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Asthma and allergic disease result from interactions of environmental exposures and genetics. Vitamin E is one environmental factor that can modify development of allergy early in life and modify responses to allergen after allergen sensitization. Seemingly varied outcomes from vitamin E are consistent with the differential functions of the isoforms of vitamin E. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite functions in regulation of allergic inflammation and development of allergic disease, with α-tocopherol having anti-inflammatory functions and γ-tocopherol having pro-inflammatory functions in allergy and asthma. Moreover, global differences in prevalence of asthma by country may be a result, at least in part, of differences in consumption of these two isoforms of tocopherols. It is critical in clinical and animal studies that measurements of the isoforms of tocopherols be determined in vehicles for the treatments, and in the plasma and/or tissues before and after intervention. As allergic inflammation is modifiable by tocopherol isoforms, differential regulation by tocopherol isoforms provide a foundation for development of interventions to improve lung function in disease and raise the possibility of early life dietary interventions to limit the development of lung disease.

In recognition of the demand for fit-for-purpose oil deacidification processes, an industrially feasible enzymatic deacidification system was established for alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-enriched oils using Lipase G (from Penicillium camembertii) immobilized with ECR8806 resins. The system was first built based on crude silkworm pupal oil (SPO). The advantages of this system include unchanged triacylglycerol composition and content (∼81 %) after deacidification, high reusability for immobilized Lipase G (unchanged deacidification efficiency (∼97 %) after 10 batches), and high retention of desired substances (retained tocopherol, sterol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine contents: 87.62 ± 2.29 %, 88.81 ± 2.06 %, 96.94 ± 1.43 % and 95.67 ± 1.09 % respectively). Minimal change was found in efficiency after scaling up the deacidification process (laboratory-scale: 97.03 ± 0.30 %; scale-up: 94.46 ± 0.38 %) under optimal conditions (crude SPO-n-hexane ratio, 1:4 (w:v); free fatty acid-ethanol molar ratio 1:2; enzyme loading, 45 U/g oil; 40 °C for 6 h). And this is the first report on a deacidification process that can preserve largely PC and PE contents in oil. The established deacidification system was further applied to crude flaxseed and perilla seed oil without the change of any conditions and showed good fitness for ALA-enriched oils.

α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is so far the only known protein that specifically recognizes α-tocopherol (α-Toc), the most abundant and most biologically active form of vitamin E, in higher animals. α-TTP is highly expressed in the liver where α-TTP selects α-Toc among vitamin E forms taken up via plasma lipoproteins and promotes its secretion to circulating lipoproteins. Thus, α-TTP is a major determinant of plasma α-Toc concentrations. Familial vitamin E deficiency, also called Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, is caused by mutations in the α-TTP gene. More than 20 different mutations have been found in the α-TTP gene worldwide, among which some missense mutations provided valuable clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular α-Toc transport. In hepatocytes, α-TTP catalyzes the vectorial transport of α-Toc from the endocytotic compartment to the plasma membrane (PM) by targeting phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) such as PI(4,5)P2. By binding PIPs at the PM, α-TTP opens the lid covering the hydrophobic pocket, thus facilitating the release of bound α-Toc to the PM.

Vitamin E, a generic term for tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3), is one of the most potent lipid-soluble antioxidants in the body. It is classified into T and T3 based on the difference in the side chain structure. T and T3 have four isoforms: α-, β-, γ-, and δ, which have different chroman rings. Both T and T3 exhibit a similar ability to scavenge free radicals, and the extent of this ability depends on the difference in the chroman structure. However, they display unique cytoprotective activities in cultured cells depending on the difference in the side chain structure. The cytoprotective effects of vitamin E have received much attention in the prevention of ferroptosis, which is a distinct form of cell death involving iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. This review focuses on the cytoprotective actions of vitamin E isoforms against oxidative stress, particularly the difference between T and T3 and its relation to cellular uptake and distribution. Moreover, the molecular mechanism for cytoprotection of vitamin E oxidation products is explained, and the complementary role of vitamin E and selenoproteins to prevent lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis is described. Furthermore, the evaluation of vitamin E's radical scavenging activity in vivo using oxidative stress markers is discussed, particularly based on kinetic data and the physiological molar ratio of vitamin E to substrates, and the limited role of vitamin E as a peroxyl radical scavenger is described. The future directions and unresolved issues related to vitamin E and lipid peroxidation are also discussed.

Natural (RRR-) α-tocopherol (αT) is more bioactive than synthetic (all racemic, all rac-) αT, but not enough is known about the tissue kinetics of the 2 αT sources. We examined the time-course bioaccumulation of natural versus synthetic αT in tissues of young, marginally vitamin E-deficient mice using 13C-RRR-αT or 13C-all rac-αT tracers. In experiment 1, 3-week old male wild-type mice were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks (n = 5/time point). Tissue αT levels were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. Feeding a vitamin E-deficient diet for up to 3 weeks decreased total αT concentrations in all analyzed tissues except the brain, which maintained its αT level. In experiment 2, a 2-week αT-depletion period was followed by administration of a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of 13C-RRR-αT or 13C-all rac-αT. At 12 hr, 1, 2, and 4 days post-dose, serum and multiple tissues were collected (n = 3/time point). αT was quantified by HPLC-PDA, and 13C-αT enrichment was determined by LC-MS. Both sources of 13C-αT reached maximum serum levels at 12 hr post-dose. 13C-RRR-αT levels were significantly higher than 13C-all rac-αT in serum at 1 d post-dose, and in heart, lungs, and kidney at 2d post-dose. In brain, 13C-RRR-αT concentrations were significantly higher than 13C-all rac-αT at 2 and 4 d post-dose. At 4 d post-dose, 13C-αT levels were similar between the 2 sources in examined tissues except for brain and adipose tissue where 13C-RRR-αT was higher. In conclusion, αT bioaccumulation over time varied substantially depending on αT source and tissue type.

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L∗ values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​

Rice bran oil (RBO) is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition, phenolic compound (γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol). It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste and delicate flavour. Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods. Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO2, microwave-assisted, subcritical H2O, enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasound- assisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO. The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed. The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- diabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO. This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food (cooking oil, milk product and meat product) and non-food industries (polymer, lubricant, biofuel, structural lipid and cosmetic). This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications and health benefits.

There has been significant interest in the photosensitivity, or photo-resistance, of Japanese rice cultivars, which synthesize tocols (Vitamin E), a class of phytochemicals including tocol derivatives tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3). In the present study, the distribution of tocols in the leaves, seeds, stems, and roots of six Japanese rice cultivars was investigated. The relationship between the different tocols in cultivars and their ultraviolet B sensitivity index (USB–SI) was analyzed. The leaves contained the highest average total amount of tocols at 230 μg.fresh-g−1, followed by seeds, stems, and roots. In leaves and stems, the most abundant component was α-T which was more than 85%. On the other hand, the tocols in seeds were 38% δ-T3, 32% α-T, and 20% α-T3. The tocols in roots were 55% α-T, 14% γ-T, and 13% δ-T3. The total tocol content in four plant parts exhibited a negative correlation (P

International audience; Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which provide some fat-soluble vitamins and many phyto-chemicals, is associated with a lower risk of developing certain degenerative diseases. It is well accepted that not only the parent compounds, but also their derivatives formed upon enzymatic or nonenzymatic transformations, can produce protective biological effects. These derivatives can be formed during food storage, processing, or cooking. They can also be formed in the lumen of the upper digestive tract during digestion, or via metabolism by microbiota in the colon. This review compiles the known metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble phytochemicals (FSV and FSP) that have been identified in food and in the human digestive tract, or could potentially be present based on the known reactivity of the parent compounds in normal or pathological con-ditions, or following surgical interventions of the digestive tract or consumption of xenobiotics known to impair lipid absorption. It also covers the very limited data available on the bioavailability (absorption, intestinal mucosa metabolism) and summarizes their effects on health. Notably, despite great interest in identifying bioactive derivatives of FSV and FSP, studying their absorption, and probing their putative health effects, much research remains to be conducted to understand and capitalize on the potential of these molecules to preserve health.

Lipid mesophases are lyotropic liquid crystalline systems which differ from liposomes and other globular aggregates in dilute regimes due to their inner ordering. It is known that natural lipids enable to obtain a rich variety of nanosystems and many of them have been proposed as delivery agents for bioactive compounds. Due to their packing parameters, several classes of lipids found in natural sources are able to self-assemble into nonlamellar structures. Among lipids occurring in plants and algae, triglycerides display this tendency. In the present study we examine new nanosystems built with lipids extracted from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp and their use as carriers for lipophilic antioxidants. The antioxidants studied, curcumin and tocopherol were encapsulated with high rate in the carriers. The physico-chemical characterization of plain and loaded vectors showed their structure and localization site, as well as the structure-functionality relationship related to potential drug delivery. The results show that the cargo molecules play an active role in driving the interactions which characterize the overall structure of the aggregates. The systems studied showed several coexisting mesophases, the most predominant structure being of cubic symmetry.

BACKGROUND Alpha-tocopherol (αT), the bioactive constituent of vitamin E, is essential for fertility and neurological development. Synthetic αT (8 stereoisomers; all rac-αT) is added to infant formula at higher concentrations than natural αT (RRR-αT only) to adjust for bio-potency differences, but its effects on brain development are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine the impact of bio-potency-adjusted dietary all rac-αT versus RRR-αT, fed to dams, on the hippocampal gene expression in weanling mice. METHODS Male/female pairs of C57BL/6J mice were fed AIN 93-G containing RRR-αT (NAT) or all rac-αT (SYN) at 37.5 or 75 IU/kg (n = 10/group) throughout gestation and lactation. Male pups were euthanized at 21 days. Half the brain was evaluated for the αT concentration and stereoisomer distribution. The hippocampus was dissected from the other half, and RNA was extracted and sequenced. Milk αT was analyzed in separate dams. RESULTS A total of 797 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hippocampi across the 4 dietary groups, at a false discovery rate of 10%. Comparing the NAT-37.5 group to the NAT-75 group or the SYN-37.5 group to the SYN-75 group, small differences in brain αT concentrations (10%; P

The aim of this work was to prepare a novel antioxidant film by incorporating α-tocopherol-chitosan nanoparticles (TOC-CSNPs) with chitosan/montmorillonite film (namely, TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT), and investigate the antioxidant activity of TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT film on sliced dry-cured ham in a period of 120 days at 4 °C. Positively charged TOC-CSNPs with the average sizes of 214 nm were prepared using TPP-initiated ionic gelation mechanism. The amount of TOC-CSNPs was optimized based on the changes of water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility and swelling ratio of the film. The TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT film showed 46.5% radical scavenging activity after 16 days of storage, which was 23 times and 27 times higher than that of CS/MMT and CS film, respectively. The antioxidant activity of TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT film was evaluated by measuring the peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of sliced dry-cured ham coated with the TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT film-forming solutions. The results indicated that compared with the CS (0.42 g/100 g for POV, 0.65 mg/kg for TBARs) and CS/MMT (0.38 mg/kg for POV, 0.59 mg/kg for TBARs) films, the biceps femoris muscle of the sliced ham coated with TOC-CSNPs/CS/MMT film showed much lower values of POV (0.15 g/100 g) and TBARs (0.15 mg/kg) during 120 days of storage. These results provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient and long-term antioxidant approach, which is crucial for improving and enhancing the quality of food products.

SUMMARY Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a metabolic disorder in egg laying hens characterized by liver hemorrhages, and increased hepatic lipid accumulation. Based on our previous research on hepatic lipid-lowering effect of dietary flaxseed in egg laying hens, the current study examined the ability of flaxseed-based diets with supplementary choline to attenuate FLHS pathology. In addition, hepatic phospholipid composition, fatty acid profile, and antioxidant status were also assessed. A total of 24 (Lohmann Brown) laying hens (n = 24) (40 wk old) were kept individually in cages and were fed 1 of the 2 corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 15 g/100 g flaxseed (Flax) or Flax +0.15 g/100 g choline chloride (Flax+Cho) for a period of 140 d. Histopathology revealed an increase in hepatocytes vacuolization in Flax+Cho hens. Statistical analysis of total pathological scores in liver indicated that Flax+Cho perpetuated fatty liver pathology (P 0.05). In conclusion, dietary choline enhanced antioxidant status while reducing total lipid and PC content in the hepatic tissue of hens fed flaxseed. Supplementing choline in flaxseed-based diets reduced oxidative stress in hens fed flaxseed. Choline supplementation was not effective in attenuating FLHS pathology in hens fed flaxseed.

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge seed oils are suitable for broad nutritional and bio-functional purposes. In this study, the oil yield, physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, Fourier transform infrared spectra, tocopherol content, antioxidant activity, oxidative and thermal stability, and rheological properties of seed oils, obtained by subcritical n-butane, supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), and Soxhlet method, were investigated and compared. The results indicated that subcritical n-butane had higher yield (58.79%) than supercritical CO2 (56.47%), corresponding to 97.29% efficiency of the Soxhlet method. All the extracted oils were rich in linoleic acid (379.61–385.86 mg/g oil), and oleic acid (276.58–285.77 mg/g oil), with high thermal stabilities and Newtonian flow behavior. The subcritical n-butane-extracted oil showed the highest tocopherol content, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability. Thus, subcritical n-butane extraction was the best method to extract yellow horn seed oil and potentially other edible oils.

WOS: 000478678800043, The current study presents physico-chemical attributes, fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol compositions in oils obtained from Moringa seed using either cold-press or Soxhlet extraction systems. Moringa oleifera and M. peregrina seed oils, recovered using cold press (CP) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) techniques, contained substantial amount of oleic acid (75.49 and 74.62% in CP 73.83 and 71.67% in SE) showing significant (p < .05) differences. Palmitic acid contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina oils were 9.58 and 11.74% in case of CP and 12.27 and 12.84% in SE. The alpha-tocopherol contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina oils obtained using these two techniques were 139.61 and 137.89 mg/kg in CP and 142.74 and 151.67 mg/kg in SE systems. Stigmasterol contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina oils obtained with cold press and Soxhlet extraction system were found as 19.62 and 17.84% to 18.54 and 15.41%, respectively. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud UniversityDeanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University [RG-1439-016], The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this work through research group no. RG-1439-016.

The acorns (fruits) of the oak species Quercus rubra L. and Quercus robur L., grown over the world mainly in forests and parks, are usually not collected or utilised, therefore represent a potentially cheap/free source of plant material with potential applications in the processing industry. In the present study, oil recovery and composition from acorns collected from Q. rubra (n = 6) and Q. robur (n = 7) individuals was evaluated. Oil yields from Q. robur and Q. rubra acorns ranged from 3.1 to 6.3% and 20.1–24.0%, respectively. In the oils of both species C18:1 (28.4–65.7%), C18:2 (24.1–48.0%) and C16:0 (7.5–17.9%) were the main fatty acids with some differences in proportions between species. On average, β-sitosterol constituted 64.3% and 68.1% of total sterol concentration, which amounted to 244.9 and 271.4 mg/100 g oil in Q. robur and Q. rubra, respectively. Q. rubra acorn oil was rich in β-tocopherol (93%), while Q. robur in γ-tocopherol (96%). A nearly six-fold higher level of total tocopherol content was recorded for Q. robur relative to Q. rubra. Principal component analysis of chemical composition data confirmed their ability to distinguish between Q. robur and Q. rubra samples. The unique and high concentration of lipophilic compounds in both species, and the availability (cheap/free) of acorns, make oak fruits an interesting source of plant material for industrial applications.

There is a great need for having accurate analytical methods able to guarantee the authenticity and traceability of foods, especially for those of high quality and economic value such as extra-virgin olive oil. In the present work, we assessed the potential of combining traditional analytical techniques, based on the characterization of the unsaponifiable fraction, together with novel nuclear magnetic resonance fingerprinting with the aim to investigate the effect of variety and geographical origin on olive oils collected from different locations across the province of Huelva (Spain). Various complementary supervised pattern recognition procedures and machine learning algorithms were then applied to build classification and predictive models. Extra-virgin olive oils were characterized by high concentrations of apparent β-sitosterol (93% of total sterol content), α-tocopherol (representing almost 91% of the total tocopherol fraction), squalene (90% of the total hydrocarbon content), heptacosanol and eicosane (the most abundant aliphatic alcohol and n-alkane, respectively). Furthermore, olive oil classes could be clearly differentiated on the basis of a characteristic chemical pattern, comprising tocopherols, squalene, sterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol), aliphatic alcohols (heptacosanol, octacosanol) and some nuclear magnetic resonances related to fatty acid chains.

Alpha-tocopherol-selenium (ATS) and ascorbic acid (AA) are the potent antioxidants. The present study investigated whether supplementation of ATS and AA in periparturient sows has positive effects on amelioration of oxidative stress, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), lipid profile and sows performance. For this, twenty-four pregnant multiparous sows (landrace×indigenous) were randomly distributed into four groups (6 sows per group) 20 days before expected date of farrowing as Control (basal diet); ATS (basal diet + ATS); AA (basal diet + AA) and ATS-AA (basal diet + ATS plus AA). The results of the study revealed that the concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol significantly reduced from day -7 to day 7 of farrowing irrespective of supplementations to sows, but the leptin concentration significantly reduced on day 7 of farrowing in ATS-AA supplemented sows (p0.05). Moreover, sows of supplemented groups experienced decreased oxidative stress and cortisol level than control sows. The serum IgG concentration was significantly increased on day 7 post-farrowing in ATS group but it was much earlier on day 2 of farrowing in ATS-AA group (p0.001). Supplementing sows with ATS and/or AA did not influence significantly the birth weight, weaning weight and litter size at weaning (p0.05). Although piglet survival rate was not affected significantly by supplementation, however, piglet mortality rate was lowest in ATS-AA than any other groups. It was concluded that supplementation of ATS and/or AA to sows during late gestating and early lactating period ameliorated oxidative stress, improved lipid profile and serum IgG level without influencing reproductive performance.

The sacha inchi oil (SIO) has about 82% polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients, as tocopherol and phenolic compounds. This work investigated the combination of encapsulation techniques (emulsification and ionic gelation) in order to produce food ingredients with SIO to the enrichment of foodstuffs, as well as to promote its protection against lipid oxidation. For the SIO encapsulation processes, sodium alginate and nonionic surfactants (Tween 20 and 80) were used as encapsulating/gelation and stabilizers agents, respectively. Emulsions exhibited high electronegativity (≈ −80 mV) and pseudoplastic behavior. Control emulsions showed low kinetics stability with increased oil concentration. With polysorbates addition, an increase in the stability of these emulsions and a significant decline in droplet size, span and electronegativity values were observed. Systems with 1.0 wt% Tween 20 were preferred for particles formation due to the low presence of drops agglomerates. The wet Ca (II) - alginate beads showed characteristic results of ionic gelation technique for moisture content (>85 ± 1%) and water activity (>0.996 ± 0.001), with size ranging from 407 ± 11 to 448 ± 33 μm and high encapsulation efficiency (>99%). The combination of encapsulation methods allowed the improvement of oxidative stability of SIO from 132 ± 9 meq O2. kg−1 to values lower than 44 ± 18 meq O2. kg−1.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tocopherol, rosemary essential oil and ferulago on oxidative stability of mayonnaise during storage. Their efficacy was also compared with tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and the control group. During the primary oxidation stage, tocopherol was more efficient than TBHQ, while in the secondary oxidation stage it was the same as other antioxidants. At end of storage, samples with added rosemary essential oil and ferulago extract showed peroxide value (2.29 and 2.80 meq O2/kg oil), anisidine value (11.83 and 12.23), hexanal and heptanal concentration (510.2, 589.9 and 76.6, 75.2 ng/g), respectively, which were meaningfully less than those of the control sample (10.44 meq O2/kg, 18.32, 1339.8 ng/g, and 225.5 ng/g, respectively). Based on the overall results, tocopherol and rosemary essential oil can be recommended as replacement for TBHQ. However, further evaluation needs to be performed on the organoleptic properties of Ferulago extract.

Three new inositol derivatives (1–3) were isolated from the leaves of Chisocheton paniculatus collected in Vietnam, along with four known compounds, including a limonoid (4), two triterpenoids (5–6), and a tocopherol (7). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR and HRESIMS analyses. Compound 4 showed the highest cytotoxicities against the human lung cancer A549 and cervical cancer HeLa cell lines, with IC50 values of 7.3 and 8.8 µM, respectively, among the isolated compounds. Compounds 5 and 7 displayed moderate to weak cytotoxicities against the A549, HeLa, and human stomach cancer GSU cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 17.7 to 68.0 µM.

This study investigated the effect of a novel phosphorylated tocopherol mixture (TPM) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and blood plasma markers of inflammation in broilers reared in normal temperatures (NT) or cyclical high temperatures (CHT). TPM has previously been shown to increase the oral bioavailability of lipid soluble nutrients. Following a preliminary dose optimisation study, three hundred and sixty Ross 308 day old broilers were housed in groups of 5 in cages ( n = 12). Treatments were arranged in a factorial design encompassing 3 dietary TPM levels and ± CHT. From day of placement until d 35, broilers were assigned to 1 of 3 vitamin E-adequate, wheat and soybean meal-based diets containing TPM at 0 (Control), 10 or 20 mg/kg diet. From 21-35 d of age, birds were exposed to either normal temperatures (NT; 22 ± 1 °C; 60% RH) or cyclical high temperature (CHT; 32 ± 1 °C; 8 h; 80–90% RH and 16 h at 22 ± 1 °C; 60% RH). Implementing CHT negatively impacted feed intake (FI), body weight (BW) gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and final BW (d 35), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and shear force of cooked breast muscle. Under both NT and CHT regimes, the TPM 10 group had improved BW gain (d 0-35), FCR (d 0-21) and final BW (d 35) when compared with Control diet groups containing TPM at 0. There was an interaction between diet and temperature regime on AID. The TPM 20 + CHT group had decreased AID of nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE) when compared with the TPM 20 + NT group. However, there was no effect of the Control or TPM 10 on AID under either temperature regime. Breast muscle from CHT birds had increased temperature and shear force when cooked, and decreased pH and drip loss when compared with NT birds. The TPM 10 group tended to have lower drip loss (P = 0.057) under both temperature regimes when compared with the Control group. Implementing CHT increased the plasma concentration of select cytokines and chemokines (INFγ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-16, IL-21 and CCL5) when compared with the NT treatment. Birds offered the TPM 10 diets had numerically lower concentrations of all plasma chemokines and cytokines when compared with the Control diets. In summary, CHT depressed performance and nutrient digestibility and negatively impacted breast muscle quality. The TPM 10 treatment improved growth performance variables under both NT and CHT regimes and tended to reduce muscle drip loss.

In this study, five new alkyl catechol derivatives, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were isolated for the first time from Cirsium creticum subsp. creticum L. and their structures were determined by using spectroscopic techniques, including mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D NMR. All of the isolated compounds were primarily evaluated for antioxidant activity against BHA and tocopherol. All compounds which were isolated from C. creticum subsp. creticum exhibited antioxidant activity, however it was noticed that the presence of a pentose sugar increased the antioxidant activity.

Co-encapsulation of multiple bioactive components is an emerging field that shows promise as an approach to develop functional foods. Hydrophobic components are generally dissolved in the inner oil phase of protein-stabilised emulsions. Some components may co-adsorb to oil droplet surfaces, due to the ligand-binding properties of proteins. In this study, α-tocopherol and resveratrol/naringenin were co-encapsulated in emulsions stabilised by whey protein isolate (WPI). α-Tocopherol was totally encapsulated and its partitioning inside oil droplets was about 3.3 times that bound by free WPI in the aqueous phase. The total encapsulation efficiency for resveratrol or naringenin was 52% and 58%, respectively. Addition of resveratrol improved digestive stability of α-tocopherol, but naringenin did not. Co-encapsulation with α-tocopherol had no significant influence on the digestive stability of resveratrol/naringenin. The data gathered here should be useful for the delivery of bioactive components with different solubilities.

Minor lipids in cereals (such as phytosterols and alkylresorcinols) can be important for human nutrition and/or be used as biomarkers for cereal intake. However, the analysis of cereal lipids is very challenging due to the complex lipidome comprising several hundred individual compounds present over a wide range of concentrations. Here we present a method for the profiling of cereal lipids using high temperature gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/Q-TOF MS). The method was used to investigate the lipid profiles of 77 samples of bread wheat, spelt, einkorn, emmer, barley, rye and oats. Distinct differences in the patterns of alkylresorcinols, free and conjugated sterols and tocopherols between the cereals could be observed. Furthermore, traces of tocomonoenols and diunsaturated and methyl-alkylresorcinols (not previously reported in cereals) could be detected. Finally, the lipid patterns in the cereals could be used to separate the cereals by Principal Component Analysis.

Mango, king of all fruits, is a good source of carotenoids. The present investigation was aimed at extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp using bio-refinery concept. Three green solvents, namely groundnut, sunflower and flaxseed oil were used. The carotenoids were extracted for different time intervals in different green solvents at different pulp to vegetable oil ratio using magnetic stirring (MS), ultrasonication (US), microwave (MW) and high shear dispersion (HSD) techniques. Out of 540 samples (3 × 180) analyzed, one combination was selected on the basis of highest total carotenoid content (TCC) using split plot design of statistical analysis. Maximum extraction was possible in flaxseed oil by using HSD technique. The selected combination was compared with corresponding vegetable oil (used as a control) for TCC, antioxidant activity (ABTS, μg Trolox eq./ml; DPPH, μg Trolox eq./ml and FRAP, μM Trolox eq./ml), tocopherol content and colour value (L, a, b) and showed a respective increase of 158.8-6, 123.72, 33.37, 11.95, 15.15% and 12.77, 5.57, 21.51 units. The increase in carotenoid content was further confirmed by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The carotenoid-rich extract can be applied in food formulations for preparation of functional foods.

Summary Background Oxidative stress has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, and vitamin E has powerful anti-oxidant properties. Vitamin E occurs in several different isoforms which differ in their ability to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol in maternal-infant pairs, and the impact on maternal-newborn outcomes. Methods Vitamin E status was evaluated in 189 mother-infant pairs. Concentrations of α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol were measured using HPLC. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Spearman coefficients were used to assess correlations between maternal and cord measurements. Linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for relevant confounders. A p Results Maternal and cord serum tocopherol concentrations were positively correlated for γ-tocopherol (r = 0.32, p ˂ 0.001) and δ-tocopherol (r = 0.46, p ˂ 0.001) but not for α-tocopherol. After adjustment for confounders, maternal concentrations of tocopherols were positively associated with Apgar scores (p = 0.02) and infant growth parameters at birth. Conversely, cord tocopherol levels were inversely associated with Apgar scores (p = 0.02) and infant growth. Cord concentrations of α-tocopherol were higher in infants born to mothers with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia (p = 0.04). Conclusion Maternal-fetal transfer of γ- and δ-tocopherols is higher than α-tocopherol and may be mediated by either different or more efficient methods, conversely tissue uptake of α-tocopherol by the developing fetus may be higher. As serum levels of maternal tocopherols are positively associated with outcomes while higher cord levels show a negative impact, uptake and tissue deposition of vitamin E by the fetus may be crucial in growth and development. More research into the role of maternal diet, placental regulation, and fetal uptake of vitamin E tocopherols in relation to clinical outcomes is warranted.

Food proteins have been widely used for the preparation of emulsion-based carriers and lipid-free carriers. In this study, whey protein isolate (WPI)-α-tocopherol particles and emulsions were prepared at protein's concentrations from 0.5% to 5.0% and initial concentrations of α-tocopherol ∼0.06% and 0.12%. Concentration of α-tocopherol affected the size of WPI particles but not that of WPI emulsions. ζ-Potential of WPI particles was greater than that of WPI emulsions. Encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol was greater in the emulsions than in the particles, but not at 0.12% α-tocopherol and 5.0% WPI. Storage stability of α-tocopherol was better in WPI emulsions than particles at 25 °C and at the intermediate stage of 45 °C but contrary at the ending of storage at 45 °C. The data gathered here should be useful for the development of protein-based carrier systems for hydrophobic components.

Cocoa byproducts are important inputs to the food industry. In recent decades, the consumption of these products has been reported to increase while the production of cocoa beans has reportedly decreased. In this scenario, the use of the cocoa bean shell (CS) as an alternative source of cocoa fat is a good strategy to increase the fat supply for use in food products. The main aim of this study was to characterize CS; extract fat from CS using pressurized ethanol as the solvent; perform kinetics extraction trials at temperatures of 60, 75 and 90 °C; and evaluate the lipid fraction and defatted meal characteristics. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was found to be a very efficient way to obtain fat from cocoa shells, achieving high extraction yield values (up to 90%) after a single stage of contact. An increase in temperature positively influenced the composition of fat in terms of the tocopherol content, but negatively influenced the protein solubility in the defatted meal obtained at 90 °C. The experimental kinetic data of CS fat extraction were successfully mathematically described (absolute relative deviation up to 0.85%), allowing calculation of a diffusion coefficient with values between 4.56 and 12.15 × 10−12 m2 s−1, which increased with increasing extraction temperature.

Rice bran, a resource-rich and nutritionally valuable by-product of rice milling, was contaminated seriously by cadmium in many parts of the world. An efficient and economical method to reduce Cd from Cd-contaminated rice bran, citric acid treatment, was developed in this study. Evaluations the effect of this method on physicochemical and structure properties of rice bran were performed. The results showed that a significant decrease of Cd was reached by 0.15 M of citric acid with 60 min incubation at 40 °C. The optimal liquid–solid ratio was 15 mL/g. The Cd removal efficiency was more than 94%. Citric acid treatment had a significantly effect on the proximate compositions of rice bran. Moreover, the oil yield, total tocopherol and γ-oryzanol contents of citric acid treated rice bran were higher than the native rice bran whereas fatty acids compositions were not changed by citric acid treatment. FT-TR data showed the chemical structure of rice bran was not significantly changed. Although X-ray diffraction results indicated that citric acid treatment increased the cellulose crystallinity, it did not affect RB downstream utilization.

Simultaneous administration of multiple bioactive components might produce synergistic effect and offer multiple health benefits. This provides motivation to develop co-delivery system that can simultaneously encapsulate a plurality of bioactive components. In this study, α-tocopherol and resveratrol with different solubility were successfully encapsulated into zein nanoparticles. Encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol and resveratrol reached 96% and 67%, respectively. Size and ζ-potential of zein particles varied from 80 to 122 nm and +27 to +60 mV, respectively. Resveratrol was encapsulated at the portion between the hydrophobic core and the surface of zein particles. About 47% of α-tocopherol and 80% of resveratrol were found in the zein particles when stored at 45 °C for up to 84 days. α-Tocopherol- and resveratrol-loaded zein particles provided a better protective effect on α-tocopherol than did α-tocopherol-loaded zein particles and eliminated negative effect of α-tocopherol on the stability of resveratrol. These results might be useful for the design of a delivery system for the co-encapsulation of several nutrients with different solubilities.

Anisophyllea boehmii is an indigenous and wild species in Burundi. Its fruits are edible and commercialized in local markets. This study investigates chemical quality, composition and toxicity test of A. boehmii kernel oil from two sites in eastern Burundi. Results of the present study reveal A. boehmii kernels to be an oil-rich source, yielding up to 29% of oil. Fatty acid composition analysis classifies these oils as palmitic. In fact, the main fatty acids are palmitic acid (36.47–39.55%) and oleic acid (18.83–22.21%). The analysis of minor compounds shows high tocopherols (485–657 mg kg−1), phenols (82–135 mg kg−1) and β-carotene (144–234 mg kg−1) content. The physicochemical parameters analyzed make A. boehmii kernel a source of good quality oil. Furthermore, acute oral toxicity test reveals no toxicity of A. boehmii kernel oil. Results of the present study are decisive in adoption of A. boehmii kernel oil as an alternative source of edible oil.

Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.

When carrier systems like solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are added to a protein rich food matrix adsorption of protein to the particles alters the surface properties of SLN which in turn can alter the properties of the whole system. Thus, the effect of the SLN composition on the protein adlayer (protein corona) is important to understand. The adsorption of β-lactoglobulin (βLG) to unloaded SLN and SLN loaded with ferulic acid or tocopherol was studied at pH 5.7 and particle:protein ratios of 2:1 to 10:1 (w/w) by centrifugation, AF4 and ultrafiltration (UF). Up to 10% of the βLG was strongly bound to SLN whereas 40–80% of the βLG formed a loose adlayer. The amount of bound βLG was increased by the presence of tocopherol and decreased by the presence of ferulic acid. The adsorbed protein layer thus depends on SLN characteristics governed by encapsulated compounds.

There is limited literature available regarding the characteristics of Rhus chinensis Mill fruit and seed oils, which are potential underutilized oil resources with beneficial unsaturated fatty acids and phytochemicals. In this study, chemical compositions of three cultivars of Rhus chinensis Mill fruits and seeds, as well as profiles of physicochemical properties, chemical compositions, and antioxidant capacities of the prepared Rhus chinensis Mill fruit and seed oils were investigated and compared. Results suggested that the contents of chemical components of the Rhus chinensis Mill fruit and seed and their corresponding oils varied to different extents with the certain cultivars. Rhus chinensis Mill seeds exhibited relatively high protein contents (14.38 ± 1.24–14.88 ± 0.85%), whereas the oil contents of the fruits were relatively high (19.68 ± 0.68–20.27 ± 1.33%). Rhus chinensis Mill oils were abundant in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (51.41 ± 1.18–53.76 ± 3.01% and 74.82 ± 3.14–75.58 ± 2.32% for the fruit and seed oils, respectively) and oleic acid (15.00 ±1.04–15.59 ± 2.06% and 12.68 ± 1.15–13.44 ± 1.08% for the fruit and seed oils, respectively). Rhus chinensis Mill seed oils contained high contents of tocopherol/tocotrienol, phytosterol, and polyphenol, thus resulting in significantly higher antioxidant capacities than the fruit oils. The results observed in the present work illuminated that the Rhus chinensis Mill fruit/seed and oil can be regarded as high-quality sources and ingredients for dietary food and nutritious supplement industries.

Deficiency of vitamin-E or tocopherol causes neurological disorders in humans. α-tocopherol possessing the highest vitamin-E activity is present in low concentration in maize kernel. Nine lines and four testers possessing favourable allele of ZmVTE4 that significantly enhances vitamin-E activity were used to generate 36 hybrid combinations. Significant variation was observed for α- (5.95–39.03 μg/g), γ- (11.69–50.82 μg/g), δ- (4.09–10.76 μg/g) and total-tocopherol (33.18–90.53 μg/g). α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol constituted 36%, 53% and 11% of the total tocopherol, respectively. Majority of the experimental hybrids possessed significantly higher α-tocopherol (mean: 21.37 μg/g) than the check hybrids (mean: 11.16 μg/g). AMMI analysis revealed that across tocopherols, genotype and interaction effect accounted 35–77% and 23–45% of variation, respectively. The environmental effects were of minor magnitude. Non-additive gene action was predominant for α-, γ-, and total-tocopherol, while δ-tocopherol was conditioned predominantly by additive gene action. The information generated here assumes great significance in biofortification programme. This is the first report of variability, G × E interactions and combining ability for kernel tocopherol using maize hybrids possessing novel allele of ZmVTE4.

The genetic resources of wild almond have not been paid enough attention for oil chemical components and uses. In the present study analyses concerning the composition of fatty acids, vitamin E, sterols, and oxidative stability of five wild almond species (Prunus tangutica, P. pedunculata, P. mongolica, P. tenella, and P. triloba) seed oils were performed. The oil content of seeds ranged from 43.6% to 50.4% and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was high (93.0%–97.9%). The predominant fatty acid was oleic acid and linolenic acid with contents from 17.0% for P. tangutica to 31.1% for P. mongolica. Four tocopherols, with predominance of homologs α and β, were detected in each tested sample. Total tocopherol contents ranged from 433.9 to 682.8 mg/kg of oil, and the ratio of the composition of different species was different. The total amount of oil sterols ranged from 303.5 to 378.5 mg/100 g, wherein β-Sitosterol,Δ5-avenasterol, and campesterol were the main constituents. While the stability of the oil measured by Rancimat test ranged from 7.17 to 23.45 h, and the highest was P. pedunculata. Its oxidation stability was apparently higher than that of peanut, olive oil, and other oils. After performing principal component analysis, a potential tool for species authenticity purposes, interspecies differences were found. The wild almond oil in this study can be considered as a potential edible vegetable oil in human food.

The development of biodegradable and biocompatible microemulsions to transport and deliver hydrophobic bioactive molecules is a fundamental challenge in pharmacological sciences. In the current work, oil-in-water Pluronic F127-based microemulsions using different fatty acids (sodium decanoate, SD, and sodium caprylate, SC) as co-surfactants were characterized as potential nanocarriers to solubilize and transport tocopherol (TOC) at Ow = [ethyl butyrate] / [Pluronic] = 1 and oil nanodroplet mass fraction (MFD) between 0.01 and 0.08 using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and dynamic surface tension (DST) techniques. DLS data showed that as the fatty acid chain length increased from sodium decanoate (SD) to sodium caprylate (SC), the nanodroplet size also did whereas the opposite behaviour was found as the MFD increased. DST data revealed that surface tension reached much faster the thermodynamic equilibrium for SD-stabilized compared to SC-stabilized Pluronic F127-based microemulsions. These were able to load important amounts of TOC with a high encapsulation efficiency. The release profile of the cargo compound from the microemulsions was sustained along time. In addition,2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of TOC was examined, and results reported as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Finally, to evaluate the potential cytotoxicity of the obtained TOC-loaded microemulsions preliminary in vivo experiments were performed. Microemulsions were parenterally administered in healthy rats and blood was collected to analyze serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum creatinine, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Experimental data indicated a significant decrease in serum BUN and creatinine levels while other parameters remained unchanged. Also, the drug-loaded microemulsions-treated group showed symptoms of lethargy, nausea, and reduced food intake following injection, but no mortality was reported.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant, therefore, it can be stored in any fat depot in the body, where it exerts a potent chain-breaking antioxidant effect. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of vitamin E-like compounds is also present in meat post mortem. The deposition of tocopherol in the muscle depends on the dosage, the source, and the period of supplementation, so different dosage-time combinations have been developed. Vitamin E does not affect production parameters if minimum requirements for function and growth are satisfied, but it could influence lamb fatty acid profile. During display, it protects PUFA from degradation, reducing lipid oxidation and, therefore, delaying discolouration. Furthermore, vitamin E would indirectly affect the development of lamb aroma by reducing protein and lipid oxidation. To facilitate optimal supplementation rates by producers and retailers, the present paper reviews vitamin E chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition and its ability to maintain lamb quality.

Taking into account the great interest of consumers for high purity natural vitamin E preparations, it is highly desirable to develop an efficient process for recovering Vitamin E from vegetable oil deodorizer distillates (VODDs) with reduction in costs and better use of energy. The process described herein involves a series of treatment steps, namely desaromatization of VODD, concentration of tocopherols by molecular distillation at high vacuum, lipase catalyzed ester synthesis, and brightening of the resulting tocopherol-rich concentrate with an ethanol (96%):water 60:40 mixture which are similar to conventional processes but the purpose and order of execution of some of them are clearly different. Moreover, some treatment steps were shortened or directly removed. By this process a fully translucent and fluid product was obtained which had tocopherol richness near to the standardized level of 50% concentration, acidity around 1% and a content of emulsifying mono- and diglycerides of 20%. The mixture of mono- and diglycerides that result from the enzymatic process could facilitate absorption of tocopherols by the body and thereby enhancing the biological activity of these compounds. Because all these facts the process presented is feasible as a new industrial purification method of tocopherols from VODDs.

Thermal rice oil degradation was evaluated by UV–Vis and NIR in three-way arrays assembled with samples, different temperatures, and the absorbance at different wavelengths by applying PARAFAC chemometric method. The loadings matrix of the mode corresponding to the samples (scores) contains the information related to the samples. The loadings on the temperature mode resemble kinetics profiles. These profiles change with the nature of the component responsible for the factor and evolve with the heating temperature. The loadings on the spectral mode reveal the antioxidants γ-oryzanol and tocopherol, and oxidation products are the components responsible for the two factors. The results achieved showed that the antioxidants concentration decreases starting at 70 °C while oxidation products start to increase more pronounced after 90 °C. The proposed method is shown to be a simple and fast way to obtain information about the oxidative stability of rice oils.

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread non-essential toxic heavy metal and usually arouses oxidative stress which impairs plant growth. The key lipophilic antioxidant α-tocopherol is synthesized from γ-tocopherol by γ- tocopherol-methyl-transferase (γ-TMT encoded by VTE4) in response to a variety of abiotic stresses. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the Cd-tolerant maize ZmVTE4 which was obtained through high-throughput survival screening in the presence of Cd. Further heterologous expression of a ZmVTE4 enhanced Cd tolerance in yeast as well in tobacco. Moreover, Cd treatment induced the increment of tocopherols in maize leaves. Similarly, transient overexpressing ZmVTE4 increased the content of γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol thus enhancing the Cd tolerance in tobacco leaves. Visualized fluorescence indicated that ZmVTE4 was localized in chloroplasts, where tocopherols were synthesized. These results collectively implicated that ZmVTE4-mediated α-tocopherol generation facilitated plant tolerance to Cd.

The effect of a hydrothermal pretreatment on the solvent extraction of oil and minor compounds (tocopherols) from high stearic high oleic sunflower seeds (HSHO), partially dehulled and undehulled, was analyzed. Samples of sunflower seeds of different origins and oil contents (high oil, 43.0% d.b., and low oil 35.1% d.b.) were used. The oil yield increased significantly due to the hydrothermal pretreatment (p ≤ 0.05) for HSHO samples with high oil content, both partially dehulled and undehulled. The pretreated HSHO samples with low oil content did not show significant differences in oil yield compared to the untreated samples. The effective diffusion coefficients for the hydrothermally pretreated seeds (2.12.10−11 m2 s−1) and the untreated samples (7.07.10−12 m2 s−1) were determined based on the oil extraction from the partially dehulled high oil HSHO samples. For both types of partially dehulled HSHO seeds, a significant increase in tocopherol content in the oils extracted from the pretreated samples was observed. Fil: de Figueiredo, Ana Karina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Grupo Tecnologías de Semillas; Argentina Fil: Fernández, María Belén. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Grupo Tecnologías de Semillas; Argentina Fil: Nolasco, Susana Maria. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Grupo Tecnologías de Semillas; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pressure (150, 175 and 200 bar), temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) and CO2 flow rate (2, 3 and 4 mL min−1) on the yield of supercritical extraction of Eugenia involucrata leaves. The extracts were characterized for α-tocopherol content and antioxidant activity in comparison to the n-hexane extract obtained by the Soxhlet technique. The greatest yield, 1.73 wt%, was obtained by the highest density and using the highest CO2 flow rate (200 bar, 40 °C and 4 mL min−1). Variation in the experimental conditions resulted in an increase of up to 165% in the α-tocopherol yield, with a possible yield of up to 68.27 mgα-tocopherol 100 gleaves−1. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method showed a high correlation with the content of α-tocopherol, with a maximum of 95.35 μmolTrolox gextract−1. The experimental kinetic curves were satisfactorily described by Sovova mathematical model.

Tocopherol-based lipids are widely used for nucleic acid delivery. Using tocopherol molecules, we designed and synthesized 5-HT functionalized lipids by tethering 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a small molecule ligand as the head group to a natural amphiphilic molecule namely α-tocopherol (Vitamin E). This is with the aim of delivering nucleic acids specifically into cells expressing the serotonin receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine[5-HT]) which are abundant in the central nervous system. In order to achieve target recognition, we adopted an approach wherein two structurally different lipid molecules having serotonin as the head group was conjugated to tocopherol via different linkers thus generating lipids with either free -NH2 or -OH moiety. The corresponding lipids designated as Lipid A (Tocopheryl carbonate serotonin-NH2) and Lipid B (Tocopheryl 2-hydroxy propyl ammonium serotonin-OH), were formulated with co-lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and evaluated for their ability to deliver plasmid DNA through reporter gene expression assays in vitro. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics and cellular interactions of the formulations were examined using serotonin-receptor enriched cells in order to distinguish the structural and functional attributes of both lipids. Cell-based gene expression studies reveal that in comparison to Lipid A, a formulation of Lipid B prepared with DOPE as the co-lipid, contributes to efficient uptake leading to significant enhancement in transfection. Specific interactions explored by molecular docking studies suggests the role of the hydroxyl moiety and the enantiospecific significance of serotonin- conjugated tocopherol lipids in recognizing these receptors thus signifying a promising lipid-based approach to target the serotonin receptors in the central nervous system.

The oil quality, fatty acid composition, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of oven- and microwave-roasted seeds from three different poppy varieties (blue, yellow, and white) were investigated. The quantity, acidity, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide, and saponification values of oil were generally higher in roasted seeds compared to those in raw poppy seeds (control). Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of roasted seeds were less than those of the control. Roasting decreased fatty acid contents including linoleic acid in blue, yellow, and white seeds and its contents remained 57.91, 61.91, and 64.83% in control oil (oil from raw seeds) but decreased to 57.23, 60.78, and 64.11% in oven-roasted and 56.97, 60.08, and 60.84% in microwave-roasted seed oil, respectively. The tocopherol (α, β, γ, and δ) contents also decreased after roasting and β and γ-types predominated. The major phenolic compounds were vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric,cinnamic, and protocatechuic acids. The vanillic acid content ranged from 64.38–71.17 mg/100 g in raw seed, 41.86–49.76 mg/100 g in oven-roasted, and 43.66–56.71 mg/100 g in microwave-roasted seed. The current study revealed that poppy seeds and their oil have excellent nutritional qualities that are significantly reduced after roasting.

Cold press extraction is the ultimate method to extract essential phytonutrients from oil seeds. Other extractions such as chemical and hot press extraction include processes like deodorizing and refining which affect the quality of phytocompounds (essential fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols). In this study, antioxidant capacity, tocopherol and fatty acid profiles of six cold-pressed oils (sesame, coconut, peanut, neem, castor and iluppai) were determined. Lipophilic extracts showed excellent DPPH-free radical scavenging activity compared to hydrophilic extracts. Lipophilic extract of sesame oil showed the highest antioxidant capacity in both DPPH (0.61 ± 0.02 TEAC µM/g dw) and ABTS (0.85 ± 0.05 TEAC µM/g dw) free radical scavenging assays. The presence of alpha (α), gamma (γ) and delta (δ) tocopherols were detected and quantified in all the six seed oil samples through UPLC analysis. From the results it was confirmed that γ- tocopherol content is predominant in castor (395.32 ± 2.12 mg/kg), sesame (278.72 ± 2.80 mg/kg) and peanut (104.11 ± 2.86 mg/kg) oils. GC-MS analysis of all the six seed oil samples exhibited fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid in various compositions. The highest levels of total saturated (SFA) in coconut oil, monounsaturated (MUFA) in castor oil and polyunsaturated (PUFA) in sesame oil were quantified at the range of 85.51%, 64.09%, and 31.72% respectively. In conclusion these phytoconstituents from cold pressed oil play a promising role in improving human health without side effects.

The aim of the study was to evaluate carotenoids and tocopherol plasma concentrations in steers and their subcutaneous fat colour at slaughter as tracers of forage-feeding. During winter, 2 groups of steers were ad libitum fed a total mixed ration for 138 days. At mid-April, both groups were turned out to graze in valley meadows and supplemented daily with 1.8 kg DM corn /head from mid-June onwards. After a grazing period of 78 days (mid-July), a group of steers remained for 75 days in the meadows until slaughter (500 kg); the second group was fed for 55 days the same total mixed ration as the one received in winter until slaughter (500 kg). The plasma concentration of carotenoids and α-tocopherol of both groups of steers during the winter and the grazing period from mid-April to mid-July was similar, reflecting the similar intake of these compounds. During the finishing period, grazing steers had greater concentrations than the steers finished on the total mixed ration. Subcutaneous fat of the steers finished on pasture had greater yellowness and chroma than the steers finished on the total mixed ration. In conclusion, it was possible to trace accurately the intake of carotenoids and tocopherols in plasma (86%), although other markers should be sought to improve traceability, and subcutaneous fat colour traits can be used to trace the diet received during the finishing period.