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This empirical research contributes to the current knowledge of sustainable destination management by applying nudge and value belief norm theories. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sustainable intelligence, destination social responsibility (DSR), biospheric value, and visit experience on pro-environmental behaviour in the eco-tourism site of Upo Wetland, South Korea. This study also compares pro-environmental behaviour across two DSR segments (high and low DSR clusters). Results reveal that sustainable intelligence, biospheric value, DSR, and visit experience at ecotourism sites significantly influence pro-environmental behaviour. Sustainable intelligence exerts the highest effect on pro-environmental behaviour among the variables. The impact of the high DSR group on pro-environmental behaviour is stronger than that on the low DSR group. Thus, managers of ecotourism sites should engage in the high DSR group that does care about sustainable intelligence and biospheric value in environmentally friendly activities.

The paper aims to critically review past and emerging literature to help professionals and researchers alike to better understand, manage and valorize both the tourism impacts and transformational affordance of COVID-19. To achieve this, first, the paper discusses why and how the COVID-19 can be a transformational opportunity by discussing the circumstances and the questions raised by the pandemic. By doing this, the paper identifies the fundamental values, institutions and pre-assumptions that the tourism industry and academia should challenge and break through to advance and reset the research and practice frontiers. The paper continues by discussing the major impacts, behaviours and experiences that three major tourism stakeholders (namely tourism demand, supply and destination management organisations and policy makers) are experiencing during three COVID-19 stages (response, recovery and reset). This provides an overview of the type and scale of the COVID-19 tourism impacts and implications for tourism research Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The purpose of the current research is to develop a methodology that can analyse online reviews using machine learning techniques in such a way that practitioners in the fields of tourism and destination management can understand and apply the technique to improve their attractions. This research studies the TripAdvisor reviews of tourist attractions, including beaches, islands, temples, a pedestrian street, and markets in Phuket, Thailand. In total, 65,079 online reviews were analysed using two machine learning techniques: latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and naive Bayes modelling. LDA modelling helps the researchers determine the dimensions of each type of attraction. Four dimensions were specified for beaches and islands, three dimensions for a pedestrian street and temples, and two dimensions for markets. This research also developed two practical tools – dimensional salience-valence analysis (DSVA) and lexical salience-valence analysis (LSVA) – and used them to suggest actions for the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT).

A social-ecological system approach has been applied to measure the complexity of sustainable tourism development on small islands. In general, tourism development and ecosystem management have been shown to be relatively unbalanced. Tourism development attempts have not yet been accompanied by environmental management efforts. In this paper, the social-ecological status is measured to improve the sustainable development mechanism with appropriate indicators. Using the Gili Matra Islands as a case study, the social-ecological status of tourism in the region was examined using the social-ecological status index (SESI), a coupling index of the coastal waters quality index (CWQI), the coordination degree model (CCDM) and the index of information entropy weight (IEW) as tools for measuring and evaluating the social-ecological status and sustainable development of small island tourism.

Though digital leisure has the ability to complement the tourist experience, its determinants among inbound tourists remains unestablished. Using data from 634 inbound tourists in Ghana and analysed with multinomial logistic regression, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance, the study established that digital chatting, digital gaming, watching movies, listening to music and social networking were the main digital leisure activities undertaken. Tourists below 30 years engaged in digital chatting, digital gaming and social networking. Also, married tourists as well as those who travelled alone engaged in digital chatting. Leisure tourists engaged in social networking likewise tourists from Europe and North America. The tourists registered three main concerns on digital leisure: cost, poor digital infrastructure and safety concern. These concerns varied based on sex, continent of origin, purpose of visit and trip organisation. The implications of these findings for destination management, digital product development and management are discussed.

Residents are pivotal in the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Yet, their role as place-brand ambassadors needs better understanding, particularly in relation to social media, which directly link visitors to residents through user-generated-content (UGC). This paper explores residents' roles as place-brand ambassadors on Twitter, using the case of Onomichi (Japan), where decreasing population meets economic dependence on tourism. From a content analysis of residents’ tweets, four distinct roles are identified, and corresponding types of content are mapped on a two-dimensional continuum based on direct vs. Indirect word-of-mouth and the level of sentiment. Authors discuss implications for Destination Management Organizations (DMOs). Findings highlight the increasingly shifting role of residents towards being primary sources of place-marketing, especially due to social media, and as active proponents (rather than passive targets) of place-branding in the digital age. Such organic place-marketing may be the key to sustaining tourism in the face of rising anti-tourist sentiments worldwide.

Destination management organizations (DMOs) increase cooperation and coordination among stakeholders and contribute to the competitiveness of the destination. The purpose of this study is to develop a destination management model for Cappadocia that could make Cappadocia's tourism more sustainable and competitive. By developing a procedure that could also be used for similar tourism destinations, it is also aimed to propose a study model. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders to identify the problems in Cappadocia's tourism and solutions for these problems were suggested. These interviews were content-analyzed. The main challenges are related to infrastructure, superstructure, accessibility, human resources, facilities, sustainability and environment, and image. A well-established DMO could help the destination to become more competitive while also improving sustainability and eliminating or minimizing current and potential problems. Cooperation and coordination are highlighted as the most important functions due to the presence of several institutions related to tourism management in Cappadocia.

In recent years, online communication has become an integral part of the functioning of different institutions and enterprises. This includes the area of tourism. Due to the immense marketing opportunities offered by information and communication technologies, it can be argued that destination management organizations (DMOs) around the world should rise to the challenge of climbing to the next level of ‘web maturity’. The aims of this study are focused on investigating and comparing the online marketing activities of selected Polish DMOs in the years 2012 and 2016, as well as discovering and explaining the main motivations, facilitators and barriers to conducting such activities. The study is also an attempt to identify how any barriers encountered that are encountered may be overcome, and presents some potential solutions and good practices for DMOs to learn from. The results of the study show that Facebook is still the most popular social media platform used by Polish tourist organizations. Current trends are mainly focused on mobile applications development. In turn, there is a lack of relevant skills, financial and human resources, which are the main barriers related to the increased use of web marketing.

Of all the forms of tourism, visiting a beach is one of the most popular. The objective of this study was to determine whether satisfaction levels of beach visitors could be predicted using a hierarchical linear regression. This research drew on 1451 complete surveys conducted at rural and urban beaches across Ontario, Canada. Using a hierarchical multivariate regression, a model for predicting overall beachgoer satisfaction was developed. The model is able to predict 24.2% of variance in overall beachgoer satisfaction levels. While visitor demographics and beach demographics account for 2.8% of the explanatory power, the greatest explanation of variance comes from the perceptual measures (21.4%) – satisfaction with facilities and beach. Utilizing these findings, destination management operations will be able to better manage their visitors’ overall satisfaction levels, negative impacts such as overtourism, and increase their likelihood to revisit.

Ageing and dementia are major societal challenges affecting many countries, with around 46.8 million people worldwide estimated to be living with dementia. These estimates suggest that the worldwide population of people living with dementia will double every 20 years to reach 131.5 million by 2050. Recognition that dementia is a significant challenge for the travel and tourism sector is starting to develop. This paper contributes to this emerging agenda on ageing and dementia focusing on the accessibility needs of this group through a two-stage research study that demonstrates the practical needs and leadership challenges this poses for the tourism sector. Using the UK as an exemplar of dementia-readiness, the study examines Destination Management Organisation (DMO) website provision of advice for people with dementia and their carers. It then reports the findings of a survey DMO managers attitudes towards creating dementia-friendly destinations.

Sustainability in the tourism sector has become a principal goal for destination management and for the strengthening of the competitiveness and attractiveness of destinations (Bell & Morse, 2012). There is, however, no absolute scale of spatial analysis for sustainability. In this paper, we propose regions as a unit of analysis. Our empirical approach aims to assign regional variability to an already existing and commonly used national indicator, making it possible to achieve a good compromise between data availability and the need to have access to universally comparable data while embracing the value of scaling down the monitoring process to consider detail at a more local level. The advantage of such an approach is that it combines the rich set of information from existing indicators with the wide availability of quantitative regional indicators freely obtainable from official statistical sources, such as Eurostat or ESPON (European Spatial Planning European Network). Our paper develops an application using the Tourism & Travel Competitiveness Index framework as a starting point, creating regional sustainability indicators for the 281 NUTS-2 regions (territorial units for statistics) in Europe. The first contribution of this approach is the regionalisation of a national indicator that allows monitoring of not only the individual level of sustainability of a destination, but also its standing among every other European region. The second is the creation of a practical tool that is able to continuously monitor and benchmark the sustainable development of EU regions, thereby supporting stakeholders in their decision-making processes

Tourism is a wide, spirited, dynamic and growth-oriented industry. It has a great impact on strengthening a country's economy, creation of employment, development of the country etc. However, the tourism industry is facing many challenges such as lack of graphical tourists guides and maps, deficiency of digital information for tourism facilities, lack in understanding tourist behaviour, poor travel experience, destination management and many more. Moreover, the information regarding the movement and behaviour patterns of tourists plays a major role in widening the tourism industry. In this context, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies help to better understand the spatial pattern and behaviour of tourists. The enhancement in such types of technologies related to tourist tracking has empowered more exact traveller social information than ever before. In this manuscript, a review and comparative analysis have been conducted on the movement patterns of tourists and their behaviour across various destinations.

Understanding residents' attitudes towards tourists is an important area in tourism research as it is concerning host-guest interactions, tourists' experiences and destination images that influence sustainable tourism development. This research presents a tripartite model by connecting the interrelationships amongst stereotypes, emotions, and behaviours of residents against tourists. Data were collected via a multi-national sample of residents from Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. The model highlights the influence of the four dimensions of stereotypes (i.e., approachable, competence, boastfulness, and rude) onto the elicitation of upwards assimilative or downwards contrastive emotions (e.g., admiration and contempt), which further cues residents' facilitative or harmful behaviours. The tripartite models enhance tourism knowledge on residents' attitudes and provides insights for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations (DMOs) on managing host-guest relations, such as enlisting residents as place ambassador and educate tourists to ‘act-like-a-local’ with destination norms.

Tourism demand exhibits growth cycles, and it is important to forecast turning points in these growth cycles to minimise risks to destination management. This study estimates logistic models of Hong Kong tourism demand, which are then used to generate both short- and long-term forecasts of tourism growth. The performance of the models is evaluated using the quadratic probability score and hit rates. The results show that the ways in which this information is used are crucial to the models’ predictive power. Further, we investigate whether combining probability forecasts can improve predictive accuracy, and find that combination approaches, especially nonlinear combination approaches, are sensitive to the quality of forecasts in the pool. In addition, model screening can improve forecasting performance.

Tourists’ green behavior has recently attracted much academic interest. The majority of the existing studies use quantitative research methods and explore how tourists’ cognitive and emotional factors influence their environmental actions. This study assesses tourists' green behavior from a unique perspective, that is, how hosts at rural Chinese B&Bs interact with tourists and shape their sustainable actions. The research team analyzed why the rural hosts are motivated to promote tourists’ green behavior, and identified the strategies they pursue to convince the tourists to be more sustainable. Guzhu Village, well known for its rural tourism and popular with senior tourists in the Yangtze River Delta, was the site for the study. Auto-ethnography was used as the key research method. It was found that both tangible and intangible environmental benefits motivate the hosts to guide tourists’ sustainable behavior. Hosts specifically structure some leisure activities and use compelling signage to both promote positive environmental actions and simultaneously enhance tourists’ satisfaction. This is the first study to emphasize the active roles of the hosts in shaping tourists’ green behavior through dynamic social interaction. The findings highlight the processes, such as humor and social approval, which have broad international applicability. Further, it was noted that the hosts employ ‘face’, a distinctive Chinese concept, to limit tourists’ less-desirable behaviors. Practical implications are also offered for sustainable destination management.

This study seeks to assess the factors influencing the satisfaction of Chinese tourists when they undertake self-drive international vacations. There are few existing studies about this independent travel market. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to gather initial views about the attributes contributing to self-drive satisfaction. A questionnaire-based survey was then employed in Shanghai. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the factors which significantly affected tourists’ satisfaction. Analysis of the data reflected some of the findings from limited previous studies of other international groups: the scenery, road facilities, and available activities all have a significant positive impact on satisfaction. However, for the Chinese drive tourists, the responses of the local community to their trip, as well as key environmental issues, notably air quality, are distinctively important concerns. Implications are identified for international destination management organizations which are interested in promoting to and developing this self-drive Chinese market.

This study explores the characteristics in the hosting experiences of foreign sojourners in Macao. In-depth interviews with 20 sojourners reveal that different strategies in hosting visitors, including the way sojourners prepare for hosting, attract guests with selective destination information, and design itineraries, are used. Such strategies are related to the way they use the local tourism space, shaped by their personal interest, previous leisure pattern, and their unhurried exploration of the destination. The findings are discussed with regard to literature on both visiting friends and relatives (VFR) and sojourners in tourism. The study draws attention to understanding sojourners as important agents in tourism and the importance of their hosting experience in destination management.

This article communicates the main insights of the third Biennial Forum on Advances in Destination Management (ADM), held in Vail, Colorado (USA). The substance of scholars’ and practitioners’ discussions can be divided into five topical domains: (1) relevance of experiences to the destination concept, (2) destination strategy and resilience, (3) the future of DMOs, (4) tourism taxation and regulation, and (5) big data and visitor management. For each domain, a goal-centered research agenda is offered, built on conference participants’ collective sense-making efforts during the three-day conference, followed by a dedicated consensus session.

The objective of this paper is to develop a practical methodology to analyze competitor tourism destinations on the basis of their lodging offer and the perceived value concept. To implement this methodology, an empirical study of five competitor destinations was carried out using customer evaluations of lodging companies available on the Booking.com website. Today, online customer opinions and the development of practical methodologies to analyze tourism destinations are essential elements in designing a competitive strategy. The results show that the methodology proposed can contribute to managing tourism destinations and to analyzing the level of competitiveness of the lodging offer. Likewise, three hypotheses are formulated to determine the factors related to perceived value. The results reveal that the application of the methodology is practical and directly related to customers’ real feelings because it is based on their online evaluations.

This research examines a downtown streetscape improvement project in a heritage tourism destination. A survey, conducted in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, provided data on merchant attitudes about the project following completion of the work, adding to two previous studies that have looked at the project pre-construction and mid-construction. The results indicate that the merchants grade the project favorably but do not credit the project for the significant recent tourism success enjoyed by the city. Concepts and issues borrowed from the urban conservation literature are considered and suggestions are provided that should be of value to destination management officials in heritage cities.

Social network analysis is a very useful tool for planning and management of tourist destinations. This paper applies it to 16 tourist destinations in Andalusia (Spain) with different levels of tourist development in order to establish the extent to which this development is conditioned by the relational dynamics of its tourist stakeholders.Results obtained show there is a direct increasing relationship between the network characteristics of stakeholders for a tourist destination and its level of tourist development. In other words, when the operation of the stakeholder networks improves, there is an increase in the level of tourist development at destination.

Portugal has established itself as one of the most competitive tourist destinations in the world. The tourist destination, which comprises the mainland territory and two archipelagos, enjoyed unprecedented, sustained growth in tourist activity in 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious repercussions on the national tourism system, although government measures have been implemented to mitigate the impacts. The results for tourist accommodation show that after the first phase of the pandemic there was a slight recovery of some tourism activity indicators, mainly in more consolidated destinations: Algarve and Madeira. The low-density territories with peri-urban and rural features, very much leaning towards nature tourism (Alentejo and Central Portugal) suffered a less severe impact on tourism demand, and domestic tourism was able to mitigate some negative effects. The data is organized using year-on-year variation, considering the years 2019 and 2020. The conclusions seek to make proposals for the recovery of post-COVID-19 tourism and define some of the ways forward.

This study uses online reviews to explore memorable tourism experiences of tourists visiting different city attractions. Seeking to identify a collection of themes and concepts reflecting tourists' memorable experiences during their attraction visits, this study reveals the most shared tourism memories in cognitive-emotive-behavioral themes. By developing a matrix that categorizes tourist city attractions based on an ideographic approach, the study also argues that there are different types of tourist memorable experiences at different types of attractions (i.e., human-marker, nature-sight and human-sight tourist attractions). The findings extend previous understanding of the research in tourism experience and attractions by analyzing 156,986 TripAdvisor tourist reviews of the top ten most popular tourist attractions in London. This study also provides recommendations for destination management organizations and various city tourism stakeholders to plan, market and manage city tourism products and services.

National destination pledges are a destination and visitor management intervention that seeks to positively influence visitor behaviour. They have been used since 2017, and the earliest and most prominent among these are the Icelandic Pledge, the Palau Pledge, New Zealand's Tiaki Promise, and the Sustainable Finland Pledge. Using semi-structured interviews with 17 destination managers and marketers, covering all aforementioned pledges, this paper demonstrates that national destination pledges are a new and innovative soft visitor management intervention. In comparison to other soft visitor management techniques, national destination pledges strategically connect with the emotions of visitors, require (often public) action from visitors, and engage visitors in a process of interpretation to build their own understanding of their role in destination management. As such, this paper outlines how these pledges offer a unique approach to destination management by engaging with demand side stakeholders (visitors).

Short videos have been increasingly in demand recently while also holding promise for tourism marketing. Many destination management organizations have tried to make short videos by shooting the grand landscapes of a destination. However, the effective video characteristics and internal processes of potential tourists while watching such short videos remain unclear. We propose that a short video's narrative aspect can influence destination brand attitude. Accordingly, we developed this study around narrative transportation theory, and extended the antecedent and consequence variables of narrative transportation. We investigated two main questions, as follows: 1) Can narrative short videos have a positive effect in tourism marketing? and 2) What is the mechanism underlying the development of narrative transportation? The effect of narrative transportation, sense of presence, and psychological reactance in short narrative videos on destination brand attitude were investigated. We analyzed data from 408 participants using structural equation modeling analysis. The results indicated that the narrative of short videos promotes brand attitude, and that this effect is achieved by lessening individuals' psychological reactance to official advertisements and providing them with an immersive experience that delivers the sense of presence. These results not only add to the research on the use of narrative in short videos, but also indicate that short videos could be an effective marketing strategy for destinations.

This empirically-based paper examines how sustainability is implemented in tourism destination management organizations. By positing a conceptual model for sustainability implementation that is grounded in the academic literature and assessed in light of the empirical findings of the study presented here, this paper combines two strands of academic inquiry. Works on sustainability and its implementation offer the theoretical and practical context; implementation theory from the political sciences provides the conceptual context. Twenty interviews with 22 destination managers in nature-based tourism destinations in the Tyrolean Oberland and the South Island of New Zealand form the empirical basis of our study. Implementation processes are found to be non-linear and non-synchronous. Discretion of individuals and communication between destination stakeholders are decisive factors that influence implementation processes. Destination managers associate a wide range of projects with sustainability, and they prioritize implementing projects for economic sustainability. Sustainability successes as measured against SDGs 8 and 12 lack in concrete and holistic measures.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Tourism destinations are complex systems of interrelated entities without a hierarchical chain of command. In order to enhance the ability of destinations to create a high quality, authentic tourism experience, a management perspective based on networks, personal relationships, trust, and reciprocity is suggested. However, while theoretically this ‘network approach’ represents a promising way of making the tourism industry more innovative and competitive, few convincing empirical examples have so far been published on how tourism networks can be successfully managed. This paper focuses on the gap between theory and practice. After summarizing the literature on network management in tourism, in-depth interviews with 12 network managers in Flanders (Belgium) give insights on how networks are currently managed, as well as how and why network managers choose their priorities. The main conclusion is that while all interviewed network managers claimed that they had adopted a ‘network approach’ most of them still spent most of their time and energy on traditional power-related tasks, such as the top-down provision of information, lobbying, and representing the network towards external stakeholders. Trust-related activities, such as actively pursuing member collaboration, member engagement, and facilitating proximity and partnerships with and between (potential) network members were only applied by a small minority. Network managers who actively strengthened the network structure through trust-related management activities indicated more often that their networks were resilient to external pressure. This highlights the importance for network managers of making pragmatic trade-offs between various management approaches. This might need further professionalization of the sector, including targeted training and (postgraduate) education. ispartof: Journal of Destination Marketing & Management vol:6 issue:4 pages:296-308 status: published

Destination stakeholders seek balance between competition and cooperation within the destination and the ability to find the optimal organisational structure is one of the key success factors. The aim of the article is to propose methodology focusing on examining the organisational structure and leaders in a destination based on the community and corporate model. In order to evaluate the organisational structure, sequential steps are proposed, which were demonstrated on two central European mountain destinations. Firstly the network analysis of tourism stakeholders was used and then enriched with the in-depth interviews with stakeholders. The article measures the change in organisational structure and leadership in tourism destinations focusing on the influence on a destination performance. The article gives valuable insight for further examination of destination structures and destination management. Moreover, it provides new information on the destination organisational model within the concepts of community and corporate model.

• Extended social exchange theory in application to the business to business relationship between destination management companies and meeting planners.

Increasingly destination management organizations are engaging with consumers through digital media, communicating with them in a long-term relationship. Numerous studies have shown that social media influence the intentions of travellers to visit one destination over another. However, the literature has paid little attention to the relationship between information-seeking behaviour and the development of destination loyalty. In that sense, this study analyses how tourists are consulting more digital information and using several different information sources, which influences the time tourists are sharing at a few destinations, becoming more loyal to multiple destinations at the same time (horizontal loyalty). However, this topic has not yet been stressed in the tourism context. This study therefore attempts to show that: (a) the difference in behaviour when it comes to the use of several information sources, depending on tourists’ profiles (nationality and socio-demographic characteristics), and (b) although there are no significant differences regarding the use of the different social media in terms of destination-loyal and horizontal-loyal tourists, the impact of the different sources of information on loyalty (behavioural and attitudinal) is different. Social media has a greater impact on attitudinal loyalty. To achieve those goals, a wide survey with 6964 questionnaires was developed, considering tourists from 17 European countries. Those results are useful in making decisions concerning digital development strategies and loyalty programs to tourist destinations.

Travel-related risk perceptions have become more widespread in recent years due to the increased frequency and intensity of incidents, as well as heightened awareness of risk due to the 24‐hour news cycle and constant connection through technology. With growing concern surrounding traveling to destinations and a greater likelihood of unexpected incidents occurring, this regional spotlight: (1) recognizes the need for representation and care for the tourist in times of crisis; (2) uses caring theory to demonstrate the caretaker role; (3) introduces the concept of a crisis concierge program within a Destination Management Organization (DMO); and (4) demonstrates the application of caring theory and a crisis concierge program through the case of Lee County Visitor and Convention Bureau's Visitor Assistance Program.

Strategic management of crises and disasters is considered a vital ingredient for managing sustainable tourism development. Contemporary tourism research has so far provided several conceptual articles and agendas for research regarding this important topic, with discussions particularly intensifying after the 9/11 events. Nowadays, this topic is more critical than ever, particularly after the beach massacre in Port El Kantaoui and the preceding terrorist attack at the Bardo National Museum in Tunisia in 2015. Since that time, with the steady rise of ISIS/ISIL, terrorism has, unfortunately, turned into a persisting threat on a global level. This regional spotlight portrays the application of integrated risk management (IRM) principles to the case of Croatian tourism as a means of thinking holistically about the exposure to risks in an economy that is heavily dependent on tourism. In particular, this study focuses on the risk-assessment phase and develops an initial risk map to quantify and prioritize industry risks that may affect Croatian tourism on a season-to-season basis.

Although crowding at a destination has been regarded as a critical factor influencing tourist experience, no consistent conclusion has been reached regarding the relationship between perceptions of crowding and tourist satisfaction. This study intends to explore the influence of perceived crowding on satisfaction, and the moderators of this relationship. It is based on an analysis of 72,890 user-generated reviews covering 218 destinations in China. The level of satisfaction of tourists who mention crowding in their reviews was generally lower than that of tourists not mentioning this factor. Among tourists who mentioned crowding, the perceived degree of crowding had a larger impact on those tourists with greater travel experience. The findings contribute to the literature and have practical implications for destination management.

Posting images on social networking services has been known to increase the content's usefulness and diffusion, affect travelers' psychological states, and influence the branding of destination management organizations and accommodations. This study highlights that readers' responses are necessary to ensure the impact and elucidates that image posts that encourage many likes contain characteristic travel episodes. Image posts on tourism in Kyoto, Japan, on Twitter were collected, and a content analysis of the text and images was performed by applying machine learning. The results revealed that image posts that encourage many likes contained episodic words in the text, and the images contained episodic representations that indicated posters' experiences and emotions. The results and theory of autobiographical memory explained why episodes promote likes and ensure the impact of image posts and the significance of episodic image posting and likes on destination management.

Although the concept of emotional attachment has been used in various disciplines, the research on the formation process of tourist attachment to a destination (PTAD) aimed at the state traits of the interaction process between destination and habitation is still limited. This research uses mixed methods-grounded theory (MM-GT) to develop the PTAD scale of the dynamic causal chain consisting of a motivational-cognitive- emotional framework. Qualitative research resulted in the framework that was derived from 16 online travel logs about Hainan Island, China. Quantitative research resulted in the development of 23-item with 6 dimensions PTAD scale with high reliability and validity. The six-dimensional solution discovers those important but underexposure dimensions. Destination managers can use the knowledge of PTAD to help tourists enjoy the psychological process, formulate destination management and marketing strategies, and then win the competition war of destination.

Destination-slogan consistency plays a key role in destination advertising. However, consumers' implicit processing of consistency under unattended conditions is still not well understood. It is difficult or even impossible for traditional methods, such as questionnaires and self-reports, to assess unconscious cognitive processes, that generate fewer unfavorable cognitive responses than attended and conscious processes. This study mainly focused on using neurophysiology tools to investigate consumers' unattended processing of destination-slogan consistency and to measure slogan consistency via consumers' neural response. Based on the dual-process model, an event-related potential (ERP) experiment was designed in which destinations' picture-slogan pairs were chosen as experimental materials to study the consistency effect. Consumers’ implicit cognitive processing of slogan consistency under unattended conditions was revealed, and a two-phase neural cognition model was proposed. Then, the effectiveness of slogan design under unattended conditions was measured, and neurophysiological indicators were presented for destination management organizations (DMOs) to investigate slogan consistency.

Theories on destination management, destination leadership and destination governance have made noteworthy contributions to the advancement of tourism research. However, current global dynamics in regards to political, social, technological and economic developments demand a revision of traditional methods and instruments of destination development. This paper suggests perspectives rooted in design and design thinking as a source for gaining fresh understandings of challenges in tourism destinations and for offering innovative solutions. This paper reflects on the possibility of integrating design approaches into the theorising on and practice of destination development. It explores how a transdisciplinary fusion of notions can ultimately result in a new vision for destination development.

This paper examines Colombia as a practical case of branding and marketing within the context of conflict-ridden destinations. It will examine the history and development of the country brand from the tourism development point of view, relating it to the terrorism that has hit the country for the last half a century. This enormously diminished Colombia's reputation in many ways, substantially lowering tourism arrivals. This paper presents an account of how Colombia has reacted to this situation: it will show the efforts put into brand building and tourism promotion that has succeeded, inter alia, in attracting more tourists to the country in recent years.

We develop a methodology for measuring visitor flows to destinations using space-time tracking data. Based on a review of the literature on this topic we propose that a tourism destination has five dimensions – spatial, temporal, compositional, social and dynamic – that can be measured using space-time tracking data. We analyse three of these dimensions, namely the spatial, temporal and compositional, using the mobile positioning data of foreign visitors in Estonia from 2011 to 2013. Results show that smaller destination areas can be differentiated inside the whole country by the geographical, temporal and compositional parameters of the visits. These findings demonstrate applications of “BIG” data in destination management. A monitoring tool based on this methodology and data is currently being used by the Estonian Tourist Board.

The paper investigates the impact of hotel chains' presence in a destination on their competitiveness through cross-section regression analysis of 116 countries. Results reveal that a destination's competitiveness is positively and significantly influenced by the number of affiliated hotels and rooms in affiliated hotels in the destination. The market share of hotel chains in a destination's hotel industry does not influence its competitiveness. Results further indicate that the general business environment (country's level of corruption and globalisation) has a positive and stronger impact on a destination's competitiveness than the presence of hotel chains. Destination management implications, limitations and directions of future research are also elaborated.

Monitoring the performance of a destination is essential for effective destination management. As the hotel industry is one of the main destination management stakeholders, it is important to have an agile monitoring system to evaluate its performance. This paper presents a monitoring and benchmarking system to analyse and evaluate the hotel room prices of a destination based on data collected from an online travel agent. The proposed method provides guidelines for data collection and preparation and a starting-point analysis for monitoring and benchmarking hotel room prices. The method is applied to the case study of Bilbao both to track its performance during 2014 and compare it with the two other capitals in the Basque Country. The results show that Bilbao's hotel room prices suffered a drop during the first four months of the year and reveal the role that each hotel played.

This study provides insight into how aviation and non-aviation factors affect the decision to suspend air routes. Using examples from Australian domestic routes, the paper analyses the business relationships and negotiation processes followed by airports, airlines, and destination management organizations (DMOs) to avoid air route suspensions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key aviation and tourism stakeholders directly impacted by suspended routes. The outcomes of this paper demonstrate that while most of the major reasons for air route suspension in Australia are mentioned in existing literature and are linked to demand, other factors have not previously been deeply investigated, including how stakeholders can be involved to avoid air route suspension. The paper also explores and identifies strengths and weaknesses in the relationship among airlines, DMOs and airports.

This work explores how Italian regional Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) strategically employ Facebook to promote and market their destinations, and improves on the current metrics for capturing user engagement. Based on big data analysis from the regional DMOs' Facebook pages, supplemented with semi-structured interviews conducted with DMO managers, the study sheds light on the factors contributing to superior level of social activity. The findings indicate that the way Facebook is tactically and strategically employed varies significantly across Italian regional DMOs. Visual content (namely photos) and moderately long posts have a statistically-significant positive impact on DMOs' Facebook engagement, whereas high post frequency, and early daily timing (in the morning) of posts have a negative impact on engagement. Last but not least, the study shows that most of the regional DMOs (except for Trentino, Tuscany, and Sicily) deploy Facebook with a top-down approach, allowing for little spontaneous user generated content (UGC).

The increased competition between territories following the globalization of the market economy of the last three decades is accompanied by a change in policy for the development of peripheral and marginal areas, where local specificities become potential resources for the local development of virtuous, integrated and sustainable paths. Particularly influential in this change is the paradigm of local development. Local contexts produce tangible and intangible assets which, if properly exploited, can generate external economies which would be of useful action for firms in the territory. The paper focuses on regional marketing and regional tourism and offer management of community type activities (in negotiated or participated government models) illustrating a governance model through the interpretation of requirements and expectations of all local tourist destination stakeholders. It knows how to implement a policy of sharing decisions with all the actors of the network, which is essential for the planning and the promoting of an integrated tourist offer.

The paper demonstrates that how branding and corporate branding approach has been utilized into destination branding, both tourist and MICE destination. The research addresses most common features in both MICE destination branding and corporate branding. An abductive approach of research was employed and the process was substantiated independently. The study detects and highlights that corporate branding issues may offer new intuitions in MICE destination branding. Consequently, the study suggests that corporate branding approach can be utilized for MICE destination branding. In addition, this provides new-fangled acumens for destination management organisation as well as for corporate branding researcher to conduct corporate branding research in different context.

Travel motivation is prevalent in the tourism literature. Very few studies however have examined travel deterrents to visiting popular destinations. This study approaches from travel motivation understand why tourists do not visit regional destinations and from tourists’ background to identify who do not visit these destinations with a focus on well-known regional destinations in Australia. The results show that convenience to the destinations, timing, motivation and tourist attractions are the major deterrents, and the level of these deterrents is dependent upon some of the demographic background of tourists. The findings and implications conclude this paper.

This article aims to understand the relationship between destination image and tourist’s behavioural intention. In this study, we used a meta-analysis to synthesize the effects of destination image from 87 studies. The results reveal that destination image plays significant role in predicting tourist’s intentional behaviour, in different magnitudes. To be more precise, overall and affective images have the greatest impact on behavioural intention, followed by cognitive image. Of the different dimensions of behavioural intentions, destination image has the greatest impact on intention to recommend. Implications are provided for destination management and tourism researchers based on meta-analysis.

Destination management processes continue to undergo substantial change, and managers now need to demonstrate a social presence and balance the interests of businesses, host communities, and a wide range of other stakeholders. Advocacy and community leadership have become increasingly important, but little is known about the implementation of these functions within destination management. The aim of this paper is to explore how advocacy and community leadership feature in destination management, and how they interrelate with other destination management functions. Empirical data were gathered through a series of in-depth interviews amongst destination management practitioners in Estonia. The study advances our understanding of how practitioners conceptualise and enact advocacy and community leadership in destination management. A framework for advocacy and community leadership within destination management is proposed to depict the interdependencies with other destination management functions.