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The dissipation of metals leads to potential environmental impacts, usually evaluated for product systems with life cycle assessment. Dissipative flows of metals become inaccessible for future users, going against the common goal of a more circular economy. Therefore, they should be addressed in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) in the area of protection “Natural Resources.” However, life cycle inventory databases provide limited information on dissipation as they only track emissions to the environment as elementary flows. Therefore, we propose two LCIA methods capturing the expected dissipation patterns of metals after extraction, based on dynamic material flow analysis data. The methods are applied to resource elementary flows in life cycle inventories. The lost potential service time method provides precautionary indications on the lost service due to dissipation over different time horizons. The average dissipation rate method distinguishes between the conservation potentials of different metals. Metals that are relatively well conserved, including major metals such as iron and aluminum, have low characterization factors (CFs). Those with poor process yields, including many companion and high-tech metals such as gallium and tellurium, have high CFs. A comparative study between the developed CFs, along with those of the Abiotic Depletion Potential and Environmental Dissipation Potential methods, show that dissipation trends do not consistently match those of the depletion and environmental dissipation potentials. The proposed methods may thus be complementary to other methods when assessing the impacts of resource use on the area of protection Natural Resources when pursuing an increased material circularity. The research of Alexandre Charpentier Poncelet, PhD candidate, is co-financed by the French Agency for ecological transition (ADEME) and the French geological survey (BRGM)

The space industry generates pressures on the environment and strives towards more sustainable activities. Several actors of or related to the European space industry, such as ArianeGroup or and the European Space Agency (ESA), have identified the life cycle assessment methodology (LCA) as the most appropriate methodology to measure and then support the reduction of their environmental impact. While the use of the LCA is being established within the sector, only a limited number of peer-reviewed publications are available. Most of the documents released by the stakeholders can be considered to be grey literature. As the topic has not been properly discussed in the literature, there is an opportunity to bring the initiatives carried out by the space sector in recent years to the public domain. Thus, the present work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of past and present studies following the LCA framework. The review compiles 11 papers, conferences proceedings or technical reports that address the development of the LCA framework and good practices in the sector and 27 documents dedicated to LCA studies. On the one hand, the results highlight the emergence of a common framework regarding LCA practice in Europe. On the other hand, the analysed LCA case studies show a highly heterogeneous goal and scope definition. In this review, research needs and methodological challenges are identified and discussed. Finally, recommendations on how to implement and develop the use of LCA within the space industry are given in view of designing more sustainable space systems and associated missions.

The wine industry is facing two major environmental challenges: consumers are increasingly aware of the impacts of wine making, and production is jeopardized by environmental changes such as global warming. Therefore, there is a growing need to measure and minimize the environmental footprint of the sector. Life cycle assessment has already proven its worth in evaluating the environmental impacts and hotspots of bottled wine production. However, the methodological discrepancies in the LCA conducted do not allow conclusions regarding the most sustainable production systems or the most significant impacts for the sector. Moreover, LCA application in the field remains scarce due to the complexity of the method and the lack of readability of its results. In this study, 10 LCA papers corresponding to 17 different products were reviewed. Methodological discrepancies have been reduced through harmonization of the functional unit, the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment method, enabling provision of a range of results for different impact categories, as well as comparisons between different wines. The LCI elements that drive the results have been identified. This can be useful to simplify the data collection and the comparability of the products in this sector. Impact clusters (indicators that follow the same behaviour and are driven by the same LCI elements) have been proposed. Three clusters of impacts ((i) climate change, fossil depletion and particulate matter formation; (ii) terrestrial ecotoxicity; (iii) agricultural land occupation) are responsible for more than 90% of the single score. Nonetheless, the proposed harmonization procedure has limitations, and no conclusion can be made on the most sustainable products due to the remaining discrepancies in the system boundaries.

International audience; The impact of non-energetic abiotic resource use in life cycle assessment (LCA) has been receiving much attention in the last decades, and even more so since the resource efficiency and circular economy have become prominent subjects of discussion in public and private sectors all around the world. As LCA has proven to be the most solid holistic tool to integrate environmental impacts in sustainability assessments of product systems, it should be able to integrate current concerns about non-energetic abiotic resource use into its methodology and therefore provide exploitable results for every LCA user. However, to this day no consensus has been reached on which approach for characterizing impacts due to the use of these resources should be used (Drielsma et al., 2016; Sonderegger et al., 2017). This seems to be attributable to the fact that no method is recognized as both solid on the methodological level while answering at the same time the true concerns for abiotic natural resource uses in LCA: the need to retain and therefore maximize their functional value in the technosphere after their extraction in order to fulfill the needs of current and future generations, while minimizing the losses to the ecosphere. Indeed, abiotic resources are not always consumed

International audience; Life cycle assessment (LCA) has proven its worth in modelling the entire value chain associated with the production of goods and services. However, modelling the consumption system, such as the use phase of a product, remains challenging due to uncertainties in the socioeconomic context. Agent-based models (ABMs) can reduce these uncertainties by improving the consumption system modelling in LCA. So far, no systematic study is available on how ABM can contribute towards a behaviour-driven modelling in LCA. This paper aims at filing this gap by reviewing all papers coupling both tools. A focus is carried out on 18 case studies which are analysed according to criteria derived from the four phases of LCA international standards. Criteria specific to agent-based models and the coupling of both tools, such as the type and degree of coupling, have also been selected. The results show that ABMs have been coupled to LCA in order to model foreground systems with too many uncertainties arising from a behaviour-driven use phase, local variabilities, emerging technologies, to explore scenarios and to support consequential modelling. Foreground inventory data have been mainly collected from ABM at the use phase. From this review, we identified the potential benefits from ABM at each LCA phase: (i) scenario exploration, (ii) foreground inventory data collection, (iii) temporal and/or spatial dynamics simulation, and (iv) data interpretation and communication. Besides, methodological guidance is provided on how to choose the type and degree of coupling during the goal and scope phase. Finally, challenging LCA areas of research that could benefit from the agent-based approach to include behaviour-driven dynamics at the inventory and impact assessment phase have been identified.

International audience; Global consumption of carbon fibers reinforced polymer (CFRP) is rising and the management of waste is an issue of high concern. In order to implement a sustainable carbon fiber recycling sector, there is a need to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of recycling processes.In this context, we compared current end-of-life scenarios (landfilling and incineration) with recycling technologies: pyrolysis, supercritical solvolysis and electrodynamic fragmentation using life cycle assessment. We conducted two analyses: a comparison between the CFRP end-of-life processes and a comparison including the substituted products from the recycled carbon fibers.When only considering the end-of-life processes, recycling processes have a higher environmental impact as they require higher energy demand than incineration or landfilling. When considering product substitution, recycling is environmentally beneficial since they replace the production of virgin products. Results are variable depending on the technology readiness level and the quality of fibers recovered from the recycling processes.

Production of alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) from mechanocatalytic depolymerization of wheat straw is a promising route because of the use of an available bio-based feedstock. This study aims to verify the environmental benefit of this process in comparison with a reference process that produces APGs from corn starch based glucose. A life cycle assessment methodology is used to compare both production routes. The results have shown that the new production route based on wheat straw generates lower environmental impacts compared to the reference process because of the use of wheat straw instead of corn starch based glucose and the energy recovery from the by-product lignin that meets most of the energy demand of the process. The LCA results also show that the production of fatty alcohol dominates the life cycle impact of APGs. Environmental impacts are sensitive to the source of the fatty alcohol (from palm kernel or coconut oil).

International audience; A framework and an associated modeling tool to perform life cycle assessment (LCA) of urban water system, namely the WaLA model, has been recently developed. In this paper, the WaLA model is applied to a real case study: the urban water system of the Paris suburban area, in France. It aims to verify the capacity of the model to provide environmental insights to stakeholder's issues related to future trends influencing the system (e.g., evolution of water demand, increasing water scarcity) or policy responses (e.g., choices of water resources and technologies). This is achieved by evaluating a baseline scenario for 2012 and several forecasting scenarios for 2022 and 2050. The scenarios are designed through the modeling tool WaLA, which is implemented in Simulink/Matlab: it combines components representing the different technologies, users and resources of the UWS. The life cycle inventories of the technologies and users components include water quantity and quality changes, specific operation (electricity, chemicals) and infrastructures data (construction materials). The methods selected for the LCIA are midpoint ILCD, midpoint water deprivation impacts at the sub-river basin scale, and endpoint Impact 2002þ. The results of the baseline scenario show that wastewater treatment plants have the highest impacts compared to drinking water production and distribution, as traditionally encountered in LCA of UWS. The results of the forecasting scenarios show important changes in water deprivation impacts due to water management choices or effects of climate change. They also enable to identify tradeoffs with other impact categories and to compare several scenarios. It suggests the capacity of the model to deliver information for decision making about future policies.

International audience; Nowadays, the security level of secure integrated circuits makes simple attacks less efficient. The combination of invasive approaches and fault attacks can be seen as more and more pertinent to retrieve secrets from integrated circuits. This article includes a practical methodology and its application. We first describe how to retrieve the physical areas of interest for the attack. Then, we perform a deep fault injection characterization of the area of found. For the former, a methodology based on circuit preparation, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) acquisitions, image registration and processing is given allowing to perform a controlled and localized laser fault attack with a state of the art injection platform. The laser fault injection presented here allows the attacker to perform a "bit-set", a "bit-reset" or a full register "reset". Controlling the value stored in a flip-flop is critical for security. To illustrate this methodology, an encryption algorithm is targeted. We see that efficient method that takes advantage of the comparison between faulty and correct cipher texts, such as Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) or "Safe Error", are particularly relevant with the proposed methodology. The overall methodology can efficiently be used to speed up an attack and to improve the test coverage.

International audience; Laser fault injections have been evolving rapidly with the advent of more precise, sophisticated and cost-efficient sources, optics and control circuits. In this paper, we show a methodology to improve the test coverage and to speed up analysis based on laser fault injections by only targeting standard cells of interest. We describe how to identify interesting spatial positions thanks to the use of some chemicals along with an automated Scanning Electron Microscope image acquisition, alignment and processing. Using the latter information, fault injections with a high success rate have been obtained against a hardware implemented AES module using a laser beam. With such tools and methodology, we show that attacks become much faster.

International audience; Environmental impact assessment models are readily available for the assessment of pollution-related impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA). These models have led to an increased focus on water pollution issues resulting in numerous LCA studies. Recently, there have been significant developments in methods assessing freshwater use. These improvements widen the scope for the assessment of wastewater treatment (WWT) technologies, now allowing us to apprehend, for the first time, a combination of operational (energy and chemicals use), qualitative (environmental pollution) and quantitative (water deprivation) issues in wastewater treatment. This enables us to address the following question: Is water consumption during wastewater treatment environmentally significant compared to other impacts? To answer this question, a standard life cycle inventory (LCI) was performed with a focus on consumptive water uses at plant level, where several WWT technologies were operating, in different climatic conditions. The impacts of water consumption were assessed by integrating regionalized characterization factors for water deprivation within an existing life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. Results at the midpoint level, show that water deprivation impacts are highly variable in relation to the chosen WWT technology (water volume used) and of WWTP location (local water scarcity). At the endpoint level, water deprivation impacts on ecosystem quality and on the resource damage categories are significant for WWT technologies with great water uses in water-scarce areas. Therefore, our study shows the consideration of water consumption-related impacts is essential and underlines the need for a greater understanding of the water consumption impacts caused by WWT systems. This knowledge will help water managers better mitigate local water deprivation impacts, especially in selecting WWT technologies suitable for arid and semi-arid areas.; Des modèles de caractérisation des impacts environnementaux sont déjà disponibles pour l'évaluation des impacts liés à la pollution en analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). Ces modèles ont permis de nombreuses études ACV sur les questions de pollution de l'eau. Récemment, il y a eu d'importantes avancées méthodologiques sur la prise en compte de l'eau douce. Ces nouveautés élargissent le champ d'évaluation des technologies de traitement d'eaux usées, ce qui nous permet pour la première fois, une combinaison d'aspects opérationnels (énergie et réactifs chimiques), qualitatifs (pollution environnementale) et quantitatifs (carence en eau). Il est donc possible de répondre à la question suivante : Est-ce que la consommation d'eau dans un système d'assainissement est significative pour l'environnement vis-à-vis des autres impacts générés ? Pour répondre à cette question, un inventaire de cycle de vie standard a été réalisé avec une attention particulière sur les consommations d'eau dans le périmètre de la station de traitement d'eaux usées (STEU), pour différentes filières de traitement et pour différentes conditions climatiques. Les impacts de la consommation d'eau ont été analysés en intégrant des facteurs de caractérisation régionalisés pour la carence en eau dans une méthode existante d'analyse de cycle de vie. Les résultats obtenus au niveau des indicateurs d'impact midpoint montrent que les impacts dus à la carence en eau varient fortement en fonction de la filière de traitement choisie (volume d'eau consommé) et de la localisation géographique de la STEU (rareté de l'eau au niveau local). Au niveau des indicateurs d'impact endpoint, les impacts dus à la carence en eau sur les catégories de dommages à la qualité des écosystèmes et aux ressources sont significatifs pour les filières de traitement ayant d'importantes consommations d'eau dans les régions arides. Ainsi, notre étude montre qu'il est important de considérer les impacts liés à la consommation d'eau et souligne le besoin d'une meilleure compréhension de ces impacts causés par les systèmes d'assainissement. Ces connaissances vont aider à prendre des décisions informées pour mieux faire face aux impacts locaux de la rareté en eau, notamment sur le choix des filières de traitement adaptées aux régions arides et semi-arides.

Physical water deprivation at the midpoint level is assessed in water-related LCIA methods using water scarcity indicators (e.g., withdrawal-to-availability and consumption-to-availability) at the river basin scale. Although these indicators represent a great step forward in the assessment of water-use-related impacts in LCA, significant challenges still remain in improving their accuracy and relevance. This paper presents a methodology that can be used to derive midpoint characterization factors for water deprivation taking into account downstream cascade effects within a single river basin. This effect is considered at a finer scale because a river basin must be split into different subunits. The proposed framework is based on a two-step approach. First, water scarcity is defined at the sub-river basin scale with the consumption-to-availability (CTA) ratio, and second, characterization factors for water deprivation (CFWD) are calculated, integrating the effects on downstream sub-river basins. The sub-river basin CTA and CFWD were computed based on runoff data, water consumption data and a water balance for two different river basins. The results show significant differences between the CFWD in a given river basin, depending on the upstream or downstream position. Finally, an illustrative example is presented, in which different land planning scenarios, taking into account additional water consumption in a city, are assessed. Our work demonstrates how crucial it is to localize the withdrawal and release positions. within a river basin.

In this thesis we evaluate software-based hardware attacks, a novel attack family that targets connected devices such as IoT products, smartphones or cloud datacenters. These attacks take advantage of hardware resources that can be directly accessed from software in complex integrated circuits and use them to conduct fault injection and side-channel analysis exploits. Because they are triggered by software code, they can be launched remotely and on multiple victim devices regardless of their physical location. Through the evaluation of software-based hardware attacks we aim at assessing the level of threat they pose to connected devices security. The challenge is considerable since any connected device is potentially endangered.Through our experiments, we discovered generic attack vectors widely implemented in recent SoCs that could enable remote hardware attacks. We conducted FPGA-to-FPGA and FPGA-to-CPU attacks and demonstrated that remote power analysis was feasible. These new attack paths represent a serious threat for FPGA-based systems especially when applied to cloud FPGAs and heterogeneous SoCs. Then, we went further by proving that delay-line components, widely implemented in high-end SoCs, could be used for conducting fault injection and side-channel attacks. We built various scenarios such as CPU-to-MCU attacks on complex operating systems and demonstrated that software-based hardware attacks could successfully break the logical isolation between processes and lead to the extraction of sensitive information. Our research works describe the methodology adopted to build and conduct the attacks along with countermeasure proposals to mitigate their impact.; Cette thèse propose d’étudier ces nouveaux chemins d’attaque qui exploitent des vulnérabilités physiques à distance. Plus précisément elle s’intéresse à celles qui utilisent du logiciel comme vecteur d’attaque matérielle. Il peut s’agir par exemple d’un programme malveillant envoyé à des dizaines, voire des milliers d’appareils connectés. Une fois actif, il identifie des ressources matérielles présentes dans les systèmes ciblés (capteurs, régulateurs) et les détourne de leur rôle initial afin de mener des attaques matérielles. À l’instar d’attaques reconnues telles que Rowhammer, CLKSCREW ou Platypus, les travaux réalisés durant ces trois années de recherche contribuent à mettre en avant le danger potentiel des attaques matérielles à distance. Cette thèse contient des résultats variés allant de l’analyse de consommation sur FPGA à de l’injection de faute sur processeurs complexes. Elle décrit la menace potentielle des attaques matérielles à distance, notamment au regard de l’adoption d’entités de sécurité intégrées dans les processeurs complexes et de l’accroissement des services connectés en général (IoT, Cloud). Toutes ces études ont été menées de façon à être reproductibles et réalisables à distance. Elles visent à préparer les différents acteurs de la sécurisation des objets connectés à cette menace naissante et ainsi éviter sa mise en exécution future sur des milliers d’appareils à travers le monde.

The management of organisational performance at both activity and product level is a key issue for companies. However, while costing and performance monitoring are crucial for managers, the integration of environmental impact indicators into business management tools is still marginal. By focusing on the specific sector of wine production, this doctoral research aims to answer the following question: "Is it possible to integrate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into a cost accounting system in an automated and systematised manner? ». The core of the thesis is the development of a method enabling the integration of LCA with the ABC (Activity-Based Costing) accounting method. This method, called ABC-ACV, is based on the ABC calculation structure. It simultaneously provides information on the costs and environmental impacts of an organisation's activities and products. This requires the construction of environmental cost accounting, which groups together the costs and environmental impacts associated with the different accounts. The methodological proposal is then tested on two wine-producing properties, one in the Beaujolais region and the other in the Gironde region, making it possible both to validate its applicability and to assess the relevance of the information provided to the organisations' managers. LCA results are obtained by applying a hybrid approach coupling LCA process and Input-Output approach. The originality and interest of the method lie in the evaluation of costs and impacts per activity and the possibility of obtaining costs and impacts for all the organisation's products from the same distribution model. Finally, the process of creating a tool to automate the calculations and the deployment of the method to wine properties is described. This calculation module, called Sustaincost, is developed by Ertus Group as an extension of a commercially available solution called Process2wine. The information entered in Process2wine is to be used for the implementation of the ABC-ACV. A series of useful management indicators follows, which can be used for continuous improvement or external communication purposes., La gestion des performances organisationnelles tant au niveau des activités que des produits est un enjeu primordial pour les entreprises. Cependant, si le calcul des coûts et le suivi de la performance sont cruciaux pour les dirigeants, l’intégration d’indicateurs d’impacts environnementaux dans les outils de gestion des entreprises reste encore marginale. En se focalisant sur le secteur spécifique des activités viti-vinicoles, cette recherche doctorale a pour ambition de répondre à la question suivante : « Est-il possible d'intégrer l'ACV dans un système de comptabilité analytique, de manière automatisée et systématisée ? ». Le cœur de la thèse est le développement d’une méthode permettant l’intégration de l’ACV avec la méthode de comptabilité par activité ABC (Activity-Based Costing). Cette méthode, appelée ABC-ACV, s’appuie sur la structure calculatoire de l’ABC. Elle permet simultanément d’obtenir des informations relatives aux coûts et aux impacts environnementaux des activités et des produits d’une organisation. Cela nécessite la construction d’une comptabilité analytique environnementale, qui regroupe les coûts et les impacts environnementaux associés aux différents comptes. La proposition méthodologique est ensuite testée sur deux propriétés viti-vinicoles, l’une dans le Beaujolais et l’autre en Gironde, permettant à la fois de valider son applicabilité et mais aussi d’évaluer la pertinence des informations fournies aux gestionnaires des organisations. Les résultats d’ACV sont obtenus en appliquant une approche hybride couplant ACV processus et approche Entrées-Sorties. L’originalité et l’intérêt de la méthode tiennent dans l’évaluation des coûts et des impacts par activité et la possibilité d’obtenir les coûts et les impacts pour l’ensemble des produits de l’organisation à partir d’un même modèle de répartition. Enfin, le processus de création d’un outil permettant l’automatisation des calculs et le déploiement de la méthode auprès des propriétés viti-vinicole est décrit. Ce module de calcul, appelé Sustaincost, est développé par Ertus Group, en tant qu’extension d’une solution commercialisée dénommée Process2wine. Les informations saisies au sein de Process2wine doivent servir à la mise en place de l’ABC-ACV. Il s’en suit une série d’indicateurs de gestion utiles, pouvant servir à des fins d’amélioration continue ou de communication externe.