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Resume C’est bien connu, le style de leadership a un impact significatif sur la satisfaction au travail. Cependant, peu d’etudes portent sur le leadership policier (officier) et la satisfaction au travail. La recherche vise a demontrer la relation du style de leadership (MLQ) des officiers sur la satisfaction au travail (MSQ). Les resultats ont ete compares entre les deux groupes composes de 252 employes : policiers et cols bleus (organisation publique). Les resultats obtenus pour le leadership Transactionnel et Laissez-faire sont plus eleves que la norme MLQ pour les officiers en comparaison au style Transformationnel qui est inferieur. Le style Transformationnel a un impact plus significatif que les deux autres styles sur la satisfaction au travail des policiers.

International audience; The PRECy project foresees the use of a 16–25 MeV energy proton beam produced by the TR24 cyclotron, named CYRCé, recently installed at the Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) in Strasbourg for research in radiation biology. One of the exit ports of the cyclotron will be used for this application along with a combination magnet. The platform will consist of up to 5 experimental stations linked to beamlines located in a dedicated area next to the cyclotron vault. One of the beamlines will receive proton beams of a few cm diameter at intensities up to 100 nA. In order to characterize the beam extracted from the cyclotron, the transverse beam emittance was studied by means of different methods.

Essentials Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated during deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The role of interferon γ (IFNγ) and natural killer (NK) cells in NET formation was studied. IFNγ promote venous thrombosis through NET formation. NK cell depletion reduces DVT. SUMMARY: Background Neutrophils contribute to venous thrombosis through the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but the mechanism triggering their formation remains unclear. In vitro data show that interferon (IFN)-γ induces the formation of NETs. Objectives To determine whether IFN-γ and the transcription factor T-box expressed on T cells (Tbet) promote venous thrombosis through neutrophil activation. Methods Venous thrombosis was induced by flow restriction in the inferior vena cava in IFN-γ-/- , Tbet-/- or wild-type (WT) mice. After 48 h, thrombus size was measured by the use of high-frequency ultrasound. NET formation was determined by immunofluorescence. Results and Conclusions Thrombus formation was reduced in Tbet-/- and IFN-γ-/- mice, suggesting that Tbet/IFN-γ-expressing cells are required for venous thrombosis. The number of NETs formed during thrombosis was significantly lower in Tbet-/- and IFN-γ-/- mice. NET formation was also decreased in WT mice treated with an IFN-γ-blocking antibody. Injection of recombinant IFN-γ into IFN-γ-/- mice rescued the phenotype. Natural killer (NK) cells were specifically depleted prior to venous thrombosis induction. NK cell depletion results in decreased NET formation and smaller thrombi, suggesting that NK cells are required for thrombus development. In depleted mice, adoptive transfer of WT NK cells induced a similar thrombosis burden as in WT mice. In contrast, adoptive transfer of IFN-γ -/- NK cells resulted in thrombi similar in size to those in depleted mice. In vitro, we showed that WT neutrophils released fewer NETs when they were cocultured with IFN-γ-/- NK cells. This study demonstrates that NK cell-dependent IFN-γ production is crucial for thrombus development by promoting the formation of NETs by neutrophils.

Resume Introduction Les moisissures et les allergenes d’acariens presents dans les environnements interieurs sont connus pour leurs effets sur la sante respiratoire. Methodes De 2011 a 2015, le service parisien de sante environnementale a investigue 293 logements sur demande medicale. Ces audits ont conduit a la realisation d’analyses fongiques de l’air (12 % des logements) et de la poussiere de sol et matelas (24 %), ainsi que de dosages d’allergenes d’acariens presents dans les matelas et tapis (18 %). Resultats Les niveaux de concentration de moisissures dans l’air interieur ne different pas significativement de ceux mesures dans l’air exterieur. Une augmentation des ratios air interieur/air exterieur est, cependant, observee en cas d’absence ou dysfonctionnement du systeme de ventilation, mettant en evidence un enrichissement en moisissures dans l’air du logement. Dans la poussiere, les teneurs en spores fongiques sont variables selon les supports. La contamination des matelas est plus importante dans les logements ou une surface moisie de plus d’1 m2 est observee. De meme, les concentrations d’allergenes d’acariens Der p1 sont plus elevees dans la poussiere des matelas des logements presentant un developpement fongique. Conclusions Cette etude permet de decrire les niveaux de contamination des logements de patients parisiens.

In this study, first-principles investigations were performed using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method of the structural and optoelectronic properties of thorium germinate (ThGeO4), a high-K dielectric material. Under ambient conditions, the structural properties calculated for ThGeO4 in the zircon phase were in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. Furthermore, using the modified Becke -Johnson correction method, the calculated band gaps and optical constants accurately described this compound. Finally, the thermal properties were predicted over a temperature range of 0–700 K and pressures up to 11 GPa using the quasi-harmonic Debye model, where the variations in the heat capacity, primitive cell volume, and thermal expansion coefficients were determined successfully.

SIRIUS (Spectroscopy & Identification of Rare Isotopes Using S3) is a detection system designed for the focal plane of S3 (the Super Separator Spectrometer), which is part of the SPIRAL2 (Systeme de Production d’Ions RAdioactifs en Ligne de 2e generation) facility at GANIL (France). This study presents the characterization of the Side silicon detector of SIRIUS. This new “Strippy-pad” detector design benefits from an ultra-high resistivity and the windowless technique from Micron Semiconductor Ltd. These detectors were tested at the IPHC Strasbourg on a dedicated test bench with custom fast preamplifiers coupled to digital electronics cards. Combining all these elements, we obtained resolutions as good as 13.6 keV for certain pixels of this detector for 8.8 MeV alpha particles , with an average resolution measured at 14.7 keV over the whole detector.

Resume Les complications en chirurgie oncologique thoracique varient selon les comorbidites et le type de chirurgie. Les hemorragies, les infections et l’œdeme pulmonaire ne sont pas specifiques du type de resection mais sont plus frequemment rencontres apres pneumonectomies. Les pneumonectomies ont une morbidite due aux modifications majeures du contenu intrathoracique. L’infarctus pulmonaire et le volvulus bronchique sont des situations urgentes rencontrees apres lobectomie. Le scanner met en evidence des signes congestifs localises et la stenose ou l’occlusion d’une veine ou d’une bronche. La reconnaissance rapide d’evenements critiques, en particulier grâce a une analyse systematique du scanner, est capitale pour une prise en charge adequate au decours d’une complication postoperatoire ou retardee en oncologie thoracique.

Proceedings of the 13th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors : Frontier Detectors for Frontier Physics, 24-30 May 2015, La Biodola, Italy.; International audience; In the present study, results towards the development of a 3D diamond sensor are presented. Conductive channels are produced inside the sensor bulk using a femtosecond laser. This electrode geometry allows full charge collection even for low quality diamond sensors. Results from testbeam show that charge is collected by these electrodes. In order to understand the channel growth parameters, with the goal of producing low resistivity channels, the conductive channels produced with a different laser setup are evaluated by Raman spectroscopy.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are emerging as strong prognostic factor for early breast cancer patients, especially in the triple-negative subtype. Here, we aim to validate previous findings on the prognostic role of TIL in the context of two randomized adjuvant trials and to investigate whether lymphocyte infiltrates can predict benefit from adjuvant anthracyclines.A total of 816 patients enrolled and treated at the Gustave Roussy in the context of two multicentric randomized trials comparing adjuvant anthracyclines versus no chemotherapy were included in the present analysis. Primary end point was overall survival (OS). Hematoxilin and eosin slides of primary tumors were retrieved and evaluated for the percentage of intratumoral (It) and stromal (Str) TIL. Each case was also defined as high-TIL or low-TIL breast cancer adopting previously validated cutoffs.TIL were assessable for 781 of 816 cases. High-TIL cases were more likely grade 3 and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (P0.001). In multivariate analysis, both continuous It-TIL and Str-TIL were strong prognostic factors for OS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.95 P = 0.003; HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.96, P = 0.005 for It-TIL and Str-TIL, respectively]. The prognostic effect of continuous TIL was limited to triple-negative and HER2-positive patients. Ten-year OS rates were: 89% and 68% for triple-negative high-TIL and low-TIL, respectively (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.18-1.10, P = 0.07) and 78% and 57% for HER2-positive high-TIL versus low-TIL, respectively (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.20-1.11, P = 0.08). Either continuous or binary TIL variables did not predict for the efficacy of anthracyclines. Test for interaction P value was not significant in the whole study population and in subgroups (ER+/HER2-, HER2+, ER-/HER2-).We confirmed the prognostic role of TIL in triple-negative early breast cancer and suggested a prognostic impact in HER2+ patients as well. Basing on our data, TIL should not be used as a parameter to select patients for anthracyclines chemotherapy.

Resume Objectif Evaluer l’apport de la cinetique precoce de l’imagerie TEP a la 18 F-choline (FCH) pour definir le statut ganglionnaire et prostatique dans le cancer de la prostate. Patients et methodes Les resultats de 39 patients ont ete analyses retrospectivement. Des acquisitions pelviennes dynamiques de 10 minutes ont ete realisees immediatement apres l’injection de 3–4 MBq/kg de FCH sur les cameras TEP GE Discovery LS (GE-LS) ou Siemens Biograph mCT (mCT), suivies d’acquisitions corps entier tardives. La SUVmax des lesions ganglionnaires et prostatiques a ete mesuree a chaque minute de l’acquisition dynamique et pour l’acquisition tardive. Le statut des lesions a ete base sur l’analyse histologique ou le suivi clinique du patient. Resultats Les TEP etaient realisees pour recidive biochimique (53,8 %) ou bilan d’extension initial (46,2 %). Le PSA median etait a 8,46 ng/mL et le Gleason median a 3 + 4. Quatre-vingt-douze lesions (43 ganglionnaires et 49 prostatiques) ont ete analysees, incluant 63 lesions malignes. La SUVmax sur les acquisitions dynamiques precoces etait significativement plus elevee pour les ganglions malins que benins respectivement sur la mCT et la GE-LS ( p p = 0,007) ainsi que pour les lesions prostatiques ( p = 0,001, p = 0,02). Les courbes ROC ont montre, pour les lesions ganglionnaires acquises sur la mCT, une tendance a de meilleurs chiffres de sensibilite et de specificite pour les acquisitions precoces, en comparaison avec les acquisitions tardives. Conclusion Les courbes dynamiques precoces semblent un outil diagnostique performant dans la definition du statut ganglionnaire ou prostatique, dans une pathologie ou les preuves de malignite peuvent etre difficiles a obtenir.

We theoretically investigate the possibility of enhancing light absorption in graphene-based one dimensional photonic crystal. We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve total light absorption at technologically important wavelengths using one-dimensional graphene-based photonic crystals. By means of the transfer matrix method, we investigate the effect of refractive indices and layer numbers on the optical response of the structure. We found that it is possible to achieve one peak, multi-peak or broadband, and complete optical absorption. As a result, the proposed photonic structures enable myriad potential applications such as photodetection, shielding and optical sensing.

In order to create equivalent images, a series of SEM micrographs of porous silicon were treated with the image analysis procedure, developed using public domain software “ImageJ”. A morphological description was used to reduce the complexity of the microstructure of porous silicon and an image analysis procedure has been established to quantify different geometrical parameters related to the shape, size and orientation distribution. This description allows performing predictive calculation of mechanical properties of porous silicon using finite element analysis. Results are compared with experiment and a good agreement is observed

Resume Introduction Les metastases linguales de cancers du rein sont exceptionnelles et difficiles a prendre en charge, compte tenu de la proximite de structures anatomiques impliquees dans la deglutition, la parole ou la mastication. Ce type de tumeur est par ailleurs considere comme radioresistant. Description du cas Nous rapportons un cas de metastase inaugurale et unique, dont la biopsie a permis de reorienter le diagnostic vers un adenocarcinome a cellules claires du rein. Afin d’eviter une excision potentiellement mutilante dans un contexte de maladie metastatique, de mauvais pronostic, le traitement local a consiste en une curietherapie interstitielle permettant de delivrer une dose elevee, 65 Gy. Malgre une reponse initialement complete, la lesion a recidive 10,5 mois plus tard necessitant une chirurgie de rattrapage. Discussion et conclusion La curietherapie a permis de delivrer une dose superieure a celles delivrees par radiotherapie externe et rapportees jusque la dans des cas similaires. Ce niveau de dose, qui permet d’esperer un taux de controle local de l’ordre de 90 % pour les carcinomes epidermoides de la langue, a permis d’obtenir une reponse de dix mois, insuffisante cependant pour eviter une intervention chirurgicale.

This paper reports on Monte Carlo simulations of electrons propagation in water vapor using a set of electron collision cross sections created with data published recently in order to follow the beam profile at low energy in environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Results show that lowering electrons beam energy or pressure has little effect on the skirt extend which is mainly function of working distance. The ionization and excitation events per track history are independent of the initial electron energy in the 1–5 keV range. Ionization occurs with low energy electrons, frequently above 50 eV, whereas the excitation processes are dominated by the electrons below 50 eV.

Summary BRCA testing of patients with breast cancer considered at high risk for having a germ-line BRCA mutation usually consists of comprehensive mutational analysis of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 . A more cost-effective strategy of triaging patients for analysis of a single gene could be adopted if tissue-based predictors indicated a high risk specifically for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 . To identify potentially useful tissue-based predictors of BRCA mutation status in breast cancer, we evaluated multiple histopathologic features of invasive breast carcinoma on archival tissue sections from 196 high-risk patients who had undergone BRCA testing, and we analyzed which individual or combination of features was most associated with BRCA mutations. Of the 196 patients with invasive breast carcinoma, there were 44 (22%) with a deleterious BRCA1 mutation and 27 (14%) with a deleterious BRCA2 mutation. For patients with available untreated surgical resection specimens for evaluation (n = 172), estrogen receptor–positive phenotype was inversely associated with the presence of a BRCA1 mutation (odds ratio, 0.243; 95% confidence interval, 0.070-0.840; P = .025), and high mitotic activity (≥25 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields) was directly associated with the presence of a BRCA1 mutation (odds ratio, 4.222; 95% confidence interval, 1.353-13.18; P = .013). The combination of estrogen receptor–negative phenotype and high mitotic rate had high specificity (99%; 95% confidence interval, 95%-100%) but low sensitivity (43%; 95% confidence interval, 26%-61%) for identifying a deleterious BRCA1 mutation. In patients with breast cancer at high risk for carrying a BRCA mutation, those with estrogen receptor–negative phenotype and high mitotic rate could be triaged specifically for BRCA1 testing instead of initially performing mutational analysis for both BRCA1 and BRCA2.

Breast cancer includes high number of molecular entities targetable by specific agents. In this study, array CGH and PIK3CA/AKT1 mutations were used to drive patients into targeted therapy. A prospective molecular analysis was offered to metastatic breast cancer patients for whom samples were collected prospectively or retrospectively either from frozen or paraffin-embedded tissue. Analyses were performed using array CGH (Agilent platform) and PIK3CA (exon 10 and 21) and AKT1 mutations were explored by standard Sanger sequencing. One hundred and eight patients were included. Good quality CGH was obtained in 79% cases and was better for frozen samples. Genomic alterations were identified in 50% of patients including 11 PIK3CA and 8 AKT1 mutations. Eighteen treatments (17 patients) were administered according to their molecular profile with evidence of activity in nine. Reasons for not providing a genomic-driven treatment included absence of progressive disease (38%), investigator's choice (9%), rapid PD (19%), and no drug access (21%). Array CGH correctly identified Her2 status in 97% cases; failures were related to low % of tumour cells. Our study showed that array CGH is feasible in the context of daily practice and, in combination with PIK3CA/AKT1 mutations, identifies a significant number of actionable molecular alterations that allow driving patients into specific targeted agents.

Vanadium oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis using solutions of vanadium chloride (VCl3) with different concentrations on glass substrates heated at 200 and 250 °C. The influence of substrate temperature (Ts) and solution concentration (molarity) on structural and vibrational properties is discussed by using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that at 0.05 M and Ts = 200 °C, V4O9 thin films are obtained. At 250 °C, V2O5 phases with preferential orientation are observed and the films become polycrystalline when the molarity increases.

Lithium metavanadate thin films were successfully deposited on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique at substrate temperature of 250 °C. 0.2 M spraying solution was prepared by mixing appropriate volumes of LiCl and VCl 3 solutions. Structural, vibrational and optical properties of deposited film are discussed. X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy have revealed that LiVO 3 with monoclinic symmetry was obtained. Optical properties of thin film were studied from transmission measurement in the range UV–Visible.

a Service de medecine legale, CAVAS, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France b Service de pediatrie, CASED, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France c Service de pedopsychiatrie, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France d Parquet des mineurs et de la famille, TGI de Grenoble, place Firmin-Gautier, BP 100, 38019 Grenoble cedex 1, France Disponible en ligne sur

The effects of various gas environment used in high pressure SEM inside the specimen chamber were investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. In order to improve the signal to noise ratio for the electron detection, we suggest to use helium gas-based mixture. The Helium gas is well known to reduce the skirt effect due to its low elastic scattering cross-section. The addition of an ionizing gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen is proposed to increase the inelastic scattering cross section which is mainly responsible for the ionisation process taking place during the beam-gas interactions. For all the mixtures (except He–Argon), the main results show that the skirt is slightly modified with the increase of the pressure. For the BSE detection, the signal to noise can remain high and gives a good contrast in imaging. Moreover, the presence of an ionizing gas will favour the ionizing process which is very important in beam-based electron detection. In this case, an increase of the signal to noise ratio can be expected.

Solar energy constitutes a widely available and further free energy. Several techniques have been used to permit a convenient exploitation of this clean energy, consisting in trying to extract the maximal amount of energy from simple devices. Therefore, these techniques suffer from reduced efficiency ratio, and they are neither well exploited nor developed. In this work, III-Nitrides semiconductors have been used instead of classical silicon. They possess the faculty to work in the maximum of the solar emission spectrum, hence offering a maximal efficiency, and also, due to their high energy gap, the surface reflection materialized by the reflectance is optimally reduced, always comparing with actual silicon-made devices. The computational methods used have shown that the theoretical efficiency obtained, in our paper, is near about 35%, depending greatly on the semiconductor purity.

Amplification of the HER2 gene, mapping to 17q21.1, is present in about 20 % of breast carcinomas. Amplification leads to an overexpression of the protein that made it possible to develop a targeted therapy by the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin). A good response to the treatment requires a stringent assessment of the gene status in tumours; only patients whose tumour shows a high expression of the protein or an amplification of the gene are eligible. Cases with intermediate level expression are checked by in situ hybridization, mainly by FISH, to identify amplifications in this subset of tumours. Results are sometimes difficult to interpret due to the frequent aneuploidy of the tumours. Moreover, copy number cut-offs of the gene for defining an amplification are variable according to the studies. A tumour is considered now as amplified when showing more than six HER2 copies per nucleus, or a ratio HER2 to centromere 17 greater than 2.2. The phenomenon of HER2 amplification in breast cancers is discussed in this paper, and distinguished from gene overrepresentation. It is recommended that tumours showing six to seven copies of HER2 are assessed with a kit including the centromere 17. Clusters of signals are characteristic of amplifications. The process designed for the assessment of HER2 is a model of strategies that will be used for the evaluation of markers involved in future targeted therapies.

Background We hypothesized that, among molecular subclasses of breast cancer, p53 status may have a differential predictive value for the efficacy of anthracyclines/alkylating agents-based regimen. We analysed the efficacy of a preoperative combination between 5-fluorouracil, anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide according to both p53 status and molecular classification. Patients and methods Oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression and p53 status were determined by immunohistochemistry in 293 samples from two different centres. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis of predictors for pathological complete response (pCR). Results p53 immunostaining (54%) was associated with high grade (P = 0.002) and ER negativity (P = 0.04). p53 was detected in 59% of triple-negative tumours (ER-/PgR-/HER2-, n = 120 patients). In the overall population, pCR (9.6%) was independently predicted by high tumour grade (P = 0.002) and ER/PgR/HER2 triple negativity (P = 0.0004), but not by p53 status (P = 0.12). p53 immunostaining was associated with a trend for a higher rate of pCR in triple-negative tumours [relative risk (RR) = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8–7.5, P = 0.09], but not in non-triple-negative tumours (RR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.16–3.3, P = 0.69). Conclusion p53 status may have a different predictive value for efficacy of anthracycline/alkylating agents-based regimen in each molecular subclass, a result which may explain the different results reported in literature.

An empirical relationship modeled by a theoretical numerical model has been presented for estimating the refractive indices of semiconductors, especially the III–V semiconductors, relative to their energy gaps. This model is based on the fact that there is a strong correlation between the energy gap and the refractive index of a given material. This physical relationship remains strictly intrinsic and specific to the material considered. The performance of this model is compared with that of some other numerical models established by other authors. An analysis based on calculations of the errors between this model and the experimental data has also been carried out. For the first time, the present model is applicable to the whole range of energy gaps, taking into account the fact that the refractive index for an infinite energy gap is equal to one. Good agreement is observed between the computed values and the refractive indices reported in the literature for well-known semiconductors.

NEXAFS data [S. Rangan et al., Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 165319] and FTIR data [M.P. Schwartz, R.J. Hamers, Surf. Sci. 601 (2007) 945] apparently do not converge in the identification of the reaction products of acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) with Si(0 0 1)-2 × 1 at room temperature. Using DFT calculations of core-excited/core-ionized spectra and of IR vibrational frequencies and intensities, we show the consistency of the body of experimental data. Three species are present on the surface in equivalent amounts, a C N moiety, a pendent C N and a C C N ketenimine submitted to a strong twist imposed by the Si bond directionality. More generally, the paper shows the usefulness of spectroscopic data simulations in the elucidation of complex surface chemistry problems.

Background: Prion protein (PrPc) has been previously reported to be associated with resistance to proapoptotic stimuli. We evaluated whether the expression of PrPc was associated with the resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with estrogen receptor (ER) -negative breast cancer. Patients and methods: The expression of PrPc by primary tumors was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a series of 756 patients included in two randomized trials that compared anthracycline-based chemotherapy to no chemotherapy. The PrPc expression was correlated with ER expression and the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was assessed according to PrPc expression in patients with ER-negative tumors. Results: Immunostaining analysis showed that PrPc was mainly expressed by myoepithelial cells in normal breast tissue. Tissue microarray analysis from 756 breast tumors showed that PrPc was associated with ER-negative breast cancer subsets (P < 0.001). Adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with a significant risk reduction for death in patients with ER-negative/PrPc-positive disease [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45‐2.1, P = 0.95], while it decreased the risk for death (HR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.2‐0.74, P = 0.004) in patients with ER-negative/PrPc-negative tumors. Conclusion: These data indicate that ER-negative/PrPc-negative phenotype is associated with a high sensitivity to

In this paper, the effective refractive index of a GaN/In"0"."3"8Ga"0"."6"2N optical step index optical guiding structure has been investigated. The used method permits to approximate a three-dimensional optical waveguide to an equivalent waveguide where the index profile to be determined will only depend on y and z co-ordinates. The III-nitrides semiconductor devices have not been used or even investigated in the integrated optics field in order to design optical waveguides. It has been found that there exists a very good optical confinement in this device, where the In"0"."3"8Ga"0"."6"2N is lattice matched to the GaN.

Resume Le liposarcome du retroperitoine est relativement frequent. Le role de l’imagerie est principalement de detecter la lesion, mais aussi d’en faire un bilan d’extension tres precis et de rechercher des elements en faveur de la malignite.

We present a systematic theoretical study of fluorine-substituted YBa2Cu3O7 crystal based on accurate first-principles all-electron total-energy calculations, using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) approach in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange-correlation term. The electronic structure, energy levels and the density of states (DOS) at equilibrium volume with different oxygen deficiencies distribution or F substitution are studied. The existence of oxygen vacancies and the substitution of oxygen by one, two and up to three fluorine atoms on several selective sites change the electronic band structure in CuO2 plane between two Ba planes. Thus, doping with charge carriers in the above materials is simulated and the resulting changes in the electronic distribution are compared to experimental and/or ab initio results.

MoO 3 and V 2 O 5 thin films were prepared on glass substrates by Spray Pyrolysis technique at a substrate temperature of 423 K. The precursor solutions were obtained by varying the concentrations of MoCl 5 and VCl 3 in bi-distilled water. The structural investigation conducted by X-ray diffraction showed that MoO 3 and V 2 O 5 thin films were polycrystalline with orthorhombic structure. The optical properties studied in the 300–2500 nm range suggest that the thin film behaviours are related to bound electronic states. The optical band gaps have been estimated from slopes of ln( αhν ) versus hν plots of MoO 3 and V 2 O 5 films were 3.35 and 2.44 eV, respectively. The electrical conductivity was measured using four probes method.

Thin films of Bi2S3 were prepared by spray pyrolysis method. Optical constants, electrical and photoelectrical studies have been carried out on these films. The optical constants confirm that the Bi2S3 thin film has a direct band gap of 1.69 eV. The Hall Effect measurements indicate that the Bi2S3 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method are n-type in nature with a carrier concentration of 3.51 × 1017 cm− 3. An activated process with activation energy of 65 meV governs the conduction in these films. The photoconductivity measurement indicates the presence of continuously distributed localized gap states in this material.

This paper reports on a fundamental study of the Jahn–Teller distortion effect after lithium intercalation in transition metal oxides, using the density functional theory in the local spin density approximation. The intercalation of lithium in cobalt oxide was found to form a stable compound with an α-NaFeO 2 crystal structure. An unstable structure was found to form for the nickel oxide compound. An important Jahn–Teller distortion was observed in MnO 2 and LiMnO 2 , and the structure was found to be unstable. These theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental findings in the literature.

The effect of the specimen inclination on the electron distribution at the specimen surface in an HPSEM was investigated by Monte Carlo simulation. A broadening of the electron profile versus the tilt angle was obtained and a relationship between the r(0.9) radius and this tilt angle is proposed. The plot of the electron distribution at the sample surface shows that the classical scattering profile in the standard conditions is modified so that an inclined truncated shape is obtained. This result confirms the difficulty to carry out X-ray microanalysis in low vacuum conditions.

The American College of Radiology has established guidelines for outcomes monitoring known as the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System®. The last edition of the BIRADS® classification includes mammography, but also ultrasonography and MRI. Radiologists must be used to the BIRADS® lexicon and the BIRADS® assessment, in order to clarify mammography reports and to facilitate communication with the other physicians. This work is a training on 20 mammography cases to be familiar with the BIRADS® classification.

Full Potential Augmented Plane Wave plus local orbital method ( FAPW+lo) calculations were performed for ZnSiP2, ZnGeP2, and ZnSnP2 in the chalcopyrite structure in order to investigate the optical properties and to show the origin of the different optical transitions and their correspondence in the band structure. It is found that the most important features of the band gap is pseudo-direct for ZnSiP2, indirect for ZnGeP2, and direct for ZnSnP2. Then the contribution of the different transitions peaks are analyzed from the imaginary part of the dielectric function and the reflectivity spectra.

Helium gas and air are commonly used in the high pressure scanning electron microscope (HPSEM). The presence of a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber modifies the electron beam profile. In order to fully understand the beam-gas interaction, we have investigated the beam-diameter effect for two gases (helium and air) by Monte Carlo simulation. In this calculation, we have assumed that the electron beam is Gaussian and we have explored the influence of the nature of the gas at low voltage. When the beam diameter varies between 1 and 100 nm, there is no influence on the beam profile for these two gases. The resolving power of the HPSEM is not affected by the beam-gas interaction. These theoretical results have been compared with experimental images obtained at low voltage under air and helium gases. The variation of image quality at low voltage has confirmed the interest of helium for use in a Field Emission Gun SEM (FEGSEM) in high pressure (or low vacuum) conditions.

HSO 3 F dissolves asphaltenes, but this dissolution reaction is accompanied by strong redox reactions: SO 2 evolves, accompanied by HF. This is due to its powerful oxidizing sulfur atoms at the oxidation state +V. We found that sulfonation occurred: sulfur atoms are mainly present as –SO 3 H. The –SO 2 F group is also present, in small proportion. Modified asphaltenes behave as cationic resins.

We investigated the pressure dependence of the excitation energies of the ternary CdXP2 (with X=Si, Ge and Sn) pnictide semiconductors in the chalcopyrite structure. Using a new full potential augmented plane wave plus local orbitals method, we have studied the effect of high pressure on the band structure and on the optical properties. We show that the pseudodirect band gap of CdSiP2 narrows with increasing pressure and the direct band gap of CdGeP2 changes to a pseudo-direct band gap. Furthermore, we find that the magnitude of the pressure coefficients for this series of materials changes from the pseudodirect to a direct band gap.

The optical properties of a ternary CdSnP 2 semiconductor have been studied in the chalcopyrite structure using the full potential augmented plane wave plus local orbital method (FPAPW + lo ). First, we present the main features of the structural and electronic properties of this compound, where the electronic band structure shows that the fundamental energy gap is direct at the centre of the Brillouin zone. The contribution of the different bands were analysed from the total and partial density of states curves. Moreover, our calculated optical properties suggest that there is an anisotropic optical conductivity of this crystal along both principal directions E ⊥ c axis and E ∥ c axis. The different direct interband transitions have been determined from the imaginary part of the dielectric function.

The aim of this study was to determine the chemosensitivity of infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) in comparison with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Between 1987 and 1995, 457 patients with invasive T2>3 cm-T4 breast carcinomas were treated with primary chemotherapy (CT), surgery, radiation therapy. Clinical response, the possibility of breast preservation, pathological response and survival were evaluated according to the histological type. In order to evaluate the biological differences between ILC and IDC patients and their implication with regard to tumour chemosensitivity, additional immunohistochemical stainings (oestrogen receptor (ER), Bcl2, p53, c-erbB-2 and Ki67) were performed on 129 pretherapeutical specimens. 38 (8.3%) ILC were diagnosed by core needle biopsy before CT. ILC was an independent predictor of a poor clinical response (P=0.02) and ineligibility for breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.03). Histological and biological factors predicting a poor response to CT (histological grade, ER, Ki67 and p53 status) were more frequent in ILC than in IDC patients. After a median follow-up of 98 months (range: 3-166), the low chemosensitivity of ILC did not result in a survival disadvantage. Our results demonstrate that ILC achieved a lower response to CT than IDC because of their immunohistochemical profile. Preoperative CT did not allow a high rate of conservative treatment for ILC and therefore the use of neoadjuvant CT for ILC patients should be questioned.

NDP kinases are the non-specific enzymes which catalyse the synthesis of the NTPs through a transfer reaction using ATP as phosphoryl donor. In addition to their enzymatic activity, they display other not yet explained functions related to cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, embryonic development, tumour progression and metastasis. In this study, the expression patterns of the three highly related NDP kinases A, B and C isoforms were investigated in the developing human trophoblast. Both NDP kinase A and B were found to be primarily present in the villous and extravillous cytotrophoblasts, while NDP kinase C was found almost exclusively in the syncytiotrophoblast layer. This suggests that NDP kinase A and B could be a marker for the mononuclear stage of differentiation of villous trophoblasts, while NDP kinase C could be a marker of the syncytiotrophoblast layer.

Using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method, we have studied the effect of chemistry on the average intercalation voltage (AIV) caused by the Na ions intercalating into transition metal oxides. The effect of transition metal was systematically studied by varying M=Co, Ni and Mn in NaMO 2 and fixing the α-NaFeO 2 layered structure. The effect of the guest atoms into the host material is discussed in terms of the structural and electronic properties. Comparatively to Li intercalation, a significant electron transfer towards transition metal was found. This observation suggests that the transition metal contribute to the AIV determination and confirms the common assumption that intercalated electron reduces M 4+ to M 3+ .

Aims: To identify factors predicting metastatic involvement of non sentinel axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients who underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy followed by complete axillary dissection only in case of metastatic sentinel lymph node. Methods: A prospective database including 165 breast cancer patients who underwent SLN biopsy without further complete axillary dissection in case of non-metastatic SLN was reviewed. Primary tumor size, pathologic grade, lymphatic invasion in the primary tumor, estrogen receptor status, tumor size in the SLN and number of metastatic SLNs were tested as possible predictors of metastatic involvement of non-SLN. Results: The sentinel lymph node detection rate was 97% (160/165 patients). The mean number of SLNs per patient was 1.8 (range: 1–5). Fifty patients (31.3%) had a metastatic axillary SLN: 10 of the 42 patients with T1a or T1b breast tumors and 40 of the 118 patients with T1c≤15 mm tumors. Fifteen of the 50 patients with metastatic SLN had metastatic non-SLN. Primary tumor size, tumor size in the SLN, pathologic grade, estrogen receptor status and age were not significantly associated with metastatic involvement of non-SLN. Number of metastatic SLNs fell short of reaching statistical significance ( P : NS). Lymphatic invasion in the primary tumor was the only factor significantly associated with the presence of tumor in the non SLN ( P Conclusion: In our series, only lymphatic invasion in the primary tumor was correlated with metastases detection in the non-SLN. We could not identify a subset of patients without metastatic non-SLN in patients with metastatic SLN.

The effects of three different gas environments formed by pure argon, helium and nitrogen with variable pressures up to 300 Pa inside the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope on the electron beam parameters were investigated and compared using Monte Carlo calculations. The calculations show that the skirt of the electron beam probe is nearly independent of pressure in the case of helium, which is also supported by experimental evidence. Both theoretical simulation and experimental facts indicate helium as the environment of choice in specimen chambers for minimizing the effect of beam–gas interactions.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of plant mitochondria in redox sensing and hypersensitive response in a Nicotiana sylvestris mitochondrial mutant (CMSII mutant) that lacks a functional respiratory complex I. The abundance of compartment-specific transcripts encoding isoforms of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) was higher in the CMSII mutant. This suggests the presence of redox signalling, originating in the mitochondria, that affects the rest of the cell. In order to explore this further, the hypersensitive response induced in tobacco by harpin—a bacterial elicitor from Erwinia amylovora —was exploited as a model system for programmed cell death. Although the time course of harpin-induced necrosis was similar in the N. sylvestris wild-type and CMSII, several aspects of the hypersensitive response were found to be different in the mutant. For example, the accumulation of autofluorescent compounds, as observed under UV light, was lower in the mutant. In addition, presymptomatic transpiration was absent while cytosolic APX and PAL transcripts were enhanced. These results strongly suggest that mitochondrial functions (possibly mediated by redox changes) participate in the hypersensitive response to bacterial pathogens.

Sentinel node (SN) biopsy in breast cancer is still in a crucial stage of evaluation. Many teams have obtained excellent results using this method, with a detection rate always higher than 90% and a false negative rate between 0 and 8%, in prospective series. The main question is to know if lymphadenectomy can now be avoided when the SN is negative. The answer will come from the results of the two ongoing trials comparing sentinel node biopsy to axillary lymphadenectomy. But their results will be available only in two or three years. However, many teams, as at Institute Gustave Roussy, are now applying the technique routinely, because of the excellent results obtained during their learning curve. But there are some methodological differences between teams, which can influence the detection and false negative rates. Thus, several methodological standards remain to be defined. This review enable us to clarify a certain number of questions. Today, SN biopsy can only be performed by trained teams, with prospective evaluation of their results or participation in phase III trials.