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The wisdom classroom full of immersion experience could create an excellent sense of learning experience for learners to improve their learning effect, and the level of learning immersion has become one of the indicators to assess students' learning state. However, the traditional way to evaluate learning immersion is greatly influenced by the subjective factors of individuals. This study proposes a novel method to assess learning immersion based on physiological characteristics: by constructing two learning scenes with different immersion senses: VR video watching (for high immersion) and normal document reading (for low immersion) to induce immersion. During the learning process, the subjects' PPG signals and EEG signals were collected for later preprocessing and extracting. By entering different compositions of feature vectors to train SVM classifier model and comparing their prediction accuracy and training time, the results show that the most suitable feature vectors to assess learning immersion are: pulse rate, the ratio of attention score and relaxation score, high alpha wave of EEG. The precision of the model reaches 88.93%.

The ultimate goal of designing game applications is to evoke a state of mental immersion in human users. Recently, advancing and very promising cloud gaming services catch high interest of the research community and industry. Cloud gaming services reduce computational costs of a client by outsourcing the game logic and rendering to a remote server. Consequently, the degree to which a game runs smoothly and enables uninterrupted interaction depends on impairments of the network connection between client and server. Furthermore, the visibility of such impairments may be constrained by properties of the visual display at the client-side. The present paper investigates the impact of common network impairments (bit rate, delay, packet loss) and screen size (small, medium, large) on mental immersion. In addition to traditional subjective assessment using the Immersive Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), also less intrusive, continuous physiological methods are employed (electrocardiography, ECG; electro-dermal activity, EDA). Participants engaged in playing an action platform computer game under different combinations of network impairments and screen sizes. Results revealed a small main effect of screen size on gaming Quality of Experience and real-world dissociation ratings between the small and medium screen size. Effects of network impairments on all IEQ scales were significant and also manifested as increased heart rate variability for packet loss. Besides, positive correlations were found between IEQ scales and heart rate variability. These findings suggest that network impairments influencing gameplay interaction might be of higher importance for immersive experience than varying screen size. Heart rate variability shows promise as a useful ECG measure in future studies on gaming immersion.

In Collaboration with the Local City Coordination of Human Rights of San Luis Potosi, five projects were developed. The objective of the challenge was to generate information on Human Rights for people from various groups, through transmedia products that do not necessarily require an internet connection or a mobile device.

This paper reports on an innovative way for the hydrogenation of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering. These hydrogenated films offer the possibility to increase the performances of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells using passivating contacts technologies. Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) of Hydrogen is shown to improve both surface passivation and electrical properties of TCO layers depending on the post-implantation annealing steps. A double effect is obtained through this annealing process: (i) TCOs electrical conductivity improvement and (ii) a better passivation of the c-Si surface possibly due to the enhancement of the hydrogen diffusion.

Immersion in Memory Compute (ImMC) technology with multiple chips and functions in multi-layer stacking integrated using System on Integrated Chips (SoIC™) technology is presented. The technology provides multiple compute and memory chips to interconnect each other to gain computing power and memory bandwidth. The interconnect parasitics, bandwidth density and power efficiency are analyzed using N7 light IO transceiver. The ImMC compared with 3DIC with bridge and with shared die, respectively, using $\mu \mathrm{bump}$ and TSV, is studied. The ImMC is 16x, 14x, and 224x better than the 3DIC with bridge in bump density, data rate, and bandwidth density. The transceiver power and size for the ImMC is only 1 % of those for the 3DIC.

The following topics are dealt with: mobile robots; path planning; robot vision; learning (artificial intelligence); cameras; autonomous aerial vehicles; motion control; position control; optimisation; collision avoidance.

Aiming at the increasingly complex downhole oil and gas drilling operations, in order to meet the visual control decision-making requirements of the formation borehole trajectory, the formation and bit model are designed through 3Dmax, and the C# (C sharp) script program is designed under the unity3d engine to drive the bit to run in a virtual environment. A set of virtual visualization system for directional wellbore trajectory developed. This system takes a directional well in northern Shaanxi as an example. In the visual stratum, the optimized and LWD directional well traces are dynamically displayed based on the optimized data and the LWD data, providing a friendly and interactive environment for LWD control. Decision-making environment. The results prove that the visualization of formation environment, virtual bit dynamic control and immersive well trace dynamic virtual display realized by this system not only provide a research platform for precise control and decision of wellbore trajectory, but also reduce research cost and improve research efficiency.

To investigate the effects of visual discomfort caused by long-term immersing in virtual environments (VEs), we conducted a comparative study to evaluate users’ visual discomfort in an eight-hour working rhythm and compared the differences between the VEs and the physical environments. Twenty-seven participants performed four different visual tasks with a head-mounted display (HMD) for the VE condition and with a monitor for the physical condition. Their subjective visual discomfort and objective oculomotor indicators were measured to evaluate their visual performances. The results show that the subjective visual fatigue symptoms, the objective pupil size, and the relative accommodation response vary across time for the two conditions, in which VEs affects visual fatigue the most compared to the physical environments. The results also show that pupil size is negatively related to subjective visual fatigue, and the long-term work based on displays only influences the maximum accommodation response of participants. This work is a supplement to the necessary but insufficient-researched field of visual fatigue in long-term immersing in VEs, which should be valuable to researchers involved in the evaluation of visual fatigue using HMDs.

We describe a basic approach of transmission terahertz microscopy based on solid immersion lenses. We use a Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) as a radiation source, a hyper-hemispherical silicon lens as solid immersion lens and as adetector a low power pyroelectric. The experimental results show that with this approach we can improve the terahertz spot diameter size of the system compared with a simply aspherical lens. The spot diameter at the focus of the immersion lens is about $0.34~\lambda $ at 600 GHz. This approach is extended to an interferometric system to achieve a better sensitivity of the microscope.

We present a study of the usability and induced workload of a new head-mounted display (HMD) which allows the wearer to more easily switch between tasks in the virtual and real world using multiple optical channels dynamically at the press of a button. Most HMDs provide full immersion by occluding the real world from the view of the user, and replacing it with a computer-generated virtual environment. One trade-off, however, is that such HMDs make it difficult to interact with real-world objects and people, or to react to events while being immersed. Tasks that are simple in the unmediated real world, such as taking a drink or responding to a text, become nearly impossible while wearing an occlusive HMD, and normally require the user to take off the HMD. To address this limitation, we propose an HMD which provides optical channels to view the near-field real world in the periphery of the HMD while still wearing the HMD by pressing a button. We call our approach Multi-channel Dynamic Immersion (MDI). We embedded transparency controllable LCD panels around the periphery of an HMD and installed a fish-eye lens in front of its forward-facing camera. We then compared MDI to three other methods of switching from working in VR to real world activities: (a) a front camera video-see-through method, (b) using dynamic LCDs only, and (c) taking off the HMD. Participants had to interrupt their work in a VR office to carry out typical real world daily activities, such as picking up a mug, responding to a phone call, or replying to a text message. Our results show no significant differences in task execution time between the four conditions. However, we observed a tendency favouring MDI as the easiest to use among the HMDs. In addition, we found a significantly higher rated ease of use for the two HMDs with controllable LCDs compared to the two occlusive HMDs. Our data also underscores that a substantial amount of time is lost when switching between work contexts in occlusive HMDs and the real world.

Technological innovations have a growing relevance for charitable donations, as new technologies shape the way we perceive and approach digital media. In a between-subjects study with sixty-one volunteers, we investigated whether a higher degree of immersion for the potential donor can yield more donations for non-governmental organizations. Therefore, we compared the donations given after experiencing a video-based, an augmented-reality-based, or a virtual-reality-based scenery with a virtual agent, representing a war victimized Syrian boy talking about his losses. Our initial results indicate that the immersion has no impact. However, the donor's perceived innovativeness of the used technology might be an influencing factor.

This document describes the experience acquired by applying several challenges in the Company Bohn Mexico. The challenges are related to the Automation and Control area. This project provides the opportunity for Mechatronics students to work in a total immersion course in summer, solving real problems. The student team, with the support of the academic mentors and the company's engineers, investigate the problems, propose solutions and implement them. In the final evaluation, they present their results before a committee made up of managers and mentors of the company. This way of working that involves students directly with the industry creates a win-win relationship for students, professors and companies.

Assembly tasks are an essential component in complex operations done by a large number of humans on a regular basis; examples include system maintenance (preventive and corrective), industrial production lines, and teleoperation. Having access to superior and low-cost solutions that can be used to train personnel who need to conduct these tasks is essential. Virtual reality (VR) technology, with its immersive and non-immersive display solutions combined with hand controllers suitable for bimanual operations, is especially appealing for training purposes in this domain. We designed and executed a user study in which we tested the influence of stereopsis and immersion on execution of bimanual assembly task and examined the effects of tested system configurations on symptoms of cybersickness. Our user study, with its between-subjects format, collected comprehensive data sets in four distinct experimental conditions: immersive stereoscopic (IS), immersive non-stereoscopic (INS), non-immersive stereoscopic (NIS), and non-immersive non-stereoscopic (NINS). The results of this study suggest that IS platforms are the most promising contenders for an efficient system solution, and that NINS solutions that use larger screens (like a TV set, in our case) may also be considered. It is encouraging that no significant simulator sickness issues were recorded in any condition. The results of this study provide important input and guidance that people who work in the training domain need to have before making decisions about the acquisition of new solutions for assembly task training.

Virtual reality (VR) active video gaming, also called ”exergaming” has become an emerging trend in entertainment but also fitness, education and health sectors. It requires bodily movements to play and function as a form of physical activity (PA). Since this type of gaming is becoming more and more popular and accessible and the trends suggest that it may become a mainstream media, the scientific community is discussing on its usefulness. There are number of claims about its ability to improve health via an increase in PA but researchers also argue that it is still a form of time spent in front of monitor which comes with many negative sides. The aim of this paper is to do an overview of the scientific research domain and outline the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of immersive VR gaming to promote PA. The available evidence indicates that active video games can replace sedentary time spent in front of a computer or TV with physical activity and make a measurable contribution to the improvement of health. However whether it is a sustainable way to motivate gamers in PA is questionable.

The aim of our research is to build an empirical indicator of cinematic immersion based on ocular data. We study immersion as a gradual and adaptive process of corporal involvement in the cinematic experience. To study its temporal evolution, we analyze correlations between the film and the ocular response, in its attentional aspects (what do we see?) and pupillary aspects (how do we react?). To understand in what ways post-production can favor immersion, we are interested in studying the pupil reactivity to visual attributes of the film: the visual abstraction of a non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) post-production and the optical hyperrealism of stereoscopy. We expect that our results could be useful for conceiving new NPR tools for 3D films and innovative post-production strategies for virtual reality.

Although the mobility and emerging technology of augmented reality (AR) have brought significant entertainment and convenience in everyday life, the use of AR is becoming a social problem as the accidents caused by a shortage of situation awareness due to an immersion of AR are increasing. In this paper, we address the trade-off between immersion and situation awareness as the fundamental factor of the AR-related accidents. As a solution against the trade-off, we propose a third-party component that prevents pedestrian-vehicle accidents in a traffic environment based on vehicle position estimation (VPE) and vehicle position visualization (VPV). From a RGB image sequence, VPE efficiently estimates the relative 3D position between a user and a car using generated convolutional neural network (CNN) model with a region-of-interest based scheme. VPV shows the estimated car position as a dot using an out-of-view object visualization method to alert the user from possible collisions. The VPE experiment with 16 combinations of parameters showed that the InceptionV3 model, fine-tuned on activated images yields the best performance with a root mean squared error of 0.34 m in 2.1 ms. The user study of VPV showed the inversely proportional relationship between the immersion controlled by the difficulty of the AR game and the frequency of situation awareness in both quantitatively and qualitatively. Additional VPV experiment assessing two out-of-view object visualization methods (EyeSee360 and Radar) showed no significant effect on the participants' activity, while EyeSee360 yielded faster responses and Radar engendered participants' preference on average. Our field study demonstrated an integration of VPE and VPV which has potentials for safety-ensured immersion when the proposed component is used for AR in daily uses. We expect that when the proposed component is developed enough to be used in real world, it will contribute to the safety-ensured AR, as well as to the population of AR.

We have proposed an approach to improve the resolution of terahertz (THz) imaging using the effect of solid immersion – i.e. a reduction in the dimensions of the electromagnetic beam caustic by its formation in a free space, behind the medium possessing high refractive index. We have designed a THz solid immersion lens (SIL) comprised of a polymer wide-aperture aspherical singlet and a crystalline truncated sphere mounted in front of the image plane. We have proposed an approach for the object handling at the focal plane of the THz SIL. We have combined numerical simulations and experimental studies to demonstrate the advanced 0.2λ spatial resolution of the proposed THz SIL – it is beyond the 0.5λ Abbe limit. Finally, we have assembled the continuous-wave THz SIL imaging system and applied it for studying various objects with sub-wavelength variations of structure and dielectric properties.

Since several years, the use of Beamline ion implantation has been proven to allow optimization of doping profiles needed for the fabrication of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells while simplifying the process flow. Nevertheless the cost and complexity of such tools, associated to the difficulty to keep a small thermal budget to make high quality Boron doping for N-type cells, has slowed down the industrial introduction of ion implantation in high volume solar cell fabrication fabs.Thanks to an implant time independent to the implanted surface, and a simple tool architecture, Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) offers an economically efficient alternative to Beamline Ion Implantation.In this paper, after having presented PULSION®-Solar, the IBS PIII tool dedicated to solar cell fabrication, we will demonstrate state of the art characteristics on different cells type either on c-Si but also on multi crystal Si where the beneficial gettering capability allowed by POCl 3 is also obtained using PIII phosphorus implantation. We will also show how the PIII doping process, thanks to its unique energy distribution, can even be more efficient than beam line, especially for boron doping, allowing lower thermal budget and co-anneal with phosphorus, simplifying even more the process flow for n-type PERT solar cells.

Understanding and simulating 3D doping performed by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation on FinFETs or on deep trenches for flash memories or power devices applications is a key topic to optimize process parameters and to forecast effect of form factor evolution requested by technology scaling. In this work, we developed a model based on the following strategy.1-Calculation of angle and energy distribution of ions and neutrals reaching wafer surface as function of PIII process parameters (TRIM Monte Carlo simulation in gases)2-Calculation of local ion distributions (quantity, angle and energy distribution) along the top, walls and bottom of Fins or trenches based on simple geometrical model with shadowing effect.3-Calculation of local in depth dopant distribution on all points of the structure based on TRIM Monte-Carlo simulation4-Recalculation of mean concentration profile and comparison with 1.5D SIMS.Effect of main process parameters (plasma density and pressure) is shown as well as geometrical parameters of doped structures (aspect ratio, tapering angle). After having compared the model to experimental data, impact of geometrical changes due to technology scaling is discussed (fin pitch for Finfet application, form factor for trench doping applications)

The solid immersion lens (SIL) has been critical for extending the useful life of optical microscopy for semiconductor failure analysis. By matching the refractive index of the Si device under test (DUT) the Si SIL allows the collection of light at wide angles that would otherwise be internally reflected inside the DUT, thereby increasing numerical aperture and resolution by a factor of 3.5. Increasingly smaller semiconductor feature sizes require shorter laser wavelengths to get adequate resolution from optical microscopy [1] - [3]. Si SILs present limitations for shorter wavelengths since they do not transmit light below 1100nm. A replacement material is needed with high transmittance at shorter wavelengths and a high refractive index close to that of Si (~3.5). This paper focuses on GaP (Gallium Phosphide) with good transparency down to 600nm and high refractive index (3.3), but traditionally poorer optical quality than Si. We optically characterized GaP substrates and fabricated GaP SILs from those substrates for use in a confocal laser scanning microscope and were able to achieve the theoretical resolution limit when coupled with an optimized backing objective.

When dealing with complex data, good visualisation tools are integral in efficiently inspecting trends and correlations. Virtual reality provides an opportunity to create a more immersive environment for users, utilising spatial awareness and depth perception. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness and usability of different systems using virtual reality and gesture control to visualise complex weather data. We propose three novel variants of our weather visualisation: a desktop-based application using an Xbox One Controller interface, and two virtual reality based applications, using an Xbox One Controller interface and a Leap Motion Interface. Our evaluation suggests that the Xbox One controller in combination with the VR display is most effective. Drawbacks of the gesture interface are its limited precision and reliably.

This paper reports on the development of an immersion cooling monitoring and prediction system to assist in the detection of hotspots (i.e., potential points of failure due to overheating) in an immersion cooled computing cluster, and to assist in scheduling maintenance of these resources in a data centre. Our work focuses on a case study involving resources used in the Science Processor of the MeerKAT radio astronomy array instrument. This system relates to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) data centre situated in the Karoo, a semi-desert region in South Africa that experiences high daytime temperatures for which traditional air-cooling solutions are inefficient. In this study, an oil-cooled environment and thermal management system was prototype and tested. This prototyped system was called the Environmental Monitoring System (EMS), and monitors humidity and temperature of the oil-cooled environment. Temperature data gathered by the EMS was used to build a prediction program, namely the Immersion Cooling Temperature Predictor (ICTP). The ICTP predicts temperatures between sensors, to reduce the number of sensor nodes and consequently installation and power costs. We report on the accuracy of detecting and predicting hotspots in the environment. From our experiments the ICTP had a mean error of 0.0083oC between predicted and actual measurements within 5 cm from a physical sensor (for the largest vat tested), with standard deviation of 2.44°C. The predictions become increasingly less accurate for points further from a sensor.

To meet the increasing demand for AI (artificial intelligence), especially workloads requiring shorter response time like autonomous driving, out-door cloud edge server has drawn more attention and will become widely adopted and deployed in the future. The edge servers deployed in out-door environment need to operate in a wide temperature range ( -40°C to 55 °C) and humidity range (10% to 90%). In order to meet such hash requirements for out-door environment while delivering competitive computing power and density, immersion cooling is one of the efficient solutions. In this topic, a single-phase passive immersion cooling reference solution including system architecture as well as engineering design BKM (Best Known Methods) of both natural convection and force air cooling is presented, which is also purposed to sparkle ecosystem partners of innovation collaboration for more advanced system and thermal solutions for the emerging higher computing demand applications of data center and edge environments.

Cloud providers typically use air-based solutions for cooling servers in datacenters. However, increasing transistor counts and the end of Dennard scaling will result in chips with thermal design power that exceeds the capabilities of air cooling in the near future. Consequently, providers have started to explore liquid cooling solutions (e.g., cold plates, immersion cooling) for the most power-hungry workloads. By keeping the servers cooler, these new solutions enable providers to operate server components beyond the normal frequency range (i.e., overclocking them) all the time. Still, providers must tradeoff the increase in performance via overclocking with its higher power draw and any component reliability implications. In this paper, we argue that two-phase immersion cooling (2PIC) is the most promising technology, and build three prototype 2PIC tanks. Given the benefits of 2PIC, we characterize the impact of overclocking on performance, power, and reliability. Moreover, we propose several new scenarios for taking advantage of overclocking in cloud platforms, including oversubscribing servers and virtual machine (VM) auto-scaling. For the auto-scaling scenario, we build a system that leverages overclocking for either hiding the latency of VM creation or postponing the VM creations in the hopes of not needing them. Using realistic cloud workloads running on a tank prototype, we show that overclocking can improve performance by 20%, increase VM packing density by 20%, and improve tail latency in auto-scaling scenarios by 54%. The combination of 2PIC and overclocking can reduce platform cost by up to 13% compared to air cooling.

This special session will provide an active forum for presentations and discussions on projects and vision related to the use of video games for addressing Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG's). The projects are the outcome of the latest development game jam projects from the Games Immersion Conference (G.I.CON) 2021 hosted in April 2021 in iLRN Virtual Campus. All projects were developed by group of university students with reference point to address “Life of the Future” using dedicated UN SDG's. The panelists leading the event have extensive experience in immersive technologies and SDG's applied within games. The workshop will follow a mixed format. Including learning outcomes form latest student G.I.CON conference, project presentation, awards for best game concepts and hand-on activity for exploiting future trends behind student immersion engagement activities.

Users' Quality of Experience (QoE) in Interactive 3D Tele-Immersion (i3DTI) systems is influenced by several factors such as the quality of the "live" 3D avatars of the users, network latency, rendering methodology (head mounted display or regular TV type of display), etc. Hence, it becomes important to answer the question: "Is Visual Quality (VQ) the only factor to be considered or do better immersion and faster interactions matter, in having good QoE?" To answer this question, in this paper, a highly optimized state-of-the-art i3DTI framework implementation is introduced along with a soccer-inspired penalty shootout game. This game allows users to experience various situations, view different angles, perceive delays, track virtual ball motion, and play naturally using their entire bodies. A head mounted display device - Oculus Rift allows the users to get completely immersed and perform better in the penalty shootout game compared to watching themselves play on a 3D TV. This scenario is obtained in a controlled lab setting with ultra-high-speed network that has ultra-low latency, high VQ, fast and realistic interactions. Such ideal conditions are not typically available in a wide area Internet. Hence, for faster interaction scenario, we used lesser RGB-D cameras for 3D reconstruction, thereby reducing the model quality significantly. The high responsiveness of the game masked the user's perception of quality, and resulted in them not noticing the lower VQ of the reconstructed 3D models. Based on the results from the user study that focused on immersion, interaction and VQ aspects; users felt the game to be visually appealing, intuitive, engaging, and highly entertaining in all of the scenarios.

The use of smartphones for activities like watching movies and playing games has become commonplace because of the flexibility that devices offer citizens in their increasingly overloaded daily routines. As a consequence, the market has explored the creation of accessories to enhance the user experience in performing these tasks. The present work selected as context the practice of watching movies on smartphones in order to evaluate Google Cardboard performance considering user comfort and sense of immersion. As a result of the pilot study, useful information was obtained to direct improvements for the accessory project, as well as an adverse response to our expectations regarding the user satisfaction in terms of comfort and immersion using this device.

Urban information visualization is an essential tool for decision process in urban planning. Nowadays, more and more urban visualizations incorporate virtual 3D city scenes to better convey spatial and morphological information. On the other hand, the development of consumer grade VR devices as Head Mounted Displays (HMD) enable to visualize urban information with a greater degree of immersion. These new ways to render and display 3D city models may have a significant impact on the perception of urban morphology and, consequently, on the interpretation of the urban visualization. In this paper, we present a subjective experiment to evaluate the impact of visual immersion - field of view, stereoscopy and allocentric or egocentric representations - on the perception of urban morphology and density in 3D city models. Obtained results can be useful to improve urban visualization, but also to better understand perception, user behavior and navigation in 3D virtual environments.

We present a method that shows that the finite element contrast source inversion (FEM-CSI) technique can be made independent of the utilized physical immersion medium by introducing a general numerical background permittivity. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional microwave breast reconstruction results are shown for data collected in various immersion media and inverted using a strategically chosen numerical background. Results show higher quality images for inversions that incorporate numerical backgrounds that reduce the position dependent contrast variable and utilize data that is collected using a physical background that provides the most diversity.

In our research we address the common and important problem of measuring users' experience in multimedia cultural heritage applications. Our objective is to develop a simple and efficient instrument capable to highlight both main qualities and major difficulties in using such applications for different types of users. We address specific objectives of usability for multimedia cultural heritage applications: immersion and edutainment. In addition to identifying best features and flaws, the results of measurement provide a tool for a comparison of different applications.

This demonstration paper presents a partiallyautomatic, human-in-the-loop application for immersing digitalbrand graphics inside digital videos in an unobtrusive manner.This method automatically identifies regions inside digital videosthat are able to host such graphics without obtruding the viewerexperience, while discarding regions, including thoserepresenting human faces and body parts, that are deemedunable to host such graphics without obtruding the viewerexperience. After a human chooses or customizes one of thepositively identified regions, and chooses a digital brand graphicto immerse inside it, this method automatically immerses thegraphic inside the digital video, taking steps to emulate theocclusion, shadows and light changes, texture, and pose thataffected the original region inside the digital video in order tomake the immersion feel more realistic and seamless.

A nonlinear tracking control based on Immersion and Invariance-based(I&I) technology, is addressed to achieve asymptotic tracking for 3-D position and yaw motion of an underactuated quadrotor. In the underlying control scheme, an inner/outer-loop construction is designed to handle the underactuated property. The I&I technology is constructed for stable tracking for the inner-loop and outer-loop. Lyapunov Theorem is exploited to guarantee the asymptotic tracking stability of resulting closed-loop system. Numerical simulations on Matlab/Simulink environment are included to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed I&I control scheme.

In this paper, we studied the blob defect arising in the development of 193 nm topcoat-free immersion lithography for 28 nm node hole-pattern and we discussed the root cause of blob defect fundamentally. Finally, we found changing the content of hydrophobic addictive in topcoat-free resist could reduce the dynamic receding contact angle and then could eliminate the blob defect effectively.

Serious games are a type of digital games designed for a purpose other than pure entertainment. These games are used in various fields such as defense, education, scientific exploration, health care, emergency management, city planning, engineering, and politics. Given that some of these games are story-driven, it is necessary to accurately identify the factors that affect the concentration and immersion of players. In this paper, we examine the effect of design of challenges, gameplay, aesthetic factors, the player’s previous attitude towards the game, and enjoyment on the player’s immersion. The study is based on structural analysis using data collection through a questionnaire. Through path analysis and regression, we identify important factors and then prioritize them. Our study also shows that game credibility plays an important role as a mediating variable on concentration and immersion. The results of this research have important implications for serious game designers. The test results show that our proposed model has good reliability, validity and correlation.

This paper proposes two constructive approaches to design an attitude controller for a rigid spacecraft. Standard I&I control strategy gives a new insight into the attitude controller design where the manifold is rendered invariant and attractive. Finite-time I&I control strategy improves the performance by driving the off-the-manifold variable to converge to zero in finite time. Detailed theoretical proof and derivation of finite time are provided. Performance of the proposed controllers are demonstrated by simulations, and comparison with backstepping method is also given to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies.

Diffractive optical elements, used to shape the wavefront of incident light, are ubiquitous in optics thanks to the high flexibility in design and compactness that they offer [1]. However, the nanoscale-precision requirements typically necessitates a complicated fabrication process, e.g. nanolithography. Here we present the liquid immersed DOE. By immersing the DOE in liquid, i.e. decreasing the difference between the refractive indices of the DOE and the surrounding media, we can scale up the dimensions of the DOE from the nano-scale to the micro-scale (Fig. 1 ab λ is the wavelength; h is the height of the DOE; and n refers to the refractive index of the DOE material and surrounding media, respectively.

In micromachining, the extruded material is redeposited back on the structured surface. In this work, we report on the advantages and results of fs laser-based surface micromachining of methanol immersed of Si comparing the same with the ambient air.

Inspection of large or small pipes is commonly found in many different ultrasonic industrial applications. Pigs are commonly used for large pipes and inspection under working conditions. Small pipes are inspected from inside by using endoscopes, but the distance to be inspected can be limited by the pipe diameter, geometry and section variations. In medical applications, ultrasonic endoscopy are used as diagnosis tool for arteries (IVUS) and the gastrointestinal tract. Flat transducers with conical reflectors have already been proposed for industrial and robotics applications (echolocation) but the main drawback, in the case of endoscopic applications, is the need to keep the transducer aligned with the pipe axis.

In micromachining, the extruded material is re-deposited back on the structured surface. In this work, we report on the advantages and results of fs laser-based surface micromachining of methanol immersed of Si comparing the same with the ambient air.

The growing participation of educational institutions in the movement of massive open online courses (MOOCs) generates a great multitude of opportunities and challenges. Firstly, the high dropout rate and the lack of learners’ motivation are significant issues in MOOCs, which cast doubt on the quality of teaching and learning. Secondly, MOOC users’ diversity creates problems and barriers to MOOC providers in designing successful and effective courses that will suit all types of users. It is still unclear to think about how to reach various types of MOOC participants. In this regard, gamification is proposed as a complement to existing learning approaches to provide learners with a powerful and motivational learning experience. For decreasing the high dropout rates in MOOCs and to engage the learners and improve their motivation by adopting gamification in education, this study aims to classify gamification into three categories: achievement, social, and immersion (ASI). Furthermore, 27 gaming elements are identified that have been used in a MOOC context and are mapped to the aforementioned categories in order to help the MOOC developers and designers better understand how the various gamification categories can influence the users.

The size of a detector is the primary consideration to obtain a high-resolution imaging quality. A THz quasi optic can combine an optical component of a hemispherical dielectric lens and an antenna-based sensor to capture effectively incoming radiation. The use of the hemispherical lens can contribute to sensor size. This paper investigates an immersion technique for dielectric lens size reduction to provide radiation performances of gain and radiation efficiency on the purpose of antenna size miniaturization at Terahertz (THz) frequency. This investigation is using the CST Microwave Studio simulation software. Gain and radiation efficiency show a decreasing pattern as the dielectric thickness increases. The obtained gain is still 30 dB by adding thickness until half of the hemispherical radius once combined with matching layers and 0.6 of the radius once without matching layers. Therefore, a smaller size than a hemispherical structure can still provide excellent radiation performance. This information is useful to design as small as a THz detector to obtain high-resolution imaging.

This paper reviews the changes in physical and chemical properties of information technology (IT) equipment materials like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), printed circuit board (PCB) and switching devices due to mineral oil to characterize the interconnect reliability of materials. By submerging all of a server's heat-generating components in a dielectric liquid, creates the attack on reliability issues at the device level. The improved efficiency of mineral oil may offer simplicity in facility design compared to traditional air cooling and provide a means for cost savings. In spite of its improved cooling efficiency and cost savings, a mineral oil immersion cooling technique is still not widely implemented and suppliers are reluctant to jeopardize sales of existing air-based cooling system equipment. Only compelling physics regarding direct immersion cooling is not enough for data center operators. Many uncertainties and concerns persist regarding the effects of mineral oil immersion cooling on information technology equipment reliability. The paper presents useful information regarding the influence of mineral oil on the mechanical properties as well as chemical properties of a material. The changes in properties of mineral oil like kinematic viscosity and dielectric strength are also cited as an important factor and discussed briefly. The changes in mechanical properties like elasticity, hardness, swelling, and creep are being shown in the paper for thermoplastic materials. The chemical reaction between material and mineral oil as a function of time and temperature is also conferred. These are significant factors which are responsible for the reliability and compatibility of a material. The changes or modifications in materials of important parts in physical and chemical manner are also indicated. The relations between different dielectric oils and different materials provide us a comparative analysis for reliability and performance. Oil immersion cooling of data centers offers opportunities for enhanced reliability with even temperature conditions in operations as it minimizes common operational issues like: overheating and temperature swings in the system, fan failures in servers, noise, dust, air quality, corrosion, electrochemical migration, and whiskers will also be addressed. The reliability improvements are comprised of the reduction in corrosion & electrochemical migration like corrosive exposure and moisture reduction, reduction in environmental contamination like dust, debris and particulate reduction, stable and even thermal environment and tin and zinc whisker mitigation. These may lead to infer the significance of oil cooled data centers towards performance and savings in operating cost as per reliability aspect. The literature gathered on the subject and quantifiable data gathered by the authors provide the primary basis for this research document.

While there have been hundreds of psychological studies using virtual reality (VR) over the past few decades, those studies have almost exclusively been conducted in laboratory settings using small samples of college students with little demographic variance. Hence, the generalizability of the results is limited, as not all findings will apply outside the college demographic. In this paper, we present our mobile VR project (Immersion at Scale) where we conduct VR experiment sessions in naturalistic settings (e.g., local events, museums, etc.). On average, we were able to collect data from 20–25 people for each 4-hour data collection session of Immersion at Scale. We discovered a number of obstacles and opportunities based on bringing VR out into the field. Thus, we do not focus on experimental stimuli and results, but methodological guidelines based on our iterative design improvements from pilot testing.

Tele-immersion (TI) related technologies can change the way people interact and bridge the gap between the physical and digital worlds. However, while the technology itself advances, most developed platforms have complex setups and require large investments. In this work, a low-cost platform is introduced, integrating multiple TI-related advances. Focusing on ease of use and rapid deployment, a fast and fully automatic calibration method is proposed. The platform enables real-time 3D reconstruction of users and their placement into a pre-authored 3D environment. Moreover, interaction is achieved through the user's body posture, removing the need for additional equipment and enabling natural control while immersed. Developing a real-time TI platform requires the efficient integration of several multidisciplinary elements. An elegant, minimal solution to these challenges is proposed and validated in a prototype TI multiplayer game, SpaceWars.

The control objective of image-based eye-to-hand robot manipulator systems is to track a desired trajectory precisely in the presence of nonlinearities and uncertainties. This paper improves the dynamic performance of such a manipulator through a cascade control strategy of using a high-level controller with visual servoing for reference position command generation and a low-level controller for precise motion tracking in the presence of uncertainties. Specifically, an adaptive robust controller (ARC) is developed at the low-level to better handle the effect of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities for an improved robust motion tracking performance. The high-level controller uses the Immersion and Invariance (I&I) approach to provide reference position commands based on visual feedback. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the better robust tracking performance of the proposed control scheme in the presence of uncertainties.

Based on the immersion and invariance, a novel feedback controller is designed to solve the problem of tracking and vibration suppression for a elastic drive system. An adaptive controller is designed with regard to the uncertainty of object parameters, and the closed-loop stability is analyzed via Lyapunov technique. Experiments are carried out with the Rotary-Torsion platform, and the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

The semiconductor industry finds itself at a crossroad with the question of how to continue to drive Moore's law. The industry is exploring many avenues to drive transistor scaling as well as reduction in cost for the future nodes. Some of the popular topics for patterning advancement include EUV, DSA, EBeam direct write, and Nano-Imprint. This paper will focus on the reduction in cost brought about by the scaling of the wafer size, and demonstrate where the current 450mm equipment compares to current 300mm toolsets as well as the N10 and N7 technology roadmaps. The semiconductor industry currently utilizes 300mm substrates for volume manufacturing around the world. The Global 450mm Consortium (G450C) was created to develop and evaluate a manufacturing tool set for 450mm substrates. In 2015 Nikon released the NSR-S650D scanner for 193nm immersion lithography on 450mm substrates. The Photolithography cluster at G450C is a fully integrated 450mm cell including a SCREEN Sokudo Duo DT-4000 track attached to the Nikon NSR-S650D scanner. The equipment was installed in Q1-Q2 2015 and was qualified and accepted by the fall of 2015. This paper will demonstrate data from the time of acceptance as well as recent data that has been collected after several continuous improvement plan (CIP) implementations. The current method for transistor density scaling is multi-patterning. The key metric to evaluate lithography capability for multi-patterning is edge placement error. Edge placement error (EPE) is the cumulative sum of all error in the lithography process [1]. Critical dimension uniformity (CDU) and overlay have the largest impact on EPE [2] and will be used to evaluate the lithography cell at G450C. This paper will show the CDU and overlay performance at the time of acceptance as well as current data. The performance of the NSR-S650D will be compared to the current 300mm platforms as well as the technology requirements for N10 and N7. Multi-patterning enables transistor scaling; however it comes with increased wafer cost. 450mm substrates increase the surface area over 300mm by a factor of 2.25. For most fab equipment the increased surface area directly correlates to more die per wafer pass and more die out. To drive cost reduction in lithography remains the largest challenge; lithography tools scan exposure shots individually and the throughput is always scan limited. This paper will demonstrate how the tool currently performs for throughput and will discuss some software optimizations to increase wafers per hour (WPH). A comparison of 450mm WPH to current 300mm toolsets will also be evaluated.

This paper proposes an alternative to the aeronautical engineering education, in complementation for the flight simulation and immersion. It consists of a low cost Ground Station where the students are able to control a small UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), having a teacher as a co-pilot, and visualize the flight in a FPV (First Person View) with an embedded camera in real time. Made of spare aircraft parts, mostly, and being projected to be a light equipment and fit a small truck, this system is designed to be easily transported, assembled and prepared for flight. The First Person View Ground Station is a great alternative for teaching purposes, providing the students a true flight experience and a holistic formation in aeronautical engineering.

In this poster, we introduce the notion of using LCD panels for controlling the level of immersion provided by head-mounted displays (HMDs). We propose replacing the cowling around typical “ski-goggle” type HMDs with LCD panels of the type used in commodity active-stereo glasses used in movie theaters. The panels can be controlled using very simple stand-alone circuitry and/or a micro-controller to vary the amount of the real world that is visible in the periphery of the user. This can drastically increase the usability of consumer HMDs, because it allows users to see objects in their immediate surroundings (e.g., the keyboard and mouse), can be used to counter cybersickness by providing natural cues when needed, and introduces no added latency into the system. We show several prototypes of our approach using Google Cardboard, and provide some initial thoughts on the systems.

Negative tone imaging (NTI) is a method for obtaining a negative-tone reversal pattern by developing with an organic solvent. As NTI process can break-through the resolution limit of a conventional positive-tone development (PTD) process, it has been applied for mass production in 20nm and 14 nm nodes device. In this paper, we examined the possibility of a bi-layer process using novel Si-containing NTI resist. As a results, the resolution of the Si-NTI resist achieved comparable level to a conventional NTI resist with a strong etching resistance. It is very effective for process cost reduction.