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Aims: To investigate the long-term alterations in immune function and spontaneous inflammation in mice following specific knockout of Notch2 (Notch2KO) in Treg cells., Main Methods: A Treg cell-specific Notch2 knockout mouse model was constructed, and the mice were named Notch2KO mice. The pathological changes and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs, skin, and liver of the mice at 2, 6, 9, and 12 months of age were evaluated by HE staining. The expression of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg transcription factors was detected by Western blotting. The proportion of CD4 + T-cell subsets was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)., Key Findings: The expression level of Notch2 in Treg cells from the Notch2KO mice was significantly decreased compared with that in Treg cells from the control mice (P < 0.05). HE staining showed that compared with the control mice, the Notch2KO mice displayed spontaneous inflammation and had a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs and skin (P < 0.05). The number of Treg cells, the expression level of Foxp3, and the level of IL-10 were reduced in the Notch2KO mice compared with the control mice (P < 0.05), and these metrics further decreased with increasing age (P < 0.05). In contrast, the number of Th1/Th2 cells, the expression level of T-bet/GATA3, and the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ)/Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) were significantly increased in the Notch2KO mice (P < 0.05), and these metrics further increased with increasing age (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the number of Th17 cells, the expression of RORγt, or the level of IL-17. Further analysis showed that the balance of Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 cells in the Notch2KO mice was shifted, and the ratio showed a downward trend over time (P < 0.05)., Significance: The number and function of Treg cells can be severely inhibited by a specific knockout of Notch2 in Treg cells, leading to immune disorders that gradually worsen over time., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of Notch2 gene knockout in Treg cells on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in mice., Methods: A mouse model of HNSCC was constructed. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to examine the numbers of related immune cells and programmed cell death in tumor cells in the spleen and tumor microenvironment of mice. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of related proteins in tumor tissues., Results: The tumor volume of regulatory T (Treg) cell-specific Notch2-knockout mice (experimental group) was significantly smaller than that of control mice (control group) (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the control group, the number of Treg cells and the expression of Ki67 in Treg cells in the spleen and tumor tissue were significantly decreased in the experimental group, while the numbers of CD45+ hematopoietic cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T helper 1 (Th1) cells, CD11b+ cells (macrophages), and CD11b+CD11c+ cells (dendritic cells) and the expression of Ki67 in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of Th2 cells between the two groups (P > 0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the tumor tissue in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with that in the control group, programmed cell death in the experimental group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD in the tumor tissues of the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01), while the expression levels of BCL2, Bax, ATG5, LC3 and p62 were not significantly different (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Specific knockout of the Notch2 gene in Treg cells significantly decreases the function of Treg cells, inhibits the growth of HNSCC and improves the immune microenvironment in mice, thus effectively treating HNSCC., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Family caregivers of people with advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD) are at high risk of caregiver strain, which independently predicts adverse patient outcomes. We tested the effects of one year of interdisciplinary, telehealth-enhanced home visits (IN-HOME-PD) with 16 weeks of peer mentoring on caregiver strain compared with usual care., Methods: We enrolled homebound people with advanced PD (PWPD) and their primary caregiver as IN-HOME-PD dyads. We trained experienced PD family caregivers as peer mentors. Dyads received four structured home visits focused on advanced symptom management, home safety, medications, and psychosocial needs. Starting at approximately four months, caregivers spoke weekly with a peer mentor for 16 weeks. We compared one-year change in caregiver strain (MCSI, range 0-72) with historical controls, analyzed intervention acceptability, and measured change in anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy., Results: Longitudinally, IN-HOME-PD caregiver strain was unchanged (n = 51, 23.34 (SD 9.43) vs. 24.32 (9.72), p = 0.51) while that of controls worsened slightly (n = 154, 16.45 (10.33) vs. 17.97 (10.88), p = 0.01). Retention in peer mentoring was 88.2%. Both mentors and mentees rated 100% of mentoring calls useful, with mean satisfaction of 91/100 and 90/100, respectively. There were no clinically significant improvements in anxiety, depression, or self-efficacy., Conclusions: Interdisciplinary telehealth-enhanced home visits combined with peer mentoring mitigated the worsening strain observed in caregivers of less advanced individuals. Mentoring was met with high satisfaction. Future caregiver-led peer mentoring interventions are warranted given the growing, unmet needs of PD family caregivers., Trial Registration: NCT03189459., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of Notch2-dependent GATA3+ Treg cells in allergic rhinitis (AR). Samples were collected from patients in the control and AR groups to detect differences in the numbers of GATA3+ Treg cells and their intracellular Notch2 levels. The effects of Notch2 on GATA3+ Treg cell differentiation and function in vitro were detected. AR mice were subjected to adoptive transfer of GATA3+ Treg cells to detect changes in the allergic inflammatory response and Th2 cells. Mice with Treg cell-specific knockout of Notch2 were constructed, and an AR model was established to detect the changes. The number of GATA3+ Treg cells and intracellular Notch2 expression in peripheral blood of the AR group were decreased compared with the controls (P < 0.05), and the number of GATA3+ Treg cells was significantly negatively correlated with the level of allergen-specific IgE (sIgE; P < 0.01). In vitro experiments showed that Notch2 promoted the differentiation and immunosuppressive function of GATA3+ Treg cells, and Notch2 directly promoted GATA3 transcription in Treg cells (P < 0.05). Animal experiments indicated that adoptive transfer of GATA3+ Treg cells reduced the allergic inflammatory response in AR mice (P < 0.05). The number of GATA3+ Treg cells was decreased in gene knockout mice (P < 0.05), and autoimmune inflammation was observed. After modeling, the allergic inflammatory response was further aggravated (P < 0.05). Overall, our findings indicate that Notch2 alleviates AR by specifically increasing GATA3+ Treg cell differentiation. Notch2 expressed in Treg cells is expected to be a new therapeutic target for AR., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the role of Tregs and their subtypes in the treatment of allergic rhinitis with allergen immunotherapy (AIT) as well as the underlying mechanism., Methods: 1. Thirty-one healthy controls, 29 Allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and 16 AR patients treated with AIT were recruited. The total nasal symptom scores (TNSSs) were calculated. The serum levels of IgE, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 were measured. 2. Changes in the proportions of CD4+ T cells, Treg cells, Treg subtypes and Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Tfh cells in the peripheral blood of the subjects in the three groups were measured. 3. The correlations of Treg cells, Treg subtypes and TNSS with the levels of various cytokines in the AR group and AIT group were analysed., Results: 1. Compared with the control group, the TNSS and IgE, IL-5 and IL-6 levels in the AR group were significantly increased, while the IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the AR group, the TNSS and IgE, IL-5 and IL-6 levels in the AIT group were significantly decreased, while the IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). 2. Compared with the control group, the proportions of Tregs, GATA3+ Tregs and Th1 cells in the AR group were significantly reduced, while the proportions of PU-1+ Tregs, T-bet+ Tregs and Th2 cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the AR group, the proportions of Tregs and Th1 cells in the AIT group were significantly increased, while the proportions of PU-1+ Tregs and Th2 cells were decreased (P < 0.05). 3. Correlation analysis showed that Treg cell proportions were negatively correlated with the TNSS, sIgE levels, IL-5 levels and IL-6 levels but positively correlated with the IL-2 and IL-10 levels (P < 0.05). PU-1+ Treg cell proportions were positively correlated with the TNSS, sIgE levels, IL-5 levels and IL-6 levels but negatively correlated with the Treg cell proportions, IL-2 levels and IL-10 levels (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: AIT can reduce the proportions of PU-1+ Treg subtypes in AR patients. PU-1+ Treg cell numbers can potentially be used as an indicator to monitor the therapeutic effect of AIT on AR., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The level of autophagy in CD11c + dendritic cell (DC) and its contribution to the subsequent immune imbalance are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of them in promoting the allergic inflammatory response. Nasal mucosa tissues were collected from allergic rhinitis (AR) mice and their control group to detect the expression of LC3II, P62 and ATG5 and CD11c + DC autophagy. Different concentration of OVA or the combination of OVA and autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) were used to induce the differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (CD11c + BMDCs). Differences in LC3II, P62 and ATG5 expression and autophagosome formation were detected. BMDCs in the above groups were cocultured with spleen lymphocytes to detect the proportions of effector T cells and changes in cytokines. OVA-loaded BMDCs were injected intravenously into C57BL/6 mice to develop allergic model. The nasal mucosa of mice in the AR group showed significantly increased LC3II and ATG5 protein expression, whereas showed significantly decreased P62 protein expression. Moreover, LC3II was mainly co-expressed with CD11c + DC markers. In vitro, OVA stimulation induced the increase of autophagosomes and the expression of autophagy-related proteins in BMDCs in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibition of autophagy showed significantly decreased LC3II and ATG5 expression and autophagosome abundance. In addition, OVA-induced BMDC autophagy can affect CD4+T cell differentiation and related cytokine levels, however, the Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17/Treg/Tfh cell immune imbalances were significantly reversed after the addition of 3-MA. Adoptive transfer of OVA-loaded BMDCs could promote the allergic inflammation, while the administration of 3-MA on OVA-loaded BMDCs could significantly reduce the AR inflammation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that allergen can induce CD11c + DC autophagy in a dose-dependent manner and promote the immune imbalance of downstream T cells towards a proinflammatory phenotype., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tobacco smoke is the major risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Viral infection is a major cause of COPD exacerbation, which lacks effective drug treatments. In the present study, to mimic the pathogenesis of COPD, we employed a TLR3 ligand [Poly (I:C), PIC] to mimic viral infection to determine whether it enhances the effects of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. Our results showed that PIC enhanced the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression and remodeling factor E-cadherin, α-SMA and TGF-β1 mRNA expression with TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation in pulmonary epithelial NCI-H292 cells. These responses were inhibited by a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor (TLR3i) or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor icotinib (Ico). Similarly, in the PIC-enhanced CS-induced airway inflammation and remodeling mouse model, treatment with TLR3i or Ico reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and the remodeling factors α-SMA, TGF-β1, MMP-9 and MUC5AC, while increasing E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, we found that TLRi and Ico can attenuate the airway hyperreactivity induced by PIC, which is enhanced by CS. Finally, PIC enhanced the effects of CS on TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation and significantly increased Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation, whereas TLR3i and Ico markedly suppressed TLR3 upregulation and EGFR, Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation in the model. Our findings suggest that TLR3/EGFR may be a potential target for the treatment of airway inflammation and remodeling in COPD., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The binary nanomaterials and graphitic carbon based hybrid has been developed as an important porous nanomaterial for fabricating electrode with applications in non-enzymatic (bio) sensors. We report a fast synthesis of bimetal oxide particles of nano-sized manganese ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4 ) decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) via a high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation method for C (30 kHz and 70 W/cm 2 ). The nanocomposites were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, XPS, EDS, TEM to ascertain the effects of synthesis parameters on structure, and morphology. The MnFe 2 O 4 /GCN modified electrode demonstrated superior electrocatalytic activity toward the neurotransmitter (5-hydroxytryptamine) detection with a high peak intensity at +0.21 V. The appealing application of the MnFe 2 O 4 /GCN/GCE as neurotransmitter sensors is presented and a possible sensing mechanism is analyzed. The constructed electrochemical sensor for the detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (STN) showed a wide working range (0.1-522.6 μM), high sensitivity (19.377 μA μM -1 cm -2 ), and nano-molar detection limit (3.1 nM). Moreover, it is worth noting that the MnFe 2 O 4 /GCN not only enhanced activity and also promoted the electron transfer rate towards STN detection. The proposed sensor was analyzed for its real-time applications to the detection of STN in rat brain serum, and human blood serum in good satisfactory results was obtained. The results showed promising reproducibility, repeatability, and high stability for neurotransmitter detection in biological samples., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In green approaches for electrocatalyst synthesis, sonochemical methods play a powerful role in delivering the abundant surface areas and nano-crystalline properties that are advantageous to electrocatalytic detection. In this article, we proposed the sphere-like and perovskite type of bimetal oxides which are synthesized through an uncomplicated sonochemical procedure. As a yield, the novel calcium titanate (orthorhombic nature) nanoparticles (CaTiO 3 NPs) decorated graphene oxide sheets (GOS) were obtained through simple ultrasonic irradiation by a high-intensity ultrasonic probe (Titanium horn; 50 kHz and 60 W). The GOS/CaTiO 3 NC were characterized morphologically and chemically through the analytical methods (SEM, XRD, and EDS). Besides, as-prepared nanocomposites were modified on a GCE (glassy carbon electrode) and applied towards electrocatalytic and electrochemical sensing of chemotherapeutic drug flutamide (FD). Notably, FD is a crucial anticancer drug and also a non-steroidal anti-androgen chemical. Mainly, the designed and modified sensor has shown a wide linear range (0.015-1184 µM). A limit of detection was calculated as nanomolar level (5.7 nM) and sensitivity of the electrode is 1.073 μA μM -1  cm -2 . The GOS/CaTiO 3 modified electrodes have been tested in human blood and urine samples towards anticancer drug detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Nanoball-structured ferromagnetic zinc ferrite nanocrystals (ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs) entrapped with graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) was produced via straightforward and facile sonochemical synthetical technique (titanium probe; 100 W/cm 2 and 50 KHz). The morphological (SEM), elemental (EDS), diffraction (XRD), XPS, and electrochemical studies (CV) have been carry out to verify the nanostructure and shape of the materials. The ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs/g-C 3 N 4 electrode (GCE) was constructed which displayed outstanding electrochemical ability towards toxic 4-nitrophenol (NTP). A sensitive, selective, reproducible, and durable electrochemical NTP sensor was developed by ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs/g-C 3 N 4 modified electrode. The modified sensor exhibited a high sensitivity and 4.17 nanomolars of LOD. It's greater than the LOD of previously reported NTP modified sensors. The real-time experiments of the modified electrochemical (ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs/g-C 3 N 4 electrode) sensor were successfully explained in various water (river and drinking) samples and its showed high standard recoveries. Therefore, sonochemical synthetical method and fabrication of modified electrode were developed this work based on environmental analysis of NTP sensor., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the present work, we report on the synthesis of crump-like nickel manganous oxide nanoparticles decorated partially reduced graphene oxide (NiMnO@pr-GO) nanocomposite through high-intensity ultrasonic bath sonication (ultrasonic frequency = 37 kHz and power = 150 W). The NiMnO@pr-GO nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was then employed for the electrochemical reduction of detrimental metronidazole (MNZ). The crystalline phase and formation of the NiMnO@pr-GO nanocomposites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and other spectroscopic techniques. The cyclic voltammetry results demonstrate that this NiMnO@pr-GO nanocomposite modified GCE has a lower reduction potential and higher catalytic activity towards MNZ than do NiMnO and GO modified GCEs. Under optimized conditions, the fabricated NiMnO@pr-GO electrode can detect metronidazole over a wide linear range with a lower limit of detection of 90 nM. The sensitivity of the sensor was 1.22 µA µM -1 cm -2 and was found to have excellent selectivity and durability for the detection of MNZ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In modern approaches for nanomaterials synthesis, ultrasonication plays an important role in providing the larger surface area and smaller crystalline size properties that are favorable to electrochemical techniques. Herein, we report the tin (IV) oxide on graphene oxide nanoparticles were synthesized (SnO 2 @GO NPs) by ultrasonic methodology (UZ SONOPULS HD 3400 Ultrasonic homogenizer) with the total power of 400 W and the (frequency of 20 kHz; 140 W/dm 3 ). The formation of as-prepared SnO 2 @GO NPs and its surface morphology were scrutinized over XRD, XPS, TEM, and FESEM. Besides, the sonochemically prepared SnO 2 @GO NPs were employed for the determination of environmental hazardous mercury (Hg). As a result, the modified electrode acquired a very low-level detection limit of 1.2 nM with a wider range of 0.01-10.41-µM and 14.52-225.4-µM for the detection of Hg. Finally, the practical applicability of SnO 2 @GO NPs in spiked human blood serum and tuna fish samples shows appreciable found and recovery values. ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study reports the sonochemical synthesis of samarium tungstate nanoparticles (SWNPs) for applications in electrochemical sensors. The synthesis process is based on a precipitation reaction, which was investigated by ultrasound and compared with the effect of stirring. A bath sonicator operated at a frequency and power of 37/100 kHz and ~60 W, respectively, was employed to prepare the material. The shock waves efficiently irradiated the reaction conditions as much as possible, resulting in the good crystallinity of the monoclinic phase of the SWNPs, which was confirmed by XRD analysis. The surface morphology and structural composition was further evaluated by HRTEM, EDS and XPS. The good crystallinity and uniform distribution of elements in the nanoparticles were confirmed. The performance of the SWNPs to electrochemically sense nilutamide (NLT) was studied, which revealed a good electrochemical signal. As a result, the SWNPs were applied to an electrode material for the detection of NLT. This study revealed the excellent activity of the SWNPs for NLT detection, resulting in a low detection limit (0.0026 µM) and good linear range (0.05-318 µM). Furthermore, the results show appreciable analytical performances, which could be applied to electrochemical anti-androgen drug nilutamide sensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis occurs in three stages: inflammation, early kidney damage, and severe kidney damage. We quantified the temporal changes in the enantiomers of lactate (LA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) in serum and urine during the progression of autoimmune kidney damage in mice with NTS nephritis. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional HPLC were used to quantify the enantiomers. The serum and urinary levels of LA and 3HB enantiomers significantly changed during the progression of NTS nephritis. Specifically, d-LA was significantly higher in the serum (131.8 ± 30.6, 123.7 ± 27.2, 109.3 ± 15.6 vs. 51.2 ± 7.5 μM; p < 0.05) and urine (222.2 ± 34.8, 197.4 ± 53.9, 214.8 ± 68.9 vs. 100.8 ± 37.7 μmol/g creatinine; p < 0.05) of the week 0 (W0), week 1 (W1), and week 2 (W2) groups than the normal group. The l-3HB/d-3HB ratio was significantly lower in the W0, W1, and W2 groups than the normal group in serum (0.0362 ± 0.0082, 0.0346 ± 0.0065, 0.0323 ± 0.0033 vs. 0.0602 ± 0.0214; p < 0.05) and urine (0.0591 ± 0.0304, 0.1524 ± 0.0365, 0.1232 ± 0.1066 vs. 0.3273 ± 0.1394; p < 0.05). The changes in serum and urinary d-LA and l-3HB/d-3HB ratios were stable before severe kidney damage. In conclusion, we successfully determined the levels of LA and 3HB enantiomers in NTS nephritis by HPLC. Serum and urinary d-LA contents and l-3HB/d-3HB ratios may have potential as biomarkers of early autoimmune kidney injury., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

High-intensity ultrasound can be used to produce novel materials, offering an atypical pathway to recognized products without high bulk temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times. A highly sensitive and selective robust modified sensor was developed using a composition of electrochemically active strontium metal (Sr) based tungstate interconnected with nafion polymer through a facile sonochemical approach. In addition, multiple parameters are important for sonochemical methods and specifically nanomaterial or electrocatalyst development during the ultrasonic irradiation. Moreover, high-intensity ultrasonic probe (Ti-horn) was used to synthesis of nanomaterial at 50 kHz and 200 W. The SrWO 4 /nafion was characterized via FESEM, EDX and XRD methods. 8-HD-guanosine (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) is one of the major byproduct of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidation. The concentrations of 8-HD-guanosine within a cell are a measurement of oxidative stress in body and however its excess level in body causes carcinogenic threats. Therefore, the quantification of 8-HD-guanosine in biological samples with high sensitivity is of great significance. The SrWO 4 /nafion modified sensor displayed low detection of 14.36 nM and wide linear range (0.025-398.6 µM), compare to previous reports., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copper (Cu) based metal oxides have high electrocatalytic ability. In this work, we are synthesized stone-like cuprous oxide particles (Cu 2 O SNPs) covered on acid functionalized graphene oxide (GOS) sheets using ultrasonic process (50 kHz and 100 W). Besides, the chemical structural and crystalline analyses of Cu 2 O SNPs@GOS composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cu 2 O SNPs@GOS nanomaterials were tested towards detection of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in biological samples. As expected Cu 2 O SNPs@GOS catalyst modified electrodes performed an outstanding catalytic ability on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine oxidation. 8-OHdG is oxidative stress biomarker. Further, it is noted that the detection performance of Cu 2 O SNPs@GOS coated electrodes and it's highly enhanced due to the synergistic effect of Cu 2 O SNPs and GOS. Besides, the modified materials provide more electro-active faces and as well as rapid electron transport pathway and shorten diffusion. Moreover, oxidation of 8-OHdG sensor is exploring a long linear or working range of 0.02-1465 µM and high sensitivity (8.75 nM). The viability of the Cu 2 O SNPs@GOS proposed electrochemical methods have tested, to find out 8-OHdG concentrations in biological fluids (blood serum and urine) with a satisfying recovery ranges., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The innovation of novel and proficient nanostructured materials for the precise level determination of pharmaceuticals in biological fluids is quite crucial to the researchers. With this in mind, we synthesized iron molybdate nanoplates (Fe 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 ; FeMo NPs) via simple ultrasonic-assisted technique (70 kHz with a power of 100 W). The FeMo NPs were used as the efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxidation of first-generation antihistamine drug- Promethazine hydrochloride (PMH). The as-synthesized FeMo NPs were characterized and confirmed by various characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX and Elemental mapping analysis and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, the electrochemical characteristic features of FeMo NPs were scrutinized by electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry technique (DPV). Interestingly, the developed FeMo NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (FeMo NPs/GCE) discloses higher peak current with lesser anodic potential on comparing to bare GCE including wider linear range (0.01-68.65 µM), lower detection limit (0.01 µM) and greater sensitivity (0.97 µAµM -1 cm -2 ). Moreover, the as-synthesized FeMo NPs applied for selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability and storage ability to investigate the practical viability. In the presence of interfering species like cationic, anionic and biological samples, the oxidation peak current response doesn't cause any variation results disclose good selectivity towards the detection of PMH. Additionally, the practical feasibility of the FeMo NPs/GCE was tested by real samples like, commercial tablet (Phenergan 25 mg Tablets) and lake water samples which give satisfactory recovery results. All the above consequences made clear that the proposed sensor FeMo NPs/GCE exhibits excellent electrochemical behavior for electrochemical determination towards oxidation of antihistamine drug PMH., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Binary metal oxides (La 2 O 3 @SnO 2 ) decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by ultrasound process in an environmentally benign solvent with a working frequency of 25 and 40 kHz (6.5 l200 H, Dakshin, India and maximum input power 210 W). Further, to enhance the electrocatalytic activity, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared from graphene oxide by ultrasonication method. As prepared La 2 O 3 @SnO 2 /rGO was scrutinized using XRD, TEM, EDX and quantitative test for the structural and morphology properties. As modified La 2 O 3 @SnO 2 /rGO nanocomposite exhibits better electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of methyl nicotinate with higher anodic current compared to other modified and unmodified electrode for the detection of methyl nicotinate with larger linear range (0.035-522.9 µM) and lower limit of detection (0.0197 µM). In addition, the practical feasibility of the sensor was inspected with biological samples, reveals the acceptable recovery of the sensor in real samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work described the sonohydrolysis of Bi(NO 3 ) 3 into Bi 2 O 3 and simultaneous sonochemical exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets in the alkaline environment and its electocatalytic performance towards the detection of anti-depression drug imipramine (IMPR). The ultrasound (37/80 kHz; 60 W) effectively hydrolyzed the Bi(NO 3 ) 3 into a single crystalline monoclinic phase of Bi 2 O 3 nanotiles in the alkaline condition. And also, the sonochemical reaction condition can trigger the lamellar particles on the graphite bulk surface and allowed to exfoliated the graphite (EG) into graphene nanosheets as well. The material characterizations are done by XRD, Raman, FESEM, and HRTEM. It shows the α-Bi 2 O 3 nanotiles along with EG nanosheets with high crystallinity and low defects. The (0 0 2) plane in XRD confirms the high crystalline nature of EG. The monoclinic stretching vibrations (90-600 cm -1 ) confirms the Raman modes of Bi 2 O 3 . The prepared Bi 2 O 3 -EG composites are subjected to the electrochemical determination of IMPR which revealed appreciable analytical performances. The results showed that the Bi 2 O 3 -EG exhibits better results in the 3 h sonication process. Bi 2 O 3 -EG-3 exhibited a good linear range (0.02-82.3 µM) and an acceptable limit of detection (6 nM). And also Bi 2 O 3 -EG-3 exhibits the significant tolerance limit when compared to other potential interfering compounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a novel neodymium sesquioxide nanoparticles (Nd 2 O 5 NPs) decorated graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite under ultrasonic probe (Ultrasonic processor model-PR 1000; frequency-30 kHz; power of 100 W/cm 2 ) has been reported. After then, SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterized was analyzed using Nd 2 O 5 NPs@GO nanomaterial. Furthermore, the nanomaterial modified GCE (glassy carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards anti-cancer drug. Raloxifene is one of the important anti-cancer drug. Moreover, the fabricated electrochemical sensor has showed a wide linear range for raloxifene between 0.03 and 472.5 µM and nanomolar detection limit (18.43 nM). In addition, the Nd 2 O 5 NPs@GO modified sensor has been applied to the determination of raloxifene in human blood and urine samples., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In this investigation, a facile sonochemical route has been developed for the preparation of porous nickel molybdate nanosheets/chitosan nanocomposite (NiMoO 4 /CHIT) by using ammonium molybdate and nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate and as nickel and molybdate precursor, respectively (ultrasonic power 60 W/cm 2 and frequency 20 kHz). The ultrasonic based materials preparation as a fast, convenient and economical approach has been widely used to generate novel nanomaterials. Herein, we report an efficient voltammetric sensor for amlodipine drug by using porous nickel molybdate nanosheets/chitosan nanocomposite (NiMoO 4 /CHIT). Its structure and properties were characterized by x-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, elemental analysis and mapping. The electrochemical studies are indicated the NiMoO 4 /CHIT modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited the good performance towards electrocatalytic sensing of amlodipine drug. Consequently, a linear correlation between the anodic peak current with sensor concentration 0.025-373.6 µM with a detection limit and sensitivity of 4.62 nM and 4.753 µA·µM -1 ·cm -2 , respectively. A voltammetry based drug analysis was found to be high sensitive and reproducible, which able to detect nanomolar concentration. Furthermore, the fabricated electrochemical sensor was applied in drug and biological samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ultrasonication is an emerging and evergreen technique for the efficient synthesis of the catalytically active heterostructured materials. In-situ one-pot ultrasonic-assisted synthesis method was demonstrated in this work for the fabrication of silver tungstate encrusted polypyrrole nanocomposite using semi-automatic ultrasonic probe maintained at 34°C/50 kHz ultrasonic frequency and at 150 W ultrasonic power. This material retains enhanced optical, electrical, morphological properties, photocatalytic behavior in photodegradation of congo red dye, tetracycline drug and its electrochemical sensing potential for the effective determination of a broad spectrum of antibacterial drug, nitrofurazone. Optical properties were investigated using UltraViolet-Visible diffuse reflectance spectral (UV-VIS DRS) data along with Tauc's bandgap energy calculations. The morphological properties were examined using FESEM and TEM micrographs. All the PXRD and XPS details prove the effective distribution of PPy on the surface of Ag 2 WO 4 rods with the help of powerful ultrasonic assistance. PPy acted as a support for nucleation and growth of Ag 2 WO 4 and an inhibitor of phase transformations. Ag 2 WO 4 /PPy exhibits great photocatalytic behavior while comparing with pure PPy and Ag 2 WO 4 in the degradation of carcinogenic dye congo red and antibiotic drug tetracycline. In addition to that, Ag 2 WO 4 /PPy modified GCE exposed a widespread linear range from 0.1 to 107 µM along with a very low detection limit of 12 nM and huge sensitivity of 1.74 µA µM -1 cm -2 in the electrochemical determination of nitrofurazone., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Thermo-responsive polymer nanocomposite based on poly (styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) hybrid tungsten dioxide (WO 2 @PS-co-PNIPAM) was synthesized by a facile ultrasonic irradiation (Frequency; 20 kHz, power; 180 W, calorimetrically determined power; 5.73 W in the bath, and Type; probe) method in the presence of water as inisolv. The as-synthesized WO 2 @PS-co-PNIPAM modified glassy carbon electrode (WO 2 @PS-co-PNIPAM/GCE) was acting as a reversibly switched detection for the electrooxidation of metoprolol (MTP), with the thermal stimuli response of the PNIPAM. In below lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the PS-co-PNIPAM expanded to embed the electroactive sites of WO 2 , and the MTP could not proceed via the polymer to attain electronic transfer, indicating the "off" state. Rather, in above LCST, the PS-co-PNIPAM shrank to reveal electroactive sites and expand cyclic voltammetric background peak currents, the MTP was capable to undergo electro-oxidation reaction usually and produce the response current, indicating "on" state. Additionally, the proposed sensor had excellent sensitivity (2.21 µA µM -1 cm -2 ), wide dynamic range (0.05-306 µM), and a low limit of detection of 0.03 µM for MTP. Intriguingly, the fabricated sensor demonstrates the good selectivity towards the detection of MTP among the possible interfering compounds. Eventually, the WO 2 @PS-co-PNIPAM/GCE has been utilized in the analysis of MTP in human blood serum samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel network-like magnetic nanoparticle was fabricated on a graphitic carbon nitride through a facile sonochemical route at frequency 20 kHz and power 70 W. To enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the modified materials, the graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C 3 N 4 ) was prepared from melamine. Monitoring of xanthine concentration level in biological fluids is more important for clinical diagnosis and medical applications. As modified CuFe 2 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite exhibits better electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of xanthine with higher anodic current compared to other modified and unmodified electrode for the detection of xanthine with larger linear range (0.03-695 µM) and lower limit of detection (13.2 nM). To compare with these methods, the electrochemical techniques may be an alternative high sensitive method due to their simplicity and rapid detection time. In addition, the practical feasibility of the sensor was inspected with biological samples, reveals the acceptable recovery of the sensor in real samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A nanostructured and high conductive cupric oxide (CuO NPs) with hierarchical CeO 2 sheets-like structure was synthesized by a facile sonochemical approach. Furthermore, CuO/CeO 2 nanostructure is synthesized by high-intensity ultrasonic probe (Ti-horn, 50 kHz and 100 W) at ambient air. Moreover, the synthesized CuO/CeO 2 material was characterized by various analytical techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD and electrochemical methods. Then, the synthesized CuO/CeO 2 composite was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of dopamine using CV and DPV techniques. In addition, the CuO/CeO 2 modified electrode has good electrocatalytic performance with high linear range from 0.025 to 98.5 µM towards the determination of dopamine drug and high sensitivity of the CuO/CeO 2 modified drug sensor was calculated as 16.34 nM and 4.823 μA·µM -1 ·cm -2 , respectively. Moreover, a repeatability, reproducibility and stability of the CuO@CeO 2 mixture modified electrode were analyzed towards the determination of dopamine biomolecule. Interestingly, the real time application of CuO@CeO 2 modified electrode was established in different serum and drug samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, the synthesis of copper ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe 2 O 4 NPs)/chitosan have been prepared by sonochemical route under ultrasonic irradiation bath at 40 kHz and 50 W. A high sensitive and stable modified electrochemical sensor was developed using a composition of copper ferrite nanoparticles coordinated with biopolymer through a facile ultrasound approach. Besides, power and frequency parameters are highly important for sonochemical synthesis and specifically structure, and size of the nanomaterials development during the ultrasonic irradiation time. In this work, ultrasonic bath was used to synthesis of CuFe 2 O 4 nanomaterial at 40 kHz with 1 h. CuFe 2 O 4 /chitosan was characterized by FESEM, EDX, XRD and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, 8-hydroxyguanine is one of biomarker by oxidative stress. The concentrations of 8-hydroxyguanine within a cell are a measurement of oxidative stress in human body. Consequently, the measurement of 8-hydroxyguanine in blood serum samples with high specificity is of greatest importance. The CuFe 2 O 4 /chitosan modified electrode is displayed a low detection limit of 8.6 nM and long linear range (0.025-697.175 µM)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this reports the facile and green synthesis of rutile-type titanium dioxide nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite via the ultrasonication process (frequency: 50 kHz, Power: 100 W/cm 2 and Ultrasonic type: Ti-horn). Because, the sonochemical synthesis method is simple, non-explosive and harmless method than other conventional technique. Furthermore, the synthesized material was characterized by various analytical techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD, EIS and electrochemical methods. Then, the synthesized TiO 2 MPs@GOS composite was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of theophylline (TPL) using CV and amperometric (current-time) techniques. Captivatingly, the modified sensor has excellent electrocatalytic performance with the wider linear range from 0.02 to 209.6 µM towards the determination of theophylline and the LOD and sensitivity of the modified sensor was calculated as 13.26 nM and 1.183 μA·µM -1 ·cm -2 , respectively. In addition, a selectivity, reproducibility and stability of the TiO 2 MPs@GOS modified GCE were analyzed towards the determination of theophylline molecule. Finally, the real time application of TiO 2 MPs@GOS modified theophylline sensor was established in serum and drug samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ultrasonication is one of the emerging probes for nanoparticles synthesis as well as promoting the material property by treasuring the precious time during a chemical reaction. In this present work, we successfully designed a cloud-like α-ZnMoO 4 nanospheres (ZMNS) using ultrasound assistance (bath sonication with the power of 60 W and frequency of 37/80 kHz) hydrothermal method for catalyzing the effective electrochemical determination of anti-androgen drug candidate flutamide (FLT). The crystallinity and phase purity were investigated using powder X-ray diffractometric analysis. The FTIR and Raman spectra information were compared to detect the possible bonding in ZMNS. The texture and surface morphology were studied using Field emission scanning electron microscope and High-resolution Transmission electron microscope images. The presence of the elements (Zn, Mo and O) and the absence of any other impurities were monitored and confirmed using EDAX analysis. The fabrication of ZMNS modified GCE was performed carefully. Additionally, the ZMNS modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity by means of higher cathodic peak current towards the detection of FLT. The fashioned electrode attained two wide linear response ranges (0.1 to 73 µM; 111 to 1026 µM) with a lower detection limit of about 33 nM correspondingly. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor displayed excellent sensitivity of 1.095 µA µM -1  cm -2 and good selectivity for FLT sensing even in the existence of similar interfering compounds and biomolecules. Along with that, the designed sensor executed noticeable reproducibility, repeatability, and enduring stability., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work reports the sonochemical exfoliation of graphite (bath sonication with the frequency of 37/80 kHz and power of 60 W) and its electrocatalytic properties to the β-blocker drug. The pencil graphite (PG) was exfoliated by the ultrasound emulsification with the support of ethyl cellulose (EC). Herein, EC act as an emulsifier which aids to the exfoliation and also stabilizing the exfoliated graphite. This EC assisted PG (ECPG) was characterized by various analytical techniques which showed that ECPG has high crystalline graphene sheets. In some places, EC submerged to the graphene sheets which improve the dispersibility of graphene in water. The performance of ECPG was evaluated to the electrocatalysis of acebutolol (ACE) which exhibited good electrochemical signal. Therefore, the ECPG was utilized to the detection of ACE as the electrochemical sensor electrode. It showed notable sensitivity (2.87 µA μM -1  cm -2 ) appreciable linear range (0.01-200 µM) and satisfactory detection limit (4 nM). Furthermore, it displays acceptable anti-interference properties with other interfering ions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, novel honeycomb like zirconium dioxide with chitosan (ZrO 2 @chitosan) nanocomposite have been designed through a facile ultrasound-assisted method and followed by a simple sonication process (bath-type ultrasound washer; Honda Electronics-W-118T; 100 W/cm 2 and 300 kHz frequency). After then, as-synthesized ZrO 2 @chitosan was characterized by FESEM, XRD and EIS. The ZrO 2 @chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards anti-tuberculosis drug (rifampicin). Furthermore, the ZrO 2 @chitosan modified and fabricated electrochemical sensor showed a wide linear range between 0.015 µM and 547.4 µM and nanomolar detection limit (7.5 nM). Moreover, the ZrO 2 @chitosan modified electrode showed selectivity towards the detection of anti-tuberculosis drug (rifampicin). The ZrO 2 @chitosan nanocomposite film modified non-enzymatic sensor has high stable and good reproducible towards the detection of rifampicin. In addition, the as-synthesized ZrO 2 @chitosan nanocomposite modified electrode has been applied to the determination of rifampicin in biological samples such as human serum and urine samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We have developed a graphitic carbon nitride covered vanadium oxide nanocomposite (V 2 O 5 @g-C 3 N 4 ) by a simple sonochemical approach (50 kHz and 150 W/cm 2 ). Furthermore, the morphology and chemical composition of the V 2 O 5 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite was carried out by X-rays diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Furthermore, the V 2 O 5 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite modified electrode was investigate electrochemical behavior of the anticancer drug. Compared with bare SPCE, V 2 O 5 /SPCE and g-C 3 N 4 /SPCE, V 2 O 5 @g-C 3 N 4 modified SPCE showed highest current response towards anti-cancer drug (methotrexate). Furthermore, the modified sensor exhibits with a sharp peaks and wide linear range (0.025-273.15 μM) by using DPV with the sensitivity of 7.122 μA μM -1  cm -2 . Notably, we have achieved a nanomolar detection limit (13.26 nM) for the DPV detection of methotrexate. Further, the practicability of the V 2 O 5 @g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite modified sensor can be used for real time sensing of methotrexate in drug and blood serum samples with good recover ranges. It has potential applications in routine analysis with high specificity, excellent reproducibility and good stability., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, we report a super-active electrocatalyst of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) decorated functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CuO NPs@f-MWCNTs) by the ultrasonic method. The as-synthesized CuO NPs@f-MWCNTs was characterized through the FESEM, XPS, XRD and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The combination of highly active CuO NPs and highly conductive f-MWCNTs film with rapid detection enables this nanohybrid to display excellent electrochemical performance towards anesthesia drug. Furthermore, the hybrid electrocatalyst modified SPCE was developed for the determination of flunitrazepam (FTM) for the first time. FTM is important anesthesia drug with high adverse effect in human body. Benefiting from the synergistic reaction of CuO NPs and f-MWCNTs, this nanohybrid exhibited high sensitivity and specificity towards FTM electro-reduction. The CuO NPs@f-MWCNTs film modified SPCE exhibits outstanding electrochemical activity including excellent reproducibility, wide linear range from 0.05 to 346.6 µM with nanomolar limit of detection for FTM detection. Further, the as-modified CuO NPs@f-MWCNTs/SPCE has been applied to determination of FTM in biological and drug samples with satisfactory recovery results, thereby showing a notable potential for extensive (bio) sensor applications., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, lanthanum tungstate (La 2 (WO 4 ) 3 ) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by facile sonochemical method (elmasonic P, under-sonication 37/100 kHz, ~60 W energy) and utilized as an electrode material for the selective and sensitive electrochemical determination of anti-scald inhibitor diphenylamine (DPA). The synthesized La 2 (WO 4 ) 3 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results revealed that the sonochemically synthesized La 2 (WO 4 ) 3 nanoparticles were with high crystallinity and uniformly distributed nanoparticles like structure. The as-prepared lanthanum tungstate NPs exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic behavior for DPA determination with the lowest detection limit of 0.0024 µM, wide linear range response of 0.01-58.06 µM and a remarkable sensitivity of 1.021 µA µM -1  cm -2 . Furthermore, La 2 (WO 4 ) 3 NPs showed a good recovery to DPA in apple juice sample. Besides, the electrochemical mechanism of the DPA oxidation reaction was provided in detail., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Highly integrated and interconnected carbon nanofiber hybrid nanofibers decorated with samarium(III) oxide (Sm 2 O 3 NPs) nanoparticles was synthesized by ultrasound assisted method and characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-rays (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrocatalytic activity (ECA) was monitored by detection of toxic 4-nitrophenol under phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The sonochemical route employed was efficient to prepare Sm 2 O 3 NPs modified electrode and this class of catalysts might be active electrocatalyst for the detection of 4-nitrophenol in drinking water. The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with Sm 2 O 3 NPs@f-CNFs was fabricated in a facile way for the sensitively electrochemical determination of 4-nitrophenol. Under optimized preparation conditions, the electrochemical testing (differential pulse voltammetry) of 4-nitrophenol exhibited a reduction peak at -0.64 V. Compared with bare SPCE, Sm 2 O 3 NPs, f-CNFs, Sm 2 O 3 NPs@f-CNFs modified SPCE showed highest current response. The reduction peaks current vs the concentration of 4-nitrophenol exhibits a linear relation with the concentration range from 0.02 to 387.2 μM and the limit of detection was determined to be M (S/N = 3). In addition, Sm 2 O 3 NPs@f-CNFs was contributed to detecting 4-nitrophenol in drinking water and river water samples with the recover ranging from 95.6% to 98.2%., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report the preparation of a porous and hierarchical manganese(III) oxide tiny nanostructures (Mn 2 O 3 TNS) by a simple sonochemical approach. The nanocatalyst was synthesized by a bath-type ultrasound washer (Honda Electronics, W-118T) at 700 W and 300 kHz frequency. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanocatalyst were characterized by X-rays diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-rays (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrocatalytic activity (ECA) was monitored by detection of toxic antibiotic drug (chloramphenicol) under phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). A facile sonochemical route was employed to prepare Mn 2 O 3 TNS modified electrode. The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with Mn 2 O 3 TNS was fabricated and applied for the electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol. Compared with bare SPCE, Mn 2 O 3 TNS modified SPCE showed highest current response towards chloramphenicol. Furthermore, the modified sensor exhibits with a sharp peak and two linear ranges by using DPV (i) 0.015-1.28 μM with the sensitivity of 4.167 μA μM -1 cm -2 and (ii) 1.35-566.3 μM with the sensitivity of 7.205 μA μM -1 cm -2 . Notably, we achieved a very low-level detection limit of 4.26 nM for the DPV detection of chloramphenicol. Further, the superior practicability of the nanosheets modified sensor can be used for real time sensing of chloramphenicol with good recover ranges., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO) is an important tumorigenic organic compound with high adverse effect in the human body. In this study, a novel Bismuth Tungstate nanospheres (Bi 2 WO 6 ) decorated reduced graphene oxide (Bi 2 WO 6 /rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a sonochemical method. The as-synthesized Bi 2 WO 6 /rGOS was characterized through the HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, EIS and XRD. Furthermore, the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed for the determination of 4-NQO. The results showed that the Bi 2 WO 6 /rGOS nanocomposite modified electrode exhibit valuable responses and excellent electrocatalytic activity. The fabricated sensor was facilitated the analysis of 4-NQO with a nanomolar detection limit (6.11 nM). Further, the as-synthesized Bi 2 WO 6 /rGOS modified electrode has been applied to sensing of 4-NQO in human blood and urine samples with satisfactory recovery., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, a novel Zinc Ferrite nanocubes (ZnFe 2 O 4 NCs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite have been designed through a sonochemical method. After then, as-synthesized ZnFe 2 O 4 NCs/rGO was characterized by XPS, XRD, HRTEM and EIS. Furthermore, the ZnFe 2 O 4 NCs/rGO nanocomposite modified GCE (glassy carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards biomarker of 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQ) with fast detection. 4-NQ is one of the important cancer biomarker. Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear window for 4-NQ between 0.025 and 534.12 µM and nanomolar detection limit (8.27 nM). Further, the as-prepared ZnFe 2 O 4 NCs/rGO/GCE has been applied to the determination of 4-NQ in human blood and urine samples with excellent recovery results., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report a facile and ultrasound assisted sonochemical synthesis of a Tungsten disulfide nanorods decorated nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide based nanocomposite. The WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS and electrochemical methods and its application towards the electrochemical detection of organo-arsenic drug (coccidiostat). The WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE was used for the electrochemical reduction of roxarsone (ROX) and it showed superior electrocatalytic performance in terms of reduction peak current and shift in overpotential when compared to those of WS 2 NRs/SPCE, N-rGOs/SPCE and based SPCE. The WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs modified SPCE showed an excellent sensing ability towards ROX in nitrogen saturated phosphate buffer (PB) then the other controlled modified and unmodified electrodes. The WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE displays high sensitive response towards ROX and gives wide linearity in the range of 0.1-442.6 µM ROX in neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and the sensitivity of the sensor is calculated as 14.733 µA µM -1  cm -2 . The WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs nanocomposite modified sensor also exhibits valuable ability of anti-interference to electroactive analytes. Furthermore, the as-prepared WS 2 NRs/N-rGOs/SPCE has been applied to the determination of ROX in biological and pharmaceutical samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To dates, the facile synthesis of inorganic-coated organic polymer composite has received greater attention in the order of research fields including advanced materials and electrochemical analysis owing to the complementary or synergistic effects. In this context, Pr 2 O 3 and Pr 2 O 3 coated polystyrene (Pr 2 O 3 /PS) inorganic-organic colloidal composite were prepared via ultrasound-induced radicals initiated precipitation and dispersion polymerization methods. The synthesized Pr 2 O 3 /PS composite was systematically studied by FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. This composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Pr 2 O 3 /PS GCE) was utilized to construct a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection assay of chemotherapy agent methotrexate (MTA). Under optimal condition, the designed sensor showed outstanding performance for MTA trace level detection over the linear concentration range of 0.01-236 µM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM for MTA. Furthermore, the prepared sensor accomplished excellent stability and relevant reproducibility, in addition to reliable practical assay in real human blood serum and urine samples. Besides, the possible MTA sensing mechanism of Pr 2 O 3 /PS GCE has been deliberated in detail. Our finding suggested that the developed Pr 2 O 3 /PS composite might be a favorable material for the fabrication of the high-performance electrochemical sensor., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A thermo-sensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) covalently grafted carbon nanofibers (CNFs-g-PNIPAM) was designed and synthesized via ultrasonic "grafting-from" strategy for the first time. CNFs-g-PNIPAM could well perform the reversible regulation of hydrophilic/hydrophobic states in aqueous solution upon the switching of the temperature signal. Such distinctive property, CNFs-g-PNIPAM modified glassy carbon electrode (CNFs-g-PNIPAM/GC electrode) shows "on/off" switchability and temperature-tunable electrocatalytic activity towards clothianidin (CLD) that can be stimulated by external temperature. Cyclic voltammetry of CLD at the CNFs-g-PNIPAM/GC electrode displayed higher peak current at 25 °C showing the "on" state; at 40 °C, the peak current was significantly suppressed, showing the "off" state. The CNFs-g-PNIPAM/GC electrode reveal the better electrochemical performance of 'on/off' switching effect compared to virgin PNIPAM, due to the large surface area, good electron-transfer, and an intrinsic property of introduced CNFs. Moreover, this switchable sensing platform allows determining CLD in a good sensitivity (2.32 µA µM -1  cm -2 ) with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.03 µM at 25 °C compared to 40 °C (LOD = 1.3 µM). Besides, this method was successfully applied to the determination of CLD in spiked apple extract and lake water samples. The switchable electrocatalytic performance of CNFs-g-PNIPAM/GC electrode may greatly enhance the flexibility of its application in the area of electrochemical sensor and electrocatalysis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A simple and facile ultrasound based sonochemical method to incorporate Perovskite-type barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles inside the layered and reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGOs) is reported. BaTiO 3 @rGOs nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, mapping, XRD, XPS and EIS. The results show that the decoration and also incorporation of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles in the multi-layered and ultrasound reduced graphene oxide matrix. Non-enzymatic and differential pulse voltammetric sensor of ractopamine (food toxic) based on the BaTiO 3 @rGOs nanocomposite modified screen printed carbon electrode is developed. Compared with the original BaTiO 3 /SPCE and rGOs/SPCE, the BaTiO 3 @rGOs/SPCE displays excellent current response towards ractopamine and gives linearity in the range of 0.01-527.19 µM ractopamine in neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The BaTiO 3 @rGOs nanocomposite modified sensor also exhibits valuable ability of anti-interference to electroactive analytes. Furthermore, the as-prepared BaTiO 3 NPs@rGOs/SPCE has been applied to the determination of ractopamine in pork and chicken samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The nanomaterials have received enormous attention in the catalysis applications. Particularly, we have focused on the fabrication of nanocomposite for an electrochemical sensor with improved electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of nitrite is essential for assessing the risks facing ecosystems in environment. We report a simple and robust ultrasonic-assisted synthetical route via prepared Er 2 O 3 nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (Er 2 O 3 NPs@RGO) modified electrode for nitrite detection. The composition and morphological formation were characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM, and HRTEM. The amperometric (i-t) and cyclic voltammetry were exhibits tremendous electrocatalytic capability and superior performance toward nitrite oxidation. A sensitive and reproducible amperometric nitrite sensor was fabricated which able to detect trace concentration as 3.69 nM and excellent sensitivity (24.17 µA µM -1  cm -2 ). The method worked well even in cured meat and water samples and the results has indicates the reliability of the method in real-time analysis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, novel manganese sulfide nanoparticles (MnS NPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGOS) nanocomposite have been designed through a facile ultrasound-assisted method and followed by a sonication process. After then, as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS was characterized by HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, XRD and EIS. Furthermore, the α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE (screen-printed carbon electrode) shows excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards Parkinson's disease biomarker of dopamine (DA). Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a wide linear range for dopamine between 0.02 and 438.6 µM and nanomolar detection limit (3.5 nM). In addition, the α-MnS@rGOS modified SPCE showed selectivity towards the detection of dopamine in presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of other important biomolecules. The nanocomposite film modified SPCE sensor was good stable and reproducible towards the detection of Parkinson's disease biomarker. Furthermore, the as-synthesized α-MnS@rGOS nanocomposite modified SPCE has been applied to the determination of dopamine in human serum, rat serum and pharmaceutical samples with acceptable recoveries., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Tangeretin demonstrates broad anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to assess whether tangeretin functions in regulating T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and alleviating allergic rhinitis (AR)., Methods: An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR animal model was constructed to monitor the changes in the allergic symptom score, OVA-specific IgE titers, histopathological characteristics and T-helper cell (Th1, Th2, and Th17)-related cytokine levels under tangeretin or dexamethasone (DXM) administration. The expression levels of Notch1/Jagged1 and FOXP3, and the proportion of Tregs in the spleens of these animals, were also detected. Furthermore, purified naive CD4 + T cells were utilized to assess the effects of tangeretin on Notch1 expression and their differentiation in vitro., Results: Both tangeretin and DXM administration alleviated airway inflammation, decreased the production of serum OVA-induced IgE, but only tangeretin administration restored the balance of cytokine profiles compared with those in the AR group. The abundance of splenic CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg cells and the transcription factor FOXP3 were significantly increased under tangeretin treatment, either in AR mice or in naïve CD4 + T-cell differentiation, followed by a concomitant reduction in Notch1/Jagged1 expression. However, as a positive control, the treatment of allergic rhinitis with dexamethasone was not related to the expression of Notch1/Jagged1 or the differentiation of Treg cells., Conclusion: Tangeretin could promote regulatory T cell responses by inhibiting Notch1/Jagged1 expression, followed by promoting FOXP3/Treg cell differentiation and thus could serve as a novel curative therapeutic for AR., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, mesoporous tungsten sulfide electrocatalyst (MP-WS 2 ) were developed through a facile sonochemical technique (SC) and utilized as an electrocatalyst for the sensitive electrochemical detection of Psychoactive drug. The as-prepared SC-MP-WS 2 NRs and HT-WS 2 NPs (hydrothermally synthesized) were characterized using XRD, Raman, XPS, FESEM, HRTEM, BET, EDX, and electrochemical analysis, which exposed the formation of WS 2 in the form of mesoporous nanorods in shape. Further, the use of the as-developed SC-MP-WS 2 NRs and HT-WS 2 NPs as an electrocatalyst for the detection of clonazepam (CNP). Interestingly, the SC-MP-WS 2 NRs modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SC-MP-WS 2 NRs/SPCE) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic performance, and enhanced reduction peak current when compared to HT-WS 2 NPs with unmodified electrode. Moreover, as-prepared SC-MP-WS 2 NRs/SPCE displayed wide linear response range (10-551 µM), lower detection limit (2.37 nM) and high sensitivity (24.32 µAµM -1 cm -2 ). Furthermore, SC-MP-WS 2 NRs/SPCE showed an excellent selectivity even in the existence of potentially co-interfering compounds. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of CNP in biological and drug samples with acceptable recovery., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, we developed a silver nanoparticles decorated iron pyrite flowers (FeS 2 @Ag NL) based nanocomposite was prepared by a sonochemical method. The formation of FeS 2 @Ag NL nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD, XPS, HR-TEM and analytical techniques. The FeS 2 @Ag NL/SPCE was potentially applied towards electrochemical detection of toxic herbicide (acifluorfen-AFF). This provided an efficient sensor platform anchoring FeS 2 @Ag NL on its surface. Under optimized conditions of differential pulse voltammetric transduction, a linear relationship between the current and the concentration was obtained in the range of 0.05-1126.45 µM for Acifluorfen. The detection limit was observed to be 0.0025 µM. the modified sensor exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including good linear range, nanomolar detection limit, high sensitivity, and desirable stability. Particularly, the practical applicability was revealed by quantifying the AFF concentration in biological samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present work reports the facile and cost-effective synthesis of rod like structured nickel doped bismuth sulphide (Ni-Bi 2 S 3 ) via the ultrasonication process. The sonochemical synthesis technique is rapid, simple, non-explosive, and harmless than other conventional synthesis technique. After the synthesis, the resultant material was characterized through the various spectrophotometric techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD, XPS and EIS. After the structural evaluation, as-synthesized Ni-Bi 2 S 3 was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of promethazine hydrochloride (PMTZ) using CV and amperometry (i-t) techniques. Captivatingly, excellent electrocatalytic performance with the wider linear range from 1 nM to 163.17 µM was obtained for the electrochemical determination of PMTZ. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity calculated around 0.4 nM and 2.904 μA µM -1  cm -2 , respectively. Besides, an excellent selectivity, satisfactory reproducibility and good stability of the Ni-Bi 2 S 3 modified electrode were checked towards the electrochemical determination of PMTZ. Furthermore, the real time application of PMTZ sensor was established in human serum and urine samples., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, strontium cerate nanoparticles (SrCeO 3 NPs, SC NPs) were developed through facile synthetic techniques (Ultrasound-Assisted (UA) and Stirring-Assisted (SA) synthesis) and utilized as an electrocatalyst for the selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of calcium channel blocker nifedipine (NDF). The as-prepared UASC NPs and SASC NPs were characterized using XRD, Raman, TEM, EDS, mapping, XPS and BET analysis which exposed the formation of SC NPs in the form of spherical in shape and well crystalline in nature. BET studies reveal that UASC NPs have maximum surface area than that of SASC NPs. Further, the use of the as-developed UASC NPs and SASC NPs as an electrocatalyst for the detection of NDF. Interestingly, the UASC NPs modified screen printed carbon electrode (UASC NPs/SPCE) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity in terms of lower reduction potential and enhanced reduction peak current when compared to SASC NPs and unmodified SPCE. Moreover, as-prepared UASC NPs/SPCE displayed wide linear response range (LR, 0.02-174 µM), lower detection limit (LOD, 5 nM) and good sensitivity (1.31 µA µM -1  cm -2 ) than that of SASC NPs (LR = 0.02-157 µM, LOD = 6.4 nM, sensitivity - 1.27 µA µM -1 cm -2 ). Furthermore, UASC NPs/SPCE showed an excellent selectivity even in the existence of potentially co-interfering compounds such as similar functional group containing drugs, pollutants, biological substances and some common cations/anions. The developed sensor was successfully employed for the determination of NDF in real lake water, commercial NDF tablet and urine samples with acceptable recovery., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A simple ultrasonic energy assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) supported carbon nanofiber composite (CNF) and its potential application in electrochemical sensing of antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) is reported. The elemental composition and surface morphology of the β-CD/CNF composite was validated through Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The uniform enfolding of hydrophilic β-CD over CNF enhance the aqueous dispersion and offer abundant active surface to the β-CD/CNF composite. Further, the electrocatalytic efficacy of the β-CD/CNF composite is utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the high sensitive quantitative detection of NFT. Under optimized analytical conditions, the sensor displays a broad working range of 0.004-308 µM and calculated detection limit of 1.8 nM, respectively. In addition, the sensor showcased a good selectivity, storage, and working stability, with amiable reproducibility. The point-of-care applicability of the sensor was demonstrated with NFT spiked human blood serum and urine sample with reliable analytical performance. The simple, cost-effective NFT sensor based on β-CD/CNF offered outstanding analytical performance in real-world samples with higher reliability., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)