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Colorectal cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and represents a serious public health issue in many countries. The development of a breakthrough preventive method for colorectal cancer is urgently needed. Aspirin has recently been attracting attention as a cancer preventive drug, and its inhibitory effects on the development of various cancers have been reported in several large prospective studies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, we attempted to identify the target proteins of aspirin using a chemical biology technique with salicylic acid, the main metabolite of aspirin. We generated salicylic acid-presenting FG beads and purified salicylic acid-binding proteins from human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells. The results obtained showed the potential of ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) as one of the target proteins of salicylic acid. The depletion of RPS3 by siRNA reduced CDK4 expression and induced G1 phase arrest in human colorectal cancer cells. These results were consistent with the effects induced by the treatment with sodium salicylate, suggesting that salicylic acid negatively regulates the function of RPS3. Collectively, the present results show the potential of RPS3 as a novel target for salicylic acid in the protective effects of aspirin against colorectal cancer, thereby supporting RPS3 as a target molecule for cancer prevention.

Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli) is an aromatic herb cultivated for its high-value essential oil. It is majorly used as a base oil in fragrance formulation due to its characteristics sesquiterpenoid alcohols. Patchoulol is an imperative and bioactive sesquiterpenoid in the patchouli essential oil, which is primarily isolated from the aerial part of the plant. The patchoulol was enriched in this essential oil by ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques using different hydrotropes viz., sodium p-toluene sulphonate, resorcinol, sodium cumene sulphonate and sodium salicylate. The effect of various parameters such as extraction time (min), ultrasonic amplitude (%) and pulse interval (s) with 2 M concentration of hydrotropes was studied. Ultrasonic assisted-techniques has improved the percentage of patchoulol in patchouli essential oil. The highest composition of patchoulol i.e., 70.06 % was obtained for 5 min extraction time, 40 % ultrasonic amplitude, 30:30 s pulse interval for sodium salicylate at 2 M concentration.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris flowers or Carum carvi and Medicago sativa seeds, alone and in combination, which have been used in traditional Iranian medicine.Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 treatment groups: distilled water, sodium salicylate (SS), M. sylvestris extract (600 mg/kg), C. carvi extract (600 mg/kg), M. sativa extract (300 mg/kg) and combined extract (including 300 mg/kg M. sylvestris and C. carvi extracts, and 150 mg/kg M. sativa extract). The formalin pain model was used to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the treatments. For anti-inflammatory effect, acute (one hour after injection) and chronic (during a week after injection) paw inflammation was measured after subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin in the hindpaw. Finally, tissue samples from all groups were prepared for histopathological studies.The combined extract significantly inhibited the nociception in the acute phase of the formalin test (P 0.001). In the chronic phase, all the extracts and SS had significant analgesic effect (P 0.001). Analgesic activity of the combined extract was significantly stronger than SS (P 0.01). In the acute inflammation model, M. sylvestris, C. carvi and the combined drug had significant inhibitory effects against paw edema (P 0.05). All extracts, individually and in combination, significantly alleviated chronic paw inflammation (P 0.01). The combined extract had much more anti-inflammatory activity than SS (P 0.05). Histopathological results indicated improvement and reduction of inflammatory factors in the treatment groups.M. sylvestris, C. carvi and M. sativa have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Potentially, each of these extracts or a mixture of them might be a valuable alternative drug to control pain and inflammation.

The focus of the current research is to evaluate the adsorption mechanisms of sodium salicylate and metronidazole on the polyaniline (PANi) using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The molecular electrostatic potentials of sodium salicylate, metronidazole and PANi were calculated. The theoretical data show that the oxygenated functional groups of adsorbates and amino groups of PANi are the nucleophilic and electrophilic attack sites, respectively. The structural, electronic and energetic properties of PANi complexed with sodium salicylate and metronidazole were investigated. The adsorption mechanism is due to the formation of hydrogen bond between polymer and adsorbate molecules. The low intermolecular electron transfer at solute/solid interface reveals that the sodium salicylate and metronidazole are physisorbed onto the PANi. In addition, the interaction energies between PANi and adsorbate molecules suggest the stability of the formed complexes, indicating a good adsorbate-adsorbent affinity. All quantum chemical data are in good agreement with the experimental observations.

Taylor dispersion is used to measure the binary mutual diffusion coefficient (D) of aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate (NaSal), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The D° value estimated by extrapolation to zero NaSal concentration is used to calculate the limiting mobility of the Sal− ion for comparison with the value determined previously from conductivity data. Salt effects on NSAID diffusion are studied by measuring the ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (Dik) of aqueous NaSal(C1) + NaCl(C2) solutions, including results for the diffusion of NaSal in physiological saline solutions with C2 = 0.15 mol dm−3. As the NaCl:NaSal ratio increases, NaSal diffusion coefficient D11 changes from the binary diffusion coefficient of aqueous NaSal (a weighted average of the Na+ and Sal− diffusion coefficients) to the tracer diffusion coefficient of the Sal− ion in NaCl solutions. Coupled diffusion in the solutions is analysed by using Nernst-Planck equations to calculate the fluxes of ions migrating in the electric field (diffusion potential) generated by NaSal and NaCl concentration gradients.

Background Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by severe, sometimes life-threatening reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Mechanisms driving the disease include overproduction of leukotrienes and loss of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Many cell types contribute to the disease; however, eosinophils are markedly elevated and are important drivers of pathologic findings. Objective To investigate the capacity of aspirin and NSAIDs to drive eosinophil activation and the ability of PGE2 to inhibit this activation. Methods Eosinophils were purified from blood of healthy individuals without AERD and stimulated with lysine aspirin, ketorolac, or sodium salicylate. The role of PGE2 in altering activation was determined by incubating eosinophils with increasing doses of PGE2 before lysine aspirin stimulation. Specific PGE2 receptor use was determined by incubating eosinophils with receptor agonists and antagonists before aspirin stimulation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Stimulation of eosinophils with lysine aspirin, ketorolac, or sodium salicylate resulted in secretion of CysLTs and LTB4 in the absence of EDN release. Low doses of PGE2 inhibited LTB4 and CysLT release, an effect lost at higher PGE2 concentrations. Use of butaprost, an EP2 receptor agonist, suppressed lysine aspirin stimulation. This mechanism was supported by blocking activity of the EP1 and EP3 receptors. Conclusion Eosinophils can be directly activated by NSAIDs via cyclooxygenase-independent pathways to produce CysLTs and LTB4. This effect can be inhibited by PGE2 acting through the EP2 receptor. The recognized loss of EP2 receptor expression combined with low PGE2 levels explains in part the sensitivity to NSAIDs.

The present study was examined the antioxidant effect of tamoxifen, a synthetic non-steroidal antiestrogen, on cromakalim or nicorandil (ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels opener)-enhanced hydroxyl radical ( OH) generation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in extracellular fluid of rat striatum. Rats were anesthetized, and sodium salicylate in Ringer's solution (0.5 mM or 0.5 nmol/µl/min) was infused through a microdialysis probe to detect the generation of OH as reflected by the non-enzymatic formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the striatum. Cromakalim (100 µM) or nicorandil (1 mM) enhanced the formation of OH trapped as DHBA induced by MPP+ (5 mM). Concomitantly, these drugs enhanced dopamine (DA) efflux induced by MPP+. Tamoxifen (30 µM) significantly decreased the level of DA enhanced by cromakalim or nicorandil. Tamoxifen suppressed DHBA formation induced by MPP+ and cromakalim or nicorandil. When iron(II) was administered to cromakalim treated animals, a marked elevation of DHBA was observed, compared with the tamoxifen-treated rats These results indicated that the effects of tamoxifen on opening of KATP channels enhances OH generation in the extracellular space of striatum during of DA release by MPP+. These results indicated that estrogen protects against neuronal degeneration by as an anti-oxidant.

Oral delivery most commonly used due to the non-invasive nature and the fact that avoids patient pain and discomfort in compression with the intravenous administration. Herein, the obtained graphene quantum dots (GQDs) from citric acid were employed as a cross-linker for chitosan (CS). Sodium salicylate (SS) as a model drug was loaded in the prepared graphene quantum dots-crosslinked chitosan hybrid bio-nanocomposite beads (CS-GQD). SS-loaded CS-GQD (CS-GQD/SS) was protected with pH-sensitive biopolymeric carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel beads. The CMC encapsulated CS-GQD/SS bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads (CS-GQD/SS@CMC) were characterized using FT-IR, PL and SEM analysis. For determination of surficial charge of the carrier, pH point of zero charges (pHpzc) was measured. In-vitro drug delivery tests were carried out in simulating the gastrointestinal tract conditions for proving the efficiency of the prepared beads as a controlled oral drug delivery. The synergistic effects of CMC and CS enhanced the stability of drug dosing for a long time with controlling the drug releases in the gastrointestinal tract conditions. The MTT test confirmed that the bio-nanocomposite beads have low toxicity against human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells. The obtained results showed that the prepared novel CS-GQD/SS@CMC could potentially be used as a safe carrier for oral drug delivery.

The Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN) is a region which has been traditionally linked to the genesis of tinnitus, the constant perception of a phantom sound. Sodium salicylate, a COX-2 inhibitor, can induce tinnitus in high doses. Hyperactivity of DCN neurons is observed in several animal models of tinnitus, including salicylate-induced tinnitus. The DCN presents several forms of endocannabinoid (EC)-dependent synaptic plasticity and COX-2 can also participate in the oxidative degradation of ECs. We recently demonstrated that short-term perfusion of sodium salicylate and other inhibitors of both oxidative and hydrolytic EC degradation did not affect depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE), a form of EC-dependent short-term synaptic plasticity. Here, we show that prolonged incubation with high doses of sodium salicylate (1.4 mM) enhances DSE of synapses onto glycinergic DCN interneurons but not those innervating glutamatergic DCN fusiform neurons. This effect was not reproduced with lower doses of salicylate (140 µM) or with ibuprofen, another inhibitor of COX-2. This effect was not observed in the presence of AM251, an antagonist/inverse agonist of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, showing that it was dependent on EC release. Finally we demonstrated that incubation with salicylate potentiated the increase in intracellular calcium during the depolarization. Our results point to an increased inhibition of DCN inhibitory CW neuron during depolarizations, probably by an enhanced EC release during the depolarizations, which is potentially significant for DCN hyperactivity and tinnitus generation.

Solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drug, paracetamol using hydrotropic agents like sodium salicylate and nicotinamide has been studied. In the present investigation, 1, 2, 3 and 4M of both sodium salicylate and nicotinamide are employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble paracetamol to study its different physico-chemical properties at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The values of density (d) and sound velocity (U) have been measured in aqueous paracetamol and paracetamol + aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures but the ultrasonic velocities (U) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume (Vɸ), limiting apparent molar volume ( V ɸ 0 ), apparent molar expansibility (Eɸ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ). Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility (Ks), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Ks, ɸ), acoustic impedance (Z), molar compressibility (W), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), molar sound velocity (R) and relative association (RA) have been evaluated and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.

The effect of glycine on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced hydroxyl radical ( OH) formation in the extracellular fluid of rat striatum were investigated. Rats were anesthetized and sodium salicylate in Ringer's solution (0.5 nmol/μl/min) was infused through a microdialysis probe to detect the generation of OH as reflected by the non-enzymatic formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) in rat striatum. MPP+ (5 mmol/L) produced an increase in OH formation. When glycine (1 mmol/L) was infused into the rat striatum through a microdialysis probe after MPP+ treatment, the marked in the level of 2,3-DHBA was observed in the brain dialysate. However, in the presence of MK-801 (100 μmol/L), a non competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), glycine failed to increase the 2,3-DHBA formation by MPP+. When corresponding experiments were performed with nitro-L arginine (L-NNA) (1 mmol/L), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, same result was obtained. These results suggest that MPP+-induced OH generation may modulated by glycine via NMDA receptor in rat striatum. This increase might be explained because of the presence of a glutaminergic tonic action

Drug interactions in presence of co-solute in aqueous solution have always created an interest in the mind of chemists. The physical properties give an idea of types of interactions taking place in aqueous solution. Volumetric and compressibility are the important physical properties. Keeping this in mind we have measured the densities ( ρ ) and speeds of sound ( u ) of sodium salicylate (NaSl) drug (0.01–0.1) mol·kg−1 in 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous sodium chloride solution and 0.06 mol·kg−1 myo-inositol as a function of temperature at T = (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure. These values have been used to estimate the apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ ) , apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ s ) of solution and apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( κ ϕ ) of solute. The limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α ∗ ) of sodium salicylate in aqueous binary and ternary solutions have also been obtained. Limiting values of apparent molar volume of solute ( V ϕ 0 ) and apparent molar compressibility of solute ( κ ϕ 0 ) were obtained from the plots V ϕ and κ ϕ as a function of molality and have been utilized in obtaining transfer volumes ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and transfer compressibilities ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) of sodium salicylate from water to 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and myo-inositol at different temperatures. The co-sphere overlap model is used to interpret the values of ( Δ tr V ϕ 0 ) and ( Δ tr κ ϕ 0 ) . The Helper’s constant has been obtained. It indicates structure making ability of sodium salicylate in aqueous as well as in 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous sodium chloride and 0.06 mol·kg−1 aqueous myo-inositol solutions. The results obtained have been interpreted in terms of various interactions taking place among solute and solvent molecules.

A viscoelastic fluid, composing of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal) at a mole ratio of 0.75 has been synthesized in the present investigation along with the incorporation of N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCA) to endow CO2 responsive property into it. In present of CO2, DMCA was found to be protonated into quaternary ammonium salt, and thus converted to water soluble species. With addition of DMCA, the system transforms from gel-like fluid to water-like system, and subsequently self-assemble to form viscoelastic fluid after spraying of CO2. The rheological measurements and cryo-transmission electron microscopic (Cryo-TEM) characterization revealed that, the sol–gel transition was associated with the spherical-wormlike miceller transformation. This transformation was found to be reversible in nature. The micelle structures, molecular states and intermolecular interactions were exploited to achieve at the most plausible mechanism associated to the transformation.

Background High doses of salicylate are known to reduce cochlear response amplitude and raise threshold. However, its effect on the cochlear forward masking, reflecting temporal resolution, is still unclear. Methods The neural forward masking of cochlea was evaluated using double-tone stimulation. The first tone burst (5ms) was named the “masker” and the second tone burst (5 ms) was named the “probe”. The frequency and intensity of the masker and probe were equal, and the masker-probe interval varied from 2 to 32 ms. The reduction (%) of the probe-evoked cochlear compound action potential caused by the addition of the masker tone was used to represent cochlear forward masking. The data obtained before and 2 h following the injection of sodium salicylate (250 mg/kg) were compared. Results The neural forward masking of cochlea in the normal rats increased as the masker-probe interval decreased. At 16 kHz, for example, it increased from ~5% to 32ms masker-probe interval to ~85% at 2ms masker-probe interval. Two hours post salicylate injection, the neural forward masking was significantly enhanced except at 32 ms masker-probe interval. Interestingly, this enhancement was only observed in the limited frequency range of 16–30 kHz. Discussion The enhancement of forward masking of cochlea following salicylate administration may reflect defective neurotransmitter release. This frequency-dependent injury in the cochlea may lead to the development of central plasticity observed after salicylate administration, likely through the increase in central gain, leading to perceptual consequences.

The solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions of drug sodium salicylate in aqueous-carbohydrate solutions are investigated using experimentally measured densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of the drug sodium salicylate in water and in aqueous−D-xylose/L-arabinose (5% and 10% D-xylose/L-arabinose in water, w/w) solvents at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. The ρ, u and η data were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes, V ϕ , limiting apparent molar volumes, V ϕ ° , limiting apparent molar expansibilities, E ϕ ° , apparent molar compressibilities, K s , ϕ , limiting apparent molar compressibilities, K s , ϕ ° along with the transfer volumes, V ϕ , t r ° and transfer compressibilities, K s , ϕ , t r ° . Furthermore, Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jones-Dole coefficient B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δ μ 1 ° # and per mole of solute, Δ μ 2 ° # , enthalpies, Δ H ° # and entropies, Δ S ° # of activation of viscous flow were obtained from the viscosity data. The observed trends in these properties as function of temperature and composition were analysed in terms of molecular interactions amongst the solute and solvent molecules. The results are discussed in terms of hydrophilic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in these systems along with the structure breaking/making ability of the drug.

In this work, the influence of the electropolymerization temperature on corrosion, morphological and electrical properties of polypyrrole (PPy) film is studied. Polypyrrole is electrochemically synthesized on iron in the presence of sodium salicylate. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are performed in order to study the structure and morphology of electrodeposited PPy. The electroactive surface area, corrosion performance and resistance of the PPy film on iron are also investigated as a function of electropolymerization temperature. The results show that the synthesis temperature significantly affects the properties of the PPy film on iron. It is observed that at 25 °C amorphous PPy is formed, whereas lowering the temperature leads to the formation of a film containing crystallites of salicylic acid. The latter reveals lower corrosion protection and a much higher level of resistance compared to the amorphous one. These characteristics were associated with the presence of insulating salicylic acid crystals in the layer structure.

Salicylic acid is nowadays produced by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Using this method, sodium salicylate is converted into salicylic acid by the addition of sulphuric acid. Electrodialysis is proposed for this production process and avoids the use of sulphuric acid and the production of an acidic sodium sulphate waste stream. The low solubility of salicylic acid in water can be overcome by using mixtures of water and a primary alcohol. However, preliminary results have indicated that bipolar membranes of large dimensions cannot be used in direct contact with these solvent mixtures. In this paper, a three compartment configuration is proposed, which resolves this problem by enclosing the solvent mixture with two cation-exchange membranes. An optimization of this configuration was performed by systematically varying different operating parameters. As the co-solvent, the use of methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol was tested. The results indicate that a high salicylate concentration, a low co-solvent concentration of 1-propanol and a low base concentration are the most optimal settings.

Solubility of drugs in aqueous media is a real issue for scientists and a lot of work is going on to resolve the issue. The same is the case for ibuprofen, which is a derivative of propionic acid and belongs to the NSAIDs family having low solubility in pure water. Therefore, its solubility has been investigated in the presence of hydrotropic agents like urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide at four different temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 313.15 K at 5 K interval. The values of density (d) and sound velocity (U) have been measured in aqueous ibuprofen and ibuprofen + aqueous solution of urea, sodium salicylate and nicotinamide separately in five different concentrations. Densities of these solutions were measured at the above said four temperatures. The ultrasonic velocities (U) have been measured at 298.15 K only. Experimental density data have been used to estimate various important parameters, such as apparent molar volume(Vɸ), limiting apparent molar volume V ɸ 0 , apparent molar expansibility (Eɸ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility ( E ɸ 0 ) . Further, from the ultrasonic data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as isentropic compressibility (KS), apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Ks , ɸ) and acoustic impedance (Z), have been evaluated, and discussed in the light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. Solubility parameters were found to be useful for selecting a suitable hydrotropic agent in drug dissolution.

Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.

A green approach for the preparation of a stable reduced graphene oxide (RGO) suspension from graphene oxide (GO) has been developed. This method uses l-serine (l-Ser) as the reductant and yellow dextrin (YD) as the stabilizing agent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses showed that l-Ser can efficiently reduce GO at a comparatively low temperature, and that the YD adsorbed onto the RGO facilitating the formation of a stable RGO aqueous suspension. Since l-Ser and YD are natural environmentally friendly materials, this approach provides a green method to produce stable RGO from GO on a large scale. Sodium salicylate (SS) which has an aromatic structure was loaded onto the RGO through π-π interactions and a maximum loading capacity of 44.6mg/g was obtained. The release of the loaded SS can be controlled by adjusting the solution pH, and a 74.8% release was reached after 70h at pH 7.4. The release profile of SS could be further controlled by incorporating it into RGO Dispersed carboxylated chitosan films.

A comparative study of the rheological properties of cationic surfactants 3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, referred to as R16HTAC, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) have been carried out by using steady state and frequency sweep rheological measurements. The zero-shear viscosities η0 all appears maximum value in the especial point where the molar ratio of surfactant and NaSal is 1 for both surfactants (R16HTAC and CTAC). The characteristic parameters for two systems are discussed on the basis of their different molecular structures, which leaded to higher viscoelasticity for R16HTAC mixed solution than CTAC. The microstructure of the formed micelles and strong network for R16HTAC/NaSal mixed aqueous solution has been confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy and 1H NMR technology. The antimicrobial properties and toxicity of two surfactants were also investigated.

Two biodegradable, non toxic cationic gemini surfactants having ester linkage in the spacer namely, CmH2m+1(CH3)2N+(CH2COOCH2)2N+(CH3)2CmH2m+1.2Cl- (m-E2-m, m = 12, 14), were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The corrosion inhibition performance of synthesized compounds separately and in combination with sodium salicylate (SS), along with the nature and stability of inhibitive film, for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl solution at 30–60 °C was evaluated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM/EDAX, TGA and quantum chemical calculations. Results of the studies confirm m-E2-m as effective corrosion inhibitor for MS in HCl; the inhibition effect being synergistically strengthened in presence of SS. The synthesized compounds act as mixed type inhibitor and adsorb on MS surface in accordance with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimentally measured inhibition efficiencies are correlated with the molecular parameters obtained using PM6 semi-empirical method. Empirical results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Danhong injection (DHI) is a widely used Chinese medicine injection (CMI) for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, a simple and efficient in vitro method based on ultrafiltration LC-MS and molecular modeling has been developed to study the human serum albumin (HSA) binding of the compounds in DHI. Seven major components including protocatechuic aldehyde, p-coumaric acid, salvianolic acid D, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid E, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were identified as HSA ligands and their binding degrees in the proposed non-saturated model were 26.17, 37.69, 99.77, 91.78, 96.91, 99.42 and 98.10%, respectively. Considering the drug-HSA binding property of the compounds in DHI may change during drug combination therapy, competitive binding assay was carried out to evaluate the influence of aspirin on the DHI-HSA binding. Experimental results revealed that the salvianolic acids in DHI had stronger binding ability to HSA than sodium salicylate. To further verify the results above, molecular modeling and probe displacement assay were conducted to investigate the optimum binding site and binding affinity of the ligands on HSA. Our findings suggested that the established method could be a powerful tool to study the drug-HSA binding property of CMIs.

Goethite, a typical iron-containing monomineral in red mud, was synthesized under the simulated Bayer digestion condition during the alumina production. The effects of dissolved organic compounds including sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium oxalate, sodium salicylate and disodium phthalate on the settling performance of goethite slurries were studied. The settling performance of the slurries was also investigated with the addition of self-made hydroxamated polyacrylamide flocculant (HCPAM). The adsorption mechanism of dissolved organic compounds on the goethite surfaces was studied by FT-IR and XPS, respectively. The results show that the addition of organic compounds lowers the settling performance of the slurries and a deterioration in settling performance is observed in the order of sodium oxalate > sodium salicylate (∼ disodium phthalate) > sodium formate > sodium acetate. Moreover, HCPAM can efficiently eliminate the negative effects of sodium formate, sodium acetate and sodium oxalate on the settling performance of the goethite slurries, but it can only partially improve the settling performance of the goethite slurries containing sodium salicylate or disodium phthalate. FT-IR and XPS results show that these organic compounds are chemically adsorbed on the goethite surface.

Since silver, gold and copper nanoparticles exhibit high application potential, developing new, environment-friendly methods for their preparation has become extremely beneficial. Based on the principles of “Green Chemistry”, innovative methods for obtaining silver, gold and copper nanoparticles by chemical reduction have been developed. Stable suspensions of silver, gold and cooper nanoparticles have been obtained using synthetic chemical compounds whose physicochemical properties allow them to be used for the simultaneous reduction of metal ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles formed. Shikimic and tannic acids, sodium salicylate and sodium potassium tartrate, all of which occur in naturally, have served as such substances. The average size of gold nanoparticles obtained with the use of sodium salicylate was about 130 nm and with use of shikimic acid – 70 nm. Preparation of silver nanoparticles was possible when using all compounds and their size ranged from 30 to 135 nm. Only using tannic acid and sodium potassium tartrate led to obtaining copper nanoparticles whose size was between 25 and 100 nm. Thanks to the natural origin of reducing and stabilizing substances, the developed method may be described as eco-friendly.

The effects of addition of sodium salicylate (NaSal) on micellar solutions of didecyldimethylammonium formate (DDAF) were investigated by equilibrium surface tension, wetting measurements and dynamic surface tension. The experimental results showed that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) values of DDAF aqueous solutions decrease in the presence of NaSal. It could be concluded that the net structure among Sal − ions formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O H O) caused the diffusion rate slowing down from bulk phase solution to subsurface at the very beginning for a few seconds. These could be also reflected on the increase of contact angle and dynamic surface tension at first. The addition of the structure-forming agent sodium salicylate could induce the phase transformation from wormlike micelle to vesicle in aqueous solution with the molar concentration ratio of DDAF/NaSal ranging from 7/3 to 8/2. In addition, the package of Gaussian09 was applied to explore some weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding of NaSal and electrostatic interactions. We found that the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (O H O) of NaSal is reduced by electrostatic interaction, which would contribute to the formation of intermolecular O H O bonding between NaSal molecules. The existence of these weak interactions could be also confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy and FT-IR.

Additional absorption was detected in absorption spectra within the range 300-350nm after addition of copper sulfate CuSO4(aq) to a solution of sodium salicylate NaНSal (рН=7.8). The additional maximum absorption was observed at 320nm. Assuming that the additional absorption depends on the formation of copper salicylate CuSal, the molar absorption coefficient eCuSal of this complex was determined to be (3.8±0.02)·103М-1сm-1. This value is almost equal to that of monoanion HSal-, eHSal-=(3.6±0.04)·103М-1сm-1, and is 2.5 times as much as eFe3+HSal-=(1.55±0.05)·103М-1сm-1 for iron salicylate. The difference in eCuSal and eFe3+HSal- is due to the difference in the initial electron states of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions that have the d9 and d5 configurations, respectively.

Interactions between three types of novel sodium salicylate (NaSal)–imidazole ionic liquids (ILs) and coal were studied at the macro, micro, and micro levels. The experimental results show that the three synthetic ILs effectively dissolved coal and reduced the coal particle size, whereby IL 3 had the strongest ability to dissolve coal and the particle size of most coal samples obtained by dissolution was

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling of the airways. Remodeling is resistant to pharmaceutical therapies. This study investigated the effect of zinc salicylate-methylsulfonylmethane (Zn-Sal-MSM) compared to zinc salicylate (Zn-Sal), or sodium salicylate (Na-Sal), or zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on remodeling parameters of human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC). Human ASMC obtained from asthma patients (n=7) and non-asthma controls (n=7) were treated with one of the reagents. Cell proliferation and viability was determined by direct cell counts and MTT assay. The expression of and phosphorylation proteins was determined by Western-blotting, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and mass spectrometry. Extracellular matrix deposition by ELISA. Zn-Sal-MSM, Zn-Sal and Na-Sal (0.1-100 µg/mL) significantly reduced PDGF-BB-induced proliferation in a concentration dependent manner, while ZnCl2 was toxic. The reduced proliferation correlated with increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1), and reduced activity of Akt, p70S6K, and Erk1/2. Zn-Sal-MSM, Zn-Sal, but not Na-Sal reduced the deposition of fibronectin and collagen type-I. Furthermore, Zn-Sal-MSM reduced the mitochondria specific COX4 expression. Mass spectrometry indicated that Zn-Sal-MSM modified the expression of several signaling proteins and zinc-dependent enzymes. In conclusion, Zn-Sal-MSM and Zn-Sal potentially prevent airway wall remodeling in asthma by inhibition of both the Erk1/2 and mTOR signaling pathways.

Deposition of discharge products on the surface of magnesium (Mg) anode and high self-corrosion rate are the main obstacles that limit the application of Mg-air batteries. Tailoring electrolyte additives in Mg-air batteries has been proved to be an efficient way to improve the discharge performance of Mg-air batteries. In this work, the influence of several complexing agents on the discharge potential and utilization efficiency of Mg anode is studied by means of half-cell discharge test. The results show that strong Mg2+ complexing agents can significantly lower the discharge potential of Mg anode. Mg2+complexing agents with low stability constant can improve the utilization efficiency and specific capacity of the anode compared to complexing agents with strong complexation ability. The utilization efficiency of anode reaches 72.3% at 10 mA cm−2 after addition of 0.1 mol/L sodium salicylate. Moreover, salicylate deposits on the anode surface after discharge, which has a negative influence on the discharge potential of Mg anode.

The effects of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the viscoelasticity of stearyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium salicylate wormlike micelles (WLMs) solutions were investigated. The micelle-nanoparticle junctions obviously increased the contour length Lc of the WLMs to facilitate the viscoelasticity of WLMs solution, which could be reflected by cryo-TEM images and Maxwell model. The effects of SiO2 NPs on the zero-shear viscosity and the flow activation energies of WLMs with different surfactant alkyl chain lengths were explored in the controlled experiments. It was found that the viscoelasticity of WLMs/NPs mixture was associated with the strength of the hydrophobic effect between the SiO2 NPs and surfactant molecules in the micelle-nanoparticle junction. The number densities of micelle-nanoparticle junction in hydrophilic and hydrophobic SiO2 NPs systems were calculated by the mathematical model to confirm our proposed hypothesis.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have been known for many decades as catalyst and ceramic precursors, traps for anionic pollutants, and additives for polymers. Recently, their successful synthesis on the nanometer scale opened up a whole new field for their application in nanomedicine. Here we report the efficacy of Mg1-xAlx (NO3)x (OH)2 LDH nanoparticles as a carrier and for controlled release of one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), sodium salicylate. Mg1-xAlx (NO3)x (OH)2.nH2O nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method from an aqueous solution of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and Al(NO3)3.9H2O. Salicylate was intercalated in the interlayer space of Mg-Al LDH after suspending nanoparticles in 0.0025(M) HNO3 and 0.75 (M) NaNO3 solution and using anion exchange method under N2 atmosphere. The shift in the basal planes like (003) and (006) to lower 2θ value in the XRD plot of intercalated sample confirmed the increase in basal spacing in LDH because of intercalation of salicylate into the interlayer space of LDH. FTIR spectroscopy of SA-LDH nano hybrid revealed a red shift in the frequency band of carboxylate group in salicylate indicating an electrostatic interaction between cationic LDH sheet and anionic drug. Differential thermal analysis of LDH-SA nanohybrid indicated higher thermal stability of salicylate in the intercalated form into LDH as compared to its free state. DLS studies showed a particle size distribution between 30-60 nm for pristine LDH whereas salicylate intercalated LDH exhibited a particle size distribution between 40-80nm which is ideal for its efficacy as a superior carrier for drugs and biomolecules. The cumulative release kinetic of salicylate from MgAl-LDH-SA hybrids in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH7.4 showed a sustained release of salicylate up to 72h that closely resembled first order release kinetics through a combination of drug diffusion and dissolution of LDH under physiological conditions. Also the cytotoxicity tests performed revealed the less toxic nature of the nanohybrid as compared to the bare SA drug.

In this work electrochemical stability of optimized PPy film on iron in aqueous solution of sodium salicylate is studied. The main drawback of conducting polymers is their possibility to undergo an irreversible degradation (overoxidation). The overoxidized polymers lose their properties, for example, conductivity and redox activity, what excludes them from some practical applications. This study demonstrates that lowering the concentration of salicylate in the electrolyte increases the electrode potential, at which overoxidation of PPy begins. It widens the electrode potentials, within which such a polymer can be used. Moreover, it is evidenced that even though the electrolyte concentration is lowered, the redox activity and the electrical properties of the PPy film are retained.

Solvate structures of salicylic acid and its derivatives (acetylsalicylic acid, methyl salicylate, salicylamide, and sodium salicylate) in supercritical carbon dioxide modified by polar cosolvent (methanol, 0.03 mol fraction) at density of 0.7 g/cm 3 and temperature of 318 K were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids form stable hydrogen-bonded complexes with methanol through hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group. In methyl salicylate molecule the carboxyl hydrogen is substituted by methyl radical, that is why strong hydrogen bonds with methanol are not typical for it. Salicylamide is able to form hydrogen bonds with methanol through several functional groups (preferably as proton donor), but their probability and lifetimes are lower than those for salicylic acid – methanol and acetylsalicylic acid – methanol hydrogen bonds. The continuous rearrangement of salicylamide solvation shell due to forming and breaking solute – cosolvent hydrogen bonds was observed. Sodium salicylate is in the form of undissociated ion pair in supercritical carbon dioxide, despite the presence of a polar co-solvent, but it is characterized by very high selective solvation. It is able to form hydrogen bonds with several (up to 6) methanol molecules simultaneously. Unlike other compounds considered, it forms highly stable hydrogen bonds as a proton acceptor.

Background Aspirin desensitization provides long-term clinical benefits. The exact mechanisms of aspirin desensitization are not clearly understood. Objective We sought to evaluate the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on T-cell activation of the IL-4 pathway in aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma and control subjects. Methods A total of 11 aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma, 10 aspirin-tolerant patients with asthma, and 10 controls without asthma were studied. PBMCs were stimulated with an anti-CD3 antibody and IL-4 or IL-12, with and without the presence of NSAIDs. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (pSTAT6), phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 4, and IL-4 was detected in CD4 T cells by flow cytometry. Results Stimulation with a combination of anti-CD3 and IL-4 induced pSTAT6 in CD4 T cells from all subjects. The induction of pSTAT6 was significantly higher in aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma than in controls subjects. The increase in pSTAT6 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by aspirin and indomethacin and minimally by sodium salicylate. This inhibition was strongest in aspirin-sensitive patients. Two-group comparisons showed significant differences in pSTAT6 inhibition by all concentrations of indomethacin and aspirin: between aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant groups and between aspirin-sensitive and control groups. No differences were found between aspirin-tolerant and control groups at all 3 concentrations. The inhibition of pSTAT6 was associated with reduced IL-4 expression. Conclusions NSAIDs inhibited signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 signaling in CD4 T cells. This inhibition was significantly higher in aspirin-sensitive patients than in aspirin-tolerant subjects and was associated with reduced expression of IL-4. These findings have implications for clinical benefits of aspirin desensitization in aspirin-sensitive patients with asthma.

Composite hydrogels were prepared from tea cellulose in ionic liquid of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and effect of κ-carrageenan, chitosan, guar gum and soluble starch on characteristics of the prepared hydrogels were investigated. The prepared hydrogels were characterized via Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry. Sodium salicylate was used as the model drug to compare the swelling, drug loading and releasing kinetics of the prepared hydrogels. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay and relative growth rates were adopted to evaluate cell cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the prepared hydrogels. Chitosan and guar gum could improve thermostability and mechanical characteristics of the composite hydrogels, while κ-carrageenan or soluble starch could improve equilibrium swelling ratio, sodium salicylate loading and releasing. Guar gum and chitosan could increase permeation resistance and were beneficial for release control of the hydrogels. Addition of chitosan, κ-carrageenan, guar gum and soluble starch were proven cell compatibility and non-cytotoxicity.

The present study examined whether opening of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels can enhance 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced hydroxyl radical (OH) generation in rat striatum. Rats were anesthetized, and sodium salicylate in Ringer's solution (0.5nmol/ml per min) was infused through a microdialysis probe to detect the generation of OH as reflected by the non-enzymatic formation of 2.3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the striatum. MPP(+) (5mM) enhanced generation of OH with concomitant increased efflux of dopamine (DA). Cromakalim (100μM), a KATP channel opener, through the microdialysis probe significantly increased both DA efflux and OH formation induced by MPP(+). Another KATP channel opener, nicorandil (1mM), also increased the level DA or DHBA, but these changes were not significant. However, in the presence of glibenclamide (10μM), a KATP channel antagonist, and the increase of MPP(+)-induced DA or DHBA were not observed. Cromakalim (10, 50 and 100μM) increased MPP(+)-induced DHBA formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the effects of cromakalim in the presence of glibenclamide were abolished. These results suggest that opening of KATP channels may cause OH generation by MPP(+).

To investigate the effects of functional groups on the formation of wormlike micelles, a cationic surfactant, N-tetradecyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium bromide (DM), was synthesized in this work. The viscoelastic behaviors of DM aqueous solution mixed with sodium salicylate (NaSal), sodium benzoate (NaBen) and sodium laurate (NaLau), respectively, have been studied with rheological measurements. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and 1 H NMR technology have been employed to investigate the morphology and arrangement of wormlike micelles. The results show that the effects of NaSal and NaLau on wormlike micellar growth are significantly higher than that of NaBen. Superficially, such a great difference in the rheology properties arises from the effect of hydroxyl group in NaSal because this is the sole difference between the NaSal and NaBen. By comparing with NaBen in DM solution, the long hydrocarbon chain of NaLau induces greater hydrophobic interactions between Lau − anions and DM surfactants than aromatic phenyl group of NaBen, and hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the growth of micelles.

Novel active coatings from renewable sources were developed using a pectin matrix and a modified layered double hydroxyde (LDH), as filler. The active molecule, ionically bonded to the LDH, was sodium salicylate. The hybrid filler loading was 5 wt% of LDH-salicylate, with a total content of active molecule into the composites of 1.6 wt%. The degree of plasticization of the composites varied in the range 4–16 vol % of glycerol. Morphological, thermal and barrier properties of the composites were analyzed. The x-ray analysis showed a complete delamination of the hybrid filler at any glycerol loading. The thermal degradation behavior and mechanical properties resulted strictly influenced by the glycerol content. Barrier properties (sorption, diffusion and permeability) to water vapor indicated that composite plasticized with 4 vol% of glycerol showed the best improvement of barrier properties. This suggested that the interaction pectin-active filler-degree of glycerol plays a significant role in determining the transport phenomena. Fresh apricots were coated with the active composite plasticized with 4 vol % of glycerol, demonstrating the efficiency of this formulation in extending the preservation of such fruits.

Aims Methamphetamine (Schedule-II drug, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration) is one of the most abused illicit drug following cocaine, marijuana, and heroin in the USA. There are numerous health impairments and substantial economic burden caused by methamphetamine abuse. Salicylic acid, potent anti-inflammatory drug and a known neuroprotectant has shown to protect against toxicity-induced by other dopaminergic neurotoxins. Hence, in this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of salicylic acid against methamphetamine-induced toxicity in mice. Main methods The current study investigated the effects of sodium salicylate and/or methamphetamine on oxidative stress, monoamine oxidase, mitochondrial complex I & IV activities using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. Behavioral analysis evaluated the effect on movement disorders-induced by methamphetamine. Monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels were evaluated using high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. Key findings Methamphetamine caused significant generation of reactive oxygen species and decreased complex-I activity leading to dopamine depletion. Striatal dopamine depletion led to significant behavioral changes associated with movement disorders. Sodium salicylate (50 & 100 mg/kg) significantly scavenged reactive oxygen species, blocked mitochondrial dysfunction and exhibited neuroprotection against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, sodium salicylate significantly blocked methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes related to movement abnormalities. Significance One of the leading causative theories in nigral degeneration associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is exposure to stimulants, drugs of abuse, insecticide and pesticides. These neurotoxic substances can induce dopaminergic neuronal insult by oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Salicylic acid due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could provide neuroprotection against the stimulants or drugs of abuse.

本論文の著作権はElsevier B.V.社が保有している。著者最終稿については、出版後24カ月経過した2018年5月20日に公開される。, •3C_12trisQ aggregates in NaSal solution were studied by SAXS and rheological measurements. •3C_12trisQ aggregates evolved from wormlike micelles to MLVs with increasing the C_S. •The structural transitions of the 3C_12trisQ aggregates strongly depended on both C_S and C_D. -------------------------------------------------We investigated the aggregation behavior of star-type trimeric surfactants (3C_12trisQ) with a hydrocarbon chain length (n) of 12 in sodium salicylate (NaSal) aqueous solution at various surfactant (C_D) and salt concentrations (C_S) using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheological measurements. At a low surfactant concentration (C_D = 7 mM), 3C_12trisQ aggregates in solution evolved from ellipsoidal micelles, to rodlike or wormlike micelles and finally to multi-lamellar vesicles (MLVs) with increasing C_S. In contrast, at higher surfactant concentrations (C_D = 14 and 28 mM), we did not observe vesicle formations of 3C_12trisQ because 3C_12trisQ were insoluble in solution at higher NaSal concentrations. The structural transitions of the 3_C12trisQ aggregates strongly depended on both CS and CD. We also compared the MLV structure formed by 3C_12trisQ with that formed by gemini-type surfactants (12-2-12). The repeat distance of the 3C_12trisQ MLV (33.95 Å) was remarkably larger than that of the 12-2-12 (22.36 Å). We found that introducing spacer chains, i.e., from dimeric to trimeric surfactants, caused a decrease in NaSal concentrations at which micelle-to-vesicle transitions were observed.

Present article reports the thermodynamic studies on standard transfer volumes and compressibilities of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sodium salicylate in 0.0005, 0.001, 0.004, 0.009, 0.0140 mol·kg−1 aqueous-β-cyclodextrin solutions at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The transfer properties have been calculated from the standard partial molar volumes and compressibilities determined form the linear dependence of corresponding apparent molar properties over the drug concentration. Apparent molar properties have been calculated from measured density and ultrasonic velocity data. Further, the optical property, refractive index (n) of the studied drug solutions has been measured. In addition to this, the quantum mechanical calculations were performed using the DFT. The solvation energy (ΔESol), relative stabilization energy (ΔERel), complexation energy (ΔEComp) and change in the volume (ΔV) of the different complexes have been calculated. The results have been discussed in terms of the drug-solvent and drug-β-cyclodextrin interactions. The complex formation of sodium salicylate with β-cyclodextrin with dominating lateral interactions namely ion-hydrophilic/hydrophilic-hydrophilic or hydrogen bonding interactions has been confirmed from standard partial molar properties and computational studies.

The densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of l-arginine and l-histidine in aqueous-sodium salicylate (1% and 2% sodium salicylate in water, w/w) solvents were measured at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure in seven different concentrations. The experimental density data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volume, Vϕ, limiting apparent molar volume, Vϕ° and transfer volume, Vϕ, tr°. Likewise from the ultrasonic speed data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar compressibility, Ks, ϕ° and transfer compressibility, Ks, ϕ, tr° have been evaluated. The viscosity data have been used to determine Falkenhagen Coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and solute, Δμ2°#, entropies, ΔS°# and enthalpies, ΔH°# of activation of viscous flow. These parameters have been discussed in light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions prevailing in these solutions and their variations are revealed to get the basic picture of the molecular interactions occurring in the systems studied. The negative values of dB/dT favour structure making behavior of amino acids in aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate. The free energy parameters indicate the formation of transition state in the presence of amino acids.

A novel CO2 responsive self-assembled surfactants system was prepared using N - [3 - (dimethylamino) propyl] docosanamide (NDPD) and sodium salicylate (NaSal). Rheological measurements were performed to study the phase behaviors of NDPD/NaSal system. It was found that gels and wormlike micelles can be formed in the NDPD/NaSal system. The phase behaviors were found to be influenced by changing temperature or by involving different anions. Through increasing the temperature, gels can transform to wormlike micelles. When HCl and CO2 were used to adjust pH, NDPD/NaSal system performed decidedly different rheological behaviors at the same pH. By theoretical calculation, it was found that the binding energy between NDPD and Cl− is larger than that of NDPD and HCO3−, indicating a stronger shielding ability of Cl− ions. Due to the weakened electrostatic repulsion interactions, the internal structure of NDPD/NaSal switchable system wrapped more tightly through adding HCl compared with adding CO2.

The effect of chronic administration of sodium salicylate (NaSal) on the excitability and synaptic plasticity of the rodent hippocampus was investigated. Repeated systemic treatment with NaSal reliably induced tolerance to the anti-nociceptive effect of NaSal (one i.p. injection per day for 6 consecutive days). Following chronic NaSal or vehicle treatment, a series of electrophysiological experiments on acute hippocampal slices (focusing on the CA1 circuitry) were tested whether tolerance to NaSal would augment pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) and /or epileptic activity, and whether the augmentation was the same after priming activity with a natural stimulus pattern prior to PTZ. We noted an altered synaptic input-to-spike transformation, such that neuronal firing increased after a given synaptic drive. Population spike-LTP (PS-LTP) was increased in the NaSal-tolerant animals, but only when it was induced via a combination of electrical stimulation (theta pattern primed-burst stimulation) and the transient application of PTZ. Identifying and understanding these changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity following chronic salicylate treatment could prove useful in the clinical diagnosis or treatment of chronic aspirin-induced, or even idiopathic, seizure activity.

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a low level of trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases adiposity and increases browning in overweight mice, its dependence on inflammatory signaling and potential synergistic effects of daily exercise. Young, Sv129 male mice were fed a high-fat diet for 5 weeks to make them fat and glucose intolerant and then switch them to a low-fat diet with or without 0.1% 10,12 CLA, sodium salicylate or exercise for another 7 weeks. 10,12 CLA decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue mass, and increased the messenger RNA and protein levels, and activities of enzymes associated with thermogenesis or fatty acid oxidation in WAT. Mice fed 10,12 CLA had lower body temperatures compared to controls during cold exposure, which coincided with decreased adiposity. Although sodium salicylate decreased 10,12 CLA-mediated increases in markers of inflammation in WAT, it did not affect other outcomes. Exercise had no further effect on the outcomes measured. Collectively, these data indicate that 10,12 CLA-mediated reduction of adiposity is independent of inflammatory signaling, and possibly due to up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation and heat production in order to regulate body temperature. Although this low level of 10,12 CLA reduced adiposity in overweight mice, hepatomegaly and inflammation are major health concerns.

Release of nitric oxide (NO) is triggered by a rise in endothelial cell (EC) cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and is of prime importance in vascular tone regulation as NO relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Agonists could stimulate EC [Ca(2+)]i elevation by triggering Ca(2+) influx via plasma membrane ion channels, one of which is the store-operated Ca(2+) channel; the latter opens as a result of agonist-triggered internal Ca(2+) release. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) could cause sepsis, which is often the fatal cause in critically ill patients. One of the LPS-induced damages is EC dysfunction, eventually leading to perturbations in hemodynamics. We obtained data showing that LPS-challenged mouse cerebral cortex endothelial bEND.3 cells did not suffer from apoptotic death, and in fact had intact agonist-triggered intracellular Ca(2+) release; however, they had reduced store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) after LPS treatment for 3h or more. Using real-time PCR, we did not find a decrease in gene expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orai1 (two SOCE protein components) in bEND.3 cells treated with LPS for 15h. LPS inhibitory effects could be largely prevented by sodium salicylate (an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB; NF-κB) or SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; p38 MAPK), suggesting that the p38 MAPK-NF-κB pathway is involved in SOCE inhibition.

We recently reported that forward acoustic masking can enhance the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in rats treated with a high dose of sodium salicylate (NaSal), a tinnitus inducer, when tested in open acoustic field ( Liu and Chen, 2012 , Brain Research 1485, 88–94). In the present study, we first replicated this experiment in closed acoustic field under two conditions: (1) the forward masker and the probe were presented to both ears (diotic paradigm); (2) the forward masker was presented to one ear and the probe to the other ear (dichotic paradigm). We found that only when the stimuli were presented by using the diotic, rather than the dichotic, paradigm could forward acoustic masking enhance the ABR in the rat treated with NaSal (300 mg/kg). The enhancement was obvious for ABR waves II and IV, but not for wave I, indicating a central origin. The enhancement occurred at the high frequencies (16, 24, 32 kHz) at which the animals demonstrated a tinnitus-like behavior as revealed by using the gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle paradigm. We then administered vigabatrin, a GABA transaminase inhibitor, in the animals to suppress NaSal-induced tinnitus. The vigabatrin treatment successfully prevented forward acoustic masking from enhancing the ABR. These findings demonstrate that the observed enhancement of ABRs by forward acoustic masking originates in the central auditory pathway ipsilateral to the stimulated ear. We propose that the enhancement is closely associated with NaSal-induced tinnitus.

The purpose of this work was to regenerate spent powered activated carbon (PAC) which was exhausted in the decolorization of sodium salicylate (NaSA) liquor. In this research, a facile procedure of chemical regeneration was performed and a simple and accurate spectrophotometric method was applied. In order to obtain the optimal operation conditions, influences of following parameters were verified: soaking time, heating temperature, acid concentration and reaction time. PAC was also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the adsorbate–adsorbent interactions and their dependences on temperature. The optimal conditions for PAC regeneration were as follows: NaOH (1 M) soaking time of 1 h, H 2 SO 4 concentration of 0.31 mol L −1 and agitating at 95 °C for 1 h. The peaks of derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) pyrolysis profiles of exhausted PAC appeared at low temperatures (∼180 °C and ∼260 °C), which demonstrated the adsorption of colored contaminants was a weak physisorption. In pilot plant experiments, it was found that after four consecutive adsorption-regeneration cycles, the adsorption capacity of PAC was maintained at high levels, even higher than virgin PAC. Therefore, this method was very simple, economical and had successfully applied in industrial scale.

Sodium salicylate (SS) confers neuroprotection in various models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) but the mechanisms behind its protective actions are not clear. PD pathology is multifactorial involving numerous processes such as protein aggregation, dysfunction of protein degradation machinery and apoptosis. Detailed evaluation of effects of SS on these processes can provide an insight into the mechanism of neuroprotection by SS in PD pathology. In a rotenone (2 mg/kg b.w.) based rat model of PD, SS (100 mg/kg b.w.) was administered in conjunction. Drug treatments continued for 5 weeks after which various analyses were conducted using mid-brain tissue. IHC analysis revealed a decline in the aggregation of α-synuclein and ubiquitin with SS supplementation. These effects might be mediated by the elevation in HSF-1, HSP-40, and HSP-27 expression following SS co-treatment. This HSP upregulation helped in the improvement in proteasome activity as well as expression. Further, IHC analysis revealed that SS co-treatment prevented the activation of astrocytes caused by rotenone. Since astrocytes are involved in maintenance of glutathione (GSH) homeostasis, it resulted in a concomitant improvement in the GSH levels. As a result, decrease in apoptosis as indicated by caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression as well as TUNEL assay was also observed in the SS conjunction group. Our results indicate that besides being a known free radical scavenger and anti-inflammatory compound, SS can provide neuroprotection by differently upregulating the HSPs and reducing the protein aggregation burden.