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[EN] The increase in international trade due to globalization is evident in southeast Spain, which has become the top exporter of fruit and vegetables. Countries within the European Union, such as Germany and France, emphasize the sustainability and environmental impacts of these products. Hence, a greater understanding of the environmental implications of transporting fruit and vegetables between their origin and their destination might improve the sustainability of this commercial activity. The concept of a carbon footprint is a recognized environmental indicator that can be used for life cycle analysis. Here, a rigorous carbon footprint assessment was developed to examine the impact of using cardboard box containers to store and transport 1,000 t of fruit and vegetable products by road from their origin in Almería, Spain, to a destination market. The assessment included the fabrication of the cardboard boxes, the service they provide while transporting the products to the distribution center of the destination, and the end-of-life of the boxes for the six main products grown in Almería. The results showed that storing and transporting 1,000 t of product by road emits between 58 t and 130 t of CO2e depending on the fruit or vegetable type and the destination market. The implications of the end-of-life scenarios with respect to the destination are also discussed. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the transport distance. Lastly, biogenic CO2 production was also assessed according to standard carbon footprint assessment method.

[EN] The increase in international trade due to globalization is evident in southeast Spain, which has become the top exporter of fruit and vegetables. Countries within the European Union, such as Germany and France, emphasize the sustainability and environmental impacts of these products. Hence, a greater understanding of the environmental implications of transporting fruit and vegetables between their origin and their destination might improve the sustainability of this commercial activity. The concept of a carbon footprint is a recognized environmental indicator that can be used for life cycle analysis. Here, a rigorous carbon footprint assessment was developed to examine the impact of using cardboard box containers to store and transport 1,000 t of fruit and vegetable products by road from their origin in Almería, Spain, to a destination market. The assessment included the fabrication of the cardboard boxes, the service they provide while transporting the products to the distribution center of the destination, and the end-of-life of the boxes for the six main products grown in Almería. The results showed that storing and transporting 1,000 t of product by road emits between 58 t and 130 t of CO2e depending on the fruit or vegetable type and the destination market. The implications of the end-of-life scenarios with respect to the destination are also discussed. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the transport distance. Lastly, biogenic CO2 production was also assessed according to standard carbon footprint assessment method.

[EN] Research on current practices and the state of green public procurement enables the identification of areas that can be improved, as well as opportunities to improve the tendering procedures from an environmental point of view. To understand the behaviour of local, provincial, and regional administrations concerning green public procurement, a case study on the Valencia region of Spain is made. The Valencian region is one of the most important communities in terms of population, number of contracting authorities, and weight in the Spanish Gross Domestic Product. In this study, a total of 967 procedures were analysed from calls for tenders made by municipal, provincial, and regional administrations in2016 and 2017.The results of this study show that the use of environmental criteria is 19.7% and the average weight is 4.1 out of 100. The civil engineering subsector, more than the building subsector, employs environmental criteria, particularly in projects tendered by regional administrations, whereas for projects with large budgets the level of use is similar for both subsectors. It is necessary to encourage plans to improve Green Public Procurement (GPP) practices in the Valencian administrations, especially those with a local scope such as municipalities.

[ES] La integración de la sostenibilidad en la dirección de proyectos es una de las tendencias actuales en la investigación dentro de esta disciplina. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la viabilidad de introducir el enfoque de sostenibilidad en la dirección y gestión de proyectos a través de su inclusión en las metodologías de dirección de proyectos más extendidas. Para ello se estudiarán algunas de las metodologías más conocidas y divulgadas (tales como las basadas en el PMBoK, PRINCE2, PM2, etc) y se analizará hasta qué punto están incorporados los aspectos medioambientales, sociales y económicos, discutiendo en qué áreas o grupos de materias, fases, procesos y herramientas se consideran dichos factores. Posteriormente se realizarán propuestas para adaptar o completar dichas metodologías indicando las herramientas a introducir y el lugar de la metodología en el que podría introducirse., [EN] The integration of sustainability into Project Management (PM) is one of the current trends in PM research. The objective of this paper is to perform an analysis of the feasibility of introducing the sustainability aspect in PM through its inclusion in the most widely-used PM methodologies. To do this, some of the most well-known and disseminated methodologies (such as those based on PMBoK, PRINCE2, PM2,¿) have been studied, in order to stablish to what extent environmental, social and economic aspects have been incorporated, as well as in which areas or groups of subjects, phases, processes and tools are considered such factors. Subsequently, the paper present some proposals to adapt or complete these methodologies, indicating the tools to be introduced and the step of the methodology where they could be introduced.

[EN] The public procurement of works from the local administration includes from new projects within the scope of building subsectro: administrative and educational buildings (schools, libraries) as within the scope of civil engineering subsector: housing developments, parks and gardens, sports infrastructure and/or bike lanes. Municipal public works also include the repair, rehabilitation and maintenance of municipal infrastructures such as lighting, air conditioning, roads and sidewalks, etc., which means a wide range of types of work. In a study carried out on public procurement in the Valencian Community during the years 2016 and 2017, it was found that, after road projects (including actions on public lighting), the projects most tendered by the local administration are extensions and improvements to cemeteries, which in most cases are municipally-owned. Given this importance, at least in terms of the number of projects identified, this communication is proposed in order to carry out an analysis of cemetery execution projects, identifying their main characteristics, typologies, construction processes, aspect of the tender, etc., [ES] La contratación pública de obras desde la administración local comprende desde proyectos de nueva planta dentro del ámbito de edificación: edificios administrativos y educativos (colegios, bibliotecas), etc., como dentro del ámbito obra civil: urbanizaciones, parques y jardines, infraestructuras deportivas y/o carriles bici. Dentro de las obras públicas municipales también se encuentran los trabajos de reparación, rehabilitación y mantenimiento de las infraestructuras municipales como alumbrado, climatización, viales y aceras, etc., lo que supone un abanico muy amplio de tipologías de obra. En un estudio realizado sobre la contratación pública en la Comunidad Valenciana durante los años 2016 y 2017 se ha podido comprobar que, tras los proyectos de reparaciones de viales y calzadas (incluyendo las actuaciones sobre alumbrado público), los proyectos más licitados por la administración local son las ampliaciones y mejoras de los cementerios, los cuáles en la mayoría de los casos tienen titularidad municipal. Dada esta importancia, al menos en el número de proyectos identificados, se propone esta comunicación que tiene como objeto realizar un análisis de los proyectos de ejecución de cementerios, identificando sus principales características, tipologías, procesos constructivos, aspecto de la licitación, etc.

[ES] El pasado día 6 de diciembre de 2018 fue publicada en el Boletín Oficial del Estado la Ley 9/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de evaluación ambiental, que modifica la Ley 21/2013 de evaluación ambiental, la Ley 21/2015 que modificaba la Ley 43/2003 de Montes y la Ley 1/2005 que regulaba el régimen del comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Esta Ley supone la transposición al ordenamiento jurídico español de la Directiva 2014/52/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, que fue aprobada el 16 de abril de 2014 y entró en vigor el 15 de mayo de 2014. Esta última Directiva tiene como objeto reforzar las actuaciones en materia de cambio climático, eficiencia en los recursos y prevención de riesgos, que cobran mayor importancia y se ven reflejadas de manera más explícita en el nuevo proceso de evaluación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los principales cambios que supondrá la puesta en marcha efectiva de la Ley, y su repercusión tanto en los procedimientos como en los plazos, que redundarán en una mayor agilidad a la hora de tramitar expedientes de evaluación ambiental de proyectos, planes y programas., [EN] Last month, on December 6, 2018 it was published in the Spanish Official Bulletin of the State the Law 9/2018, of 5 December, of environmental assessment, amending the Law 21/2013 of environmental assessment, as well as the Law 21/2015 amending Law 43/2003 of Montes, and the Law 1/2005 that regulated the Greenhouse Gas Emission allowance trading scheme. This Act is the transposition into Spanish law of Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and the Council, which was approved on April 16, 2014 and entered into force on May 15, 2014. The new directive aims to reinforce actions on climate change, efficiency in resources and prevention of risks, among other aspects which take on greater importance and are reflected more explicitly in the new evaluation process. This article aims to analyse the major changes that will result in the effective implementation of the law, and their impact both in procedures and deadlines, which will result in a greater agility in the processing of dossiers of environmental assessment of projects, plans and programmes.

[EN] Research on current practices and the state of green public procurement enables the identification of areas that can be improved, as well as opportunities to improve the tendering procedures from an environmental point of view. To understand the behaviour of local, provincial, and regional administrations concerning green public procurement, a case study on the Valencia region of Spain is made. The Valencian region is one of the most important communities in terms of population, number of contracting authorities, and weight in the Spanish Gross Domestic Product. In this study, a total of 967 procedures were analysed from calls for tenders made by municipal, provincial, and regional administrations in2016 and 2017.The results of this study show that the use of environmental criteria is 19.7% and the average weight is 4.1 out of 100. The civil engineering subsector, more than the building subsector, employs environmental criteria, particularly in projects tendered by regional administrations, whereas for projects with large budgets the level of use is similar for both subsectors. It is necessary to encourage plans to improve Green Public Procurement (GPP) practices in the Valencian administrations, especially those with a local scope such as municipalities.

[ES] El pasado día 6 de diciembre de 2018 fue publicada en el Boletín Oficial del Estado la Ley 9/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de evaluación ambiental, que modifica la Ley 21/2013 de evaluación ambiental, la Ley 21/2015 que modificaba la Ley 43/2003 de Montes y la Ley 1/2005 que regulaba el régimen del comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Esta Ley supone la transposición al ordenamiento jurídico español de la Directiva 2014/52/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, que fue aprobada el 16 de abril de 2014 y entró en vigor el 15 de mayo de 2014. Esta última Directiva tiene como objeto reforzar las actuaciones en materia de cambio climático, eficiencia en los recursos y prevención de riesgos, que cobran mayor importancia y se ven reflejadas de manera más explícita en el nuevo proceso de evaluación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los principales cambios que supondrá la puesta en marcha efectiva de la Ley, y su repercusión tanto en los procedimientos como en los plazos, que redundarán en una mayor agilidad a la hora de tramitar expedientes de evaluación ambiental de proyectos, planes y programas., [EN] Last month, on December 6, 2018 it was published in the Spanish Official Bulletin of the State the Law 9/2018, of 5 December, of environmental assessment, amending the Law 21/2013 of environmental assessment, as well as the Law 21/2015 amending Law 43/2003 of Montes, and the Law 1/2005 that regulated the Greenhouse Gas Emission allowance trading scheme. This Act is the transposition into Spanish law of Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and the Council, which was approved on April 16, 2014 and entered into force on May 15, 2014. The new directive aims to reinforce actions on climate change, efficiency in resources and prevention of risks, among other aspects which take on greater importance and are reflected more explicitly in the new evaluation process. This article aims to analyse the major changes that will result in the effective implementation of the law, and their impact both in procedures and deadlines, which will result in a greater agility in the processing of dossiers of environmental assessment of projects, plans and programmes.

[EN] The public procurement of works from the local administration includes from new projects within the scope of building subsectro: administrative and educational buildings (schools, libraries) as within the scope of civil engineering subsector: housing developments, parks and gardens, sports infrastructure and/or bike lanes. Municipal public works also include the repair, rehabilitation and maintenance of municipal infrastructures such as lighting, air conditioning, roads and sidewalks, etc., which means a wide range of types of work. In a study carried out on public procurement in the Valencian Community during the years 2016 and 2017, it was found that, after road projects (including actions on public lighting), the projects most tendered by the local administration are extensions and improvements to cemeteries, which in most cases are municipally-owned. Given this importance, at least in terms of the number of projects identified, this communication is proposed in order to carry out an analysis of cemetery execution projects, identifying their main characteristics, typologies, construction processes, aspect of the tender, etc., [ES] La contratación pública de obras desde la administración local comprende desde proyectos de nueva planta dentro del ámbito de edificación: edificios administrativos y educativos (colegios, bibliotecas), etc., como dentro del ámbito obra civil: urbanizaciones, parques y jardines, infraestructuras deportivas y/o carriles bici. Dentro de las obras públicas municipales también se encuentran los trabajos de reparación, rehabilitación y mantenimiento de las infraestructuras municipales como alumbrado, climatización, viales y aceras, etc., lo que supone un abanico muy amplio de tipologías de obra. En un estudio realizado sobre la contratación pública en la Comunidad Valenciana durante los años 2016 y 2017 se ha podido comprobar que, tras los proyectos de reparaciones de viales y calzadas (incluyendo las actuaciones sobre alumbrado público), los proyectos más licitados por la administración local son las ampliaciones y mejoras de los cementerios, los cuáles en la mayoría de los casos tienen titularidad municipal. Dada esta importancia, al menos en el número de proyectos identificados, se propone esta comunicación que tiene como objeto realizar un análisis de los proyectos de ejecución de cementerios, identificando sus principales características, tipologías, procesos constructivos, aspecto de la licitación, etc.

[EN] Although studies can be found in the literature that present emissions inventories associated with different types of automobiles, distinct technologies or various stages of their life cycles, they do not enable us to compare the environmental impact of the complete life cycle of two vehicles. This is because there is no valid emissions inventory for all types of automobiles that covers all the life cycle stages (the cradle to grave approach). This paper proposes a method to estimate the principal types of emissions throughout a vehicle's life cycle based on primary data (weight, year of manufacture, engine technology, fuel type used, etc.). The proposed method requires neither sophisticated life cycle assessment software nor knowledge of specific information on individual vehicles. The proposal has been validated by analyzing three different gasoline and diesel-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles and by considering a life span of 100,000 km.

[EN] Although studies can be found in the literature that present emissions inventories associated with different types of automobiles, distinct technologies or various stages of their life cycles, they do not enable us to compare the environmental impact of the complete life cycle of two vehicles. This is because there is no valid emissions inventory for all types of automobiles that covers all the life cycle stages (the cradle to grave approach). This paper proposes a method to estimate the principal types of emissions throughout a vehicle's life cycle based on primary data (weight, year of manufacture, engine technology, fuel type used, etc.). The proposed method requires neither sophisticated life cycle assessment software nor knowledge of specific information on individual vehicles. The proposal has been validated by analyzing three different gasoline and diesel-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles and by considering a life span of 100,000 km.

[ES] La industria es el motor de desarrollo, ya sea sostenible e insostenible de un país y, por medio de la actividad productiva que genera, desempeña un papel protagónico en el progreso de las sociedades, ya que es promotora de la tecnología, además de ser la encargada fundamental de suministrar servicios a los ciudadanos. Asimismo, en contraparte, constituye la principal fuente de impacto ambiental, independientemente de su condición pública o privada. La Industria Química donde se encuentra ubicada la industria de celulosa y papel, forma parte de la cadena productiva del Sector Forestal Primario, en el que existe una gran variedad de especies maderables que conforman los bosques naturales y plantaciones forestales que, al ser explotados, se convierten en una de las materias primas más utilizadas en los procesos industriales de fabricación de papel, conformando de esta manera parte del desarrollo industrial de un país. De ahí, que la justificación e importancia de este trabajo radica en el hecho de que la industria papelera debe mejorar o transformar su organización, para adoptar un nuevo modelo de actividad productiva desde la Ecología Industrial, contribuyendo a la obtención del Desarrollo Sostenible; fundamentado en tres estrategias principales: la ecoeficiencia, la gestión medioambiental y los polígonos eco-industriales, en donde la función de diseño es imprescindible para la consecución de este modelo. Razón por la cual, cada día más se incrementa el interés de organismos, institutos y empresas hacia el ecodiseño, que lo ven como una herramienta de enorme potencial, para poder implantar el modelo de ecología industrial y contribuir de esta manera desde la Industria al Desarrollo Sostenible de la nación.