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Statement of problem Quick response (QR) codes are a fast and efficient technology for linking and accessing identifying information, and their use has been proposed in forensics. The heat resistance and esthetics of denture marking methods (DMMs) have been recommended by the American Dental Association (ADA), but studies on these aspects of printed QR codes are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal printed material with QR codes for implementation as a DMM adjusted to the recommendations of the ADA. Material and methods The behavior of 4 types of paper, bond paper, fiberglass filter paper, ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire paper, and polyolefin and silica paper with printed QR codes was analyzed. They were exposed to temperatures between 100 °C and 1000 °C in a heat muffle for 1 hour. Each specimen was subjected to both a morphological and a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanned by using 3 different smartphones. Results The scans were positive for bond paper (33.3%), fiberglass fiber paper (50%), ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire paper (100%), and polyolefin and silica paper (70.4%). The TGA revealed continuous decomposition curves (average 16.5 minutes at 624 °C). Conclusions Printed QR codes on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire paper appear to be suitable as information reservoirs, even surviving incineration, and may be implemented as a DMM conforming to the ADA recommendations.

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) with well-designed porous structure has the potential to be great electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and abundant resource, however, hindered by its intrinsic low conductivity and stability. Herein, MoS2 with 3D macroporous foam structure and high conductivity was obtained through SiO2 templates and integrated with carbon paper (3D F-MoS2/CP). It has showed superior specific capacity (225 mA h g−1, 0.4–3 V) and cycling stability (1000 cycles) at high rate (2000 mA g−1), with a low decay rate (0.033% per cycle) in sodium-ion batteries. The excellent electrochemical performance may originate from its unique integrated structure: 3D MoS2 macropores providing high surface area and abundant transfer channels while carbon paper enhancing the conductivity of MoS2 and avoiding unnecessary side reactions brought by binder addition.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology featuring low-cost, high-efficiency and scalability has presented great advantages in micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) fabrication. However, the limited capacitance of LIG based MSCs is still hindering their further development. Herein, we introduce joule heating as a critical in-situ treatment merged with the assembly of laser-induced graphene paper based MSCs (LIGP-MSCs) toward capacitive enhancement. By increasing heating-treatment temperature from ∼20 to 500 °C, the number of nanopores in LIGP continuously increases, attributed to the gradual decomposition of amorphous carbon components. The resulting joule-heated LIGP (J-LIGP) with improved specific surface area (160.97–533.49 m2/g) and pore volume (0.179–0.553 cm3/g) as well as superhydrophilic surface is highly suitable to be employed as J-LIGP-MSCs microelectrodes. By investigating process dependent performance, the J-LIGP-MSCs heated at 500 °C for 60 min delivers a significantly improved specific areal capacitance (CA) of 13.71 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s, which is approximately six-fold higher than that of unheated LIGP-MSCs. By further exploring and optimizing the process efficiency, J-LIGP-MSCs with a CA of 12.61 mF/cm2 has been achieved by 550 °C heating for only 5 min. Along with superior mechanical flexibility, cyclability and structural modularity, the proposed in-situ joule heating treatment is finally proved to be a universal approach for consistently enhancing the CA of LIG based MSCs processed under various chemical modifications.

This manuscript aimed to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of bagasse paper when coated with different coatings synthesized from hydroxyethyl cellulose, 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane, Talc powder, NaHCO3, cellulose nanocrystal. The effect of these coatings on the mechanical properties was studied by measuring elongation, tensile strength, and burst strength. The stages of degradation and ash residue of the measuring specimens were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), behind that, the ignition properties as the flame chamber (UL/94), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured according to standards. These tests proved that 1,3-di-p-toluidine-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane has a direct effect on improving the mechanical characteristics and enhancing the ignition properties of the coated specimens compared to uncoated. In this study the physical, mechanical, thermal, and ignition properties of the bagasse paper sheets were enhanced by easy and low-cost method via synthesis of new coatings based on commercially available chemicals in a reasonable cost.

Tremendous attention has been paid on high efficiency, readily available and stability of electrocatalysts. Herein, we ingenious report a one-step reaction strategy synthesis of CoFe/CP grown on three-dimensional (3D) nanoarray carbon paper (CP) containing non-precious metals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with low-cost and unique hierarchical porous structure. This amorphous CoFe/CP hybrid exhibits commendable electrocatalytic performance in the OER process, requiring only overpotential of 278 mV to achieve 10 mAcm−2 in 1.0 M KOH solution and a lower Tafel slope of 49.12 mVdec-1. In addition, this sample shows a long-term durability even at 200 mAcm−2 without obvious decay, which attributes to peculiar multistage graded nano structure and the change of composition at the interface of CP. Therefore, the remarkable OER activity can provide a new strategy to construct potential candidates, which will replace the state-of-the-art precious metals for OER in the future.

Developing efficient and stable non-noble metal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for sustainable overall water-splitting is extremely desirable but still a great challenge. Herein, we developed a facile strategy to fabricate Co3O4–CoOOH heterostructure nanosheet arrays with oxygen vacancies grown on carbon paper (Co3O4–CoOOH/CP). Benefiting from the unique 3D architecture, large surface area, synergistic effects between Co3O4, CoOOH and oxygen vacancies, the obtained self-supporting Co3O4–CoOOH/CP presents excellent electrocatalytic OER activity (low overpotentials of 245 and 390 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2) and robust long-term stability in alkaline condition. The present strategy provides the opportunities for the future rational design and discovery of high-performance non-noble metal based electrocatalysts for advanced water oxidation and beyond.

Graphene-based nanomaterials possess broad applications because of their excellent multi-functional properties. In this work, a facile self-assembling method was presented for preparing one kind of graphene oxide-based paper/hollow microspheres hybrid. It was found that most of the hollow microspheres can strongly anchored on the surface of graphene oxide paper (GOP) by an in-situ scanning electron microscope peeling testing combining with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In addition, the uniform distribution of hollow microspheres on the surface of GOP cannot only provide a better surface wettability, but also can effectively improve the interfacial stress-transfer capability between such hybrid and polymer matrix. Our work provides a guidance for the structural designs of graphene-based nanomaterials and broaden their applications.

Funding Information: The financial support of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Digital and Economic Affairs and the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development , Austria, is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the industrial partners Mondi, Canon Production Printing, Kelheim Fibres, and SIG Combibloc for their support. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. Hydrophobization of cellulosic materials and particularly paper products is a commonly used procedure to render papers more resistant to water and moisture. Here, we explore the hydrophobization of unsized paper sheets via the gas phase. We employed three different compounds, namely palmitoyl chloride (PCl), trifluoroacetic anhydride/acetic anhydride (TFAA/Ac2O)) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) which were vaporized and allowed to react with the paper sheets via the gas phase. All routes yielded hydrophobic papers with static water contact angles far above 90° and indicated the formation of covalent bonds. The PCl and TFAA approach negatively impacted the mechanical and optical properties of the paper leading to a decrease in tensile strength and yellowing of the sheets. The HMDS modified papers did not exhibit any differences regarding relevant paper technological parameters (mechanical properties, optical properties, porosity) compared to the non-modified sheets. XPS studies revealed that the HMDS modified samples have a rather low silicon content, pointing at the formation of submonolayers of trimethylsilyl groups on the fiber surfaces in the paper network. This was further investigated by penetration dynamic analysis using ultrasonication, which revealed that the whole fiber network has been homogeneously modified with the silyl groups and not only the very outer surface as for the PCl and the TFAA modified papers. This procedure yields a possibility to study the influence of hydrophobicity on paper sheets and their network properties without changing structural and mechanical paper parameters.

There is a pressing need around the world to develop novel functional biodegradable materials to separate oil/water mixtures and emulsions completely. Recently, superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity materials have been attracted attention due to their high efficiency in oil/water separation. However, it is still a challenge to prepare materials that combine oil/water separation and water purification in an environment-friendly way. In this work, biodegradable starch-based nanospheres (SNPs) coated filter paper was prepared in a low-cost, simple, and environmentally friendly manner. The SNPs coating could not only help to change the wettability of the substrate material but also build the hierarchical micro and nano structures which are conducive to separation and purification process. After modification by coating SNPs, the filter paper exhibited excellent performance in a wide range of oil/water mixtures or emulsions separation and the wettability of the filter paper could be regulated by adjusting the pH value. The modified filter paper presented good recyclability after several separation process. Furthermore, the as-prepared filter paper could also remove water-soluble contaminants during the oil/water separation process, thus realizing to combine separation and purification process in one single step. This biodegradable starch-based separating material with good separation performance, stability and recyclability has significant application potential in practical separation and purification process.

Starch and derivatives thereof have proven their usefulness in paper coating processes. Among these derivatives, cationic starch has been widely used in the paper industry as a flocculation, dispersion and ink fixing agent. In another context, nanoscale cellulosic materials have been shown to improve the strength, retention of fillers, the barrier properties of packaging paper products, and printing qualities. This review summarizes the recent studies on the general components used in paper coating, describes the conventional and alternative synthetic processes of cationic starches and nanocellulose, and deals with their current and potential applications in papermaking, focusing primarily on surface treatments. Moreover, environmental applications have been considered to expand the understanding and usefulness of these materials. Further research on modified polysaccharides is encouraged to replace, in a feasible way, petro-based components of coating formulations, and to provide paper surfaces with new properties.

By continuously varying the structure of graphene oxide paper (PRGP) using Joule heating annealing, we are able to tune its electrical conductivity (σ) and thermal diffusivity (α) in a very wide range: more than three orders of magnitude for σ (186–503009 S/m) and 10-fold for α (8.31 × 10−7 m2/s to 9.31 × 10−6 m2/s). Excellent coherency-linear relationship between σ and α is discovered although they are sustained by different carriers: electrons and phonons. Such coherency exists over two sections: σ > 2 × 104 S/m, and 103

This paper aimed to modify the ignitability of the bagasse paper by using talc powder, 1,3-di-aniline-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane, and nanocellulose crystal. The formation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal analysis as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the specimens recorded the improvement of the highest % of ash residue at 750 °C compared to the untreated one. The shape of the flame spread was studied. The ignition properties were studied for the untreated and treated specimens by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and flame chamber (UL/94), which recorded enhancing compared to the untreated specimen. This improvement was recorded either by measuring the mechanical properties (tensile strength, burst strength, elongation, and elasticity) of the specimens. The current article showed that the treated specimen was recorded the highest values compared to the untreated one in all physical, mechanical, and ignition properties, so these treatment paper sheets may be used as fire-retardant packaging materials.

This work investigates the influence of blending waste paper and cement at fixed proportion with varying proportions of chicken feather fiber (CFF) and wood saw dust (WSD) as reinforcements. Samples produced were tested for flexural properties and water absorption potentials. The outcome showed that with increasing CFF content and reducing WSD content, water absorption reduced while flexural strength, modulus of ruptures (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increases. MOR and MOE were at peaked when the ratio of CFF to WSD was 3:2 while flexural strength reached it crescendo at 4:1 of CFF to WSD. It was noticed that higher CCF content from 3 to 5 wt% gave better results in most of the investigated properties compared to WSD. Therefore, it was concluded that low quantity of WSD is needed to form a synergy with CFF in order to achieve optimum results. Well dispersed CFF-WSD phase in waste paper-cement based composites was observed to be responsible for the enhancement in the investigated properties.

A novel nacre-like flame-retardant paper based on graphene oxide (GO), and phytic acid (PTA) is fabricated via evaporation-induced self-assembly. This facile method is time saving and low energy consuming. A facile approach is proposed to improve thermal oxidative stability of GO paper by in situ phosphorus doping during flame exposure. Then fire-alarm system is designed based on the high-temperature thermal reduction characteristic of GO. The GO paper functionalized with PTA (GO-PTA) can provide ultrasensitive, reliable and longtime fire early-warning signal. Fire alarm can be triggered at approximately 0.50 s when GO-PTA samples are attacked by fire. Phosphorus atoms are in situ doped into graphene layers during fire exposure, endowing GO-PTA paper with outstanding thermal oxidative stability, and thus alarm duration time of GO is greatly improved. The work develops advanced fire detection and early-warning sensors that provide reliable and continuous signals, which provide more available time for fire evacuation.

Simultaneous enhancement in water flux and removal efficiency during the filtration process remains a big challenge for separation membranes. The porous structure of the filter paper can provide many channels for water transportation, but the separation performance is generally poor. The purpose of this study is to develop a new kind of filter paper consisting of ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires, cellulose fibers (CFs) and double metal oxide (LDO) nanosheets, and to achieve the simultaneous enhancement of both water flux and removal efficiency for high-performance dye separation. In this work, a novel kind of LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper consisting of ultralong HAP nanowires and CFs and LDO nanosheets has been developed for rapid water filtration and highly efficient dye adsorption. Positively charged LDO nanosheets can adsorb on the surface of negatively charged ultralong HAP nanowires and embed in the porous networked structure of the LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper, which can provide a porous structure for rapid water transportation and can adjust the pore size of the nanocomposite filter paper. As a result, the pure water flux of the LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper can be adjusted. The optimized pure water flux of the LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper can reach 783.6 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, which is 1.51 times that of the HAP/CF filter paper without LDO nanosheets (518.6 L m-2 h-1 bar-1). More importantly, the adsorption capacity of LDO nanosheets is high for dye molecules, the rejection percentage of Congo red (CR) by the as-prepared HAP/CF filter paper is only 59.8%, and its water flux is 534.7 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. The optimized rejection percentage and water flux of the LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper for CR are significantly enhanced (98.3% and 736.8 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, respectively) compared to those of the HAP/CF filter paper. The size of LDO nanosheets has a significant effect on the water flux and dye rejection percentage of the LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper. The as-prepared LDO/HAP/CF nanocomposite filter paper is promising for the applications in highly efficient purification of wastewater containing dye molecules.

With the rapid emergence of wearable devices, flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are much more needed than ever. Free-standing graphene-based composite paper electrodes with various active materials have appealed wide applications in flexible LIBs. However, due to the prone-to-restacking feature of graphene layers, a long cycle life at high current densities is rather difficult to be achieved. Herein, a unique three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically porous NiO micro-flowers/graphene paper (fNiO/GP) electrode is successfully fabricated. The resulting fNiO/GP electrode shows superior long-term cycling stability at high rates (e.g., storage capacity of 359 mAh/g after 600 cycles at a high current density of 1 A/g). The facile 3D porous structure combines both the advantages of the graphene that is highly conductive and flexible to ensure rapid electrons/ions transfer and buffer the volume expansion of NiO during charge/discharge, and of the micro-sized NiO flowers that induces hierarchical between-layer pores ranging from nano-micro meters to promote the penetration of the electrolyte and prevent the re-stacking of graphene layers. Such structural design will inspire future manufacture of a wide range of active materials/graphene composite electrodes for high performance flexible LIBs.

Background Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based on highly sensitive, flexible, solid-state sensors can provide molecular vibrational fingerprints of targeted substances in point-of-care (POC) analysis. Cellulose paper offers many advantages for the build-up of silver and gold nanostructures on a three-dimensional scaffold. Such composites can be made to contain SERS hot spots required for sensitive SERS detection in an active solid-state sensor. Scope and approach In this review, we discuss the key technical issues involved in the fabrication of SERS sensors combining a metallic SERS substrate and a cellulose paper support. We then survey recent literature for methods designed to address these issues with applications to support food safety where POC analysis serves as a valuable tool. Key findings and conclusions Sensitivity of detection is a primal challenge in the development of a paper-based SERS substrate. The fibril structures of paper materials, a suitable modification for improved bonding at the paper-metal interface, and the surface conditions of metal nanostructures all contribute to sensitive SERS performance on paper. Continuing expansion of spectrum collection in a database format, diverse methods for the statistical analyses of Raman spectra, and advanced integration of portable Raman instruments with the mobile tele-networks are critical in the further development of flexible SERS sensor in POC testing of food-borne substances.

In this paper, nanochitin was used as an alternative natural nanomaterial to combine with cellulose fibers for fabricating high-strength paper. Two typical chitin nanowhiskers having contrasting sign of surface charge were compared to evaluate the enhancement performance on paper in details. The results show that nanochitin with positive charges on the surface has a significant effect on the strength properties of the prepared paper, especially on wet strength. When the dosage of chitin nanowhiskers was 2%, the wet strength index was increased to 2.48 N·m/g, which is important for paper-based analytical devices with the common use in liquid analysis. Typical colorimetric glucose assays were successfully performed, suggesting the improved analytical performance on these prepared paper.

China, a big paper-making country, produced hundreds of millions of tons of waste paper which contain a lot of fiber every year. Cellulose nanocrystals were extracted from recycled waste paper which can be a high value utilization of secondary fiber. In this paper, cellulose nanocrystals were successfully extracted from waste paper fibers via two different systems, sulfuric acid hydrolysis (SCNCs) and one-step ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation (OCNCs). This not only broadened the methods of extracting CNCs from waste paper, but also improved the dispersion and reactivity of CNCs. The CNCs products were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy for functional group structure, X-ray diffraction for crystal structure, TG-DTG for thermal stability and scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope for morphology. The results showed that both OCNCs and SCNCs were a rod-like structure. The crystallinity of OCNCs and SCNCs increased to 72.45 and 77.56, but with a low yield of 22.42% and 41.22%, respectively. The result also suggested H2O2 formed by decomposition of APS, selectively oxidized the hydroxyl on the C6 in cellulose to carboxyl, introduced 0.57 mmol/g carboxyl. Successful preparation of CNCs extracted from waste paper can effectively utilize the fiber resources in waste paper, thus transforming into higher economic benefits.

Filter paper, as a widely used and low-cost lab consumable, can serve as template for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) materials since it is composed of 1D cellulosic fiber. In this work, 1D NiO/NiCo2O4 composite was simply fabricated by adsorption of Ni and Co acetate on the filter paper and subsequent calcination process. The precursors were obtained without further treatment to filter paper or chemical reaction between metal salts. Calcination process leads to the removal of template and formation of binary NiO/NiCo2O4 composite. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption performance of NiO/NiCo2O4 composite could be tuned by adjusting the calcination temperatures and dosage of metal salts. For the optimized absorber (calcination temperature of 600 °C and dosage of Ni and Co acetate with 2 mmol and 4 mmol), a wide absorption bandwidth of 6.08 GHz could be achieved with thickness of 1.88 mm and minimum reflection loss value was up to −57.4 dB by changing the thickness. The facile synthetic route may also inspire the preparation of other high-performance one-dimensional EM wave absorbing materials.

Aim of the present work was to deepen the knowledge on the effects of funori on cellulose fibers with particular attention paid to their consolidation. Compared to canvas, paper samples (untreated or artificially aged) show different fiber packaging and liquid-absorbing properties. Herein, we conducted observations of cellulose fibers by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate the seaweed extraction method employed in this work, as well the consolidation action had on the fibers through multiple additions of the prepared solutions. Surface homogeneity and fiber stiffness observed by us increased over time and the fibers, initially frayed and disordered, were eventually incorporated into the purified funori after several solution additions accompanied also by a progressive occlusion of the pores. The achieved consolidation effect was confirmed by means of mechanical tests. Moreover, the method herein developed was slightly modified in view of the application of the funori solution to a cultural asset of historical and botanical interest, still scarcely studied. Electronic microscopy allowed us to evaluate the consolidation and gluing effect obtained through subsequent funori applications.

Photocatalytic materials have been widely used to remove dyes from printing and dyeing wastewater. However, difficulty in recycling of photocatalysts is the great concern in the real catalytic applications, which significantly raises the application cost. This study developed a low-cost catalyst by loading magnetic Ni onto filter paper (FP) via an easy going in-situ reaction. The characterization results displayed that the Ni particles were uniformly anchored onto the FP. The Ni@FP material presented a strong magnetic ability which was evidenced by a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 5.014 emu·g−1, a remanent magnetization (Mr) of 2.067 emu·g−1 and a coercivity (Hc) of 133.868 Oe. Meanwhile, the magnetic Ni@FP material displayed a recyclable advantage in photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) via an external magnetic field. There existed an optimal photocatalytic degradation rate of 93.40% within 5 min when MO concentration was 15 mg·L−1 at pH 8.0. Three cycle experiments confirmed that the Ni@FP possessed a satisfied stability and recycling ability. Moreover, the Ni@FP material presented a strong antibacterial activity which can prevent it from being contaminated by microorganisms. The versatility of the newly proposed photocatalyst in this study demonstrated its great application prospect in dyeing wastewater treatment.

SnO2 nanoparticles @ carbon nanoparticles (SnO2@carbon NPs) were synthesized by a facile route using SnCl2·2H2O and filter paper as precursors for lithium ion battery. The different sized nanoparticles of SnO2@carbon NPs were prepared at different temperatures (400, 450 and 500 °C). From the powder X-ray diffraction study the various size of prepared nanoparticles at different temperatures were found to be 16.5 nm (400 °C), 28.5 nm (450 °C), and 35.6 nm (500 °C). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study reveals the particle nature of synthesized SnO2@carbon NPs. The presence of individual constituents such as Sn, O and C was confirmed by EDAX analysis. TG/DTA studies give assurance of the presence of carbon nanoparticles. FT-Raman spectral study also confirmed the phase and structure of SnO2 nanoparticles. The band gaps of SnO2@carbon NPs prepared at different temperatures (400, 450 and 500) were found to be 3.64 eV, 3.39 eV, and 3.17 eV, respectively by a UV–Vis spectral study. The capacity of SnO2@ carbon NPs prepared at 500 °C was found to be showing better electrochemical properties.

A sonication of graphite in polysaccharide (pullulan, chitosan and alginate) is one of the viable methods for the preparation of few-layer graphene. However, the effect of these adsorbed polysaccharides on the electrical performance of the produced graphene so far is not yet clear. In order to investigate the present effect of pullulan, chitosan and alginate on the electrical characteristic of resulted graphene, we have produced few-layer graphene using bath sonication of graphite in pullulan, chitosan and alginate medium for the application as electrical conductive ink in strain-sensitive. Data from the TEM reveals the appearance of folded few-layer graphene flakes after sonication for 150 min while the XPS data shows that the chitosan-based graphene possesses the highest carbon-oxygen ratio of 7.2 as compared to that of the pullulan and alginate-based graphene. By subjecting the produced graphene as the ink for paper-based strain sensor, we have discovered that the chitosan-graphene has the best resistivity value (1.66 × 10-3 Ω⋅cm) and demonstrate the highest sensitivity towards strain (GF: 18.6). This result interestingly implies the potential of the reported chitosan-based conductive ink as a strain-sensitive material for future food packaging.

Nano-dielectrics, which were discovered more than 20 years ago, were once considered as promising insulators. Adding or hybridizing inorganic oxides into polymer matrices inevitably results in poor compatibility between multiphase materials and thus results in limited breakdown strength improvement (generally lower than 20%). Therefore, we bypassed the traditional nano-doping method and proposed the direct construction of matrix materials on nanostructures, that is, a ceramic fiber-porous silica composite insulating paper. The breakdown strength of prepared dielectric was remarkably improved by 120.5%. To the best of our knowledge, such a high improvement in electrical performance has not been reported in previous studies.

All inorganic perovskite nanocrystals attracted the scientific community owing to its interesting properties. Even though lead halide perovskites having many advantages, the decomposition in the presence of moisture is its major limitation. Herein, we are using this phenomena for the sensing of atmospheric humidity. A cost-effective sensor was developed by the dip-coating of CsPbBr3 to Whatman 40 filter paper. The complete disappearance of the emission from this perovskite coated filter paper was monitored using an ultraviolet chamber. Interestingly, with the increase in the relative atmospheric humidity, the decomposition of CsPbBr3 was found to be faster. In our experimental regime, 30–95% relative atmospheric humidity, we found the sensor is active. Apart from the sensing activity, by knowing the kinetics of decomposition of CsPbBr3 perovskites, new methodologies can be adopted for stabilizing solar cells made of lead halide perovskite as active material.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. The enhancement of fingermarks on thermal paper can be challenging due to background staining caused by polar solvents used in fingermark enhancement techniques such as ninhydrin. This study explored a commercial one-step superglue fuming process, Lumicyano™, and Vacuum Metal Deposition (VMD) to develop fingermarks on this substrate and overcome this issue. Different sequential treatments involving Lumicyano™ and a combination of VMD methods were investigated with varying degrees of success with some sequences being highly sensitive. The VMD processes, however, were observed to generally be more effective at enhancing marks, whereas Lumicyano™ provided little or no benefit on this paper type. The results indicate that Lumicyano™ is only beneficial as a pre-treatment when the entire sequence of gold/zinc and silver/zinc is taken to completion. The gold/zinc and silver/zinc VMD processes were optimised on five different thermal papers, and the optimised techniques were then directly compared to determine which was more successful on each thermal paper type as a single treatment.

Point-of-care (POC) detection is crucial in clinical diagnosis in order to provide timely and specific treatment. Combining polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer, p-phenylene diisothiocyanate (PDITC) and superparamagnetic beads, a novel method to activate the surface of filter paper to bind DNA molecules has been developed. The method is based on the primary amination of the filter paper surface with PAMAM dendrimer, followed by generation of isothiocyanate groups via PDITC, and subsequent repetition of these two steps. Different parameters of the process have been optimized, including probe printing, preparation of target DNAs and detection. The result shows that, due to the highly porous structure of filter paper, high amounts of printed probes, target DNAs and magnetic beads can provide high signal intensities in the detection area via probe/target duplex formation. This method is suitable for rapid, specific and cost-efficient DNA detection on cellulose filter paper. It can be used as a POC device, in particular for diagnosis and treatment management of infectious diseases and identification of antimicrobial drug resistance genes.

The advancement in plastic and plastic based products in last two decades has imposed a serious threat to the environment. This has led to an increase in the demand for sustainable and biobased products. Paper and paper products are good alternatives to their plastic counterparts. A key element of paper industry is the raw material (wood, bamboo and nonwood agricultural residues such as bagasse, straws etc.) from which pulp is produced. The pulp is then utilized for production of paper. There are many pulping processes to prepare pulp of various qualities. For fine grade pulp, chemical pulping is used. The chemical pulp is produced by soda, kraft and sulphite pulping processes. However, for newsprint grade pulp, stone ground wood (SW), thermomechanical (TMP), chemi-thermomechanical (CTMP), chemi-mechanical (CMP) or refiner mechanical (RMP) corresponding pulping processes are employed. The method of pulp preparation (pulping process) consumes large amount of energy and chemicals. A new pulping process with electron irradiation using biowaste (bagasse) as a raw material is discussed in this work. Bagasse pulping process is found to reduce about 50% of energy consumption during pulping process. The process is referred to as ‘ECTMP’ (Energy Efficient Chemi-Thermo Mechanical Pulping). The paper produced from aforesaid method also reflected no loss of strength properties with respect of TMP reference pulps. Henceforth, preliminary calculation based on experimental results shows that the proposed bagasse ECTMP process explored the scope of energy savings of the order of 50%.

Unprinting of paper can reduce multiple life-cycle stages in the recycling of paper to yield significant environmental impact. Laser-unprinting has been demonstrated for uncoated paper but causes significant damage to coated paper. This work explores a scalable optical (non-laser) process for unprinting coated paper. Printed coated paper is exposed to pulsed broad-spectrum Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) from a xenon lamp and the toner is then removed by dabbing gently with an ethanol wipe. While black toner is easily unprinted, unprinting of colored prints (red, blue, green) is best realized by incorporating an initial overprint of black toner. An unprinting throughput on the order of mm2/s is achieved. Three distinct regimes of unprinting are identified based on the extent of toner removal and damage of the paper. The optical properties of the unprinted paper, characterized via UV–Visible spectrophotometry, are correlated to these regimes to understand the potential for in-situ optical process monitoring. Scanning Electron Micrography and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy are performed to understand the underlying mechanisms that govern the occurrence of the different unprinting regimes. Further, the potential impact of the developed approach on recycling of paper is discussed in the context of the capabilities of current optical unprinting approaches and the potential elimination of life-cycle stages in conventional paper recycling.

The application of microfluidics for largescale rapid analytics holds great promise in the pharmaceutical diagnostics and analytical chemistry. Here we report a paper based microfluidic substrate designed by the impregnation of Silver nanoparticles. This study demonstrates the achievement of a thousand-fold increase in the successful detection level up to 10 ppb (90.8 nM) by employing Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of Catechol. The presented sensor exhibits the following main features: (i) high specificity of enzyme (Hemocyanin)-based sensing, (ii) effective SERS sensitivity, (iii) easiness and cost-effectiveness of a paper-based platform. We rationalize these findings using the ab initio DFT simulations using Gaussian 09 whose theoretical calculations reflect the observed experimental Raman peaks.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:04:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-06-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Development and application of a new, simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly method is presented for the quantification of bumetanide in human urine samples for the detection of doping in sports. The method involves the use of a paper platform and digital image detection and is based on the reaction between bumetanide, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (p-DAC), and HCl in a methanolic medium, yielding a colored compound in a delimited area on a qualitative filter paper. The concentrations of p-DAC and HCl were optimized by a chemometric experimental design. After the addition of the reagents to the paper, digital images were obtained by scanning in a multifunctional printer and analyzed using the RGB pattern. The linear bumetanide concentration range was 6.90 × 10 −5 –1.37 × 10 −3 mol L −1 with R 2 = 0.993 and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 3.60 × 10 −4 and 1.09 × 10 −4 mol L −1 , respectively. A SPE clean-up step for the samples were required to eliminate the interference of urinary urea. The recoveries obtained varied from 94% to 105%, indicating the absence of significant matrix effects or interferences in urine samples after clean-up step. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of bumetanide in human urine samples. Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” UNESP, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, P.O. Box 355 Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” UNESP, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, P.O. Box 355 CAPES: 001 FAPESP: 2015/21733-1

Graphene oxide (GO) paper is an attracting structural material because of its high stiffness and light-weight. In order to exploit the high strength and stiffness of individual GO nanosheet into GO paper, the fabrication process must be optimized. In this study we fabricated ultra-stiff and strong GO paper by directed-flow vacuum filtration and compared its mechanical properties under different loading conditions. We also explored the effect of cross-linking with borax, thermal annealing and sonication to further enhance mechanical properties. The stiffest GO paper reported here has a tensile modulus of 109.9 GPa and a flexural modulus of 45.7 GPa. We also found that the flexural modulus of GO paper is significantly lower than the tensile modulus because of interlayer shearing, micro-buckling and delamination during flexural deformation. The properties of GO papers therefore need to be carefully selected for mechanical structures where flexion is the major deformation. This study provides significant insights about improving mechanical properties of GO paper and selecting GO paper for different loading conditions.

The application of pulp and paper fibers as reinforcement in thermoplastic composites involves several advantages, such as sustainability, constant fiber quality and high mechanical properties. This work compares three different processing methods for the production of paper-reinforced polypropylene composites. The composites were produced by (i) hot pressing, (ii) injection molding and (iii) a pre-coating process with fiber volume fractions between 10 and 65%. The mechanical properties were investigated by tensile and flexural testing. Furthermore, SEM analysis and porosity determination were carried out. The results were correlated with the according processing method and evaluated towards the highest composite performance. As a result, laminated composites with intact paper layers, showed significantly higher mechanical properties, due to the fiber orientation in the paper sheet and good adhesion between the matrix and the paper fibers. Compounded and injection molded composites showed a high degree of fiber agglomeration and less orientated fibers in the composite leading to reduced mechanical properties.

Eco-friendly oil–water separation substrates are mostly recommended in the present context of the world. In the present work, biodegradable and more economical ultrahydrophobic composite material was synthesized by sol–gel method using silica nanoparticles (SiO2) and poly (methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) polymer (PMMA) with 1H,1H,2H,2H Perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) coupler, and coated on 40-grade cellulose filter paper with a dip-coating method. As-prepared surfaces achieved static contact angle more than 175° and sliding angle 3.8°. The microstructure and chemical composition of ultrahydrophobic filter paper were characterized by scanning electric microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Flourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The coated filter paper accomplished 98% oil–water separation efficiency by filtering different oils. Besides, the SiO2 nanoparticles were enhanced the thermal and UV aging resistance. The coated surfaces also showed excellent chemical inertness, and mechanical durability tested. This research work can be employed yet for domestic and industrial applications at a large scale for oil–water separation and self-cleaning.

Paper-based flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chips have been demonstrated to have great potential for future practical applications in point-of-care testing (POCT) due to the potentials of massive fabrication, low cost, efficient sample collection and short signal acquisition time. In this work, common filter paper and Ag@SiO2core-shell nanoparticles (NP) have been utilized to fabricate SERS chips based on shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). The SERS performance of the chips for POCT applications was systematically investigated. We used crystal violet as the model molecule to study the influence of the size of the Ag core and the thickness of the SiO2coating layer on the SERS activity and then the morphology optimized Ag@SiO2core-shell NPs was employed to detect thiram. By utilizing the smartphone as a miniaturized Raman spectral analyzer, high SERS sensitivity of thiram with a detection limit of 10−9M was obtained. The study on the stability of the SERS chips shows that a SiO2shell of 3 nm can effectively protect the as-prepared SERS chips against oxidation in ambient atmosphere without seriously weakening the SERS sensitivity. Our results indicated that the SERS chips by SHINERS had great potential of practical application, such as pesticide residues detection in POCT.

Conjugated amino acid with nano-biodegradable polymer was applied as ecofriendly and edible coating. Polystyrene sulfate (PSS) was highly investigated with dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure the particle size and over charge (zeta potential measurements) of nano-polymer system as well as the homogeny of particle distribution in presence and absence of Lysine mixture (AA). In addition, topographical structure of the coating was studied for PSS, AA and conjugated one as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Antimicrobial test cleared that the prepared conjugate described as broad-spectrum antibacterial agent as well as antifungal with different concentrations. The hydrophilic active ingredient is absorbed into fiber, distributed homogenously and kept out the fiber loaded with antimicrobial properties over all areas. Tensile strength of the paper sheets coated with uni-layer 200 µ thickness presented good improving in physical and mechanical properties of coated paper sheets as well as gives more fiber condensation according to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) topography.

Paper-based devices are always more gaining a relevant position in the field of sensors. The continuous demand for affordable, simple, sustainable, and portable devices, is making paper as the ideal basis towards the realization of analytical tools for the easy self-testing. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, the development of a disposable paper-based printed electroanalytical strip for reliable, rapid, and high-throughput detection of glutathione in blood. The detection is based on the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction, which produces a detectable compound easily oxidizable at a Prussian Blue/carbon black nanocomposite involving a favorable low-interference overpotential. This nanocomposite is mixed within a carbon-based conductive ink and successively screen-printed onto a wax-patterned filter paper. The employment of paper provides a reagent-free device, as a consequence of the reagents pre-loading within the testing area. After the experimental conditions have been optimized, glutathione has been detected up to 10 mM, with a detection limit of 60 μM, and a sensitivity of (0.102 ± 0.005) μA/mM. This sensor showed satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation equal to 10%, for detection of glutathione 1 mM), especially by considering the hand-made manufacturing process. The “real-world” applicability of this strip has been evaluated by quantifying blood glutathione at physiological levels and by recovery studies achieving satisfactory values.

The development of renewable energy sources minimizes the burning of fossil fuels for clean and green environment. Electrochemical energy storage/conversion device pays a way towards sustainable development that concludes an emerging field in the trends of the research community. Prominently, the functional materials with suitable structure and property determine the performance and durability of the devices. In recent times, graphene with its tremendous properties play a major role in electrochemical energy device applications. Meanwhile, the graphene-based electrodes were fabricated by various coating techniques on existing electrodes that utilized for energy device fabrication. Apart from these, it is also fabricated in a paper like a form (self-supported or free-standing) with its remarkable high conductivity, flexibility, robustness and electrochemical behavior which have been nominated for fabrication of flexible energy devices. Paper-like electrodes become an emerging field to fabricate a light-weight and flexible electronic devices for future prospects. Thus, we have summarized a synthetic strategy of graphene paper and its properties that potentially focused on flexible device fabrication in both the energy storage and conversion system. Hence, this review boosts up the forthcoming researchers to enhance the device performance with interrelating free-standing graphene and other host material.

A facile and feasible method for decoration of iron oxide (Fe3O4) submicron-sized particles on carbon paper at room temperature in a short time of 10 min is demonstrated in this work. The Fe3O4-particles decorated carbon papers were used as the negative electrode for an Fe-air rechargeable battery in both an alkaline aqueous solution system and an all-solid-state system. As for the all-solid-state Fe-air rechargeable battery, KOH-ZrO2 electrolyte powder developed by our group was used in the battery fabrication. In the alkaline aqueous solution based Fe-air rechargeable battery, a high initial discharge capacity of 460 mAh g−1(Fe) was achieved. Meanwhile, in the novel all-solid-state Fe-air rechargeable battery system, an initial discharge capacity of 70 mAh g−1(Fe) was obtained demonstrating the feasibility of this system that could be further developed towards a practical Fe-air rechargeable battery for portable and lightweight device application.

Microbial fuel cell is a promising technology to harvest energy from wastewater, and effective anode catalysts are essential for its applications. In this study, zero-dimension nitrogen-doped carbon dots, as biocompatible efficient modifiers, were synthesized and decorated onto the carbon paper surface to prepare microbial fuel cell anode. The as-fabricated nitrogen-doped carbon dots decorated carbon paper anode was able to enhance electricity generation and efficient wastewater treatment. It was found that the as-fabricated electrode had a high hydrophilicity, which was favorable for the microbial immobilization. Compared with the carbon paper anode, the biofilm on the as-prepared anode was almost twice of thickness. After introducing nitrogen-doped carbon dots, the extracellular electron transfer process from the microorganisms to the anode was enhanced. The microbial fuel cell with the as-developed anode generated a remarkable power output of 0.32 mW, 1.1 times higher than that of the raw carbon paper anode with same measurement area. Moreover, 16 sRNA pyrosequencing analysis shows that the quantity of Pseudomonas on the electrode increased by ∼40%, which also promoted the electron transfer rate by excreting mediators like phenazines or phenazine derivatives. This work developed a new approach to design microbial fuel cell anode material and fabricate a high-efficiency and environmentally friendly anode for electricity generation from wastewater.

Great attention has been drawn to flexible and portable electronic devices, so it is important to develop flexible energy-storage devices. In this study, the porous Ni-Co-N nanosheets on flexible graphene paper (GP) are prepared by surface nitridation of NiCo2O4 nanosheets. Compared with NiCo2O4/GP, Ni3N/GP and CoN/GP, Ni-Co-N/GP shows superior performance in terms of specific capacitance of 960 F/g (48.1 mF/cm2) at 4 A/g, rate performance (86% capacitance retention) and cycle life (the capacitance retention reaches 95% over 5000 cycles). The paper-based all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors (SCs) are manufactured based on Ni-Co-N/GP and chemical oxidized GP (graphene oxide paper, GOP), which exhibits excellent bendability, flexibility, editability. The flexible energy device shows an outstanding specific energy of 4.78 mWh/cm3 and excellent cycle life (89% capacitance retention after 8000 cycles).

We introduce a facile and low-cost method for fabricating gold nanostructures on cellulose filter paper (CFP) to prepare a paper-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor for label-free molecular detection. Polymerized dopamine (PD) was used as an adhesive layer on the CFP and simultaneously functioned as a reducing agent for gold nanoparticle (AuNP) nucleation. The size of the AuNPs was dependent on the pH of the gold precursor solution, and nanoparticles with an average size of 102 nm were formed on the PD-coated CFP at a pH 3, exhibiting high SERS activity. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of the electromagnetic field enhancement of AuNPs with different sizes and interparticle distances were performed to identify the origin of the SERS effect. The developed paper-based SERS substrate showed uniform and excellent molecular sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10−7 M for methylene blue, as measured by a portable Raman spectrometer. Furthermore, as a field application test, surfaces of apples were pretreated with diquat (DQ) and paraquat (PQ) pesticides, which were then detected down to a concentration of 1 ppm after simple attachment of the sensor on the apple peels and performing a SERS measurement. The developed paper-based SERS sensor is expected to be applicable as a label-free sensor for a variety of chemical and biological molecules.

A paper-based pressure sensor constructed by sandwiching a piezoresistive film between two pieces of paper substrates with silver electrodes is reported in this work. The resulting devices exhibited rapid response and recovery speed, and the response and recovery times were 0.6 s and 0.2 s, respectively, under a pressure of approximately 1.5 kPa. In addition, the device can be especially sensitive to pressures less than 3 kPa. Finally, the devices were used to monitor physiological signals, including the motions of fingers, vocal cord vibration and wrist pulse. The advantages of paper-based devices, such as low cost, portability and flexibility, will have great potential for expanding the application of resultant sensors in wearable medical devices.

There is a high interest in nanomaterials that effectively deactivate different types of bacteria and provide alternatives to chemical substances and antibiotics. This research is reporting the antibacterial performance in contaminated water of flexible structures consisting of thin metallic films deposited on water filter paper. Coatings were performed at low temperatures using high vacuum direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering deposition. The effectiveness of different metallic nanoparticles in functionalizing the fibrous surfaces and deactivating bacteria from water was tested during the experiment. The surface morphology of coated filter paper was characterized using digital optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fibrous substrates provided large area of exposure for metals to bacteria. X-ray diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) were used to identify the chemical composition of the structures. The antibacterial performance was evaluated against Escherichia coli (E-coli) and total coliforms using the standardized membrane filtering technique for water and wastewater examination. Silver and copper effectively deactivate coliforms from water with copper providing higher performance. The antibacterial effect of copper and silver coatings with different thicknesses as well as the nanolayered combination of the two metals was also investigated. It was observed that coatings remained adherent to substrates and the antibacterial performance was maintained over consecutive exposures.

Development of recoverable and sustainable catalysts for environmental remediation still remains a great challenge. Here, we report a simple approach to immobilizing polyethylenimine (PEI)-templated silver nanoparticles (Ag PTNPs) onto the surface of cellulose filter paper for catalytic applications. First, branched PEI was utilized as a template to complex Ag(I) ions, then, sodium borohydride was applied as a reducing agent to generate Ag PTNPs. Thereafter, the formed Ag PTNPs were assembled onto filter paper via electrostatic interaction. The developed Ag PTNP-immobilized filter paper was characterized through different methods. We show that Ag PTNPs with a mean diameter of 4.6 ± 1.3 nm are able to be immobilized onto the surface of filter paper, and the Ag paper displays a remarkable catalytic activity and reusability towards the catalytic transformation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The developed approach may be extended for the production of different kinds of NP-immobilized filter paper for the applications in sensing, environmental remediation, and biomedicine.

The direct coating of graphene sheets obtained by electrochemical exfoliation on commercial paper renders the preparation of highly conductive flexible paper substrate for subsequent deposition of polyaniline (PANi) nanorods via electrochemical polymerization. The deposition of PANi can be well-controlled by adjusting the electrochemical polymerization time, leading to the formation of PANi coated graphene paper (PANi-GP). The as-prepared electrode exhibited high areal capacitance of 176 mF cm−2 in three-electrode system at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, which is around 10 times larger than that of pristine graphene paper due to the pseudocapacitive behavior of PANi. In-situ Raman test was used to determine the molecular changes during redox process of PANi. More importantly, all-solid-state symmetric capacitor assembled with two PANi-GP electrodes in a polymer electrolyte delivered an areal capacitance of 123 mF cm−2, corresponding to an areal energy density of 17.1 µWh cm−2 and an areal power density of 0.25 mW cm−2. The symmetric capacitor held a capacitive retention of 74.8% after 500 bending tests from 0 to 120°, suggesting the good flexibility and mechanical stability. These results showed the great promising application in flexible energy-storage devices.

A new method was performed to prepare silver-coated cellophane paper substrates, and the influence of reaction time on the morphology and performance of the substrates were studied via SEM and Raman scattering techniques. The SERS activity including sensitivity, uniformity, reproducibility and stability of the cellophane paper-based substrates were analyzed. The cellophane paper-based substrates were applied for detecting Rhodamine 6G (R6G) in tap water, lake water, rain water and chili powders. Using the prepared SERS substrates, as low as 10−11 M R6G in water samples and 10−10 M R6G in chili powders can be detected respectively. The results proved that the as-prepared cellophane paper-based substrates were suitable for detection of R6G with low concentrations in real samples.

High-capacity electrode materials are critical for portable electronic equipment that requires a high-energy density from lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Many different materials and fabrication methods for such electrodes have been developed for this purpose. Carbon paper coated with recycled silicon powder (CP-RSP) was prepared by coating silicon and pitch powder on the carbon paper, followed by stabilization at 250 °C in air and carbonization at 1000 °C in N2. The CP-RSP acted as both the current-collector and the active material for the anodes of LIBs. Electrodes with 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% silicon exhibited capacity increases of 94, 129 and 41%, respectively, compared with the silicon-free electrode. The electrode for the CP-RSP with 5 wt. % silicon exhibited an optimal balance between discharge capacity and stability in long-cycle tests under various charging rates.

The present study was conducted to form polysaccharide-based multilayers of cationic starch (CS)/anionic starch (AS), and CS/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on broke chemi-mechanical pulp (BCMP) fibers. It aimed to examine the buildup of CS/AS and CS/CMC polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) on the fibers surface, and explore the effects of PEM formation on the properties of the resulting papers. The assembly of PEM was analyzed by using zeta (ζ-) potential, water retention value (WRV), SEM micrographs, and paper properties such as thickness and strength. The results of ζ-potential inversions indicated successful constitution of PEM on the BCMP fiber surface by assembling CS/AS or CS/CMC multilayers. Further, larger ζ-potential variations occurred in depositing CS/CMC PEM, due to more charge of CMC, which presumably formed a layer with greater potential of absorption. Based on the SEM images, the surface of PEM-treated fibers was rougher, compared to the untreated fibers due to the coating with starch. Furthermore, the PEM fabrication resulted in creating fibers with higher degree of WRV, which was consistent with the significant improvement of the sheet strengths. Finally, the strength enhanced papers made from PEM-treated fibers with tensile index of about 37.33 ± 1.47 N m/g vs 22.24 ± 1.23 N m/g or 11.60 ± 0.57 N m/g for the papers made from original CMP and untreated BCMP fibers, respectively, may diminish the challenges related to web breaks in the paper machine conveying BCMP broke fibers.