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International audience; In this paper we present Blip, a system for boat identification that uses the existing Internet of Things (IoT) network of sensors deployed inside a smart marina. Blip combines the data from two types of commercial low-power wireless sensors: Falco Presence and Falco Boat. The former is deployed on the pontoons, to detect boats that dock at the slips. The latter is installed inside the boats' cabins to monitor various parameters and trigger an alarm in case of: intrusion, fire, shock and tilt. To identify a boat, we fuse the boat presence events from the Falco Presence devices and the health reports from a Falco Boat. The health reports contain information about nearby Falco Presence devices and their received signal strength (known as Received Signal Strength Indicator or RSSI). When a boat enters the marina, Falco Boat joins the network and starts sending health reports. Initially, Blip estimates the slip location assigning the boat to the slip where a Falco Presence has the strongest RSSI. Then, Blip selects the closest slip to it, which changed to occupied in a given time window. We validate our system using a historical dataset from a marina over a period of 4 months. Every slip in the marina is equipped with a Falco Presence device, and 8 boats are equipped with a Falco Boat device. The results show that the Blip system identifies boats upon entering the marina with 100 % accuracy. The main advantage of the Blip system is that it provides location-aware service to the marina without any additional cost or hardware deployments.

International audience; Présentation des résultats préliminaires de travail de terrain effectué dans la région du Tohoku au Japon d'octobre 2022 à mars 2023.

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International audience; This paper investigates a new learning problem, the identification of Blackwell optimal policies on deterministic MDPs (DMDPs): A learner has to return a Blackwell optimal policy with fixed confidence using a minimal number of queries. First, we characterize the maximal set of DMDPs for which the identification is possible. Then, we focus on the analysis of algorithms based on product-form confidence regions. We minimize the number of queries by efficiently visiting the state-action pairs with respect to the shape of confidence sets. Furthermore, these confidence sets are themselves optimized to achieve better performance. The performance of our method compares to the lower bound up to a factor n 2 in the worst case-where n is the number of states, and constant in certain classes of DMDPs.

International audience; Large-scale disasters such as the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami have produced fatalities in large quantities whose bodies had to be searched for, recovered, identified, and returned to their families. The care and management of these bodies have many implications, including the legal and administrative requirements of accounting for the missing and the dead and the social need to mourn for the dead individually and collectively. For the first aspect, forensics has a central role in applying scientific methods and techniques to recover and identify the dead, enabling, for example, the issuance of a death certificate required by the victim's family to claim succession and insurance money. And for the latter, religion has played a traditional role in organising and prescribing the funerary practices and norms for mourning. Moreover, religion can largely influence how a disaster is experienced and made sense of (fatality, punishment). The present research focuses on the issues that arise from the interaction between religious and cultural funeral practices and the scientific and legal forensic management of the dead. To what extent do the internationally elaborated forensic protocols for handling and caring for the dead effectively adjust to, negotiate with, or oppose local funerary prescriptions?

International audience; This presentation compares mass spectrometry and radiometric techniques for radionuclide identification and measurement.

International audience; The estimation of a biological profile in biological anthropology is a central point inthe study of human remains. To specify this profile, the observation of variations, and patholo-gies on the skeleton is a tool that makes an individual unique. In this research, the focuswas on the distal part of the humerus. Through the study of five individuals from an osteo-archaeological collection, conformational anomalies of the medial epicondyle of the humeruswere highlighted. The aim is to describe them and to propose an etiology of appearance. Forthis purpose, observation of the rest of the skeleton was carried out, in order to search forthe presence of other variations, in particular anomalies of fusion of secondary ossificationcenters. Overall, a non-fusion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, two fused medialmicro-epicondyles and two supplementary fusions were observed. These are very rare anoma-lies, with an estimated prevalence of 0.7%. Conformational abnormalities of this area can leadto pain. Therefore, medical imaging for diagnostic purposes may be available: useful data forantemortem documentation in case of a disturbing disappearance. Following the study of theentire skeleton, a common etiology for these different conformations cannot be proposed. How-ever, two categories of etiologies can be proposed: a congenital anomaly and a developmentalanomaly with an environmental influence (mechanical or deficiency). The new knowledge ofthis area will enrich the use of individualization factors, especially in the context of forensicanthropology.

Causal effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions can be estimated using experimental or observational designs — designs that pose a tradeoff between drawing credible causal inferences from correlations and drawing generalizable inferences. Here, we develop a design that reduces this tradeoff and revisits the question of how plant species diversity affects productivity. Our design leverages longitudinal data from 43 grasslands in 11 countries and approaches borrowed from fields outside of ecology to draw causal inferences from observational data. Contrary to many prior studies, we estimate that increases in plot-level species richness caused productivity to decline: a 10% increase in richness decreased productivity by 2.4%, 95% CI [−4.1, −0.74]. This contradiction stems from two sources. First, prior observational studies incompletely control for confounding factors. Second, most experiments plant fewer rare and non-native species than exist in nature. Although increases in native, dominant species increased productivity, increases in rare and non-native species decreased productivity, making the average effect negative in our study. By reducing the tradeoff between experimental and observational designs, our study demonstrates how observational studies can complement prior ecological experiments and inform future ones.

International audience; Les adventices représentent une contrainte majeure pour le développement des cultures, particulièrement en milieu tropical. L’étude de la biologie des adventices et une meilleure connaissance de leur comportement permettraient à terme une meilleure gestion de l’enherbement et une diminution de l’impact des produits phytosanitaires.Cette clé a pour but de caractériser et décrire les graines des principales adventices de La Réunion et de pouvoir déterminer l’espèce d’adventice correspondant à une graine récoltée ou ramassée dans une parcelle. Elle permetnotamment aux chercheurs, ingénieurs ou expérimentateurs de réaliser des expérimentations pour étudier et évaluer le stock semencier d’une parcelle.Cette clé est destinée à être complétée au fur et à mesure de la caractérisation des graines de nouvelles espèces d’adventices. Les versions de cette clé d’identification seront donc mises à jour au cours du temps

Over the last decade, viral metagenomic studies have resulted in the discovery of thousands of previously unknown viruses. These studies are likely to play a pivotal role in obtaining an accurate and robust understanding of how viruses affect the stability and productivity of ecosystems. Among the metagenomics-based approaches that have been developed since the beginning of the 21st century, shotgun metagenomics applied specifically to virion-associated nucleic acids (VANA) has been used to disentangle the diversity of the viral world. We summarize herein the results of 24 VANA-based studies, focusing on plant and insect samples conducted over the last decade (2010 to 2020). Collectively, viruses from 85 different families were reliably detected in these studies, including capsidless RNA viruses that replicate in fungi, oomycetes, and plants. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of the VANA approach are summarized and perspectives of applications in detection, epidemiological surveillance, environmental monitoring, and ecology of plant viruses are provided. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

International audience; On s’intéressera à des formes d’hétérogénéité qui ne sont réductibles ni à une affaire de pluralité de voix dans le discours, ni à des phénomènes d’hybridation ou d’emboitement entre types de discours, entre genres discursifs ou entre séquences textuelles : figurant une donnée constitutive des modalités de structuration des items langagiers dans leur ensemble, l’hétérogénéité n’y est pas seulement un fait de discours, elle est inscrite au cœur des langues.On s’appuiera sur différents travaux montrant cette hétérogénéité à l’œuvre dans le lexique, à la fois dans la variété des types de lexique et dans la variété des emplois d’unités de différentes catégories (Ashino, Franckel, Paillard 2019; Culioli 2018(2002) ; Franckel 2022; Paillard 2017 ; Planchon 2021 ; Romero & Trauzzola 2014) ; à l’œuvre aussi dans le champ de la morphologie dérivationnelle avec des morphèmes qui figurent très souvent des patchworks de formes et de valeurs, non par accident mais parce que cette hétérogénéité est constitutive de leur valeur propre (De Penanros, 2010; De Vogüé 2018) ; à l’œuvre aussi dans le domaine des flexions ou autre formes d’accords, qui recouvrent des phénomènes fondamentalement disparates (De Vogüé 2022 ; Kabore 2016) ; à l’œuvre en syntaxe, avec des modèles syntaxiques qui dans toutes langues au lieu d’être homogènes se trouvent tiraillés entre des logiques divergentes (Bonnot 2009 ; Camus 2019 ; De Vogüé 2022). On soutiendra qu’elle est à l’œuvre dans chaque langue, jamais complète et jamais discrète, soumise à une hétérogénéité constitutive, et donc à bien plus que de la variation qui suppose un point de départ homogène, à des faisceaux de variétés, quand bricolages, rafistolages, normalisations, distorsions, traductions, emprunts, mélanges et intégrations (Auroux 1997 ; De Vogüé 2020), sont le lot commun de la fabrique des langues.La question est de savoir si cette hétérogénéité constitutive des langues concerne l’énonciation. Tout dépend de ce que peut et doit être l’énonciation, et en particulier de la façon dont elle s’inscrit dans le paysage linguistique, réservée à la mise en discours de langues indépendamment structurées ou travaillant chacune des dimensions de l’activité de langage. L’école culiolienne s’est clairement prononcée sur ce point, se donnant comme une théorie des opérations énonciatives et définissant son objet comme l’étude du langage à travers la diversité des langues et des textes . C’est considérer que l’énonciation ne saurait être cantonnée au champ de la pragmatique, de l’analyse du discours ou de la linguistique textuelle, et concerne tout le champ du langage (De Vogüé, 2017). Elle concerne sans doute le déploiement des discours mais tout autant la syntaxe, avec tous les marqueurs impliqués dans cette syntaxe, particules, marques flexionnelles, prosodie, faits d’ordonnancement et de combinatoire ; et tout autant le choix et les modalités de combinaison des unités lexicales, grammaticales ou morpholexicales. C’est à ce titre d’abord qu’elle a affaire avec de l’hétérogénéité. Ainsi les énoncés sont-ils tirés à hue et à dia par plusieurs structures syntaxiques, et les réduire à une seule est forcément réducteur. Ainsi, les unités lexicales mobilisent-elles souvent plusieurs dimensions simultanément, ce qui fait tout le moiré des interprétations que les énoncés peuvent prendre.L’énonciation est hétérogène parce qu’elle ne consiste pas à choisir une structure pour la syntaxe, et à choisir l’une ou l’autre des facettes possibles de chacune des unités mobilisées. Elle consiste à mobiliser des structures et des unités hétérogènes et à construire l’énoncé sur cette hétérogénéité : une hétérogénéité en quelque sorte structurante, dont on perçoit les effets dans ce que l’on peut expérimenter comme constituant le travail du sens, se construisant au fil du texte de l’énoncé, de ses tours et détours (Culioli (2018(2010)). Sans doute l’hétérogénéité des types discursifs et celle des voix trouvent-elles à se déployer dans cette hétérogénéité constitutive de la syntaxe et du lexique, mais ce sans même qu’il faille surajouter des couches d’hétérogénéité, simplement parce que l’hétérogénéité syntaxique et sémantique induit de fait des glissements d’un type discursif à l’autre, et parce qu’elle mobilise de fait des voix qui sont au demeurant non pas seulement diverses mais potentiellement contradictoires.

In this paper, we present the MESSII Dataset (Manipulator Experimental SyStem Identification and Interaction Dataset). This novel dataset aims at providing numerous sequences of movements of the KUKA iiwa manipulator, in order to evaluate methods for identification and estimation of the robot's dynamic parameters and signals, respectively. Different movements of the manipulator are provided, including trajectories moving one or multiple joints at the same time, trajectories that are specially designed for parameter identification, and trajectories including a payload attached at the end-effector of the manipulator. The information obtained from the propioceptive sensors of position and torque is presented. Furthermore, as physical Human-Robot Interaction (pHRI) is the main application of this robot, sequences with interaction with a person are provided to estimate the forces applied, where a force-torque sensor acts as the ground truth. The dataset can also be used in ROS to evaluate real-time methods as information is presented in rosbags files. Possible applications are given, highlighting the advantage of the dataset to help with state-of-the-art challenges, without the need of the real robot nor doing new and complex experiments. The dataset, as well as more information and tools, are publicly available in https://messii-dataset.enit.fr.

International audience; Leishmania infantum is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. It is transmitted by sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius. Although Phlebotomus perniciosus is the most important vector in this area, an atypical Ph. perniciosus easily confused with Ph. longicuspis has been observed in North Africa. MALDI-TOF MS, an important tool for vector identification, has recently been applied for the identification of sandflies. Spectral databases presented in the literature, however, include only a limited number of Larroussius species. Our objective was to create an in-house database to identify Mediterranean sandflies and to evaluate the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate close species or atypical forms within the Larroussius subgenus. Field-caught specimens (n = 94) were identified morphologically as typical Ph. perniciosus (PN; n = 55), atypical Ph. perniciosus (PNA; n = 9), Ph. longicuspis (n = 9), Ph. ariasi (n = 9), Ph. mascittii (n = 3), Ph. neglectus (n = 5), Ph. perfiliewi (n = 1), Ph. similis (n = 9) and Ph. papatasi (n = 2). Identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the mtDNA CytB region and sixteen specimens were included in the in-house database. Blind assessment on 73 specimens (representing 1073 good quality spectra) showed a good agreement (98.5%) between MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification. Discrepancies concerned confusions between Ph. perfiliewi and Ph. perniciosus. Hierarchical clustering did not allow classification of PN and PNA. The use of machine learning, however, allowed discernment between PN and PNA and between the lcus and lcx haplotypes of Ph. longicuspis (accuracy: 0.8938 with partial-least-square regression and random forest models). MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool for the rapid and accurate identification of field-caught sandflies. The use of machine learning could allow to discriminate similar species.

Genome sequencing facilitates the study of bacterial taxonomy and allows the re-evaluation of the taxonomic relationships between species. Here, we aimed to analyze the draft genomes of four commensal Neisseria clinical isolates from the semen of infertile Lebanese men. To determine the phylogenetic relationships among these strains and other Neisseria spp. and to confirm their identity at the genomic level, we compared the genomes of these four isolates with the complete genome sequences of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis and the draft genomes of Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria perflava, Neisseria mucosa, and Neisseria macacae that are available in the NCBI Genbank database. Our findings revealed that the WGS analysis accurately identified and corroborated the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) species identities of the Neisseria isolates. The combination of three well-established genome-based taxonomic tools (in silico DNA-DNA Hybridization, Ortho Average Nucleotide identity, and pangenomic studies) proved to be relatively the best identification approach. Notably, we also discovered that some Neisseria strains that are deposited in databases contain many taxonomical errors. The latter is very important and must be addressed to prevent misdiagnosis and missing emerging etiologies. We also highlight the need for robust cut-offs to delineate the species using genomic tools.

Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) is a highly conserved and selective RNA turnover pathway that depends on the endonuclease SMG6. Here, we show that SMG6 is essential for male germ cell differentiation in mice. Germ-cell conditional knockout (cKO) of Smg6 induces extensive transcriptome misregulation, including a failure to eliminate meiotically expressed transcripts in early haploid cells, and accumulation of NMD target mRNAs with long 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Loss of SMG6 in the male germline results in complete arrest of spermatogenesis at the early haploid cell stage. We find that SMG6 is strikingly enriched in the chromatoid body (CB), a specialized cytoplasmic granule in male germ cells also harboring PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and the piRNA-binding protein PIWIL1. This raises the possibility that SMG6 and the piRNA pathway function together, which is supported by several findings, including that Piwil1-KO mice phenocopy Smg6-cKO mice and that SMG6 and PIWIL1 co-regulate many genes in round spermatids. Together, our results demonstrate that SMG6 is an essential regulator of the male germline transcriptome, and highlight the CB as a molecular platform coordinating RNA regulatory pathways to control sperm production and fertility.

International audience; As the "extinction capital of the world", Hawai'i has lost 68% of its native bird species, the consequences of which can harm entire ecosystems. With physical monitoring difficult, scientists have turned to sound recordings, as this approach could provide a passive, low labor, and cost-effective strategy for monitoring endangered bird populations. Current methods for processing large bioacoustic datasets involve manual review of each recording. This requires specialized training and prohibitively large amounts of time. Recent advances in machine learning have made it possible to automatically identify bird songs for common species with ample training data. However, it remains challenging to develop such tools for rare and endangered species. The main goal of the 2022 edition of BirdCLEF was to advance automated detection of rare and endangered bird species that lack large amounts of training data. The competition challenged participants to develop reliable analysis frameworks to detect and identify the vocalizations of rare bird species in continuous Hawaiian soundscapes utilizing limited training data.

Inverse Optimal Control (IOC) is a problem that exists in many fields. In the context of human motion analysis, many methods for solving this problem have been proposed. This paper presents the Projected Inverse Optimal Control (PIOC) approach which puts forward a simple and complete vision of the problem. PIOC is composed of several independent elements allowing to cover problems of dimensioning, measurement noise and reliability of solution. The first element is the parameterization of the data, allowing to reduce the dimensions of the problem. The second element corresponds to the decoupling of the conditions including the conditions of identifiability of the parameters, singularity of the problem and feasibility of the solution. The last element refers to the choice of solution. We show with this approach that the classical solution methods are in fact projections in the space of trajectories. PIOC also allows us to propose a simple algorithm for the choice of basis, a recurrent problem in IOC

International audience; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become a staple in clinical microbiology laboratories. Protein-profiling of bacteria using this technique has accelerated the identification of pathogens in diagnostic workflows. Recently, lipid profiling has emerged as a way to complement bacterial identification where protein-based methods fail to provide accurate results. This study aimed to address the challenge of rapid discrimination between Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. using MALDI-TOF MS in the negative ion mode for lipid profiling coupled with machine learning. Both E. coli and Shigella species are closely related; they share high sequence homology, reported for 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between E. coli and Shigella spp. exceeding 99%, and a similar protein expression pattern but are epidemiologically distinct. A bacterial collection of 45 E. coli, 48 Shigella flexneri, and 62 Shigella sonnei clinical isolates were submitted to lipid profiling in negative ion mode using the MALDI Biotyper Sirius® system after treatment with mild-acid hydrolysis (acetic acid 1% v/v for 15 min at 98°C). Spectra were then analyzed using our in-house machine learning algorithm and top-ranked features used for the discrimination of the bacterial species. Here, as a proof-of-concept, we showed that lipid profiling might have the potential to differentiate E. coli from Shigella species using the analysis of the top five ranked features obtained by MALDI-TOF MS in the negative ion mode of the MALDI Biotyper Sirius® system. Based on this new approach, MALDI-TOF MS analysis of lipids might help pave the way toward these goals.

International audience; This work deals with the statistical inverse identification of geometrical and mechanical properties of a biological tissue (cortical bone) using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The stochastic computational model (SCM) corresponds to a random elasto-acoustic multilayer model [1] for the ultrasonic characterization of cortical bone properties with the axial transmission technique. It allows for simulating the propagation of ultrasonic waves through a three-layer biological system made up of two deterministic homogeneous acoustic fluid layers (soft tissues and marrow bone) surrounding a random heterogeneous elastic solid layer (weaken cortical bone). A probabilistic model of the random elasticity field is introduced to take into account the uncertainties induced by the experimental configuration. The input hyperparameters of the SCM are the thicknesses of healthy and weaken parts of cortical bone, a dispersion parameter controlling the statistical fluctuations of the random elasticity field, and a spatial correlationlength along the thickness direction characterizing the spatial correlation structure of the random elasticity field. The output quantities of interest of the SCM are the scattered acoustic energies stored at 14 receivers located inside the soft tissues layer. The statistical inverse problem related to the identification of these hyperparameters from given quantities of interest may be solved using classical stochastic optimization algorithms that usually require many calls to the SCM, thus resulting in a high computational cost. Alternatively, an ANN-based identification method [2] is proposed here and applied to the identification of the hyperparameters from the quantities of interest of the SCM. An initial database is first generated by using forward simulations of the SCM and allows a dataset of hyperparameters and quantities of interest to be collected. A processed database is then constructed by conditioning the hyperparameters with respect to the quantities of interest using classical kernel density estimation methodsfor improving the ANN performance. A multilayer ANN is finally designed and trained from the processed database to learn the nonlinear mapping between the quantities of interest (ANN inputs) and the corresponding expected mean value of the hyperparameters (ANN outputs). Lastly, the trained ANN can be used to directly perform the identification of the hyperparameters from given quantities of interest.REFERENCES[1] C. Desceliers, C. Soize, S. Naili, and G. Haiat. Probabilistic model of the human cortical bone withmechanical alterations in ultrasonic range. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 32:170–177,2012.[2] F. Pled, C. Desceliers, and T. Zhang. A robust solution of a statistical inverse problem in multiscalecomputational mechanics using an artificial neural network. Computer Methods in AppliedMechanics and Engineering, 373:113540, 2021.

International audience; In this report, we present the first description of nine complete genome sequences of a new strain of chayote yellow mosaic virus (ChaYMV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), provisionally named Cote d'Ivoire (ChaYMV-CI), isolated from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf samples showing yellow mosaic symptoms collected in the region of Abidjan in Cote d'Ivoire in 2013 and 2019. The nucleotide sequences of ChaYMV-CI DNA-A-like genome share the highest nucleotide sequence identities (91.8-92.5%) with those of ChaYMV isolates from Benin and Cameroon. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the segregation of ChaYMV isolates into two distinct clades and their affiliation to Old World monopartite begomoviruses. The discovery of a new strain of ChaYMV in West Africa, at the limit of the taxonomic demarcation threshold for begomoviruses (91%), call for further investigations into the molecular diversity, geographical distribution and host range of ChaYMV in Western Africa.

International audience; Multiword expression (MWE) identification in tweets is a complex task due to the complex linguistic nature of MWEs combined with the non-standard language use on social networks. In this article, we present this related task on \nico{English} Twitter data. We compare the performance of two systems: lexicon-based and deep neural networks-based (DNN). We experimentally evaluate seven configurations of a state-of-the-art DNN system based on recurrent networks using pre-trained contextual embeddings from BERT. The DNN-based system outperforms the lexicon-based one thanks to its superior generalization power.; L'identification des expressions polylexicales (EP) dans les tweets est une tâche difficile en raison de la nature linguistique complexe des EP combinée à l'utilisation d'un langage non standard. Dans cet article, nous présentons cette tâche d'identification sur des données anglaises de Twitter. Nous comparons les performances de deux systèmes : un utilisant un dictionnaire et un autre des réseaux de neurones. Nous évaluons expérimentalement sept configurations d'un système état de l'art fondé sur des réseaux neuronaux récurrents utilisant des embeddings contextuels générés par BERT. Le système fondé sur les réseaux neuronaux surpasse l'approche dictionnaire, collecté automatiquement à partir des EP dans des corpus, grâce à son pouvoir de généralisation supérieur.

International audience; La mesure de champs permet d’identifier de nombreux paramètres mécaniques à partir d’un nombre limité d’essais à condition que ces mesures soient suffisamment sensibles aux paramètres. Nous présentons ici une méthodologie d’optimisation de forme de l’éprouvette visant à minimiser une grandeur modélisant l’incertitude des paramètres. Nous développons une procédure de résolution numérique efficace utilisant des splines et le concept de Free-Form Deformation (FFD). Cette stratégie d’optimisation de forme non-intrusive permet de réduire d’un ordre de grandeur l’incertitude sur les paramètres

National audience; Environmental pollution from plastics and microplastics (MPs) is a threat to the environment and wildlife on multiple aspects regarding exposition of different hazards. One of them is due to the chemical impact of the organic plastic additives (OPAs). Various additives can be added to polymers during the manufacturing process to modify and improve their physical properties. The analysis of OPAs has shown a growing importance since their use has become controversial as some of the additives were found to be toxic to marine organism and humans. In order to have a better understanding of the chemical impact of those additives, it is important to identify and, ideally quantify the additives included in the polymeric matrices. The analysis of OPAs and polymers is an analytical challenge due to the diversity of their chemical composition, the fact that they are most of the time mixed, and the numerous steps needed for the sample preparation with “conventional” approaches such as solvent extraction (SE). Thus, implementing easy and quick screening analysis methods, able to analyse plastic additives, have become a focus of interest. Pyrolysis coupled to a gas chromatography and a high-resolution mass spectrometer (Py-GC-HRMS) is an analytical tool that enable a relatively quick and easy analysis. This technique minimize or even remove the steps for sample preparation, limiting their potential contamination prior the analysis.The goal of this study is to develop a method using Py-GC-HRMS to identify and, if possible, quantify OPAs included in a polymeric matrix. A single method for the analysis of various selected plastic additives has been implemented and benefits the constitution of a database in GC/MS-Orbitrap with a wide variety of plastic additives. This method has shown its ability to characterise several additives is plastic packaging samples. The development of the quantitative method is still on going.

International audience; Achromobacter spp. are nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli mainly studied among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The identification of the 19 species within the genus is time-consuming (nrdA-sequencing), thus data concerning the distribution of the species are limited to specific studies. Recently, we built a database using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) (Bruker) that allows rapid and accurate species identification and detection of the multiresistant epidemic clones: A xylosoxidans ST137 spreading among CF patients in various French and Belgium centers, and A. ruhlandii DES in Denmark. Here, we first assessed whether species identification could be achieved with our database solely by analysis of MS spectra without availability of isolates. Then, we conducted a multicentric study describing the distribution of Achromobacter species and of the clone ST137 among French CF centers. We collected and analyzed with our local database the spectra of Achromobacter isolates from 193 patients (528 samples) from 12 centers during 2020. In total, our approach enabled to conclude for 502/528 samples (95.1%), corresponding to 181 patients. Eleven species were detected, only five being involved in chronic colonization, A. xylosoxidans (86.4%), A. insuavis (9.1%), A. mucicolens (2.3%), A. marplatensis (1.1%) and A. genogroup 3 (1.1%). This study confirmed the high prevalence of A. xylosoxidans in chronic colonizations and the circulation of the clone A. xylosoxidans ST137 in France: four patients in two centers. The present study is the first to report the distribution of Achromobacter species from CF patients samples using retrospective MALDI-TOF/MS data. This easy approach could enable future large-scale epidemiological studies.

International audience; Mycobacteria that form the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are responsible for deadly tuberculosis in animals and patients. Identification of these pathogens at the species level is of primary importance for treatment and source tracing and currently relies on DNA analysis, including whole genome sequencing (WGS), which requires a whole day. In this study, we report the unprecedented discrimination of M. tuberculosis complex species using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), with WGS as the comparative reference standard. In the first step, optimized peptide extraction applied to 36 isolates otherwise identified in five of the 11 M. tuberculosis complex variants by WGS yielded 139 MALDI-TOF spectra, which were used to identify biomarkers of interest that facilitate differentiation between variants. In a second step, 70/80 (88%) other isolates were correctly classified by an algorithm based on specific peaks. This study is the first to report a MALDI-TOF-MS method for discriminating M. tuberculosis complex mycobacteria that is easily implemented in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Background Recent advances in biotechnology enable the acquisition of high-dimensional data on individuals, posing challenges for prediction models which traditionally use covariates such as clinical patient characteristics. Alternative forms of covariate representations for the features derived from these modern data modalities should be considered that can utilize their intrinsic interconnection. The connectivity information between these features can be represented as an individual-specific network defined by a set of nodes and edges, the strength of which can vary from individual to individual. Global or local graph-theoretical features describing the network may constitute potential prognostic biomarkers instead of or in addition to traditional covariates and may replace the often unsuccessful search for individual biomarkers in a high-dimensional predictor space. Methods We conducted a scoping review to identify, collate and critically appraise the state-of-art in the use of individual-specific networks for prediction modelling in medicine and applied health research, published during 2000–2020 in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and Embase. Results Our scoping review revealed the main application areas namely neurology and pathopsychology, followed by cancer research, cardiology and pathology (N = 148). Network construction was mainly based on Pearson correlation coefficients of repeated measurements, but also alternative approaches (e.g. partial correlation, visibility graphs) were found. For covariates measured only once per individual, network construction was mostly based on quantifying an individual’s contribution to the overall group-level structure. Despite the multitude of identified methodological approaches for individual-specific network inference, the number of studies that were intended to enable the prediction of clinical outcomes for future individuals was quite limited, and most of the models served as proof of concept that network characteristics can in principle be useful for prediction. Conclusion The current body of research clearly demonstrates the value of individual-specific network analysis for prediction modelling, but it has not yet been considered as a general tool outside the current areas of application. More methodological research is still needed on well-founded strategies for network inference, especially on adequate network sparsification and outcome-guided graph-theoretical feature extraction and selection, and on how networks can be exploited efficiently for prediction modelling.

A closed-form expression for the integral transform of a finite length signal is often difficult to obtain. Still, for sinusoids, extending the integral over all real numbers allows for a short approximation through the Dirac distribution in the frequency domain. The topic of this work is the study of modulated signals, and specifically those that are decreasing on the right but whose extension is non finite on the left, which may lead to a non existing extended integral in the usual sense. That is particularly explicit with the wavelet transform of a linearly damped harmonic signal using a Cauchy wavelet, whose decay is insufficient to counteract the exponential growth : the integrand is unbounded on the left.This work is to give analytic expressions to such integrals, which may come up as part of damping identification of a mechanical oscillating system through the wavelet transform of its free decay response.To this aim, we introduce a bilinear form that will serve as the definition of the integral, yet with no reference to its absolute convergence, which is replaced by an analyticity condition. From that we deduce the notion of a Dirac distribution of complex argument, which is the Fourier transform of the complex frequency exponential. We then give a new definition of modulated signals called "asymptotic" (as compared to B. Torrésani's in Analyse continue par ondelettes. CNRS Editions / EDP Sciences, 1995, Savoirs actuels / Série Physique, 978-2-271-05364-0.) together with a suitable "blur" that transfers to them some characteristics of complex frequency exponentials. We infer some results about the ridges of the wavelet transform of those asymptotic signals, including the extraction of individual components from a sum of such signals. We end this work with an attempt to define the mechanical energy of a system through the ridges of its free decay response, which was put into practice on real experimental data, L'expression analytique d'une transformation intégrale d'un signal de longueur finie est souvent complexe à écrire. Pourtant, dans le cas d'un signal harmonique et de sa transformée de Fourier, l'extension du domaine d'intégration à l'ensemble des réels permet une écriture simplifiée dans le domaine de Fourier par le biais de la distribution de Dirac. L'idée de la thèse est d'examiner le cas de signaux modulés en amplitude et en phase, typiquement lorsque l'amplitude est décroissante à droite mais que son extension à gauche n'a pas d'enveloppe bornée, et qu'alors l'existence de l'intégrale considérée n'est plus forcément assurée au sens usuel. C'est ainsi le cas de la transformation en ondelettes avec une ondelette mère de Cauchy-Paul d'une réponse transitoire d'un oscillateur linéaire, dont l'enveloppe de la fonction mère est insuffisamment décroissante à l'infini pour écraser une enveloppe exponentielle : l'intégrande de la convolution n'est pas bornée à gauche. L'objectif de ce travail est de donner une expression analytique de telles intégrales, utiles par exemple pour identifier l'amortissement d'un système mécanique oscillant par une transformation en ondelettes de sa réponse libre. Pour cela, nous introduisons une forme bilinéaire qui tient lieu de définition de l'intégrale, à ceci près qu'il n'est plus question de sa convergence mais d'analyticité. Nous déduisons alors la notion d'une distribution de Dirac d'argument complexe, qui est la transformée de Fourier de l'exponentielle complexe.On propose ensuite une nouvelle définition des signaux modulés en amplitude et en phase dits g{asymptotiques} (par rapport à celle donnée dans l'ouvrage de B. Torrésani (Analyse continue par ondelettes. CNRS Editions / EDP Sciences, 1995, Savoirs actuels / Série Physique, 978-2-271-05364-0) associée à un « flou » convenable qui permet de les travailler à la manière des exponentielles complexes. Nous en déduisons quelques résultats sur la recherche d'arêtes d'une transformée en ondelettes de ces signaux asymptotiques, en s'intéressant à la question de la séparation de composantes dans le cas d'une somme de tels signaux. Enfin, nous proposons une définition de l'énergie mécanique d'un système mécanique à partir des arêtes de sa réponse libre, que nous avons appliquée sur les cas réels des réponses vibratoires d'une maquette en béton armé soumise à un projectile et celles d'un mur en maçonnerie soumis à des impacts noyés dans une excitation ambiante

Industry and health care are demanding rapid and inexpensive means for microbial identification. Thanks to its low cost and practical advantages, Petri dish culture is a ubiquitous tool in microbiology, but the sole observation of microbial colonies does not offer a reliable diagnosis. Identification in itself depends on secondary analysis, such as chemical reactions, PCR or mass spectrometry, which require specific sample preparation, which involves additional costs and delays. That is why several dish imaging systems have already been tested to automate the observation of cultures and to propose an identification directly on the Petri dish. However, these systems are generally limited to the visible and near infrared range (400 - 1000 nm), which only provides information on the morphotype of the microorganism colonies and therefore limits the identification accuracy.This thesis focuses on the development of a multispectral imaging system in the mid-infrared. In this wavelength range, images provide information on both the morphotype and the chemical composition of the observed colonies. This non-destructive and label-free imaging could provide species identification of colonies grown on agar, while opening the way to new applications. An experimental system, combining quantum cascade lasers as a light source and a microbolometers array as an imager, allowed the acquisition of images of colonies at nine wavelengths between 5 and 8 µm. 2253 colonies belonging to eight species of common microorganisms were imaged. For one of the species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, three different strains were analyzed to test the typing capabilities of the system.After acquisition, several image classification methods were tested to obtain an average correct identification rate of 94.4%., L’industrie et le domaine de la santé sont demandeurs de moyens rapides et peu couteux pour l’identification de microorganismes. Des avantages pratiques et un coût réduit font de la culture en boite de Petri un outil omniprésent en microbiologie, mais l’observation des colonies microbiennes n’offre pas de diagnostic fiable sans validation par une analyse secondaire. Ces analyses, qu’il s’agisse de réactions chimiques, d’une PCR ou de spectrométrie de masse, demandent une préparation d’échantillon spécifique impliquant des coûts et des délais supplémentaires. C’est pourquoi plusieurs systèmes d’imagerie de boite ont déjà été expérimentés pour automatiser l’observation des cultures et proposer une identification directement sur la boite de Petri. Toutefois, ceux-ci se cantonnent jusqu’à présent au domaine du visible et du proche infrarouge (400 – 1000 nm), ce qui n’apporte des informations que sur le morphotype des colonies de micro-organismes et limite la précision d’identification.Cette thèse est consacrée à l’exploration d’un système d’imagerie multispectrale dans l’infrarouge moyen. Cette gamme de longueurs d’onde apporte des informations à la fois sur le morphotype et sur la composition chimique des colonies observées. Cette imagerie non destructive et sans marquage pourrait fournir une identification à l’espèce des colonies cultivées sur agar, tout en ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles applications. Un système expérimental, combinant des lasers à cascade quantique comme source lumineuse et une matrice de microbolomètres comme imageur, a permis l’acquisition d’images de colonies à neuf longueurs d’ondes comprises entre 5 et 8 µm. 2253 colonies appartenant à huit espèces de microorganismes communs ont ainsi été imagées. Pour l’une des espèces, Staphylococcus epidermidis, trois souches différentes ont été analysées pour tester la capacité du système en matière de typage.Après acquisition, plusieurs méthodes de classification d’image ont été testées pour aboutir à un taux d’identification correct moyen de 94.4 %.

La Commission équine de l’EAAP (European Federation of Animal Science) et l’European Horse Network (EHN) ont souhaité faire un point sur le système actuel d’identification des équidés et l’utilisation ou non de la viande chevaline pour la consommation humaine, au niveau européen. Le principal problème est décrit dans le règlement UE 2015/262 à la deuxième page, point 5, de l’introduction. « Les enquêtes menées par les états membres ont révélé que le document d’identification des équidés fait l’objet de fraudes importantes. Le principal risque qui en découle est la réintroduction illégale dans la chaîne alimentaire d’équidés auparavant exclus d’un abattage pour la consommation humaine et traités avec des médicaments non autorisés pour la production de viande. Suite à l’adoption de la décision 2000/68/CE (1) de la Commission, des milliers d’équidés ont été irréversiblement exclus de l’abattage destiné à la consommation humaine. Le manque d’alternatives à la détention à vie d’équidés superflus et indésirables, qui ont été exclus de l’abattage pour la consommation humaine, a conduit à des négligences et abandons ayant de graves conséquences sur la santé et le bien-être d’équidés. Cette situation a été exacerbée par le contexte économique actuel qui, dans de nombreux cas, rend inabordable l’entretien d’équidés retraités jusqu’à la fin de leur vie ». Dans ce contexte, une enquête a été menée en 2021 au niveau européen pour mieux comprendre la situation réelle dans différents pays.

This thesis is devoted to the identification of systems based on binary data. First, a brief presentation of all the methods of identification of systems based on the use of binary data existing in the literature is given. In the following, we are interested in the problem of open loop identification of systems with binary output and input. We propose methods for the identification of FIR systems and more complex IIR systems with binary input and output. These methods are analyzed and tested by numerical examples. In the rest of this work, we propose first solutions to the problems of closed-loop identification of systems based on binary data. The first solutions are dedicated to binary output systems, the closed loop excitation is assumed to be high resolution. Finally, two methods are proposed for closed loop systems with binary output and input. These solutions are tested on numerical examples to quantify their performances., Cette thèse est consacrée à l'identification des systèmes à base de données binaires. Dans un premier temps, une présentation succincte de l'ensemble des méthodes d'identification des systèmes basé sur l'utilisation des données binaires existant dans la littérature est donnée. Dans la suite nous nous sommes intéressé au problème d'identification en boucle ouverte des systèmes à sortie et entrée binaires. Nous proposons des méthodes permettant l'identification des systèmes RIF et plus complexes les RII ayant une entrée et sortie binaires. Ces méthodes sont analysées et testées par des exemples numériques. Dans le reste de ce travail, nous proposons des premières solutions aux problèmes d'identification en boucle fermée des systèmes à base de données binaires. Les premières solutions sont dédiées aux systèmes à sortie binaire, l'excitation de la boucle fermée est supposée être à haute résolution. Enfin, deux méthodes sont proposées pour les systèmes en boucle fermée à sortie et entrée binaires. Ces solutions sont testées sur des exemples numériques pour mesurer leurs performances.

Since the discovery of bacteria and of their involvement in numerous human pathologies, their detection and identification are at the center of the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. Nowadays, the determination of proteomic and/or molecular profiles of a strain has emerged as gold standard for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms, even if older techniques like Gram staining, biochemical assays or culture on agar media are still present in the panel of diagnostic techniques.The appearance of new techniques is not the single point of evolution of modern bacteriology. The number of samples received for diagnosis in bacteriology laboratories is in constant increase, partly due to the ageing of population but also to the burden of antimicrobial resistance. The economic and medical aspects of bacterial infections are pushing clinical microbiology laboratories to shorten times of analysis for bacterial identification while keeping the cost of the analysis as low as possible. The arrival of the first automated systems, based on biochemical identification in the 1990s, then the use of mass spectrometry a decade later, have marked the rise of automation in bacteriology laboratories.The analysis of diffraction pattern from bacterial colonies is based on the phenomenon of Fresnel diffraction. When a LASER is directed to a bacterial colony, it is diffracted in a specific diffraction pattern. It has been demonstrated that such diffraction patterns are specific of the shape and conformation of the bacterial colony and thus possibly of the bacterial species. This approach is therefore potentially applicable to bacterial identification. It is the objective of the Biokube Automation company which is developing a device based on this principle and has funded the PhD project presented here.The aim of the PhD work was to establish the proof of concept of the possible use of diffraction pattern from colonies for bacterial identification and to develop a device able to realize those identification. The development of the BioKube prototype has been done in parallel with the development of a software and the implementation of a convolutional neural network allowing the classification of diffraction patterns in partnership with the company Revartis. This work led to a functional prototype allowing the detection of colonies, the acquisition of their diffraction pattern as well as their classification.To perform bacterial identification using convolutional neural network, the training of the network on databases is required. Therefore, for this proof of concept, two databases including 6 bacterial species have been built. The diffraction patterns constituting these databases were acquired at two different incubation times (12 and 16 hours) to study the growth delay required for identification by this new approach. Classification models developed from the databases have allowed an identification of bacterial species with 95,4% and 94% of correct classification respectively after 12 and 16 hours of incubation. Established from a restricted database including only 6 different bacterial species, these results give a proof of concept of this new approach of bacterial identification but required complementary studies to validate the use of this new technique for bacterial identification., Depuis la découverte des bactéries et de leur implication dans de nombreuses pathologies humaines, leur détection et identification est un pilier central du diagnostic et du traitement des infections bactériennes. De nos jours, la détermination des profils protéomique et/ou moléculaire d’une souche à identifier, a émergé comme gold-standard pour l’identification de micro-organismes, bien que des techniques plus anciennes comme la coloration de Gram, l’utilisation des tests biochimiques ou la croissance sur milieu gélosé complètent toujours l’arsenal diagnostique utilisé.L’apparition de nouvelles techniques n’est pas le seul point d’évolution de la bactériologie moderne. Le nombre de prélèvements à visée diagnostique reçus dans les laboratoires de bactériologie est en croissance constante, dû en partie au vieillissement de la population mais également à la flambée des résistances bactériennes aux antibiotiques. Les aspects médico-économiques des infections bactériennes poussent en permanence les laboratoires de biologie médicale à chercher à raccourcir le temps d’analyse pour l’identification bactérienne tout en conservant un coût des analyses aussi bas que possible. L’apparition des premiers systèmes automatisés, basés sur l’identification biochimique, dans les années 1990, puis l’utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse en routine une décennie plus tard, ont marqué l’essor de l’automatisation des laboratoires de bactériologie médicale.L’analyse de pattern de diffraction LASER de colonies bactériennes utilise le phénomène de diffraction de Fresnel. Lorsqu’il est dirigé sur une colonie bactérienne, un LASER se retrouve diffracté en un pattern de diffraction. Il a été démontré que ces patterns de diffraction sont spécifiques de la forme et de la conformation de la colonie bactérienne et donc possiblement de l’espèce bactérienne. Cette approche peut ainsi être applicable à l’identification bactérienne. C’est d’ailleurs l’objectif de la société BioKube Automation qui développe un automate basé sur ce principe et qui a financée ce projet de thèse.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était donc d’établir une preuve de concept pour l’utilisation de pattern de diffraction de colonies bactériennes dans l’optique d’obtenir une identification de l’espèce bactérienne ainsi que de développer un automate permettant ces identifications. Ainsi, le développement du prototype de l’automate BioKube a été mené en parallèle du développement de son logiciel et de l’intégration d’un réseau neuronal convolutif permettant la classification des patterns de diffraction en partenariat avec la société Revartis. Ce travail a abouti à l’obtention d’un prototype fonctionnel permettant la détection de colonies, l’acquisition de leur pattern de diffraction ainsi que leur classification.Pour permettre une identification bactérienne grâce au réseau neuronal convolutif, ce dernier doit être entrainé sur des bases de données. Ainsi, pour cette preuve de concept, deux bases de données ont été développées en incluant 6 espèces bactériennes. Les patterns de diffraction constituant ces bases de données ont été acquis à deux temps différents d’incubation (12 et 16 heures) pour étudier les délais de croissance bactérienne nécessaires à l’obtention d’une identification par cette nouvelle approche. Les modèles de classification développés ont permis une identification des espèces bactériennes avec 95,4 % et 94 % de classifications correctes après respectivement 12 et 16 heures d’incubation. Obtenus à partir d’une base de données restreinte incluant seulement 6 espèces bactériennes, ces résultats établissent une preuve de concept pour cette nouvelle approche d’identification bactérienne mais nécessitent des études complémentaires sur des bases de données contenant un nombre bien plus important d’espèces bactériennes. Ceci dans le but de valider l’utilisation de cette nouvelle technique pour l’identification bactérienne.

This thesis concerns the experiment design and the identification of non-fractional multi-input-single-output systems (MISO) from a transfer function representation. Concerning the experiment design, a study has been carried out to adapt the excitation signal to the studied system in order to estimate its parameters, one or two parameters of a second kind transfer function, with the best possible accuracy. Concerning the identification of MISO systems, two methods have been mainly developed. One is based on the optimal instrumental variable, which initially allows to estimate only the coefficients, and which has been extended for the estimation of the derivation orders, by integrating the instrumental variable with a nonlinear programming technique. The other method is based on the minimization of the output error which offers the advantage of estimating the coefficients and the derivation orders simultaneously, namely the MISO-oosrivcf and the MISO-oe. A notion of S-commensurability (structured commensurability) has been introduced to limit the number of parameters to be estimated of a multi-input-single-output (MISO) system, thus improving the convergence of identification methods. When the derivation orders are unknown, three variants have been proposed: either a global S-commensurable order is estimated for the whole fractional multi-input-single-output (MISO) system, or local S-commensurable orders are estimated for each subsystem, or all derivation orders are estimated without the S-commensurability constraint. An initialization procedure is proposed, consisting in estimating first a global S-commensurable model, then the local S-commensurable orders, and finally all the derivation orders. Finally, an application to the identification of the Earth's climate system is proposed to predict future temperature evolutions at the end of the thesis., Cette thèse concerne la planification d'expérience et l'identification de systèmes non entiers multi-entrées-mono-sortie (MISO) à partir d'une représentation par fonctions de transfert. Concernant la planification d'expériences, une étude a été menée pour adapter le signal d'excitation au système étudié afin d'estimer ses paramètres avec la meilleure précision possible un ou deux paramètres d'une fonction de transfert de deuxième espèce. Concernant l'identification de systèmes MISO, deux méthodes ont été principalement développées. L'une basée sur la variable instrumentale optimale, qui permet initialement d'estimer uniquement les coefficients, et qui a été étendue pour l'estimation des ordres de dérivation, en intégrant la variable instrumentale avec une technique de programmation non linéaire. L'autre méthode est basée sur la minimisation de l'erreur de sortie qui offre l'avantage d'estimer les coefficients et les ordres de dérivation simultanément, à savoir la MISO-oosrivcf et la MISO-oe. Une notion de S-commensurabilité (commensurabilité structurée) a été introduite pour limiter le nombre de paramètres à estimer d'un système multi-entrées-mono-sortie, ce qui permet d'améliorer la convergence des méthodes d'identification. Lorsque les ordres de dérivation sont inconnus, trois variantes ont été proposées : soit un ordre S-commensurable global est estimé pour l'ensemble du système multi-entrées-mono-sortie non entier, soit des ordres S-commensurables locaux sont estimés pour chaque sous-système, soit encore tous les ordres de dérivation sont estimés sans la contrainte de S-commensurabilité. Une procédure d'initialisation est proposée, consistant à estimer d'abord un modèle S-commensurable global, puis les ordres S-commensurables locaux, et enfin tous les ordres de dérivation. Enfin une application à l'identification du système climatique terrestre est proposée pour prédire les évolutions futures de la température à la fin de la thèse.

Today, anything can be remotely found: goods, but also a meal, holidays and of course animals. For some animals, distance transmission is the norm, such as those shipped between zoos. For others, the trend is more recent, like those destined to be companion animals. The Covid-19 crisis has increased the need for distance exchange and the amount of shipped animals has continue to grow, turning the animal into an item of consumption and sometimes even into an object of beauty. It would be tempting to prohibit distance transmission of animals when considering all the issues that can arise about animal health, animal welfare, and the increased of trafficking. Yet this is not the path suggested. Indeed, such a ban would infringe the EU founding principles and in particular the EU Common market and freedom of movement. Secondly, such a ban would not be to slowdown the distance transmission of animals for which there is a growing demand, but to inevitably bring distance transmission to clandestinity or to the black-market, where any form of control will be impossible. Will be therefore suggested a sui generis contract aimed at supervising this distance transmission of animals so as to reduce access to the process. This would be achieved by the professionalization of its actors, but also by the empowerment of acquirers, some of whom will be recognized as unfit or prohibited from acquiring animals at a distance. In order to control both the application of the proposed rules and to control the risks in terms of health and animal welfare, a complete traceability of all animals and their various owners or keepers will be required as a prerequisite. The proposed distance animal transmission contract is intended to be sui generis and will present several original features. Among them, there will be the obligation to carry out a preliminary trial of the animals transmitted, for the benefit of both the seller and the purchaser. Once formed, the effects of the distance transmission of animals’ contract will be studied. First of all, the effects on transmitted animals will be explained, namely the essential legal recognition of two fundamental rights for animals: the right to life and the right to welfare during transport. Then the question of the effects vis-à-vis remote acquirers will arise. In practice, these effects will result in the creation of obligations aimed at firmly empowering the remote purchaser who wishes to part with the acquired animal, for non-serious reasons. Finally, the effects of the distance transmission of animals ‘contract will be studied with respect to the distance seller. Thus, when the acquirer's request to cancel the distance transmission is based on serious and justified reasons in the event of an unfortunate distance acquisition, the question of the mechanisms for sending back an animal will be studied, while considering animal welfare. Curative means to protect the animal victim of an unfortunate transmission will thus be treated.; Aujourd’hui, tout peut se trouver à distance : des biens, mais également un repas, un voyage et bien sûr des animaux. Pour certains animaux, comme ceux transmis entre les parcs zoologiques, la transmission à distance est la norme. Pour d’autres, comme ceux destinés à la compagnie, le phénomène est plus récent. Amplifié par la crise de la Covid-19, le nombre d’animaux transmis à distance n’a cessé d’augmenter réduisant l’animal à simple bien de consommation, et parfois même à une simple apparence. En prenant en considération les enjeux sanitaires et de bien-être animal engagés, mais également les trafics en découlant, il serait tentant d’interdire la transmission d’animaux à distance. Pourtant, ce ne sera pas la proposition ici faite. En effet, une telle interdiction générale et absolue irait à l’encontre des principes fondateurs du droit de l’Union européenne et notamment du principe de Marché intérieur et de libre circulation. Deuxièmement, une telle interdiction risquerait de ne pas faire diminuer le nombre d’animaux transmis à distance, mais de faire tout simplement basculer ces transmissions dans la clandestinité ou le marché noir, où plus aucun contrôle ne peut être exercé. Sera donc proposé un contrat sui generis visant à encadrer cette transmission à distance, afin de réduire son accès, par la professionnalisation des pollicitants, mais également par la responsabilisation des acquéreurs, dont certains seront reconnus inaptes ou interdits d’acquisition d’animaux à distance. Afin de contrôler tant l’application des règles proposées que de maîtriser les risques en termes de santé et de bien-être animal, une réelle traçabilité de tous les animaux et de leurs différents propriétaires ou détenteurs sera imposée en prérequis. Le contrat de transmission d’animaux à distance proposé se voudra sui generis et présentera plusieurs originalités, parmi lesquelles se démarquera l’obligation de réaliser un essai préalable des animaux transmis, au bénéfice tant du pollicitant que de l’acquéreur. Une fois la formation du contrat de transmission d’animaux à distance approfondie, viendra l’étude des effets de ce dernier. Tout d’abord seront étudiés les effets vis-à-vis des animaux transmis, à savoir la reconnaissance juridique indispensable de deux droits fondamentaux pour ces derniers : le droit à la vie et le droit au bien-être en cours de transport. Puis se posera la question des effets vis-à-vis des acquéreurs à distance. Ces effets se traduiront en pratique par la naissance d’obligations visant à responsabiliser fermement l’acquéreur à distance qui souhaiterait se séparer de l’animal acquis, pour des raisons non sérieuses. Enfin seront étudiés les effets du contrat de transmission d’animaux à distance vis-à-vis du pollicitant à distance. Ainsi, lorsque la requête de l’acquéreur visant à annuler la transmission à distance se fonde sur des motifs sérieux et justifiés, se posera la question des mécanismes possibles de restitution d’un animal, en respect de son bien-être, en cas d’acquisition à distance malheureuse. Seront ainsi traités des moyens curatifs de protéger l’animal victime d’une transmission malheureuse.

The use of plastics has been accompanied by a massive release of plastic waste into the environment. Their alteration by photo-oxidation produces nanoplastics (NPs), whose characteristics and properties make them potentially important metal vectors. Being difficult to sample in the environment, their study has been carried out with models not representative of environmental NPs. It is therefore essential to produce more relevant NPs models in order to better understand their behavior and impact on metal pollutants. Py-GCMS allows the identification of polypropylene nanoparticles in the presence of organic matter as in environmental matrices. The mechanical abrasion of the weathering layers of photo-oxidized plastics in the environment allowed us to produce a more representative model.These NPs models present on their surface functions thermodynamic modeling, allowed us to demonstrate that the metal adsorption of metals is controlled by the formation of mono- or bidentate complexes with the surface carboxylic sites. The formation of mono- or bidentate complexes depends on the valence of the metals studied and the physicochemical conditions of the medium. More globally, the reactivity of NPs depends on their oxidation state which controls their surface site den sity.Due to their sorption properties, NPs can be key players in the dynamics of metals in areas polluted by plastics such as: agricultural soils amended with plastic waste and landfills.; L’utilisation des plastiques s’est accompagnée d’un rejet massif de déchets plastiques dans l’environnement. Leur altération par photo-oxydation produit des nanoplastiques (NPs) dont les caractéristiques et les propriétés en font des vecteurs potentiellement importants de métaux. Etant difficiles à échantillonner dans l’environnement, leur étude a été jusqu’à présent réalisée à l’aide de modèle non représentatifs de l’environnement. Il est donc primordial de produire des modèles de NPs plus pertinents afin de mieux appréhender leur comportement et leur impact sur les polluants métalliques. La Py-GCMS permet d’identifier les NPs de polypropylène en présence de matière organique comme dans les matrices environnementales. L’abrasion mécanique des couches d’altération des plastiques photo-oxydés dans l’environnement, nous a permis de produire un modèle plus représentatif. Ces modèles de NPs présentent à leur surface des fonctions capables de complexer les métaux et de contrôler leur stabilité colloïdale. L’utilisation des terres rares et la modélisation thermodynamique, nous a permis de démontrer que l’adsorption des métaux est contrôlée par la formation de complexes mono ou bidentés avec les sites carboxyliques de surface. La formation des complexes mono ou bidentés dépend de la valence des métaux étudiés et des conditions physicochimiques du milieu. Plus globalement, la réactivité des NPs dépend de leur état d’oxydation qui contrôle leur densité de site de surface. De par leurs propriétés de sorption, les NPs peuvent être des acteurs clés de la dynamique des métaux dans des zones polluées par les plastiques comme par exemple: les sols agricoles amendés en déchets plastiques et les décharges.

Growing evidence supports the importance of the p53 tumor suppressor in metabolism but the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated control of metabolism remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the multifunctional E4F1 protein as a key regulator of p53 metabolic functions in adipocytes. While E4F1 expression is upregulated during obesity, E4f1 inactivation in mouse adipose tissue results in a lean phenotype associated with insulin resistance and protection against induced obesity. Adipocytes lacking E4F1 activate a p53-dependent transcriptional program involved in lipid metabolism. The direct interaction between E4F1 and p53 and their co-recruitment to the Steaoryl-CoA Desaturase-1 locus play an important role to regulate monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis in adipocytes. Consistent with the role of this E4F1-p53-Steaoryl-CoA Desaturase-1 axis in adipocytes, p53 inactivation or diet complementation with oleate partly restore adiposity and improve insulin sensitivity in E4F1-deficient mice. Altogether, our findings identify a crosstalk between E4F1 and p53 in the control of lipid metabolism in adipocytes that is relevant to obesity and insulin resistance., The p53 tumor suppressor is also a regulator of metabolism, but the mechanisms controlling p53-associated metabolic activities remain poorly understood. Here the authors report that the deletion of the multifunctional protein E4F1 is protective against diet-induced obesity in mice, and E4F1 regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism through p53.

Background Dinoflagellates are aquatic protists particularly widespread in the oceans worldwide. Some are responsible for toxic blooms while others live in symbiotic relationships, either as mutualistic symbionts in corals or as parasites infecting other protists and animals. Dinoflagellates harbor atypically large genomes (~ 3 to 250 Gb), with gene organization and gene expression patterns very different from closely related apicomplexan parasites. Here we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of two early-diverging and co-occurring parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya strains, to shed light on the emergence of such atypical genomic features, dinoflagellate evolution, and host specialization. Results We sequenced, assembled, and annotated high-quality genomes for two Amoebophrya strains (A25 and A120), using a combination of Illumina paired-end short-read and Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) MinION long-read sequencing approaches. We found a small number of transposable elements, along with short introns and intergenic regions, and a limited number of gene families, together contribute to the compactness of the Amoebophrya genomes, a feature potentially linked with parasitism. While the majority of Amoebophrya proteins (63.7% of A25 and 59.3% of A120) had no functional assignment, we found many orthologs shared with Dinophyceae. Our analyses revealed a strong tendency for genes encoded by unidirectional clusters and high levels of synteny conservation between the two genomes despite low interspecific protein sequence similarity, suggesting rapid protein evolution. Most strikingly, we identified a large portion of non-canonical introns, including repeated introns, displaying a broad variability of associated splicing motifs never observed among eukaryotes. Those introner elements appear to have the capacity to spread over their respective genomes in a manner similar to transposable elements. Finally, we confirmed the reduction of organelles observed in Amoebophrya spp., i.e., loss of the plastid, potential loss of a mitochondrial genome and functions. Conclusion These results expand the range of atypical genome features found in basal dinoflagellates and raise questions regarding speciation and the evolutionary mechanisms at play while parastitism was selected for in this particular unicellular lineage.

Differences between sexes contribute to variation in the levels of fasting glucose and insulin. Epidemiological studies established a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in men and impaired glucose tolerance in women, however, the genetic component underlying this phenomenon is not established. We assess sex-dimorphic (73,089/50,404 women and 67,506/47,806 men) and sex-combined (151,188/105,056 individuals) fasting glucose/fasting insulin genetic effects via genome-wide association study meta-analyses in individuals of European descent without diabetes. Here we report sex dimorphism in allelic effects on fasting insulin at IRS1 and ZNF12 loci, the latter showing higher RNA expression in whole blood in women compared to men. We also observe sex-homogeneous effects on fasting glucose at seven novel loci. Fasting insulin in women shows stronger genetic correlations than in men with waist-to-hip ratio and anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio is causally related to insulin resistance in women, but not in men. These results position dissection of metabolic and glycemic health sex dimorphism as a steppingstone for understanding differences in genetic effects between women and men in related phenotypes., Sex differences in fasting glucose and insulin have been identified, but the genetic loci underlying these differences have not. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies to detect sex-specific and sex-dimorphic loci associated with fasting glucose and insulin.

In the frame of palaeobotanical studies aimed at identifying reliable molecular markers for the determination of the botanical origins of Cretaceous ambers, four diterpenoids from the amber from Archingeay (Charente-Maritime, South western France) were identified after chromatographic isolation and detailed nuclear magnetic resonance studies as 13-hydroxy-and 8,13 epoxy-norlabdanoids. These compounds are structurally related to cupressic acid and torulosol, which are C-13 oxygenated labdanoids occurring sometimes as predominant constituents in resins from Cupressaceae s.l. and Araucariaceae. A diagenetic pathway leading from cupressic acid and torulosol to the fossil terpenoids was proposed. It involves incorporation of the parent diterpenoids into macromolecular constituents of amber during burial followed by the progressive release of the identified norlbadanoid during maturation. The

International audience

Feeling rejected or isolated from a social interaction is a painful situation and results in a range of emotional and behavioral responses (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Williams, 2007, 2009). Just as physical pain would act as a signal for potential body damages, social pain alerts us to the threat of isolation and drives behaviors accordingly (Ferris et al., 2019). While recent investigations have shown that sharing physical pain in group promotes interpersonal bonds (Whitehouse et al., 2017), no experimental studies assessed whether sharing social exclusion in group might increase group identification. In this work, we conducted six studies to test this hypothesis. The main results observed with minimal groups showed that sharing the exclusion with an ingroup member strengthens ingroup identification (Studies 1, 2 and 3), social closeness with the fellow member (Study 3) but does not alleviate the negative impact and psychophysiological responses. Studies conducted with real groups showed that less attribution of exclusion to discrimination was associated with more psychological needs satisfaction (Study 5), but did not replicate our effects of exclusion on identification and needs satisfaction with a different exclusion procedure (Study 6). Taken together, these results seem to show that sharing an episode of exclusion in a group increases identity responses and allows us to consider the role of discrimination in the link between exclusion and well-being.; Se sentir rejeté ou isolé d'une interaction sociale est une situation particulièrement douloureuse et se traduit par un ensemble de réponses affectives et comportementales (Eisenberger et al., 2003 ; Williams, 2007, 2009). Tout comme la douleur physique nous alerterait des dommages tissulaires potentiels, la douleur sociale nous signalerait des dangers de l'isolement et viserait à orienter les comportements (Ferris et al., 2019). Alors que des enquêtes récentes ont montré que le partage de la douleur physique en groupe favorise les liens interpersonnels (Whitehouse et al., 2017), aucune étude expérimentale n'a évalué si le partage de l'exclusion sociale en groupe pouvait renforcer l’identification au groupe et limiter l’impact de l’exclusion sur les besoins psychologiques. Dans cette thèse, nous avons mené six études afin de tester cette hypothèse. Les principaux résultats observés avec des groupes minimaux ont montré que partager l’exclusion avec un membre de l’endogroupe renforce l’identification avec l’endogroupe (Études 1, 2 et 3), la proximité sociale avec celui-ci (Étude 3) mais ne limite l’impact négatif et les réponses psychophysiologiques (Étude 4). Les études menées avec des groupes réels ont montré qu’une discrimination perçue moindre était associée à une plus grande satisfaction des besoins psychologiques (Étude 5), sans répliquer les effets de l’exclusion sur l’identification et la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux au sein d’un protocole d’exclusion différent (Étude 6). Ces résultats semblent montrer que partager un épisode d’exclusion en groupe augmente les réponses identitaires et permettent de souligner le rôle de la discrimination perçue dans le lien entre exclusion et bien-être.

International audience; The paper aims to review recent developments and points to the challenges and opportunities for the instrumentation, control and management technologies in relationship with the emergence of novel Energy Storage Systems. It exemplifies this trend with a technology that has received an increasing interest in recent studies: the Zinc-air batteries.

International audience; Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) are the next step to human safety by placing the human outside of the vehicle. They not only provide human safety but also have greater speed, mobility and can survive atmospheres that are lifethreatening to humans. The proposed vehicle has the capability of changing its ride height and traveling in rough terrains. In order to get the most precise structure and more precision, the following tests were performed for making the UGV optimum (i) sinkage which was done for heavy clay and sand, (ii) torque was tested on rubber and plane surface, (iii) projectile motion and impact force, (iv) diameter required for the shaft. Further, we identify an electromechanical transfer function connecting electrical input to mechanical output by finding equivalent inertia and damping. Finally, a simple PD controller is proposed to keep the actual output as close to the target as possible and proven to guarantee good performance. The simulation results show that the controller can satisfy tracking specifications.

International audience; Proximal methods are known to identify the underlying substructure of nonsmooth optimization problems. Even more, in many interesting situations, the output of a proximity operator comes with its structure at no additional cost, and convergence is improved once it matches the structure of a minimizer. However, it is impossible in general to know whether the current structure is final or not; such highly valuable information has to be exploited adaptively. To do so, we place ourselves in the case where a proximal gradient method can identify manifolds of differentiability of the nonsmooth objective. Leveraging this manifold identification, we show that Riemannian Newton-like methods can be intertwined with the proximal gradient steps to drastically boost the convergence. We prove the superlinear convergence of the algorithm when solving some nondegenerated nonsmooth nonconvex optimization problems. We provide numerical illustrations on optimization problems regularized by L1-norm or trace-norm.

International audience; The quality of the parts produced in additive manufacturing by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) depends on the understanding of all the physics involved in the process. In LPBF, the effective path of the laser spot is rarely studied and existing works are mainly focused on the choice of the scanning strategy and its parameters. However, the programmed scanning path during the CAM stage is adapted by the numerical control (NC) unit of the manufacturing machine in order to generate admissible setpoints for the actuators (galvanometers). This modification locally generates deviations on the scanning path and significant decrease of the laser spot velocity. In order to identify the NC unit behaviour, a test bench that replicates an industrial machine has been developed. This test bench allows the acquisition of the setpoints sent to the actuators and their real positions at a frequency of 100 kHz, as well as the energy deposited by the laser spot in the work plane. An analysis of those data shows that the processing done by the NC is based on a filtering method which in some cases can generate a deviation of the scanning path of more than 100 µm for a programmed speed of 2 m/s. Finally, in order to correctly estimate the amount of energy brought by the laser on the powder, a dedicated model has been developed. This model takes into account the dynamics of the actuators, the behaviour of the NC unit and the optical chain of the system. Experimental tests have been conducted to validate the simulations produced by the proposed model.

International audience; Inverse Optimal Control (IOC) is a popular method for human motion analysis. In the context of these methods it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of the results. This paper proposes an approach based on the evaluation of Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions relying on a complete analysis with Singular Value Decomposition and provides a detailed analysis of reliability. With respect to a ground truth, our simulations illustrate how the proposed method analyzes the reliability of the resolution. After introducing a clear methodology, the properties of the matrices are studied with different noise levels and different experimental models and conditions. We show how to implement the method, step by step, by explaining the numerical difficulties encountered during the resolution and thus how to make the results of the IOC problem reliable.

The dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans is the most destructive fungal agent of wood building materials in Europe, Russia, North America, and Japan. The identification of this wood-deteriorating agent and the discrimination of different fungal isolates is very important for the control of buildings in general and for the preservation of cultural heritage in particular. The objective of the study was to develop a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method coupled with a partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for the sample preparation and identification of S. lacrymans. Five distinct S. lacrymans strains were analysed and compared to two strains of unrelated fungal species. Different methods of mycelial growth, sample preparation, and FTIR spectral data normalisation were compared. FTIR analysis of a harvested mycelium grown on the surface of a polyether sulfone microfiltration membrane deposited on a malt extract agar medium, followed by vector normalization and PLS-DA statistical analysis, resulted in 100% correct attribution at phylum, species, and strain level, regardless of the type of standardization used. This study confirms the applicability of FTIR spectroscopy for the identification of S. lacrymans and the discrimination of different strains belonging to this species.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs involved in virtually all biological processes. Although many of them are co-expressed from clusters, little is known regarding the impact of this organization on the regulation of their accumulation. In this study, we set to decipher a regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of the ten clustered pre-miRNAs from Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We measured in vitro the efficiency of cleavage of each individual pre-miRNA by the Microprocessor and found that pre-miR-K1 and -K3 were the most efficiently cleaved pre-miRNAs. A mutational analysis showed that, in addition to producing mature miRNAs, they are also important for the optimal expression of the whole set of miRNAs. We showed that this feature depends on the presence of a canonical pre-miRNA at this location since we could functionally replace pre-miR-K1 by a heterologous pre-miRNA. Further in vitro processing analysis suggests that the two stem-loops act in cis and that the cluster is cleaved in a sequential manner. Finally, we exploited this characteristic of the cluster to inhibit the expression of the whole set of miRNAs by targeting the pre-miR-K1 with LNA-based antisense oligonucleotides in cells either expressing a synthetic construct or latently infected with KSHV.

This work focuses on the identification, modeling and synthesis of fractional order derivative systems applied in the field of acoustics through the viscous-thermal losses in the flute musical instrument and the control of the air flow in the artificial mouth.Initially, the modeling of the flute resonator is proposed as a function of the length L and of the position x between 0 (input of the resonator) and L (output of the resonator). Then, a system approach makes it possible to decompose the input impedance into subsystems, thus facilitating the analysis, particularly when moving from a semi-infinite system to a finite system. In addition, extending the fractional expression by taking into account the viscous-thermal losses, where the order m is usually equal to 0.5, makes it possible to make a first analysis of the influence of order m, ranging between 0 (conservative system) and 1 (capacitive system), on the frequency response of the resonator impedance.Secondly, the study of the coupling between the nonlinear exciter and the resonator, in the usual case where the order m is equal to 0.5 is presented. Based on a bibliographic synthesis, a nonlinear model used in the literature is developed. Then, after showing the poor digital conditioning of such a model, a solution is proposed allowing the development of a digital simulator programmed using MATLAB / Simulink. As the field of study consists of the use of a constant pressure at the mouthpiece bounded by a minimum value of 400 Pa and a maximum value of 1000 Pa, a detailed analysis of the temporal responses highlights the presence of three phases during which the variations of the pressure at the resonator, of the acoustic velocity and of the lateral displacement of the air jet remain small, around zero.Next, the design and implementation of an artificial mouth is necessary to control the pressure at the input of the mouthpiece. Thus, a first simulator was developed on the basis of a bibliographic synthesis concerning artificial mouths used in musical acoustics. This first simulator provided a good understanding of the operation of such a system, thus facilitating the choice and sizing of the components of the regulation loop. Following the implementation of the artificial mouth, modeling work on this experimental device led to a second simulator. The latter was the subject of a registration based on comparisons between experimental and simulation results.Finally, a study of the influence of the order m (between 0 and 1, around its nominal value m0 = 0.5) on the stationary periodic regime is proposed in simulation. Thus, from the extension of the fractional model, it is possible with a single high-level parameter, the order m in this case, to easily vary in numerical simulation, the visco-thermal losses, while from an experimental point of view, it would be necessary to manufacture and test a large number of resonators with different dimensions, roughness and materials., Ce travail concerne l’identification, la modélisation et la synthèse des systèmes à dérivée non entière appliqués dans le domaine de l’acoustique à travers les pertes visco-thermique dans la flûte et le contrôle de l’air dans la bouche artificielle.Ainsi, dans un premier temps, la modélisation du résonateur de la flûte est proposée en fonction, notamment, de la longueur L et de la position x comprise entre 0 (entrée du résonateur) et L (sortie du résonateur). Ensuite, une approche système (au sens de l’Automatique) permet de décomposer l’impédance d’entrée en sous-systèmes, facilitant ainsi l’analyse notamment lors du passage d’un système semi-infini à un système fini. De plus, l’introduction d’une extension de l’expression fractionnaire utilisée pour la prise en compte des pertes visco-thermiques, où l’ordre m est habituellement égal à 0.5, permet de faire une première analyse de l’influence de l’ordre m compris en 0 (système conservatif) et 1 (système capacitif) sur la réponse fréquentielle de l’impédance du résonateur.Dans un second temps, l’étude du couplage entre l’excitateur non linéaire et le résonateur, et ce dans le cas habituel où l’ordre m est égal à 0.5 est présenté. Sur la base d’une synthèse bibliographique, un modèle non linéaire fréquemment utilisé dans la littérature est développé. Ensuite, après avoir insisté sur le mauvais conditionnement numérique d’un tel modèle, une solution est proposée permettant de développer un simulateur numérique programmé sous MatLab/Simulink. Pour un domaine d’étude défini par une pression constante à l’entrée du bec de flûte bornée par une valeur minimale de 400 Pa et une valeur maximale de 1000 Pa, une analyse détaillée des réponses temporelles simulées met en évidence la présence de trois phases durant lesquelles les variations de la pression à l’entrée du résonateur, de la vitesse acoustique et du déplacement latéral du jet d’air restent petites autour de zéro.Ensuite, la conception et l’implémentation d’une bouche artificielle est nécessaire pour contrôler la pression à l’entrée du bec de flûte. Ainsi, un premier simulateur a été développé sur la base d’une synthèse bibliographique concernant les bouches artificielles utilisées en acoustique musicale. Ce premier simulateur a permis de bien comprendre le fonctionnement d’un tel système, facilitant ainsi le choix et le dimensionnement des composants de la boucle de régulation. A l’issue de la réalisation de la bouche artificielle, un travail de modélisation de ce dispositif expérimental a conduit à un deuxième simulateur. Ce dernier a fait l’objet d’un recalage à partir de comparaisons entre des résultats expérimentaux et de simulation.Enfin, une étude de l’influence de l’ordre m (compris entre 0 et 1, autour de sa valeur nominale m0 = 0.5) sur le régime périodique stationnaire est proposée en simulation. Ainsi, à partir de l’extension du modèle fractionnaire, il est possible avec un seul paramètre de haut niveau, l’ordre m en l’occurrence, de faire varier facilement en simulation numérique, les pertes visco-thermiques, alors que d’un point de vue expérimental, il faudrait fabriquer et tester un nombre important de résonateurs avec des dimensions, des rugosités et des matériaux différents.

A new numerical method for the identification of initial conditions in wave propagation or heat conduction problems is constructed. The method is based on the wavelet basis Galerkin discretization of the model equations, without time discretization as in classical approches. A singular value decomposition is applied to the resulting discrete system to get explicitly its solution, and then to reconstruct the initial condition from measurements. Numerical results on toy solutions show the efficiency and the accuracy of the method.

Dans le sous-titre de sa pièce Louise, Aloysius Bertrand affirme imiter le théâtre de Madame Campan. Cette réécriture n’est pourtant pas le simple plagiat d’une comédie pour jeunes filles : l’hybridation générique qui la caractérise, la modification majeure qu’opère Bertrand en amputant la fin de manière à rendre la pièce bancale, de même que l’exaltation de la marginalité, en font une œuvre singulière qui s’ancre pleinement dans un certain romantisme et dans la poétique bertrandienne., In the subtitle of his play Louise, Aloysius Bertrand claims to imitate Madame Campan’s theater. Nevertheless, this rewriting is no mere plagiarism of young girls’ comedy: its generic hybridization, the major modification Bertrand performs when he cuts the end in such a way as to make the play lopsided, and the exaltation of marginality confirm that it is a singular play which fully belongs to a certain type of Romanticism and to Bertrand’s poetics.