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The water collection behaviour of colony foundresses of a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis , was recorded. A single round-trip of water collection consists of (1) an outward flight, (2) water-sucking, and (3) a homeward flight. The rate of water intake decreased as the length of water-sucking increased. There was a positive correlation between the duration of the outward flight and that of water-sucking. The variance of time for outward flights was larger than that for homeward flights. The data were consistent with the predictions of the central place foraging model of Orians & Pearson (1979) .

A meta-analysis was conducted to elucidate the factors affecting drinking water intake (DWI) in order to develop new DWI empricial predictive models for lactating dairy cows and to compare with existing models. A large dataset, containing 262 experimental diets from 75 experiments published in 65 peer-reviewed papers was built. Selected explanatory variables were grouped into animal (body weight (BW); BW0.75; milk yield), diet composition (dry matter; ash; sodium; potassium; crude protein (CP); neutral detergent fiber), dry matter intake (DMI) and environment (mean air temperature and relative humidity) inputs. To develop the predictive models, the dataset (peer-reviewed papers) was randomly divided into two subsets for statistical analyses. The first data subset was used to develop equations to predict DWI (41 peer-reviewed papers; 47 experiments; 157 experimental diets), and the second data subset was used to assess the adequacy of the predictive models (24 peer-reviewed papers; 28 experiments; 105 experimental diets). Ash was the main diet input affecting DWI in lactating dairy cows, while BW0.75 affected DWI more than milk yield. Use of dietary characteristics (DM, ash and CP) and DMI as inputs could be enough to predict DWI as accurately as more complete models. Dry matter intake as predictive variable does not improve DWI prediction in models with only animal (BW0.75 and milk yield) as input, but it substantially improves prediction of models without use of animal as input. Among the existing models evaluated, those developed from just one experiment (Castle and Thomas, 1975; Little and Shaw, 1978; Murphy et al., 1983; Stockdale and King, 1983; Dahlborn et al., 1998) had poor prediction quality. We proposed the use of two models (diet II and animal + diet models) that presented the lowest root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) to predict DWI in lactating dairy cows.

Reservoirs-coolers are a typical component of technological schemes of large energy complexes. Thus, it is important to maximize the efficiency of their exploitation. The present paper discusses the possibilities of the increase in the efficiency of reservoir-cooler usage on the example of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (further, PJSC “MMK”), which produces the greatest amount of rolled steel on one industrial site. A reservoir-cooler created on the basis of the Magnitogorsk Reservoir of Ural river is considered. The schemes for the location of the enclosing and diverting dams is suggested on the basis of hydrodynamic modeling in a 2D approach. The calculations are performed for different scenarios where both extreme climatic and technological conditions and the ones characterized by the highest repeatability are considered. To increase the stability of the reservoir-cooler functioning in a short periods of extremely high air temperatures, the scheme of the organization of selective water intake from the deep layers of the reservoir-cooler characterized by lower temperatures is worked out on the basis of hydrodynamic modelling in 3D approach.

The characteristics of frost heave have been evaluated with experimental results based on individual testing apparatus and methods even though frost heave testing methods have already been standardized in Japan and the U.S., such as through JGS 0172 and ASTM 5918. This paper introduces a simple frost heave testing method using a newly developed temperature-controllable cell. The reliability of the testing apparatus was carefully examined with various boundary temperature conditions based on a comparison between measured and calculated volumetric expansion of sandy soils when the pore water in a specimen was frozen. After temperature boundary conditions were determined, frost heave tests with frost-susceptible soils were performed along with measuring water intake. The adfreezing bond and side friction were thoroughly assessed, and a simple frost heave test method was finally established.

The paper focuses on practical ways of water intake in the raw sewage source heat-pump system and the application of the new type heat-exchanger, and gives an analysis on its hydraulic regime of its heat-supply. The experimental data shows that the system operates well and the coefficient of performance approximates to 4.0. The actual cost of the sewage-source heat pump system is about ¥16.77/m 2 , and the yearly saving cost is about ¥444000, which proves a great energy-saving effect. According to its operation, it gives an analysis about its unit exergetic cost from the prospective of thermal economy. The calculation result shows that the unit exergetic cost in intermediate pump is the highest, and the average value is 7.8 W/W.

Maintaining fluid balance is critical for life. The central components that control fluid intake are only partly understood. This contribution to the collection of papers highlighting work by members of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior focuses on the role that dopamine has on fluid intake and describes the roles that various bioregulators can have on thirst and sodium appetite by influencing dopamine systems in the brain. The goal of the review is to highlight areas in need of more research and to propose a framework to guide that research. We hope that this framework will inspire researchers in the field to investigate these interesting questions in order to form a more complete understanding of how fluid intake is controlled.

Shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka shows co-management like features. To understand the reasons behind co-management and to identify the mechanisms by which co-management is carried out, the paper examines shrimp aquaculture operations in three coastal communities using a case study approach. Water from an interconnected lagoon system is the key input for shrimp ponds, but it is also the potential source of shrimp disease outbreaks that threaten all shrimp farms. Farmers try to prevent the spread of disease by co-operating to adjust the timing of water intake and wastewater release. This is done through a zonal crop calendar system which is developed and implemented by a vertically integrated institutional structure with three levels: sub-zonal/community, zonal, and national. Partnerships, overall sharing of power and authority, and learning-by-doing are key features of this collaborative management system. The case shows that adaptive co-management can develop through collaborative problem-solving over time, even in the absence of legal arrangements.

Water can be a scarce resource, particularly in certain places at certain times. Understanding both water use and conservation efforts can help ensure that limited supplies can meet the demands of a growing population and economy. This paper examines water use and recirculation in the U.S. manufacturing sector, using newly recovered microdata from the (defunct) Survey of Water Use in Manufacturing, merged with establishment-level data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures and the Census of Manufactures. Results suggest that water use per unit of output is largest for larger establishments, in part because larger establishments use water for more purposes. Larger establishments are also found to recirculate water more – satisfying water use needs without necessarily increasing water intake. Various costs also appear to play a role in water recirculation. In particular, the water circulation rate is found to be higher when water is purchased from a utility. Relatively low (internal) prices for self-supplied water could suppress the incentive to invest in recirculation. Meanwhile, establishments with higher per-gallon water intake treatment costs also recirculate more, as might be expected. The cost associated with water discharge – due to regulation or otherwise – also increases circulation rates. The aridity of a locale is found to have little effect on circulation rates.

The desalination experience in Spain has been primarily initiated in the Canary Islands. A combination of scarce water sources and high water requirements to fulfill the two major industries, tourism and agricultural, has forced these islands to develop and experience with the major desalting technologies available. At the Jinamar plant, in the desalting pedigree was initiated in 1969 with the installation of 4×5,000m3/d low temperature MSF Wespoor plants (Las Palmas I), followed in 1981 by the 2×10,000 high temperature Babcock Wilcox MSF plants (Las Palmas II) and finally the installation in 1989 of 4×6,000m3/d RO plants (Las Palmas III), followed by an additional 2×6,000m3/d commissioned in 1992. In 1995 Emalsa took over the operation of Las Palmas III. A new 8,000-m3/d train has been recently installed. This paper will present the performance of the latter plant after the major overhauls carried out to improving water quality and production performance and reducing energy costing, The Las Palmas III water intake has, because of its surface nature, substantial amounts of organic matter and consequently fouling is a major problem in the operation of the plant. A brief summary of steps taken to control/reduce this fouling will also be presented.

This paper illustrates necessary conditions of optimality for single component water-using networks in process plants. These necessary conditions correspond to the optimal water allocation planning (WAP) problem that considers wastewater reuse on the basis of a single contaminant and where the objective is to minimize the total water intake. The conditions under which degenerate solutions are possible are also identified. Examples are discussed. A method that can be implemented by hand is also provided.

This paper introduces necessary conditions of optimality for water-using networks in refineries and process plants. These necessary conditions correspond to the optimal water allocation planning (WAP) problem that considers wastewater reuse on the basis of a single contaminant and where the objective is to minimize the total water intake. The conditions under which degenerate solutions are possible are also identified. Examples are discussed.

This paper describes some devices to assess hydraulic performances of geosynthetic clay liners and presents the results of field tests in different design configurations. Some large- and small-scale experiments are presented hereby in order to characterise these products under real condition of solicitations. This approach contrasts with traditional laboratory tests performed for construction quality management. Three main methods are presented. The first method consists of a field hydraulic conductivity test comparable to those made for clay liners. This short-term/short-scale device is adapted for thin liners mainly for quality control purposes. The second method was developed to follow quite long-term performances of GCL against water intake. A last method, based on lysimeter technology, allows a long-term and large-scale monitoring of GCLs with leakage collecting system. Many results obtained from field experimentation managed in France are presented and commented.

This paper describes a method for chronically cannulating the third ventricle of the white-crowned sparrow, a small passerine bird, without damaging the midsagittal sinus. The method is reliable and chronic over at least 1 month. The technique was verified by assessing the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on inducing drinking behavior. All birds rapidly recovered from the surgery and tolerated repeated injections spaced over 1 month. Animals were injected with saline or 0.01, 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 micrograms of ANG II, respectively. The intermediate dose of 1.0 microgram was maximally effective and caused a significant increase of water intake over the test hour. Lower and higher doses were less effective. This method for cannulating the third ventricle of small passerine birds should prove beneficial in future neurobiological applications.

This paper describes the use of an interactive simulation system (SONCHES) as a model and databank system. The basic model is a physiologically based toxicokinetic model (partition coefficient concept). This model takes circulation times into consideration and includes a metabolic subsystem with spot urine output. Data libraries related to the physiology of mammals, chemical substances, the external environment (exposure, physical activity, skin uptake, water intake) and real experiments allow various simulation experiments (scenarios). Scenario service and result post processing can be used to compare real experiment and simulated data (data-gathering and interpretation).

In this paper the effect on water intake of intracerebroventricular administration of the naturally occurring endecapeptide physalaemin is reported. Drinking was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II (100 ng/rat) or carbachol (300 ng/rat), water deprivation or NaCl load. Physalaemin produced a dose-dependent inhibition of water intake induced by angiotensin II. The inhibition was virtually complete at the dose of 500 ng/rat. The minimum dose employed (50 ng/rat) produced a 6% drinking inhibition. Physalaemin inhibited drinking induced by carbachol. The threshold dose was 125 ng rat . A virtually complete inhibition was produced by physalaemin, 1μg. The effect was dose-dependent. In water deprived rats 10 μg, but not lower doses, of the peptide produced a significant inhibition of water intake. The effect was short-lasting and ceased 30 min after the injection. Physalaemin was completely ineffective in sodium chloride-loaded rats, in spite of the very large doses employed (up to 5 mg/rat). The results of these experiments demonstrate that physalaemin is a potent antidipsogenic agent, but do not allow any conclusion to be made about the mechanism of its inhibitory effect. However, it is reasonable to propose that the effect is specific to the CNS and not simply due to the very marked vascular activity of the peptide.

Seawater intakes systems are the essential and integral part of a composit seawater desalination plant and it has to be designed with due care to cater to all conditions of operation and stoppage and also prevention of carry-over of materials like seaweed and sand, which may affect the operation of the plant. While considerable progress has been made in the water desalination technology not much appears to have been done to improve the intake systems. In fact each coast has its specific problem for seawater intake. In some it may be sand, in others mud, shellfish or other organisms. This paper highlights the main problem associated with the Libyan seacoast, i.e. seaweeds, its nature and presence, various designs adopted to overcome this at existing desalination plants and also the cost influence of the seawater intake system on the total project costs.

The classic “hypothalamocentric” theory of thirst has increasingly been challenged because the effects of hypothalamic lesions are not as behaviorally or anatomically specific as earlier research indicated. Instead, the attention of investigators in the field has increasingly been drawn to the lateral preoptic region and the tissues surrounding the anterior third ventricle. The present paper reviews these developments and proposes that still another diencephalic structure, the subthalamic region known as the zona incerta, may play a major role in the regulation of thirst and water intake.

The objectives of the paper are to show the efficacy of a newly developed X-ray radiography technique for the study of frost heaving, and to discuss experimental data which reveal the characteristics of the frozen fringe. An open-system frost heave test was conducted for about 700 hours. Lead sphere position markers, in which thermocouples are installed, were placed every 5 mm along the axis of a cylindrical 97 mm long specimen. Seventy-four X-ray radiographs were taken during the test. These X-ray radiographs show ice lenses and the lead spheres clearly. The measured co-ordinates and temperatures of the spheres enable precise temperature profiles to be determined for each X-ray radiograph. By referring the temperature profile to the X-ray photograph, the thickness and temperature range of the frozen fringe are determined. The data obtained by this experiment include heave rate, water intake rate, thickness and temperature range of the frozen fringe, and strain rate distribution within the specimen. From these, the periods of in situ and/or segregation freezing and water movement are discussed.

Two intraanimal heart puncture blood samples were taken from rats at intersample intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 days. In general there were decreases in food and water intake following such blood samples with accompanying declines in the concentration of urinary sodium and potassium ions. A period of one to four days was necessary for preblood sample food and water levels to be reattained. Second blood sample hematocrit data suggest that seven days are required for recovery to the first blood sample level. To insure against the confounding influences of too short an interval between heart puncture blood samples regarding the interpretation of an experimental manipulation it is the recommendation of this paper that a minimum of seven days pass between consecutive blood samples or between a blood sample and the experimental manipulation.

IN A recent communication (Ott, Boucher, and Knandel, 1942) the performance of Single Comb White Leghorns was reported for the first 24 weeks of age on two experiments in which four all-mash rations varying in feeding-cane molasses content were fed in duplicate from 1 day to 72 weeks of age. The present paper is a report of the performance of these fowls during the laying periods in these experiments. Previous investigators have reported various results with laying hens fed rations containing cane molasses. Winter (1929), in a six-month trial starting with 240 Leghorn hens and a year trial starting with 60 Leghorn pullets, reported nearly equal feed intake and egg production, lower mortality, and higher water intake with rations containing 5, 10, or 15 percent molasses than with rations containing no molasses. In one 20-week test starting with 100 Leghorns, Maw (1933) noted nearly equal feed intake and change in . . .

ROUTINE observation shows that chickens normally transfer variable but often considerable quantities of feed to the drinking water, where such feed is generally discarded in the cleaning operation. This paper attempts to quantify such feed wastage under several different combinations of feeding, watering, and bird-handling systems. Included are data on wastage patterns of individual birds in relationship to feed and water intake. PROCEDURE All data in this report are based on one group of 10 W. L. pullets, housed in individual cages (12 in. × 16 in. × 18 in.) of a commercial, multitiered laying battery. At the start of the study the birds were laying between 60–70%. They were alternately exposed to various combinations of management conditions, designed to simulate commercial operations, as follows: 1. Feeding Systems: All mash or all pellet-laying rations, replenished daily either in individual-bird-feeders or multibird-hoppers mounted in front of the cage. The feeding …

Many feed consumption records for growing turkeys have been published but none has been found showing the amount of water they consume. During the years 1944 to 1947 the writer conducted experiments wherein water consumption records were kept on four groups of turkeys throughout the entire 26-week growing period and for the first 13 weeks in one additional group. The data reported in this paper was obtained from control groups of broad-breasted bronze turkeys which were used in certain growth experiments. These turkeys, purchased as day-old poults from commercial hatcheries, were housed in pens approximately 10½′×16′ located in 20′×42′ poultry houses. Since no sun porches were available, the turkeys were raised in complete confinement. Experiment 1 was started on July 1, experiments 2 and 3 on April 13 and experiments 4 and 5 on April 17. Commercial turkey feeds were used in experiments 1, 2 and 3. In experiments 4 . . .