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Aim : The global knowledge of the distribution and proportion of forests with high conservation values such as mature forests in metropolitan France is scarce, focuses only on a few specific well-known sites, and has never been tackled countrywide and evaluated with a robust multivariate statistical approach. Here, we modelled French forest reserves9 time since the last harvesting operation, then inferred the current statistical distribution of mature forests (i.e. forests over 50 years without harvesting) in metropolitan France. Location : Metropolitan France Methods : We used inventories of forest stand structure issued from forest reserves and managed forests to calibrate a generalised linear mixed model explaining the time since the last harvesting with selected stand structure attributes of maturity, combined with environmental variables. We chose the time since the last harvesting as a proxy for forest maturity, assuming older unmanaged plots to host older trees. We then projected this model on an independent nation-wide dataset issued from the National Forest Inventory. Thus, we obtained an updated estimation of the proportion and a rough distribution of mature forest stands (i.e. abandoned for over 50 years) in metropolitan France. Results : We found that the structural variables that best characterized the time since the last harvesting were high basal area of very large trees, high volumes of both standing and downed deadwood, high diversity of tree-related microhabitats and more marginally diversity of decay stages. Variables translating legacy of past forest management also characterised more mature plots, which displayed lower volumes of stumps and high density of coppices. Our projection gave an estimated 3% of French forests over 50 years without harvesting and a promising proportion of French forests that could reach interesting levels of maturity in the near future. Main conclusions : Our model showed that the time since the last harvesting is a good proxy for forest maturity in French temperate forest. It highlighted the stand structure attributes that are key in characterising those forests with high conservation values. We found that forests with higher levels of maturity seem to be located in more inaccessible places notably mountainous areas. Our projection gives the first robust statistical estimate of the proportion of mature forests in metropolitan France and may serve to report on the status of mature forests.

International audience; This thought-provoking book questions the framework of the Horizon 2020 strategy and the policies of smart development. It aims to answer the following question: Is there any possibility for a policy of smart development and smart specialization in rural and peri-urban areas? Based on detailed analytical studies, empirical and econometric methods, as well as various European case studies, several conclusions are drawn.Smart development policies are well adapted to the developed or intermediate regions containing at the same time rural and urban areas, but do not really function for the more rural or more peripheral regions. The development policies of rural areas must be adapted to their particular characteristics, to the structure of their economies (agriculture, small firms), as well as in their diversity (distant regions, intermediate regions, rural areas near the urban areas). It appears interesting to exploit natural and cultural amenities, to develop the multifunctional character of the agriculture, to promote territorial innovation under all its forms, to favor the synergies between the various uses of land and space, and to develop the knowledge on the ecological, socioeconomic processes, as well as on the mechanisms of territorial governance.These results are very important because they question the validity of the H2020 policy and the smart development and smart specialization policies and their applicability to the whole European area, and not only for the most urban and rich areas. It will be valuable reading for students, researchers and policy-makers in regional development, rural studies, spatial planning and economic geography.

International audience; The objective of this paper is to assess the French-speaking countries contributions to regional science since its creation in the 1950s. France, and other French-speaking countries, very quickly adhered to the approach of the founding fathers of regional science. French-language research developed for several years without maintaining major relations with the main streams that flow through regional science. However, the years 2000 and 2010 saw the emergence of streams of thought that strongly irrigate at the international level. The authors of this paper are part of this movement. Here we trace the origins and development of the French-speaking contribution to regional sciences, while highlighting the originality of the French-language approach. First, the question of academic and institutional contexts is discussed, with the role of the founders and the peculiar place of Journals and public institutions. Further sections analyse the main contributions coming from economics (local systems of production and innovation, innovative milieus and proximity analysis) and geography (regional development at a global scale, and urban systems and complexity). We conclude with cross-disciplinary contributions including intra-urban organization and mobility, territorial governance and territorial development, as well as other approaches to the social sciences, in the contemporary issues of city and territorial governance.

Rural development policies have existed for decades, especially in OECD countries, and their impact has always been acknowledged by local actors. Our survey puts the emphasis on the diversity of policy instruments and public authorities, but also on the plurality of objectives, supporting and promoting economic activities (including agriculture), land planning, residential attractiveness and maintaining the quality of life of populations, conservation and preservation of local resources. We show that these policies have been subject to many shifts in vision and strategy – shifts which echo the changing perceptions of what rural development means and of what its objectives should be. Both the policies and the concept of rural development have evolved with economic circumstances, been discussed in the same debates, and have undergone the same reversals. They have changed in parallel with the recognition of the multifunctionality of agriculture, or with transitions from centralized decision-making to greater inclusion of the various users of rural areas and even greater consideration for social criteria and ecological and environmental variables. Following a long period in which rural development policies were essentially top-down decisions imposed by state and central governments, the policy-making process has since been decentralized (or “regionalized”) and localized and has in more recent years sought to include the views of the populations

Interpersonal and inter-groups relationships based on social capital are a very critical and variable factor and could be a cause of cooperation or conflict among different actors. Conflicts related to land-use, especially infrastructure projects, happen in different forms over the world depending upon their intensity and have severe impacts on affected people in different ways regarding their position and their social inclusion. The article deals with the conflicts arising among different actors due to Diamer Bhasha Dam project in Pakistan. In order to assess these conflicts, we use different sources of data, mainly national and regional dailies, as well as interviews with experts and stakeholders. We examine different conflicts between affected people and governing bodies and also among different groups of local affected people over land and property rights. We show that a part of them is linked with the structure of social capital, be there a lack of communication between groups of bonding links within groups of people. The article further goes into compensation, resettlement and livelihood issues, poor planning, corruption and mismanagement of governing bodies and their impact on affected people. Finally, it provides policy measures and recommendations in the form of capacity building of affected people in different areas, more developmental projects in local area and public participation in different project activities.

RESUMEN: El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la economía política espacial, en el caso de Chile, abordando tres dimensiones clave: los contextos y proyectos socio-políticos, los dispositivos de territorialización y re-escalamiento, y las técnicas, prácticas e instrumentos de intervención territorial. Después de una revisión teórica y contextual, el articulo presenta dos casos de mecanismos de gobernanza territorial: la Mesa del Salmón (región de Los Lagos) y CREO Antofagasta (región de Antofagasta), demostrando que estos mecanismos no nacen para resolver problemas de fondo del proyecto neoliberal o repensar los territorios de forma colectiva, sino para dar continuidad al modelo de producción imperante y restaurar la legitimidad de sectores y empresas extractivistas, en situación de crisis. Concluye sobre la necesidad de dejar una mirada neutra y avanzar hacia una lectura crítica de la gobernanza que considere, en el análisis, el contexto y las relaciones de poder. ABSTRACT: The paper analizes governance and its new mechanisms from the perspective of the spa-tial political economy for the case of Chile, examining three key dimensions» the context and its socio-political projects, the dispositifs (devices) of territorialization and re-scaling, and, the techniques, practices and tools of territorial intervention. After a theoretical and contextual review, the paper discusses two cases of territorial governance : the Salmon Task Force (Los Lagos Region) and CREO Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region), showing that these mechanisms are not created to solve the core problems of the neoliberal project, or to rethink in a collective manner the territories, but, to give continuity to the prevailing more of production and to restore legitimacy to extractive sectors and firms in times of crises. The paper concludes arguing the need to move away from a neutral understand-ing of governance toward a critical understanding that considers the context and power relations.

International audience; Proximities' influence on the construction of socio-economic networks provokes many debates in the literature. The present contribution aims to study the functioning of coordination between actors in support systems for agricultural sectors and to highlight the impact of a public policy of territorial development on these devices, with the help of an approach in terms of networks and proximities. For that, we analyze the Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs) of an agricultural sector in the Brazilian Amazon, supported by a territorial governance mechanism. The mobilized analysis framework allows us to study and compare LPAs, to characterize the types of networks according to the types of proximities and to highlight the importance of the territorial governance mechanism for strengthening and sustaining LPAs.

This article copes with the two engines of territorial development – namely the production and governance processes. It examines their characteristics, their functioning, and the role they play in the implementation of territorial development mechanisms. Their link with territorial innovations of various natures (technological, organizational, social and institutional) is also examined. The text starts with a survey of literature and experiences on the notions of governance and production at the territorial level, followed by an analysis of the black box of fabrication of territorial innovation. To finish, the mechanisms of territorial development are described, based on three possible options of (non) development: loyalty or cooperation, voice or competition, spatial exit or relocation., Cet article propose une analyse des deux moteurs du développement territorial : les processus de production et de gouvernance. Il examine leurs caractéristiques, leur fonctionnement et le rôle qu’ils jouent dans la mise en place des mécanismes de développement. Les modalités de création des innovations territoriales de différentes natures (technologiques, organisationnelles, sociales et institutionnelles) sont également étudiées. Le texte commence par un bilan de littérature et d’expériences sur les notions de gouvernance et de production au niveau territorial, suivi par une analyse de leurs modalités de fabrication des innovations territoriales. Pour finir, les mécanismes du développement territorial sont décrits sous forme de schémas, en s’appuyant sur trois options possibles : la loyauté ou la coopération, la prise de parole ou la concurrence, l’exit spatial ou la délocalisation.

El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la economía política espacial, en el caso de Chile, abordando tres dimensiones clave: los contextos y proyectos socio-políticos, los dispositivos de territorialización y re-escalamiento, y las técnicas, prácticas e instrumentos de intervención territorial. Después de una revisión teórica y contextual, el articulo presenta dos casos de mecanismos de gobernanza territorial: la Mesa del Salmón (región de Los Lagos) y CREO Antofagasta (región de Antofagasta), demostrando que estos mecanismos no nacen para resolver problemas de fondo del proyecto neoliberal o repensar los territorios de forma colectiva, sino para dar continuidad al modelo de producción imperante y restaurar la legitimidad de sectores y empresas extractivistas, en situación de crisis. Concluye sobre la necesidad de dejar una mirada neutra y avanzar hacia una lectura crítica de la gobernanza que considere, en el análisis, el contexto y las relaciones de poder., The paper analizes governance and its new mechanisms from the perspective of the spa-tial political economy for the case of Chile, examining three key dimensions» the context and its socio-political projects, the dispositifs (devices) of territorialization and re-scaling, and, the techniques, practices and tools of territorial intervention. After a theoretical and contextual review, the paper discusses two cases of territorial governance : the Salmon Task Force (Los Lagos Region) and CREO Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region), showing that these mechanisms are not created to solve the core problems of the neoliberal project, or to rethink in a collective manner the territories, but, to give continuity to the prevailing more of production and to restore legitimacy to extractive sectors and firms in times of crises. The paper concludes arguing the need to move away from a neutral understand-ing of governance toward a critical understanding that considers the context and power relations.

Publié en ligne le 14 juin 2019; Although the efficiency of social-protection programmes depends on their coverage and the accurate targeting of those in need, the identification of beneficiaries can result from interpersonal relationships and political favouritism. This paper explores the impact of political favouritism on the identification of beneficiaries of Pakistan’s Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in Sargodha district of Punjab in Pakistan. A comparison of beneficiaries identified by parliamentary representatives with those identified by a Poverty Score Card survey method reveals that the former were not the poorest and did not satisfy the stated selection criteria, while the existence of these two methods was a cause of conflict whose probability increased with the degree of political favouritism, lack of education and rural–urban disparities, but decreased with increases in the level of income.

National audience; The aim of this article is to analyze and to demonstrate the link between territorial development processes and proximity relations, by overtaking the traditional production relations and localized systems based approach with a widened study of innovation and careful attention to governance processes. First we give a precise and argued definition of territorial development, as well as proximity relations. Then we present and analyze the two engines of territorial development - production relations and governance processes - by exploring their theoretical origins, in connection with some related works in terms of proximity. We end with a detailed analysis of the link between proximity relations and territorial development processes, first static, with an extension of the hirschmanian tripod to territorial situations, be there productive or in terms of governance, then dynamic by a study of the territorial development paths and their links to proximity situations.; Cet article a pour objet d’analyser et d’établir le lien entre processus de développement des territoires et relations de proximité, en dépassant l’étude des seules modalités de production et des systèmes localisés par une approche élargie de l’innovation et une prise en compte des processus de gouvernance. Dans un premier temps nous donnons une définition argumentée du développement territorial, ainsi que des relations de proximité. Puis nous analysons et présentons les deux moteurs du développement territorial - relations de production et modes de gouvernance - en explorant leurs postérités théoriques et en les reliant aux travaux en termes de proximité portant sur ces questions. Nous terminons par une analyse détaillée du lien entre relations de proximités et processus de développement territorial, d’abord en statique, avec une extension du tripode hirschmanien aux situations territoriales, qu’elles soient productives ou en termes de gouvernance, puis en dynamique par une étude des chemins de développement des territoires et de leurs liens aux situations de proximité.

Quale è il ruolo giocato dal pensiero e dai lavori di Giacomo Becattini nello sviluppo in Francia di un approccio all’analisi delle dimensioni spaziali e territoriali dei processi economici (e sociali)? Gli anni ‘80 furono caratterizzati dalla presa di coscienza dell’importanza del legame fra la questione produttiva e la dimensione spaziale; rimaneva tuttavia difficile identificare e applicare strumenti analitici adeguati. Per i ricercatori francesi, i lavori condotti da Becattini e i suoi collaboratori resero possibile la considerazione congiunta dei problemi spaziali e produttivi, e in particolare l’apertura della scatola nera delle relazioni locali, che fino ad allora era rimasta chiusa ermeticamente, impenetrabile. In questo breve testo, dunque, considero in successione lo stato delle ricerche francesi sulle dimensioni spaziali e produttive prima di Becattini, l’accoglienza dei suoi lavori, in particolare quelli sui distretti industriali, e infine le sue diramazioni francesi, cioè le analisi dei sistemi di produzione localizzati e delle relazioni di prossimità.

La question territoriale prend aujourd’hui une dimension cruciale, au cœur d’une actualité politique brûlante ; le mouvement que connaît la France depuis la fin de 2018 est ancré dans notre géographie, dans nos régions, dans l’aménagement de nos villes et de nos zones rurales, et interroge la place des territoires et leur diversité, ainsi que leur prise en compte dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Le processus de débat national en cours associe maintenant les acteurs locaux, la parole des parties prenantes est écoutée, et ces échanges mettent en avant le caractère indispensable des processus de délibération et de développement au niveau local. Dans un tel contexte, réfléchir aux modalités de financement des territoires, c’est-à-dire aux moyens de soutenir les actions de développement, les projets des acteurs, les politiques locales, constitue un enjeu fondamental.

Apres 25 annees de recherche, la question se pose de la perennite de l’approche de la proximite, mais aussi de sa banalisation et de sa capacite a se renouveler dans le monde des sciences regionales, compte tenu de son impact dans differentes disciplines des sciences sociales. Cet article a pour objet de faire un retour sur ces 25 annees d’analyses, afin d’eclairer les raisons de la reussite de ce programme de recherche, de faire le bilan de ses acquis mais aussi de ses echecs et de revenir sur le chemin parcouru, ses avenues et ses bifurcations. Nous commencons par expliciter les enjeux theoriques, societaux et academiques a la base de la naissance de l’Ecole de la Proximite (I), avant de presenter les principaux resultats d’ordre analytique, avec leurs limites et leurs surprises (II), puis les acquis en termes academiques et societaux (III), pour aborder enfin les angles morts du programme de recherche et le travail restant encore a realiser (IV). Nous concluons par quelques interrogations sur l’avenir de ce courant de pensee et sa capacite a se renouveler dans un environnement soumis a de profondes mutations dans le monde reel comme dans le monde des idees.

Quelle est la place prise par les territoires dans les stratégies de financement et de redistribution de l’Union européenne (UE) ? Les politiques de cette dernière n’ont pas seulement vocation à définir et promouvoir de grands équilibres macro-économiques, comme la monnaie unique ou la PAC, qui s’appliquent à l’ensemble du périmètre européen, mais elles présentent également des déclinaisons beaucoup plus territoriales. C’est le cas de la Politique de Cohésion, qui cible les régions et les villes et vise à favoriser la compétitivité des entreprises, la création d’emplois, la croissance économique, le développement durable et l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des citoyens. Aujourd'hui, un peu plus d’un tiers du budget total de l'UE est réservé à cette politique, pourtant relativement récente, fondée dans la seconde moitié des années 1980, et dont les objectifs et ressources ont été périodiquement modifiés. Bien que la plupart des études démontrent que la Politique de Cohésion a eu des impacts positifs sur la croissance régionale, elle reste encore menacée à bien des égards.

online 9 February 2017; International audience; The capacity for a suburban or a rural community to maintain retail activities in its town centre have often been considered as an indicator of its viability. But, since the 1970s, the expansion of new forms of retail, such as hypermarkets, shopping malls or retail parks has created a highly competitive environment for the small town centre retail units. Consequently, several central and local governments have developed rules in order to prevent an excessive development of large decentralized stores. In this paper, our goal is to assess the efficiency of land use regulation aiming at protecting existing retail units and its broader impacts on the size and localization of the retail stores in the Île-de-France region, the most populated area in France. The data we use over the 1975–2013 period include the evolution of small retail units, large retail stores and total retail floor space built at a local level. Using spatial statistics and econometric models we study the effects of land use regulation on retail patterns and local restrictiveness towards new large stores in the municipalities of the region over the last 40 years. We conclude that land use policies have impacted retail patterns in the region and that suburban and rural authorities, where town centre activities are crucial to their quality of life, are more restrictive towards large retail stores than urban ones.

International audience; This book highlights various challenges and opportunities for regional cooperation and development in South Asia. In light of the ongoing globalization process, the contributors investigate how socio-economic developments are changing the spatial organization of production as well as the profile of cities and landscapes, are stimulating the creation of maritime, terrestrial and aerial channels, and are putting increasing pressures on natural and environmental resources. The book is divided into four parts: The first part analyses the increasing intensity of regional trade, migration and investment flows; the second focuses on channels and adapted spaces. The third part addresses sustainability and natural resources, while the fourth highlights institutional issues.

National audience; Au moment où se profilent de nouveaux changements pour les territoires, avec les discussions sur la taxe d’habitation ou la réduction du nombre d’élus, il n’est pas inutile de revenir sur les effets des récentes réformes territoriales. En effet, la loi NOTRe (venant après la loi MAPTAM) a introduit des changements importants dans l’organisation et l’ancrage spatial des activités économiques et sociales de notre pays, qui remettent profondément en question le rôle joué par l’État (Torre et Bourdin, 2015). Un bilan des changements actuels et à venir, mettant l’accent sur leurs implications pour les collectivités territoriales, permet de pointer de nombreuses incertitudes mais aussi des évolutions certaines en termes d’aménagement des territoires.

Partie V - chapitre 26; International audience; This chapter argues that new approaches to the geographical dimension of innovation and its role in localized systems are necessary today, because existing ones either suffer from analytical shortcomings or have failed to take into account changes in the conception of innovation and in the organization of contemporary societies. The first section is devoted to the cluster-oriented approach, which highlights the systemic nature of innovation processes – seen as less and less technology-based – moving closer to a definition of industrial ecosystems. Then, we discuss the coordination-based approach, highlighting shortcomings in the analysis of the concepts of proximity and their coordination-related dimension. Finally, we discuss the need for a broader conception of innovation, and the necessity to look beyond its technological dimension by considering new forms and new sources of innovation, linked to social and organizational issues as well as environmental questions and the relation with local populations’ desire to express themselves.

National audience; Do territorial reforms have a meaning, an economic and spatial rationale, or are they the result of a legislative whim? In this comment on the articles by Frère and Védrine and Antunez et al., we will go back over the slow process of France's territorial organisation and the attempts at simplification introduced by the recent reforms, as well as the issues they raise, in particular in terms of transfer of powers between local authorities and disparities in the new organisation of the regions in mainland France. We emphasise that the territorial layer-cake was shaped patiently over the centuries, to the point of becoming very weighty indeed, and that the NOTRe and MAPTAM laws enacted to modify the institutional architecture of the French territories by giving priority to large structures raise questions regarding the transfer of powers and resources, as well as on spatial inequalities, yet without providing definitive solutions toward the aim of administrative simplification.; Les récentes réformes territoriales ont‑elles un sens, un fondement économique et spatial, ou sont‑elles le fruit d’un caprice du législateur ? Dans ce commentaire des articles de Frère et Védrine et d’Antunez et al. nous revenons sur la lente élaboration de l’organisation territoriale de la France et sur les tentatives de simplification introduites par les récentes réformes, ainsi que sur les questions qu’elles soulèvent, en particulier en termes de transfert de compétences entre collectivités et de disparités dans la nouvelle organisation des régions métropolitaines. Nous soulignons que le mille-feuille territorial s’est patiemment élaboré au cours des siècles, jusqu’à devenir très lourd, et que les lois NOTRe et MAPTAM qui portent modification de l’architecture institutionnelle des territoires de France en privilégiant les grandes structures suscitent des interrogations en matière de transfert de compétences et de ressources, ainsi que d’inégalités spatiales, sans pour autant apporter de solutions définitives à la question de la simplification administrative.

publié en ligne : 05 Jan 2017; This article examines the conflicts arising from the Diamer Bhasha Damproject in northern Pakistan. Conflicts arising from the impacts of the dam on the local population and territory and steps to resolve some of them are identified. These impacts relate to unfair land acquisition, improper displacement, inadequate compensation, resettlement and future livelihoods. The completion of the project depends on the arrangement of project finance, resolution of conflicts among different actors and the consent of all stakeholders. In the light of this case, strategies for improved infrastructure project governance are identified.

Suite à une prise de conscience quant à la problématique du réchauffement global et à la reconnaissance d’une responsabilité anthropique dans le phénomène, la question climatique s’est progressivement inscrite au cœur des préoccupations aménagistes. Une attention toute particulière a notamment été portée aux dispositions spatiales et urbaines susceptibles de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la démarche se voulant alors une contribution à l’effort mondial en matière d’atténuation du changement climatique. En outre, dans un souci d’adaptation, les aménageurs montrent peu à peu un regain d’intérêt pour des principes de climatologie urbaine et de bioclimatologie dans des agglomérations qui pourraient bien voir leurs conditions atmosphériques se réchauffer. Il en va du confort et de la santé de nombreuses populations. À travers cette note, nous soutenons, notamment à destination d’un public d’aménageurs, la possibilité d’étendre le champ de l’action climatique en développant une capacité à influencer les conditions atmosphériques à une échelle qualifiable de régionale ou d’intermédiaire. Différentes recherches en climatologie régionale ont en effet pu mettre en exergue l’influence significative que peuvent avoir les changements d’usage et de gestions des sols sur la météorologie et la qualité de l’air d’une région en raison des échanges – énergétiques, hydriques et chimiques – qui s’opèrent entre la surface et l’atmosphère. Nous exposons, sur la base de cas d’étude sélectionnés dans la littérature académique, quelles pourraient être les modalités d’une telle action climatique régionale, puis pointons quelques-uns des défis à relever pour que celle-ci puisse voir le jour. As a result of the growing awareness regarding the global warming problem and its human causes at the end of the 20th century, climate issue has progressively become a prominent focus of spatial planning. A particular attention has been paid to spatial configurations and urban designs that are liable to curb greenhouse gas emissions, with the intent of contributing to the global effort in terms of climate change mitigation. Moreover, spatial planners show a renewed interest in principles of urban climatology in cities and metropolitan areas over which atmospheric conditions are likely to become hotter in the future decades. Therefore, the comfort of living and the health of many people are at stake. This note supports the possibility of extending the scope of climate action by developing a new ability in influencing atmospheric conditions at a regional/intermediary scale. Various researches in regional climatology have highlighted the substantial influence land uses and land cover can have on the weather and the air quality of a region due to the – energetic, hydric and chemical – interactions between the surface and the atmosphere. On the basis of case-studies selected in the scientific literature, this note presents what could be the main features of such a climate action at the regional scale and then highlights some challenges to be faced to make it operational.

This chapter questions the concept of rural development. Pointing the difficulty of reaching a definition generally accepted, it also presents the historical evolution of ideas that underlie this concept. From the technical approach centered on agricultural modernization that prevailed in the 1950s to the current interest in agro-ecological issues, different dominant models of rural development are successively presented and discussed: technicist, local networks, empowerment, capabilities, civil society, and environmentalist approaches are considered. From these successive adjustments of rural development models resulted in the early 1990s, the idea that rural areas are engaged in a new development paradigm, responding to expanded logical, particularly in the sectoral dimension, on the place and role of agriculture, the modalities of public intervention, and types of involved stakeholders. Our purpose here highlights the turning point constituted by the recognition of agriculture’s multifunctional nature.

The effect of proximities on socioeconomic network construction led to numerous debates in the economic geography literature. Our contribution aims to apprehend the local processes of economic development in the rural territories mobilizing in a complementary way the social network analyses and those of the proximity dynamics. With this objective, we study the Local Productive Arrangements (LPA) of two agricultural supply chains, in the Brazilian Amazon. These arrangements are coordinated by the same territorial governance system, representative of the actions led by the Brazilian government to promote territorial development. The analytical framework mobilized allow us to study and compare LPA, to propose a first characterization of network types by proximity types and to highlight the importance of the territorial governance system to strengthen and sustain the LPA.; L’influence des proximités sur la construction des réseaux socio-économiques suscite de nombreux débats dans la littérature. La présente contribution vise à étudier le fonctionnement des coordinations entre acteurs dans des dispositifs d’appui aux filières agricoles et à mettre en évidence l’impact d’une politique publique de développement territorial sur ces dispositifs, à l’aide d’une approche en termes de réseaux et de proximités. Dans cet esprit, nous analysons les Arrangements Productifs Locaux (APL) de deux filières agricoles en Amazonie brésilienne, coordonnés par le même dispositif de gouvernance territoriale. Le cadre d’analyse mobilisé nous permet d’étudier et de comparer ces APL, de proposer une première caractérisation des types de réseaux selon les types de proximités et de mettre en avant l’importance du dispositif de gouvernance territoriale pour le renforcement et la pérennisation des APL.

ISBN 978-3-319-02372-4 (eBook) ISSN 2192-0435 (electronic); International audience; Based on the literature Chapter 1 addresses the question of the disputed notions or rural, regional, territorial and development terms. The first issue is about the definition – or the very existence, even – of “the rural”. We isolate two main definitions highlighted the fact that in certain cases “rural” is used to refer to the landscape, while in others it is the population that is of primary interest. We also identify that rural areas have lost their past uniformity and have now become home to a mix of different service activities and agricultural or industrial production; and consist of both remote territories and areas close to cities, of historic and new populations. Then we consider the notion of development, and show that Regional science places considerations of economic and social change in territories at the heart of the debate, together with issues associated with the development process and the distribution of gains and losses resulting from new configurations, as well as the recent integration of well-being in social and economic indexes. Finally we move to the terms “region” and “territories”, and agreed to the idea that regional development refers to the processes that occur within the institutional borders of the region, whereas that of territorial development pertains to a construction of territorialities by local populations.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM2-ACPUB; Les actions en faveur du développement des territoires ruraux et agricoles, confrontées aux profondes mutations de ces espaces, ne font aujourd’hui plus consensus. Ces changements conduisent à la mise en ½uvre de nouvelles pratiques, fondées sur de nouvelles connaissances et de nouvelles formes de coordination entre acteurs. Chercheurs et praticiens trouveront dans ce livre les bases méthodologiques et des exemples d’outils pour repenser le développement territorial.

Three main reasons require to look closely at rural areas and to analyse rural development and policies: they represent the major part of world’s surface area; they are the object of strong competition between and within regions and countries; they contain almost all the resources necessary for human existence. They are therefore central to the public policies and strategies of interest groups and nations and their future is an inescapable issue on the agendas of policymakers, decision-makers and researchers. Nowadays rural areas are facing two fundamental types of change, suggesting that there is no longer a dominant model: they are subject to increasingly strong influence from cities and urban populations; competition for natural resources located in rural areas plays a key role in current development policies. The rural world appears as a mosaic of highly diverse socio-economic configurations and spatial distribution patterns, marked by a diversity of development paths, whereas public policies dedicated to rural development are undergoing important changes. The goal of the book is to provide tools for addressing the question of rural and peri-urban development, whether through analytical thinking or public policy development, on the basis of two distinct but overlapping approaches:—regional development approaches—especially regional science—on the one hand; and studies on rural dimensions and policies, on the other.

Depuis plusieurs decennies, chercheurs et decideurs sont quasi-unanimes pour considerer le developpement local et les systemes productifs territoriaux comme des allant-de-soi. Certaines notions ont meme joue un role phare de la pensee et de l’action : districts, SPL, milieux, clusters, technopoles, poles de competitivite… Comprendre les enjeux contemporains des rapports entre industrie et territoire necessite de prendre en compte les evolutions qui se sont dessinees au fil du temps, autour de ces questions de systemes locaux et de leur insertion dans les dynamiques globales de changement des economies. Notre demarche vise a problematiser et illustrer la maniere dont les systemes industriels localises, aujourd’hui le plus souvent denommes « clusters », au-dela des aspects d’interactions locales et globales entre les acteurs, se doivent d’internaliser toujours davantage des dimensions contextuelles de proximite, aussi bien environnementales que societales. L’adjonction de ces deux variables conduit a deborder de plus en plus largement du cadre traditionnel et des frontieres des mondes de l’industrie et de l’innovation technologique, pour renouveler l’approche des systemes locaux, vers les questions de systemes d’affaires ou d’ecologie industrielle et territoriale.

L’analyse des conflits relève d’une longue tradition des sciences sociales (Simmel, 2003 ; Touraine, 1978 ; Freund, 1983 ; Coser, 1982 ; Wieviorka, 2005), mais l’attention des chercheurs et des praticiens s’est plus volontiers tournée vers la question de leur résolution que vers leurs caractéristiques particulières. Pourtant, la montée des préoccupations environnementales et de développement durable, l’émergence de la dimension territoriale, les processus d’étalement urbain et la préoccupation croissante pour le cadre de vie ont récemment conduit à un intérêt renouvelé pour l’analyse des « conflits d’usage de l’espace », parfois nommés « conflits d’usage et de voisinage », ou encore « conflits environnementaux » ou « de proximité ».

Paris I, chapitre 3; The article aims to analyse the modalities followed by French coopera-tive groups seeking to implement a territorial embeddedness process. It will at-tempt to clarify issues relating to the significance of this territorial dimension along with cooperative groups‟ strategies and behaviour. The text starts with a brief literature review elucidating the notion of territorial embeddedness and dis-tinguishing it from the territorial circumscription, while presenting the specificities of this concept for cooperatives. It then processes national statistics databases and comes up with a spatial topology of French cooperative groups. The second sec-tion offers a set of indicators that can be used to measure and test territorial em-beddedness, validated by a survey of 15 of France‟s leading agricultural coopera-tive groups. We demonstrate that, along with geographic location and statutory perimeter of action, territorial embeddedness also reflects three other main criteria, to wit: where the agricultural cooperative runs its operations; where its members are located; and where they receive the outputs and services that they are offered. There is no doubt that cooperative groups construct territorial embeddedness on the basis of a joint activation of relationships with their members – but it is just as clear that this construction varies depending on the extent of a group‟s integration into particular branches and markets.

The studies devoted to the analysis of proximity relations refuse to dissociate the economic from the geographical aspects, and all of which take into account various dimensions of proximity relations. The main objective is to bring into light the role of the different types of proximities into the process of knowledge diffusion between firms and/or other partners and organisations. Based on the theoretical debate about geographical proximity, the paper concludes that it can be activated or mobilized by the actions of economic and social actors. All the proximities contribute to the process of territorial development in helping distant or close partners to work together.

Europe is considered one of the most desirable and healthiest parts of the world according to various indexes of wealth and prosperity as well as being one of the best migration and world-travel de...

The aim of this article is to shed some light on issues of territorial development and of rural development and to identify what links and opposes them. Indeed, everything pushes towards joining these two dimensions, which for a long time seemed disconnected. On the one hand, the policies targeting rural areas explicitly include the territorial dimension, while the distinction between rural and urban is getting blurred. In the meantime, decentralization, subsidiarity, the regionalization of agriculture, short circuits and local foods take place in parallel with the generalization of an urban model. Finally, we find that regional sciences are paying increasing attention to rural and agricultural dimensions, while studies concerning rural questions are starting to consider territorial issues. The first section of the article provides a critical presentation and attempts to define and distinguish the notions of development, territory and the rural. The second section addresses questions of regional and territorial development by presenting the main theories and public policies and concludes with a discussion about the possibilities of reconciling the theories and the policies. The third section follows the same structure, applied to the question of rural development, from analyses to grass-roots policies.

National audience; Construits collectifs – en élaboration permanente – les territoires sont « changeants, fluctuants, instables » [Delamarre, Lacour, Thoin, 2013], parfois à géométrie variable, à la fois consommateurs et créateurs de ressources productives locales. Leur évolution est déterminée par des dynamiques individuelles et collectives : une entreprise va avoir pour stratégie d’y développer des activités spécifiques, comme une innovation numérique, un signe de qualité ou un réseau de coopérations locales, alors que les institutions chercheront à créer une identité commune, des relations de confiance, ou des savoir-faire innovants, comme dans les systèmes productifs localisés [Courlet, 2002].

The aim of this article is to draw some lines about the application of proximity analysis in business relations, be there face to face exchanges or distant relations, with a peculiar attention to innovative behaviors, whether they imply local interactions, virtual exchanges or mobility of white collars and engineers. We first give a broad definition of various types of proximity relations, especially the most important ones: geographical proximity, organized proximity, and temporary geographical proximity, and then provide some developments about the theoretical origins and the development of the proximity analysis. The third part of the paper is devoted to a summary of the main applied studies and to the design of a core model of proximity relations for business firms, involving different types of proximity links, be there local or abroad. We then apply this model to the analysis of the local and external relations of the firms in the optics cluster in the greater Paris Region, and identify four types of firms and their proximity figures.

International audience

Contents: Preface Introduction: The Role of Proximity Relations in Regional and Territorial Development Processes Andre Torre and Fred Wallet PART I: PROXIMITY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: MAIN DEBATES AND CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES 1. Proximity and Endogenous Regional Development Robert J. Stimson 2. Proximity Relations at the Heart of Territorial Development Processes. From Clusters, Spatial Conflicts and Temporary Geographical Proximity to Territorial Governance Andre Torre 3. Relatedness and Transversality in Spatial Paradigms and Regimes Phil Cooke PART II: THE ROLE OF PROXIMITY IN SPATIAL INNOVATION PROCESSES 4. Proximity and Regional Innovation Process: Is There Space for New Reflections? Roberta Capello 5. When Local Interaction Does Not Suffice: Sources of Firm Innovation in Urban Norway Rune Dahl Fitjar and Andres Rodriguez-Pose 6. How I Met My Partner. Reconsidering Proximities Olivier Bouba-Olga, Michel Grossetti and Marie Ferru PART III: NETWORKS AND PROXIMITY RELATIONS 7. The Formation of Economic Networks: A Proximity Approach Ron Boschma, Pierre Alexandre Balland and Mathijs de Vaan 8. Digital Infrastructure and Physical Proximity Peter Nijkamp and Emmanouil Tranos 9. Proximity Relations and Global Knowledge Flows: Specialization and Diffusion Processes across Capitalist Varieties Rachael Gibson and Harald Bathelt PART IV: PLACE-BASED STRATEGIES AND PROXIMITY RELATIONS 10. The Regional Policy Debate: A Territorial, Place-based and Proximity Approach Roberto Camagni 11. Economic Development, Place-based Development Strategies and the Conceptualization of Proximity in European Urban Regions Teodora Dogaru, Frank van Oort and Mark Thissen PART V: CONCLUSIONS 12. A Challenging Book: Regional Development and Proximity Relations Antoine Bailly Index

Partie III, chapitre 12; There have been some important developments in the analysis of proximity relations since its origin. First introduced by a group of French economists (Kirat and Lung 1997; Torre and Gilly 1999), during the 1990s this approach was primarily confined to the analysis of industrial production relations and was specifically developed in the context of the study of innovation processes. Industrial relations, innovation, firm mobility, new technology, territorial resources, local productive systems… all have been studied, endlessly explored and brought back under the spotlight again by the confrontation between theoretical analysis and empirical research (Boschma 2005; Carrincazeaux et al. 2008; Rychen and Zimmermann 2008).

International audience; The presence of nearby public facilities has an impact on real-estate values; for this reason, the market may reasonably anticipate that public infrastructure projects will affect house prices. But undesirable and semi-desirable facility location choices may be contested by nearby residents, as they are a source of negative externalities or expectations. In Paris’s suburban zones, opposition to these infrastructures is frequent, and the official announcement of a project does not automatically mean it will be implemented. Through three case studies, we explore the way in which the expectation mechanism is affected by legal conflicts driven by nearby residents. We suppose that expectations depend on the probability that a given project will be realised. The variation is captured by a hedonic model. As conflicts amplify or reduce the certainty of the new facility’s arrival, market perceptions of the infrastructure vary.

This text aims to present the methodology of study of land-use conflicts performed in recent years by a multidisciplinary team, and to reveal the methods of survey and data collection, as well as the structure of the resulting database. We first define the scope of our study by providing a definition of these conflicts, of their characteristics and motives, of the ways they manifest themselves and of the actors involved (I). We then present the methodology we have used to identify conflicts; it is based on a spatial analysis and the combined use of different data collection methods including surveys conducted by experts, analyses of the regional daily press and of data from the administrative litigation courts (II). Finally we present the resulting Conflicts © data base, with its tables and nomenclatures, in which the data collected in different fields are reconciled and analyzed (III), before providing a few examples of how this method can be used to analyze case studies in developed and developing countries (IV). Jel codes D74; C83; K41

In this study, we have used qualitative data from land-use conflicts for a development-related infrastructure project based on the case of Chotiari reservoir in Pakistan. Our results primarily highlight the networks of stakeholders involved in making the decisions for this project and their opposition to the desires of the local population, leading to significant tensions and conflicts due to the superposition of land-use expectations in the project area. Through this research, we have identified the key groups of actors and their logics, links and behaviors in terms of multi-level governance (from community level to international level) and territorial governance, thus revealing the positions of stakeholders and their relative social power. We show how public authorities have disregarded international rules and laws in undertaking a development project, and caused great damage to local populations and environmental resources. This article aims to provide useful information and insights for recommendations to help prevent and resolve land-use conflicts, principally on the basis of an analysis of proximity relations.

The notion of proximity is increasing in popularity in economic and geographic literature, and is now commonly used by scholars in regional science and spatial economics. Few academic works, however, have explored the link between regional development and proximity relations. This comprehensive book redresses the balance with its assessment of the role of, and obstacles caused by, proximity relations in regional development processes.

ACL (avec facteur d'impact); International audience; Rural, natural and peri-urban areas seem nowadays to become the object of conflicts and tensions because of their multi-functional nature. If these conflicts issue from opposing views about the use of land, they are also determined by the spatial parameters that characterize the pieces of land affected by the projects of land-use transformation, and by the antagonistic relationship between two or several units of action (farmers and local planners, for example). Therefore, there is a need for a new management of rural (and peri-urban) areas, and this is the role of territorial governance, which is the engine of local development, and the tool for better local compromises, involving periods of opposition and streams of negotiation. Territorial governance has to take into account not only negotiations but conflict relations as well and to include both interaction schemes into its framework. Our study assesses the role played by conflicts in land use within a peri-urban context, based on studies on the Greater Paris region, and a case study on the use of agricultural soils on the urban fringe.

ACL(avec facteur d'impact); International audience; The aim of this article is to help gain a better understanding of the conflicts over farmland uses and of their interdependence with the dynamics of territorial governance mechanisms that are emerging in metropolitan rural areas. The example retained is that of the conflicts over farmland uses observed in the Greater Paris Region, and of their links with the "Agri-urban programs" implemented on the region borders. In order to conduct this study we perform a critical examination of the conflicts that occur in the region and are reported in the daily regional press (DRP), before focusing more specifically on the case of agri-urban program zones, using methods such as direct interviews or document analysis. The first section, based on the result of the DRP census, highlights the diversity and nature of the conflicts that occur in the Greater Paris Region, and shows in the meantime that most of the conflicts are linked to a place-based collective effort to prevent or manage the negative impacts of urbanization on the agrarian landscapes and products. The second section further discusses the specificity of conflicts according to whether they are located within or outside an agri-urban program zone. The third section puts forward some hypothesis about the links between conflict processes and the creation of innovative mechanisms, based on an examination of the events and motivations that have led to the creation of agri-urban programs.

OASIS est une interface internet automatisée qui offre un large éventail d’outils statistiques et cartographiques pour l’analyse des variables spatialisées. Par rapport à l’existant, OASIS présente plusieurs avantages. Premièrement, c’est une plateforme complète, qui propose des outils nouveaux et regroupe une palette très large d’outils standards, actuellement dispersés sur plusieurs logiciels ou interfaces. Deuxièmement, OASIS donne accès à une série de variables utilisées fréquemment dans la littérature sur la ségrégation et les inégalités spatiales, qui sont disponibles au niveau communal sur l’ensemble de la France Métropolitaine (fonds de cartes inclus). Enfin, OASIS comporte des outils inédits permettant de tester la significativité statistique de l’ensemble des indices de ségrégation et d’autocorrélation spatiale à l’aide de simulations Monte Carlo. À notre connaissance, de tels outils totalement automatisés ne sont disponibles nulle part, malgré l’importance de s’assurer de la fiabilité statistique des analyses spatiales. OASIS is an automatic internet interface that provides a wide set of statistical and cartographic tools for the analysis of spatial variables. Compared to what already exists, OASIS displays several advantages. Firstly, it is a complete platform that proposes new tools and includes a very large range of standard tools currently scattered in several software and interfaces. Secondly, OASIS provides access to a series of variables frequently used in the literature on spatial inequalities and segregation, which are available here at municipal scale for the entire metropolitan France (base maps included). Lastly, OASIS brings forward novel tools that allow for the testing of the statistical significance of all segregation and auto-correlation indexes with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. To our best knowledge, this kind of fully automatized tools are available nowhere, despite the obvious importance of ensuring the statistical reliability of spatial analyses.

National audience; The article offers an empirically-based analysis of conflicts over public utility infrastructures in the Paris region. It sheds some light on public decision-making process and on the role conflicts play in the process of land availability. Area tends to be lessened due to economic development and urban sprawling. The need of space for urbanization is undeniable, but the margin for operations is reducing because of growing scarcity of available land. Empirical evidence based on courts records show that conflicts on infrastructures occur mainly in peri-urban spaces, in relatively small and wealthy towns. Being proof of the local inhabitant’s non satisfaction, the conflicts could be seen as an echo of the struggle between needs of urbanization and land preservation. The article also spots on the complexity and the ambiguity of the public decision-making process, by offering a critical lecture of its principles and its application in terms of infrastructure project.; La région Ile-de-France connaît une pression foncière importante due aux besoins d’espaces urbanisables et à la nécessité d’infrastructures à destination de la métropole parisienne. Or, les marges de manœuvre pour la poursuite de l’artificialisation des sols et à la création d’aménagements urbains tendent à se réduire. L’article analyse les conflits d’infrastructures qui traversent la région et éclairer leur lien au processus de décision publique. L’étude empirique menée sur le contentieux montre que les conflits d’infrastructures sont essentiellement localisés dans les espaces périurbains, dans des communes dont la population est relativement aisée. Ils sont l’expression d’une prise de parole de groupes de riverains désireux de faire entendre leur opposition à des projets qui ne leur paraissent pas acceptables en l’état, mais également de la lutte entre intérêts liés à l’urbanisation et volonté de préservation de l’espace. Ces conflits mettent en évidence la complexité et les ambiguïtés du processus de décision publique.

National audience; The article offers an empirically-founded analysis of conflicts on public utility infrastructures in the region surrounding Paris It sheds some light on public decision-making process and on the role conflicts play in the process of land availability in the Paris region. Empirical evidence based on courts records show that conflicts on infrastructures occur mainly in peri-urban spaces, in relatively small wealthy towns. Being proof of the local inhabitant’s non satisfaction, the conflicts could be seen as an echo of the struggle between need of urbanization and need of land preservation. The article also spots on the complexity and the ambiguity of the public decision-making process in France. It highlights the imperfections of the decision mechanism, which explain the presence of conflicts.; L’article analyse la décision publique et les conflits d’infrastructures en-Île-de France. L’étude du contentieux administratif montre que les conflits d’infrastructures sont avant tout localisés dans le périurbain aisé, qu’ils expriment une prise de parole de riverains organisés face à des projets qui ne leur paraissent pas acceptables en l’état et révèlent une tension entre urbanisation et préservation de l’espace. Ces conflits montrent la complexité et les ambiguïtés de la décision publique. L’article propose une lecture critique du processus décisionnel en amont de projets. Il se centre sur les imperfections dans la prise de décision publique, qui expliquent la survenance et la persistance de conflits.

Little attention has been devoted to the role of social networks and property rights in infrastructural projects. We use the Chotiari water reservoir project data from Pakistan, to explore the social network of actors on land use and property right violation, which create a dissimilar power distribution and significant land use conflicts. Results indicate that public officials with their alien stakeholders have pressurised the local population to displace, where institutional inconsistency towards justice has led them to mistrust and project opposition. In Pakistan, the non-existence of a national resettlement policy is germinating land use conflicts and human and property rights violations since five decades. Therefore, attention to such conflicts, their resolution and prevention are important for research and policy development.

Being an agro-based economy, Pakistan depends mainly on fertile lands and Indus River irrigation systems. The extensive expansion and unsustainable growth in this sector is rapidly degrading ecosystem and environmental services, which leads to undermine the rural livelihoods. This research explores root causes of poor performance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in this sector, taking the case of Chotiari water reservoir construction as an example. It further explores the outcomes of the unilateral decisions taken towards development projects which had led to the destruction of environmental services, biodiversity, fertile agricultural lands and sustenance of local population in the region. The aim of the article is to highlight inadequacies of EIA framework in the country and to recommend good governance practices to promote regional sustainability through such infrastructural projects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v1i2.5147 Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka Vol.1(2) 2012 46-57