attack. Meanwhile, the proposed approach obtained 99%, 91.3%, 100%, and 95.45% for average accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score, respectively, in detecting the abnormal NDP traffic behavior caused by the NS DoS flooding attack. Also, the proposed approach shows better results compared to other existing approaches.

The wide proliferation of telecommunication technologies in the last decade gives rise to the number of more sophisticated security threats. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking architecture that isolates the network control plane from the data plane that incidentally provides better features and functionalities to detect and deal with those security threats. Its elastic programmable feature permits efficient network management and provides network operators with the flexibility to monitor and fine-tune their network. However, the new technology also created many new security concerns, and the threat of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the major concerns. This paper presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art techniques to detect DDoS attacks on SDN controller. It first describes the SDN technology and then elaborates on the mechanism of DDoS attacks on SDN. Additionally, this paper also describes all major DDoS detection techniques and classifies them at a very high level according to the techniques or methods used. The current survey is qualitatively compared with the existing surveys using various author-defined metrics. Finally, this paper provides a guideline for future research related to detection techniques of DDoS against the SDN controller.

Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are an emergent wireless communication technology that has the potential to reduce the risk of accidents caused by drivers and provide a wide range of entertainment facilities. Because of the nature of VANETs' open-access environment, security attacks can affect the messages broadcast by a vehicle. VANET is therefore vulnerable to security and privacy issues. Recently, many schemes for addressing these problems of VANET have been proposed. However, most of them are affected by massive computation overhead and security issues. In this paper, we propose a scheme named efficient conditional privacy preservation with mutual authentication to address the problems mentioned above in VANET. This scheme depends on the division of geographical areas into a number domains and their distribution, where each domain stores the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) in all Road-side Units (RSUs) located inside the domain. During the mutual authentication phase, the vehicle should authenticate with the TA. After the vehicle obtains a pool of pseudo-identities and the corresponding secret keys from RSU, it is allowed to transmit a message to the other components in the VANET. Because our scheme does not use the bilinear pairing, the performance evaluation shows that our scheme has a lower system cost in terms of computation and communication than other existing methods. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme reduces the computation costs of signing the message and verifying the message by 99.85% and 99.93%, respectively. While the proposed scheme reduces the communication costs of the message size by 13.3%.

Integrated Circuits (ICs) play a critical role in an electronic system's Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Generally, ICs are the ultimate source of interference-causing signals and noise. Signal Integrity in ICs also poses increasing challenges to PCB designers. Analyzing the Signal Integrity issues at the upfront design level before the prototype board is fabricated is important. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) improves significantly for a board that undergoes Signal Integrity analysis. The use of electronic equipment in the Automotive Industry has been increasing ever since. On an average a smart car contains over 50 ICs. This scenario creates a demand for EMC compliance of ICs used in Automotive Industry. Failure to make the ICs Electromagnetic Compatible could result in fatal accidents. This paper introduces the basic concepts of EMC of IC's. A methodology to perform the Signal Integrity analysis and extract noise sources from the ICs using IBIS models has been presented. Co-simulations are carried out between ANSYS HFSS and Agilent ADS.

The proper functioning of an Integrated Circuit (IC) in an impeding Electromagnetic environment has always been a major concern. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) can cause an IC to malfunction or give erroneous results. This becomes even a bigger concern for IC’s that are used in automotive industry. Automotive industry in particular, the smart vehicle, is facing design challenges such as susceptibility towards Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The growing numbers of IC’s on the electronic modules in smart automotive industry creates demand on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) compliance. This EMC is driven by preventing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) malfunctions within a vehicle. Failure to prevent this could result in fatal accidents. This paper introduces the basic concepts related to the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of integrated circuits (IC’s). An overview of methods to evaluate EMC of an IC’s has been provided and a methodology to extract noise sources using IBIS model of IC’s is introduced in this paper. Co-simulations are carried out between ANSYS HFSS and Agilent ADS. Noise sources for conducted emission modelling have been extracted.

Renewable energy has found attention in electricity generation due to environmental issues, electricity demand and depletion of fossil fuels. Solar, wind and biomass have become sustainable options to supply electricity in grid or off-grid locations. The integration of these sources has evolved into microgrid technology. Previously, limited study has been done on the hybrid biomass-solar Photovoltaic (PV)-wind turbine microgrid. As in the future, a comprehensive study of biomass-solar PV-wind turbine microgrid is needed especially in a remote area. Moreover, integration of these renewable energies needs a suitable power electronic device in the microgrid to ensure the stability and reliability of the system. So in order to study the stability and reliability of the integration of hybrid biomass-solar PV -wind turbine microgrid, a suitable architecture is proposed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure its functionality. The main purpose of this paper is to integrate the hybrid biomass-solar PV-wind turbine in microgrid application with battery storage system, power converters, Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) to ensure the system can supply load demand either in grid-connected or off grid-connected.

Prevalence of fake news during the movement control order (MCO) could be seen through disclaimers made by the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Malaysia over the Royal Malaysia Police official social networking sites. The police and MCMC have opened 273 investigation papers with 136 of them under investigation as of 21st of October 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to extract and identify the disclaimers' main points and popular fake news titles. Accordingly, this study identified the viral types of fake news elements and popular fake news titles during the MCO to reflect the most prominent types of news. The ethical considerations in receiving news, not to forward unverified news and the worst is creating fake news are crucial issues to be addressed. Therefore, it is important to educate people by stressing on the important of ethics in ICT.

This paper proposed novel Hill Climbing Search (HCS) algorithm to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The proposed algorithm used two main techniques; the first one is power prediction mode and the second one is the two-mode HCS algorithm. The latter is used to achieve the maximum possible power from Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with better efficiency, faster convergence speed and using only two-mode (more simple) to avoid the iteration and delay. Moreover, novel algorithm not requires any prior knowledge of WECS and it’s considered absolutely independent of Wind Turbine (WT) generator. The simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm is remarkably faster by 30 % of the total time required comparing to the mode HCS and more efficient due to simplicity.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is essential for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) mainly for the small scale wind turbine. In order to captured the maximum possible power from wind turbine, it is very important to operate the WECS at MPPT and tracking the maximum power point in the power output signal. This paper presents a critical analysis of the algorithm generation to reach maximum power point based on power efficiency and simplicity.

The number of Mobile device users in the word has evolved rapidly. Many internet users currently want to connect the internet for all utilities automatically. One of the technologies in the IPv6 network, which supports data access from moving users, is IPv6 Mobile protocol. In its mobility, the users on a range of networks can move the range to another network. High demand for this technology will interest to a hacker or a cracker to carry out an attack. One of them is a DoS attack that compromises a target to denial its services. A firewall is usually used to protect networks from external attacks. However, since the firewall based on the attacker database, the unknown may not be detected. In order to address the obstacle, a detection tool could be used. In this research, IDS as an intrusion detection tool was integrated with a firewall to be implemented in IPv6 Mobile to stop the DoS attack. The results of some experiments showed that the integration system could block the attack at 0.9 s in Correspondent Node and 1.2 s in Home Agent. The blocked attack can decrease the network throughput up to 27.44% when a Mobile Node in Home Agent, 28,87% when the Mobile Node in a Foreign Network. The final result of the blocked attack is reducing the average CPU utilization up to 30.99%.

One of the important protection relays in the electric power system is the overcurrent relay. In determining the value of relay settings In the relay setting process, formula calculation result can not be used directly, causing the process considered not optimal. Also, there are no tools for scanning protection in distribution subsystem. The research was made to optimize the calculation of overcurrent settings (ISET) and delay time (TMS). This research was made using MATLAB software by combining genetic algorithms and standards from IEC to calculate overcurrent relay setting values. To get optimal Iset and TMS values, data is needed including bay name, substation name, CT ratio, lowest current capacity at the corresponding time, local bus short circuit current, and characteristic curves. Coordination built on calculation uses link current level of each related local GI bus. After data is fulfilled, the user only needs to run the Genetic Algorithm script so that Iset and TMS values in related bays will be optimized with genetic algorithms. With this research, the protection engineer will easily obtain the value of his protection settings and also scanning protection in related subsystems to improve system reliability and availability of electrical energy distribution.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are self-organizing wireless communication networks that allow vehicles to exchange traffic-related messages automatically with neigh-boring vehicles. The goals of VANETs are to aid road users and make traffic management more efficient. However, the open nature of the communication network medium that is used by VANETs exposes the messages in transit to security attacks and the information within to privacy breaches. Researchers proposed many security schemes in their attempt to solve the security and privacy issues in VANETs. However, most existing schemes suffer from high computation and communication overheads. We studied and analyzed the effect of one of the most common security attacks in VANETs, the replay attack. This paper presents the result of the study and analysis, as well as the survey of existing replay attack prevention schemes in VANETs.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) is used to allocate and distribute IPv6 addresses and network configuration parameters to DHCPv6 clients. Two well-known issues of DHCPv6 are privacy concerns due to lack of protection of client information in transit, and lack of verification mechanism that allows attackers to inject fake network configuration parameters into the network undetected. This paper proposes DHCPv6 security (DHCPv6Sec) approach that is based on a hybrid cryptosystem to provide authentication for the DHCPv6 server messages and to protect the privacy of the DHCPv6 client. The DHCPv6Sec was evaluated and compared to the Secure-DHCPv6 in terms of processing time, traffic overhead, rogue DHCPv6 server prevention, privacy protection, and DHCPv6 message size limitation. The experiment results show that the DHCPv6Sec has 52% less processing time; 74% less traffic overhead; and remarkable superiority in all aspects measured.

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) wafer fabrication is a complex semiconductor manufacturing process. For a wafer manufacturing facility designed for 40,000 wafer starts per month, running 250 different devices with different number of processing steps, equipments, process recipes and many constraints. This results in variability in process time, equipment usage, queue time, operator respond time and others. A five percent improvement goal was set for manufacturing efficiency in the industrial engineering capacity model. This was based on competitor benchmark with less product types running simultaneously. This is needed for the company to stay competitive in this business. The results will be measured based on capacity utilization versus the target. This paper will discuss how to achieve an additional five percent factory utilization.

The massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology relies on many antennas at base stations to offer high throughput to meet 5G network requirements. However, each base station requires accurate channel state information during channel estimation. Pilot contamination is one of the significant challenges that limit higher order MIMO deployment because it causes channel estimation error. In this paper, a Wiener predictor (WP) using the temporal-based prediction technique was first proposed and then extended as the coordinated WP (CoWP). The WP method is based on prediction using information that has been stored and processed at the base station from a modified subframe, whereas the extended CoWP method requires neighboring base station coordination to assign collection and prediction with other base stations. Results showed a reduction in channel estimation error due to pilot contamination after the Wiener-based prediction and coordinated base station techniques were used. The proposed CoWP technique can increase the performance of channel estimation error by up to 25 and 30 dB relative to the performance of other research technique and conventional MMSE channel estimation. This paper indicates that the pilot contamination effect can be minimized by exploiting the temporal dimension, and this approach increases the number of MIMO order for future 5G base stations, which currently limited due to pilot contamination.

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) help reducing traffic accidents caused by distracted driving. One of the features of ADAS is Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS). In FCWS, car detection is a crucial step. This paper explains about car detection system using cascade classifier running on embedded platform. The embedded platform used is NXP SBC-S32V234 evaluation board with 64-bit Quad ARM Cortex-A53. The system algorithm is developed in C++ programming language and used open source computer vision library, OpenCV. For car detection process, object detection by cascade classifier method is used. We trained the cascade detector using positive and negative instances mostly from our self-collected Malaysian road dataset. The tested car detection system gives about 88.3 percent detection accuracy with images of 340 by 135 resolution (after cropped and resized). When running on the embedded platform, it managed to get average 13 frames per second with video file input and average 15 frames per second with camera input.

A Hydrogen (H2) gas sensor was successfully developed using optical fiber coated with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods. The single-mode fiber (SMF) used as a sensing device has been prepared by etching the SMF fiber and coated with ZnO nanorods. The etching of the fiber was performed using hydrofluoric acid (HF) to enhance the evanescent field around the fiber core. The ZnO nanorods were prepared by hydrothermal method through seeding and growth solution technique. The diameter of cladding and core are 125 µm and 8 µm, respectively, before etching and goes down to 11µm after etching. Around 2 cm of ZnO nanorods were coated in the middle of the etched fiber. The sensing layer was characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to verify the properties of ZnO. The developed sensor's response and recovery time were observed to be 7 min and 3 min, respectively, for a low concentration of 0.25% H2 gas. The aim of this study is to understand the gas sensing properties towards the spectral intensity variations in etched optical fiber coated with ZnO nanorods.

Guidelines or policies on information security (IS) procedure were imposed by organizations to ensure that their assets and valuable information are well protected. Previous studied showed that there are relations between IS compliance and employees' behavior and/or emotion. However, the study of emotion influences on IS compliance need to be explored more as the emotion concept in IS realm is huge to be covered and lack of methodology available. Previous literature evidenced that fear does influence employees' behavior towards IS procedure that reflects from too high and too low fear inducement. There are needs in finding the right amount of fear inducement in IS to prevent neglect and ignorance act by users especially an organization's employees. Accordingly, this research implements Kansei Engineering as the methodology in measuring emotion through design of computer security communication (SecCom) as the instrument for fear appeal. The fear emotion concept was elaborated for better understanding on the importance of implementation of fear emotion in IS design. Therefore, this research served as a preliminary study of ongoing emotion research in IS and provides empirical contribution in the HCI field.

In this paper, a smart campus model using wireless connectivity in a large scale campus area (such as university and school) is presented. The smart campus solution provides learning process availability anywhere and anytime to assist students and teachers/lecturers. A test reconfigurable Cellular Base Station (BS) system is built using Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). This project built a testbed, called Bangi-MIMO using LabVIEW Communication System Design Suite 2.0 software and National Instruments (NI) USRP™ RIO software defined radios (SDRs). Bangi-MIMO uses the NI Software and Hardware testbed due to its simplified design flow for creating FPGA-based logic and streamlined deployment for high-performance processing. This project demonstrates a video-based smart campus for smart education.

Intelligent classroom has been a trending topic in many institutions. Currently the chosen university for this study is using QR code attendance system. However, this QR code system has its own limitation as it needs a stable internet connection to generate QR code and verify attendance. Moreover, students who are not in the class still can verify their attendance by getting the picture of the QR code. The ability to create a new system with the existence of technology is beyond immediate needs. Therefore, aiming at an automatic class attendance system and ensure the attendance of the students, video monitoring techniques and automatic face detection is used to get the accuracy of the total students in the class and automatic identify who attend the class. The rapid development of technology provides many ways of detecting and recognizing faces detection based on the video monitoring. This system should be implemented as it is an important part of teaching management to a great assessment of teaching quality. It also eases the process of attendance report for international students to renew their visa as it is a mandatory document to be submitted to Education Malaysia Education Services (EMGS).

The impact of fast electron exposure upon the performance of commercial silicon carbide Schottky diodes has been studied. Under 3 MeV electrons, absorbed dose of 10 and 15 MGy at room temperature, the forward current density-voltage characteristic of INFINEON and STMICROELECTRONICS devices have been decreased by 4.6 and 8.2 orders of magnitude respectively. The reduction is associated with the significant rise in the series resistance (INFINEON: 1.45 Ω to 121×103 Ω; STMICROELECTRONICS: 1.44 Ω to 2.1 × 109 Ω) due to the irradiation-induced defects. Besides that, the reverse leakage current density in INFINEON increased by one order of magnitude while reverse leakage current density in STMICROELECTRONICS decreased by about one order of magnitude. We have also observed an increase in ideality factor (INFINEON: 1.01 to 1.05; STMICROELECTRONICS: 1.02 to 1.3) and saturation current (INFINEON: 1.6×10−17 A to 2.5×10−17 A; STMICROELECTRONICS: 2.4×10−15 A to 8 × 10−15 A) as a result of electron irradiation. Overall, for particular devices studied, INFINEON have better quality devices and more radiation resistance compared to STMICROELECTRONICS.

The significance of self-regulated learning (SRL) among university students have caught the attention of recent research. A recent research has produced SRL process mapping but the research was limited to producing a simulation video from historical data to prove the occurrence of SRL processes in online learning management system. This paper proposes to extend that research by adopting the concept of personal knowledge management (PKM) using the GUSC Model, to design an agent-based SRL simulation. This would enable real-time data to be analysed as and when it is needed for prediction of SRL activities. The design of the multi-agent system is possible with the availability of data and knowledge on how these data could be interpreted by the software agents to present an SRL process in both graphical and text report forms. This paper presents the process of analysing students' online SRL behaviour throughout a semester, taking into account a technical course as the benchmark case study, and designing the agent- based simulation for lecturers' prediction on students' online SRL behaviour. In order to do so, simulation video from the recent work is analysed to capture moment-to-moment SRL processes. The purpose of this analysis is mainly to facilitate the understanding of how software agents could be animated step by step. The results from this study is expected to be beneficial to the stakeholders of online education system. Future work will be on developing the agent-based simulation of SRL.