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We propose an innovative containment strategy based on time-dependent soft solids, namely 2 wt% Laponite suspensions, to reinforce natural subsurface seals and engineer flow barriers, with an eye toward making H 2 subsurface storage scalable and geographically agnostic. This suspension can be injected at its initial low viscosity and elasticity into a porous medium, allowing for easy pumping and targeted delivery. Once inside the target zone, it matures into a soft solid with much higher viscosity and elasticity, acting as a potential flow barrier. We discuss the rheological properties of the suspensions and demonstrate that hydrogen does not adversely affect their microstructure, but rather increases the suspensions' viscosity and elasticity. Moreover, the suspensions enhance the rock samples' compressive strength, while hydrogen exposure increases their stiffness and ductility. The ability of rock samples saturated with the suspensions to contain higher injected gas pressures is enhanced by aging at higher temperatures. [Display omitted] • A Laponite-based containment strategy is proposed to create geologic flow barriers. • Low viscosity & elasticity suspensions mature into soft solids within porous media. • Laponite suspensions becomes more viscous and elastic when exposed to hydrogen. • H 2 exposure increases stiffness and ductility of Laponite - saturated rock samples. • This strategy could enable subsurface H 2 storage to be geographically agnostic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the accident conditions, the operational behavior of passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) has garnered significant attention, particularly with regards to the complicated atmosphere in the containment. This paper aims to systematically study and analyze the PAR performance under post-accident conditions. CFD simulation resolving individual catalytic channels of PARs provide valuable insights into hydrogen consumption performance and temperature distribution. A simplified model of PARs, consisting of a gas channel and two catalyst plates, was developed using the CFD software STAR-CCM+. One-step reaction mechanism was used in this model to define the hydrogen consumption rate on the catalytic surface. To study the variation in gas concentration and temperature distribution, physical values of interest were extracted from designated locations. An analysis of catalyst section was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the reaction process occurring within PARs. Subsequent tests were conducted using the developed simplified model to examine the effect of inlet gas components variation and operating conditions on PAR performance under post-accident conditions. Our findings show that the variation of steam concentration primarily alters the heat absorption capacity of the gas mixture, rather than the catalytic reaction rate. Furthermore, inlet velocity and operating pressure play a role in controlling the inlet mass flow rate, thereby influencing the reaction process of the gas channel by introducing varying amounts of hydrogen. • An analysis of catalyst section behavior in passive autocatalytic recombiners. • Examinations of different inlet gas components and operating conditions. • Hydrogen concentration and gas temperature directly change the reaction rate. • Steam concentration mainly alters the gas heat absorption capacity. • Inlet velocity and operating pressure control the inlet mass flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite never imposing a lockdown, Taiwan achieved COVID-19 zero, with reporting only 56 local coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases after testing 126,987 individuals in 2020, and further contained a large outbreak rapidly and successfully in 2021. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, our infectious disease modeling results indicated that testing and contact tracing alone would fail to contain the pandemic. However, by supplementing this approach with general public surgical mask-wearing, the reproduction number (R0) could be suppressed to less than 1. This would effectively contain the virus's spread within Taiwan, particularly when combined with strict border control measures to prevent the overwhelming influx of imported COVID-19 cases and ensure the capacity of the medical and public health systems remains resilient. These modeling results became the theoretical basis behind the highly successful Taiwan model against COVID-19 during 2020–2021, supporting by negative excess mortality, seroepidemiological surveys, and molecular epidemiological analyses. This is a public health triumph demonstrating that a democratic and humane approach to the COVID-19 pandemic is not only feasible but highly effective. It also highlights the crucial role of infectious disease modeling in assisting the formulation of a successful national pandemic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploring UHPC and ECC's use in nuclear structures to enhance mechanical response. • Random forest algorithm is proved best for predicting pressure capacities. • Analyzing fragility of structures to provide statistical predictions. This paper examines the use of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) and Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) for containment structures subjected to internal pressure. It presents finite element models for these structures using UHPC, ECC, and conventional C60 concrete, validated through existing experimental data. The research compares the failure modes and mechanical behaviors of structures built from these materials. Findings show that UHPC and ECC have similar capacities for bearing internal pressure and demonstrate reduced deformation. Both materials notably diminish deformation, curtail cracking, and boost bearing capacity by approximately 30.6% compared to C60. To further analyze these properties, thirty parameter sets for C60 were created using the Latin hypercube sampling method and incorporated into the validated models to evaluate internal pressure capacity. Additionally, the study employed three machine learning algorithms (Bayesian networks, decision trees, and random forests) to predict bearing capacities effectively. With an additional thirty parameter sets, the random forest method emerged as the most precise. Parameter sets for UHPC and ECC were similarly generated and used to develop prediction models for the internal pressure capacities. In a broader scope, one hundred parameter sets across all three materials were analyzed using the random forest method. The maximum likelihood method assessed the fragility of these containment structures, providing statistical forecasts of the capacities to withstand internal pressures. This comprehensive analysis supports the application of UHPC and ECC in practical engineering contexts for containment structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, binary powder blends of acetaminophen (ACAM) and α-lactose monohydrate (LM) at different mixing ratios, with fine, medium-size, and coarse particles are investigated with a new two-chamber setup (TCS) to assess dustiness. The TCS consists of an emission and a detection chamber, allowing plain diffusive or convective particle transport. The aim is to compare the diffusive transport of ACAM with binary blends of ACAM and LM at different particle sizes and similar apparent density. Fine ACAM exhibits significantly higher dust emissions compared to medium and coarse ACAM. With increasing LM portion in the blends, ACAM dust emissions decrease. The blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emission, while the blend of coarse ACAM and fine LM reveals the lowest emissions. The TCS offers precise, reproducible measurements with good repeatability, making it beneficial for laboratory and industrial applications, even with small powder quantities. [Display omitted] • Two-chamber setup for investigating dust emissions with minimal amount of substance. • ACAM (9.91–216.12 μm) and LM (28.96–188.31 μm) particle sizes affect dust emissions. • Mixing of ACAM with LM significantly reduces dust emissions. • Blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the assessment of the radiological consequences of LOCA at DBA and DEC-A for NPPs with VVER-440 and 1000 reactors using approaches that contribute to a realistic assessment of the radionuclide sources, taking into account the thermomechanical criterion of the gas gap activity release and the process of their transfer from the primary circuit to the environment. The results of the improved modelling are compared with conservative estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Monkeypox is endemic in central and western Africa. • The 2022 outbreaks warrant attention to Africa's preparedness. • Africa's testing, diagnostic, and containment capacity are discussed. Since the first monkeypox (MPX) case was reported in humans in 1970, there have been several outbreaks of the disease. MPX is endemic in central and western Africa. MPX virus infection is confirmed using the conventional polymerase chain reaction, which detects the viral DNA in samples from the rash. Of concern is that the current outbreak has affected five regions of the world. Although MPX confirmatory tests are available worldwide, there are concerns about Africa's capacity to diagnose and contain the disease. The challenges faced by Africa include a lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure and health care workers, weak disease surveillance systems, and a lack of MPX knowledge among health care workers and communities. These challenges can be addressed by mobilizing resources for MPX virus testing, strengthening surveillance systems, collaboration among countries, training health care workers, task shifting, and engaging communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the time-consuming and costly problems associated with the analysis methods primarily adopted at present (experimental test and numerical simulation), a simplified calculation method and algorithm are proposed. According to the theoretical solution of the thin-walled cylinder under inner pressure, the relationship between stress and strain is analyzed theoretically and the formula for calculating the mechanical response of the containment is derived and established with consideration of the material properties of containment's each component. Finally, the corresponding software, named as NCMC, is proposed. Three different containment types are selected for verification and these cases provide both numerical data and measured data. The comparison results demonstrate that NCMC can have good accuracy with exceptionally high computational efficiency, as well as it is highly flexible and has a significantly wider application scenario. NCMC is put forward to provide a relatively simplified method compared with traditional finite element (FE) software. This simplified calculation algorithm requires only a few seconds to a few minutes to obtain mechanical response results, which has significant advantages as FE software takes days to finish the same analysis. Hence, NCMC can have a promising application. • Simplified calculation method for mechanical responses of containment is proposed. • The corresponding algorithm and program named as NCMC is established. • The method takes material properties of containment's each component into account. • The accuracy is validated in comparison with experimental and numerical data. • The superior and effectiveness especially including time-consuming are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• On the basis of Dehbi diffusion model, the UDF program for condensation of vapor containing non-condensable gases is prepared by using CFD program FLUENT. • Reproduced the condensation of vapor with non-condensable gas on the sloping wall in the confined environment of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results. • The influence of wall inclination angle on the condensation characteristics of vapor with non-condensable gas in large confined space and condensation plane is analysed, and the influence of wall inclination angle on the condensation performance of vapor with non-condensable gas in containment is discussed. In the Westinghouse AP series steel containment vessel, the outer wall is cooled by spray and natural convection, while the internal vapor is allowed to condense on the inner wall. At this point, the containment dome becomes part of the condenser wall, and its curved structure can change the flow mode of the condensate water, thereby affecting the local condensation (heat exchange) capability of the wall. This article is based on the CFD program FLUENT and develops a UDF program suitable for the condensation of vapor with non-condensable gas. The influence of the wall tilt angle on the condensation characteristics of vapor with non-condensable gas is investigated and compared with experimental data from Xi'an Jiaotong University. The results show that the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii identified from multiple patients in a COVID intensive care unit. • Standard and enhanced infection prevention and control measures can contain a Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak. • Isolation gown PPE conservation strategies commonly found during COVID-19 pandemic can contribute to transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms. A carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in the COVID intensive care unit of a community hospital was contained using multidrug resistant organism guidelines. The purpose of this study is to report on an outbreak investigation and containment strategy that was used, and to discuss prevention strategy. A multidisciplinary approach contained the spread of infection. Strategies implemented included consultation with experts, screening, and reversal of personal protective equipment conservation. Ensuring infection control best practices are maintained remain important efforts to reduce the spread of multidrug resistant organisms. Five patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were identified from routine clinical cultures within one week and one patient was identified from active surveillance cultures. Personal protective equipment conservation, strategies to prevent health care personnel exposure, and patient surge staffing protocols may have increased the likelihood of multidrug resistant organism transmission. Environmental and behavioral infection control regulations with effective administrative guidance, active surveillance cultures, and antimicrobial stewardship are critical to prevent future outbreaks. After outbreak containment strategies were implemented, no additional patients were identified with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Conventional infection prevention and control strategies were re-instituted. A multidisciplinary approach with continued focus on hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and correct use of personal protective equipment needs to be put in place to successfully contain and prevent the spread of carbapenem resistant infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first containment of the Sars-Cov2 pandemic had the potential to generate posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in children. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of PTS symptoms within 6 weeks of the end of lockdown, in children contained between March 17, 2020 and May 11, 2020 in France. This was a French prospective cross-sectional study between May 15 and July 2, 2020 conducted via telephone survey. Parents of children aged between 8 and 15 years were eligible. The invitation to participate was proposed through social networks (Instagram and Facebook), various local and national media, and by e-mail to the staff of our University Hospital Center. The PTS symptoms were assessed using the CRIES-13. A score of 30 and over has been confirmed as the cut-off for screening cases. During the study period, 379 children (male, n = 207) were included, their mean age was 10.8±2.1 years. Symptoms of PTSD were identified in 17% of the children (girls 20.5%, boys 13.5%). These children were younger (p = 0.04), lacked access to a private outdoor space (p < 0.0001; OR: 7.8), had parents whose profession exposed them more to the coronavirus, and had parents who were more afraid of COVID-19. After the first lockdown related to the pandemic crisis, children developed PTSD symptoms. The onset of such symptoms is correlated with gender, age, lockdown conditions, and parental perceptions. These last considerations were worse for pink- or blue-collar families, attesting to the subsequent intensification of health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption is a major concern in the world, and even in Algeria, because of its economic and social impact on people’s way of life. All aspects and activities of life, including energy consumption, have been influenced by the deep sanitary crisis related to the Covid-19 pandemic, which has affected the world from 2020 until today. This study examines the energy consumption in Algeria for 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic. It was reported that a huge decline of 13% was recorded in the national consumption of energy in 2020 (petroleum products and natural gas) compared to 2019, falling from 67 MTOE to 59 MTEO. Electricity consumption has also dropped at a rate of 4%. This trend was due to the lockdown and containment policies implying a set of measures serving as a non-clinical approach to mitigate the spread of the virus and better managing this sanitary crisis. Some of these measures could benefit the national energy-saving strategy outside of the Covid-19 crisis. However, more technical and behavioral measures are highly required to ensure more effective saving and rationalize the use of energy, the main drive of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of an intervention aimed at identifying and containing outbreaks in a network model of contagion where social distance is endogenous. The intervention induces a fall in the risk of contagion, to which agents respond by reducing social distance. If the intervention relies on infrequent or inaccurate testing, this crowding out effect may fully offset the intervention's direct effect, so that the risk of contagion increases. In these circumstances, we show that "slow" interventions – which allow the outbreak to spread to immediate neighbors before being contained – may generate higher ex-ante welfare than "fast" ones and may even "crowd in" social distance. The theory thus identifies a trade off between (i) the swiftness of the intervention and (ii) the scope for crowding out. Simulations on a real world network confirm that the infection rate is not necessarily monotonically decreasing in the accuracy of the intervention and that slow interventions may outperform fast ones for intermediate levels of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the fixed-time containment of the second-order nonlinear multi-agent system (MAS) accompanied by switching topologies and event-triggered communication. The agent is subjected to unknown nonlinear dynamics. A fixed-time RBF observer was constructed based on information obtained from neural networks and event-triggered communication. By combining the controller with the identification information from the observer, it is demonstrated that the system can achieve practical fixed-time output feedback containment and exclude Zeno behavior during the control process. The effectiveness of the proposed event-triggered control method for fixed-time output feedback containment control of the second-order nonlinear MAS is verified by simulation examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We simulate tests featuring helium-layer erosion following cooler activation. • 1 or 3 cooler(s) remove(s) vapor from a steam-air-helium mixture. • CFD predicts accurately power removal, pressure decay and species distribution. • Thermal radiation modeling improves thermal field prediction significantly. • Several coolers can be accurately represented by an effective larger unit. We performed CFD simulations of the two H2P6 cooler tests conducted in the PSI PANDA vessel as part of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project. Initially, the vessel atmosphere consists of a 60/40 % vol. steam- air mixture. Then, a helium stratification (15 % vol.) is introduced in the upper half of the vessel. The two experiments H2P6_1 and H2P6_2 are characterized by the activation respectively of 3 and 1 cooler(s) in the upper part of the vessel. In the course of the experiments, condensation takes place, resulting in a gradual pressure decay and erosion of the helium layer until complete mixing is achieved. The URANS k-ε is used to model turbulence. CFD Best Practice Guidelines are followed to minimize numerical errors, with preliminary mesh sensitivity studies. A correlation based on the heat-and-mass transfer analogy is employed to estimate steam condensation rates. Each cooler consisting of 18 tubes is simplified into a cuboid with equivalent heat transfer area. In a further simplification, it is assumed that the cooler wall has a thickness of zero and is initially at the temperature of the coolant. The small initial energy stored in the mass of the cooler at time zero is therefore neglected. The simulation for H2P6_1 matches the main experimental parameters (heat removal rate, pressure, species concentrations) almost perfectly. For H2P6_2 the heat removal rate is slightly under-predicted, with a corresponding over-prediction of the pressure by a maximum of 3 %. The inclusion of radiative heat transfer modeling improves the accuracy of the temperature field but has little influence on the pressure or heat removal histories. These results show that CFD allows accurate predictions of containment mixing when coolers are activated. Moreover, the simulations also indicate that multiple cooler units can be represented by one larger equivalent unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CFD importance has increased in nuclear safety studies, driven by computational advancements and refined methodologies. • Spanish institutions, such as UPCT, UPV, UPM, UC and CSN, have played a key role in CFD research for nuclear safety. • The topics covered are focused on code development, fire safety, fuel assembly analysis, and containment investigations. • Challenges for CFD in nuclear safety are identified including standardized methodologies and uncertainty quantification. • Future directions are discussed emphasizing collaboration, benchmarking, licensing integration and SMR optimization. This document explores the role of CFD in nuclear safety studies, with a particular focus on advancements in Spain and Portugal. The field of nuclear safety has increasingly included CFD models to address complex safety–critical phenomena, given their ability to capture three-dimensional behavior with high resolution. While traditional one-dimensional codes remain very valuable, they often rely on conservative approximations, making 3D CFD approaches indispensable for accurate predictions across various nuclear scenarios. In the context of Spain and Portugal, this document shows the contribution to CFD applications for nuclear safety research. The topics covered include code development and validation, combustion studies, simulations of nuclear spent casks, fuel assembly analyses, and investigations into containment safety issues. These advances have mainly contributed to improving the predicting capabilities of CFD models for applications in various safety–critical domains. In addition to detailing the achievements and contributions in the field of CFD in Spain and Portugal, readers will find a comprehensive overview of the current challenges and future perspectives of CFD within the domain of nuclear fission technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The containment control problems of fractional order multi-agent systems (FOMASs) over directed networks are discussed in this paper. Firstly, two distributed intermittent sampled data control (ISDC) protocols which can reduce controllers' update rates and work hours, are introduced. Subsequently, some necessary and sufficient containment conditions are derived by virtue of Laplace transform and stability theory. The containment conditions reveal the relations among the fractional orders, sampling periods, communication constraints, coupling strengths and network topologies. Finally, two numerical experiments are presented to validate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As COVID-19 has become a pandemic emerging infectious disease it is important to examine whether there was a spatiotemporal clustering phenomenon in the globe during the rapid spread after the first outbreak reported from southern China.Materials and Methods: The open data on the number of COVID-19 cases reported at daily basis form the globe were used to assess the evolution of outbreaks with international air link on the same latitude and also including Taiwan. The dynamic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model was used to evaluate continental transmission from December 2019 to March 2020 before the declaration of COVID-19 pandemic with basic reproductive number and effective reproductive number before and after containment measurements.Results: For the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China, the estimated reproductive number was reduced from 2.84 during the overwhelming outbreaks in early January to 0.43 after the strict lockdown policy. It is very surprising to find there were three countries (including South Korea, Iran, and Italy) and the Washington state of the USA on the 38° North Latitude involved with large-scale community-acquired outbreaks since the first imported COVID-19 cases from China. The propagation of continental transmission was augmented from hotspot to hotspot with higher reproductive number immediately before the declaration of pandemic. By contrast, there was not any large community-acquired outbreak in Taiwan.Conclusion: The propagated spatiotemporal transmission from China to other hotspots may explain the emerging pandemic that can only be exempted by timely border control and preparedness of containment measurements according to Taiwan experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Containment, involving separation and restriction of movement of people due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and mitigation, also referred to as lockdown, involving closure of schools, universities and public venues, has had a profound impact on people's lives globally. The study focuses on the effects of containment and mitigation measures, on the behavior of children and youth (CaY) with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The study primary aim was to examine the impact of these urgent measures on the behaviors, communication, sleep, and nutritional status of the CaY. A secondary aim was to explore risk and protective factors on behavior change including sociodemographic variables, living conditions, ASD symptom severity and continuity of interventions. The study sample consisted of 239 ASD subjects, 2–21 years of age, enrolled in the ELENA cohort in France at Stage 3 confinement and mitigation measures announced on March 16, 2020. A parent informant completed the COVID-19 questionnaire. Of the domains examined, challenging behaviors, communicative skills and sleep had the greatest impact; in terms of risk and protective factors, subject age, ASD severity, single parenthood, daily living skills, and intervention continuity were most likely to impact behaviors; living conditions were not linked to behavior change. The findings highlight the topography of behavioral change in CaY with ASD following institution of containment and mitigation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and help identify risk and protective factors to help better address needs and tailor interventions in the future. • Large parental survey from a well-characterized cohort of children with ASD. • Confinement due to COVID-19 pandemic involving both negative and positive effects. • Worsening of sleep and challenging or stereotyped behaviors during confinement. • Improvement of communication for one third of the children during confinement. • Risk factors: older age, high autism severity, single parent family, interrupted specialized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant replacement in association with containment capacity and changes in case fatality at country level. Altogether, 69 571 full SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected globally within the first 6 months of the pandemic were examined. The correlation between variant replacement and containment capacity was examined by logistic regression models using the WHO International Health Regulation (IHR) score, the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) and the vulnerability index INFORM as proxies, while correlation with changes in monthly crude case fatality ratios was examined by a mixed effect model. At the global level, variant lineage G∗, characterized by the S-D614G mutation, replaced the older lineages L and S in March 2020. European countries—including Finland, France and Italy—were the first to reach a 50% increment of G∗, whereas only Singapore and South Korea had non-G∗ persisting throughout the first 6 months. Countries with higher IHR scores (β-coefficient –0.001, 95%CI –0.016, –0.001; p 0.034) and higher stringency indexes (OxCGRT) (β-coefficient –0.011, 95%CI –0.020, –0.001; p 0.035) were associated with lower levels of G∗ replacement, whereas higher vulnerability indexes (INFORM) (β-coefficient 0.049, 95%CI 0.001, 0.097; p 0.044) were associated with higher replacement levels. Crude case fatality ratio showed a positive correlation with G∗ replacement (β-coefficient: 0.034, 95%CI 0.011, 0.058; p 0.004), even after adjusting for testing capacity and other country-specific characteristics. SARS-CoV-2 variant lineage G∗ (S-D614G) replaced older lineages more efficiently in countries with lower containment capacity, and its possible association with increased disease severity deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fixed time containment protocol within output feedback framework for uncertain nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) exposed to unknown leader dynamics under switching communication topologies. To characterize dynamic communication links among agents in uncertain environments, a Markov jumping process with partially known transition probability is introduced to circumvent the difficulties of requiring the exact elements of transition rates as a prior. Then, in order to eliminate the necessity of broadcasting local velocity states between neighboring agents over the wireless and reject the comprehensive uncertainties including unknown model nonlinearities, external disturbances as well as switching topology jumps, a fixed time extended state observer (FTESO) only using the relative position information as input data is established for follower agents to achieve a uniform fast and precise estimation capability. A fixed time output feedback containment protocol by means of observer is presented to ensure that individual follower is guided into the geometric area constituted by a fleet of unknown leaders with a consistent convergence time irrelevant of initial conditions. The outstanding features of the developed algorithm are threefold: First, a prescribed fixed time containment consensus with reduced communication burden and enhanced robustness can be implemented. Second, a Markov jumping process with a partially known transition probability is considered to stimulate switching communication topologies. Third, a FTESO is constructed for each agent to realize a fixed-time estimation without requiring accurate modeling information. Finally, the fixed time stabilization of cascaded system is illuminated by applying the Lyapunov-based methods and bi-limit homogeneity. Simulation examples validate the feasibility and strengths of developed control protocol. • A fixed time output feedback containment for uncertain nonlinear MASs under switching communication topologies is studied. • A Markov jump process with partially known transition probability is introduced. • A fixed time extended state observer (FTESO) is established for follower agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The notion of chassis marks the difference between GMOs and synthetic biology agents. • Hosts of recombinant DNA may qualify as SynBio chassis if standard criteria are met. • Genomic barcoding emerges as a must feature for tracing synthetic biology agents. • Pseudomonas putida showcases the roadmap of an isolate to become a SynBio chassis. At the onset of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the role of synthetic biology (SynBio) as a fuel for the bioeconomy requires clarification of the terms typically adopted by this growing scientific-technical field. The concept of the chassis as a defined, reusable biological frame where non-native components can be plugged in and out to create new functionalities lies at the boundary between frontline bioengineering and more traditional recombinant DNA technology. As synthetic biology leaves academic laboratories and starts penetrating industrial and environmental realms regulatory agencies demand clear definitions and descriptions of SynBio constituents, processes and products. In this article, the state of the ongoing discussion on what is a chassis is reviewed, a non-equivocal nomenclature for the jargon used is proposed and objective criteria are recommended for distinguishing SynBio agents from traditional GMOs. The use of genomic barcodes as unique identifiers is strongly advocated. Finally the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida is shown as an example of the roadmap that one environmental isolate may go through to become a bona fide SynBio chassis, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ce texte envisage de porter un regard sur les conséquences psychologiques de la situation sanitaire liée au COVID-19 à partir du concept d'optimisme. Depuis plusieurs années, la psychologie positive s'est saisie de cette notion déjà bien connue du grand public, qui a également fait l'objet d'une élaboration conceptuelle majeure dans le domaine scientifique. À ce titre, il nous semble que le concept d'optimisme soit particulièrement utile et pertinent pour comprendre les conduites de nos concitoyens et son influence possible dans la période de confinement qui s'impose actuellement à tous, de la même manière qu'il est nécessaire de penser l'« après » et ses conséquences à court, moyen et long terme, tant sur le plan économique que sur celui de la santé morale et physique de nos concitoyens. Traditionnellement, être optimiste c'est être confiant dans l'issue positive d'un événement, alors qu'à l'inverse, le pessimisme, c'est plutôt s'attendre au pire. L'incertitude que nous imposent ce virus et les situations inédites qui en découlent nous contraint à penser le monde de demain en des termes nouveaux, ce qui peut être déstabilisant. Comprendre la contribution du concept d'optimisme dans la potentialisation des processus adaptatifs que chacun de nous pourra ou non mobiliser pour faire face et s'adapter à cette crise sanitaire inédite et sans précédent est essentiel. Cela constituera sans doute un défi majeur pour les sciences sociales et la psychologie. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous pensons que le concept d'optimisme peut contribuer à apporter des éléments d'éclairage complémentaires qui nous permettront de mieux saisir les conduites rationnelles (ou non) auxquelles nous pourrions être confrontés dans l'avenir, et dans lesquelles nous sommes déjà impliqués. This text envisages looking at the psychological consequences of the health situation related to COVID-19 from the concept of optimism. Positive psychology has for several years been dealing with this concept, which is well known to the general public, but which has been the subject of major conceptual development in the field of science. It seems to us that the concept of optimism can be particularly useful in understanding and influencing the behaviour of our fellow citizens during the period of confinement that is currently imposed on everyone, in the same way that we must consider the consequences in the short, medium and long term, both economically and in terms of the moral and physical health of our fellow citizens, that is, after the period of confinement. Traditionally, being optimistic means being confident in the positive outcome of an event, whereas pessimism means expecting the worst. The uncertainty that this virus imposes on us and the new situations that it brings about, forces us to think the world in uncertain terms, which can be destabilizing. Understanding the contribution of the concept of optimism in the potential of the adaptive processes that each of us may or may not be able to mobilize to face and adapt to this unprecedented and unprecedented health crisis is essential. This will undoubtedly be a major challenge for the social sciences and psychology. This is why we believe that the concept of optimism can help to provide additional insights that will enable us to better grasp the rational (or non-rational) behaviours that we may face in the future, and in which we are already involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cases of COVID-19 may be housed outside isolation wards prior to detection. • A bundle of infrastructural enhancements, improved PPE, and social distancing was implemented. • Of 253 staff close-contacts and 45 patient close-contacts of 28 index cases, 1 patient contact tested positive. • Environmental sampling was positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 5 out of 28 cases. • An infection control bundle mitigated COVID-19 transmission in a general ward setting. During an ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, unsuspected cases may be housed outside of dedicated isolation wards. At a Singaporean tertiary hospital, individuals with clinical syndromes compatible with COVID-19 but no epidemiologic risk were placed in cohorted general wards for COVID-19 testing. To mitigate risk, an infection control bundle was implemented comprising infrastructural enhancements, improved personal protective equipment, and social distancing. We assessed the impact on environmental contamination and transmission. Upon detection of a case of COVID-19 in the dedicated general ward, patients and health care workers (HCWs) contacts were identified. All patient and staff close-contacts were placed on 14-day phone surveillance and followed up for 28 days; symptomatic contacts were tested. Environmental samples were also obtained. Over a 3-month period, 28 unsuspected cases of COVID-19 were contained in the dedicated general ward. In 5 of the 28 cases, sampling of the patient's environment yielded SARS-CoV-2; index cases who required supplemental oxygen had higher odds of environmental contamination (P =.01). A total of 253 staff close-contacts and 45 patient close-contacts were identified; only 3 HCWs (1.2%, 3/253) required quarantine. On 28-day follow-up, no patient-to-HCW transmission was documented; only 1 symptomatic patient close-contact tested positive. Our institution successfully implemented an intervention bundle to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in a multibedded cohorted general ward setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legg–Calvé–Perthes' disease is a condition of unknown aetiology affecting the developing hip. Various theories as to the underlying cause have been explored, but much remains unexplained. The clinical course of the condition is highly variable. For most young patients age 6 years or under, the disease has been shown to be relatively benign, with few long-term implications. Conversely, in older children with more aggressive disease, the future prognosis can be very bleak, with premature degenerative joint disease an all too common outcome. The orthopaedic surgeon may have an opportunity to mitigate the long-term effects with non-operative and surgical interventions, but selecting those patients who benefit most remains a challenge. Classification systems help subdivide patient groups and identify those who may benefit most from surgical intervention, but there remains much uncertainty about the best approach for this complex condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Livestock-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a concern in healthcare and a political priority in some countries.Objective: This study investigates the net societal costs of 2 alternative strategies for controlling LA-MRSA in Denmark: (1) eradicating LA-MRSA in all pig housing units, and (2) containing LA-MRSA within the units.Methods: Benefits and costs are considered for affected economic sectors: healthcare, pig production, pig-related industries, and public administration.Results: The cost to society of eradication is estimated at €2.3 to €2.5 billion (present value). Containment will cost €55 to €93 million. For both strategies, the main cost lies in primary pig production-for containment this is mainly due to establishing and operating anterooms and shower rooms, and for eradication it is due to production losses, loss of genetic resources, and costs of cleaning and disinfection.Conclusion: Compared with these costs, health economic benefits are moderate for both strategies. Containment is superior to eradication when measured by a benefit-cost ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Indication of interaction between tellurium aerosols and organic species was studied. • In the presence of organic gases, increase of tellurium concentration in the liquid trap was observed. • XPS analysis shows changes in tellurium speciation and oxidation state in the presence of organic material. • The potential formation of volatile tellurium species raises safety concerns in severe accident scenarios. One of the volatile fission products potentially released during a severe nuclear accident is tellurium. Recently, tellurium has been shown to form volatile organic tellurides from paint solvents in aqueous solutions which could further increase the release. However, not much is known about the possible interactions between tellurium and organic material in gas phase. In this study, tellurium was exposed to conditions simulating the containment atmosphere during an accident. Moreover, volatile organic compounds were introduced to the gas phase representing the presence of organic material in the containment during the accident. The results suggest that tellurium aerosols and organic material interact in the gas phase which was observed as an increase in the gaseous fraction and a change in the XPS spectra. Although no exact species were identified, the results raise questions about the behavior of tellurium in severe accident conditions, especially, regarding the reactions involving organic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stability problems of two key construction stages for steel liner dome are defined. • GNA and GMNA of steel liner domes are carried out systematically. • The instability mechanism of the steel liner dome is analysed systematically. • Prediction formula of stability bearing capacity for steel liner dome is proposed. The steel liner dome of containment structures has a large span and small thickness, and is attached to the concrete with welded studs and angle steel section anchorages. It acts as the interior formwork during pouring of the concrete, but there is no support or brace for the steel liner dome owing to the construction difficulty, which makes the issue of stability during construction very important. A pressurized water reactor containment was used as an example to investigate the stability of a steel liner dome during construction. In the first key construction phase, stability analysis of the steel liner dome was carried out systematically to obtain the buckling modes and plasticity development. The effect of initial geometrical imperfections on the stability of the steel liner dome was investigated, and a prediction equation for the stability bearing capacity was proposed. In the second key construction phase, the functional failure of the steel liner–concrete composite dome was investigated, and the effects on the buckling loads of composite domes were examined. The results show that the transition area of the dome at which the radius of curvature changes is the weak area in the first key construction phase. Dents occur at this transition area, and the plasticity development at the transition area results in the buckling of the whole structure. The effect of initial geometrical imperfections on the ultimate bearing capacity is not significant. The functional failure is cracking in the ring beam during the second key construction phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract MinHash is a probabilistic method for estimating the similarity of two sets in terms of their Jaccard index, defined as the ratio of the size of their intersection to their union. We demonstrate that this method performs best when the sets under consideration are of similar size and the performance degrades considerably when the sets are of very different size. We introduce a new and efficient approach, called the containment MinHash approach, that is more suitable for estimating the Jaccard index of sets of very different size. We accomplish this by leveraging another probabilistic method (in particular, Bloom filters) for fast membership queries. We derive bounds on the probability of estimate errors for the containment MinHash approach and show it significantly improves upon the classical MinHash approach. We also show significant improvements in terms of time and space complexity. As an application, we use this method to detect the presence/absence of organisms in a metagenomic data set, showing that it can detect the presence of very small, low abundance microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental contaminant with serious negative health effects, and removal of it from water is therefore highly relevant for environmental safety. In this paper, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been proposed as hosts for the PFOA in order to remove it from aqueous solutions. The different aggregate structures for PAMAM-PFOA complexes with increase of −COO−/−NH 3 + molar ratios were proposed on the basis NMR titrations using 19F NMR and further analyzed by the relaxation and diffusion measurements. It is suggested that PFOA micelles are transferred to the bilayer with increasing PAMAM concentration. Moreover, the protonated surface amine groups of PAMAM contribute to reduce the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of PFOA. The study shows that the main driving force for interaction between PAMAM and PFOA is ionic interaction. This research will serve as a starting-point for removing the fluorinated contamination by using PAMAM dendrimers. Unlabelled Image • PAMAM dendrimers have been proposed as hosts for the PFOA in order to remove it from solutions. • The interaction between PAMAM dendrimers and PFOA was studied by various NMR techniques. • Two sets of 19F NMR signals, which below to monomer and aggregate state of PFOA, were clearly assigned. • Relaxation and diffusion data showed the formation of different aggregates between PAMAM and PFOA. • The protonated surface amine groups of PAMAM contribute to reduce the critical aggregation concentration of PFOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The membrane efficiency coefficient is a critical theoretical indicator used to assess the performance of clay barriers in landfills. At present, the membrane efficiency coefficient is determined in response to a single ion, which cannot be used to accurately evaluate the performance of clay barriers under multiionic leachates. Therefore, a membrane efficiency model must be developed considering multiionic conditions. In this study, a membrane efficiency model of clay under multiionic conditions is established based on the mineral–pore fluid interactions and triple-layer model. The proposed model is validated by comparing the predicted and measured results of the variation in membrane efficiency coefficients with mixing ratios under multiionic conditions. Results indicate the proposed model accurately determines the membrane efficiency of clay under multiionic conditions. The predicted membrane efficiency coefficient decreases with increasing solution concentration and void ratio due to the weakened mineral-pore fluid interaction. The proposed membrane efficiency model can provide a more accurate theoretical tool to assess the performance of clay barriers. • The soil water interaction is considered in the membrane efficiency model. • Membrane efficiency under multiionic conditions is considered in the model. • Membrane efficiency of clay under multiionic conditions is well predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of LBLOCA and total loss of feed water accidents in VVER-1000/V446 NPP is performed. • The evaluation of spray system on hydrogen mitigation and containment is investigated. • The spray system significantly reduces the pressure and temperature of containment. • The simultaneous operation of spray and hydrogen recombiner systems is the best strategy for hydrogen mitigation. The containment system serves as the last barrier against the release of fission products. However, over pressurization or hydrogen detonation can compromise its effectiveness, as evidenced by the Fukushima nuclear power plant (NPP) disaster. This study describes the efficacy of the spray system in reducing containment pressure and temperature, as well as, its impact on hydrogen mitigation during large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) and total loss of feed water (TLOFW) accident in the VVER-1000/V446 NPP. The evaluation is conducted using the MELCOR 1.8.6 code. The results of the LBLOCA analysis demonstrate that the spray system significantly reduces the pressure and temperature of the containment. It also enhances hydrogen mitigation by increasing the amount of recombined hydrogen by around 4% and reducing the onset time of hydrogen recombination by 90,000 s. In the TLOFW accident scenario, the spray system is effective in reducing the containment pressure from 0.41 MPa to 0.27 MPa. The investigation of hydrogen behavior in the reactor containment atmosphere reveals that the simultaneous operation of the spray and the hydrogen recombiner systems is the most effective strategy for hydrogen mitigation. However, activating the spray system without the passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) function can lead to an increase in the hydrogen mole fraction in all containment compartments, thereby increasing the likelihood of hydrogen combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments have been conducted to evaluate the containment of smoke and heat using water mist curtains in a model setup of a ro-ro ship's cargo deck with a scale of 1:13, providing practical insights into the application of such fire protection systems in the cargo deck as well as valuable data for future numerical simulations. In this regard, the requirements of the international convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) are studied for the side openings of so-called 'open decks' in comparison with 'closed decks', especially to examine the feasibility of using water mist curtains for creating isolated subdivisions in the ro-ro space as a fire management strategy. The water mist curtains are created with one or two rows of water mist nozzles at pressures ranging from 3 to 8 bar, while the source of smoke and heat is a liquid pool fire, and inert cargo items are used in some experiments. Correspondingly, the interaction between the water mist curtain(s) and the fire is evaluated in terms of its heat release rate, and the containment effect is quantified via measurements of smoke flow through the deck and through the windows, concentrations of gaseous species, as well as gas temperatures at various key locations. The study shows that water mist curtains have a strong effect on fire dynamics and smoke propagation, but containment is dependent on the configuration of side openings and the location of fire, among other important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The H2P5 series investigated the impact of the spray configuration in the containment. • The test H2P5_1 used a spray ring with nine nozzles, and H2P5_2 used a single nozzle. • The different spray configurations had a meaningful impact on the phenomenology. • The mixing of a predefined helium stratification was significantly faster in H2P5_2. • The more intense wall-to-droplet interaction in H2P5_1 slowed down the cooling process. The spray safety system is one of the most effective solutions to limit the pressure and temperature rise in the containment of a nuclear power plant during a design basis accident. However, its actuation under severe accident conditions may have either a positive effect on the hydrogen risk by mixing the containment atmosphere and avoiding high H2 local concentrations or a negative impact by condensing the steam and de-inerting the atmosphere. The experiments performed during the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 Project aimed to extend the experimental database dedicated to assessing the capabilities of the codes used to optimise the operation of the safety systems. Specifically, the H2P5 series consisted of two experiments that compared the activation of a central full cone spraying nozzle (H2P5_2) with nine smaller spraying nozzles, eight equally distributed at 0.5 m from the metallic walls of PANDA (H2P5_1). The ninth nozzle was positioned in the vessel vertical axis for the latter configuration. H2P5_1 was the first experiment ever using a multiple nozzle configuration in PANDA, which was aimed to address the conditions expected in a plant containment with droplets interacting with the vessel walls as well as with each other. The measurements indicated a considerable difference between the two configurations regarding the pressure and temperature decay, which signified the presence of non-adiabatic effects. The stronger cooling of the walls measured during H2P5_1 resulted in a slower depressurisation for most of the test duration. This can be explained by an intensified interaction of the injected droplets (by direct droplet-wall interactions or by potential formations of liquid films) and the vessel walls, which was coherent with the use of the spray ring in H2P5_1. It was also shown that the different spray configurations (type of nozzles and nozzles distribution) had a significant impact on the gas mixing. The measurements of the mass spectrometer available during the tests revealed a non-obvious initial faster mixing for the single nozzle experiment, which is approximately five times faster compared with the nozzle array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Finite element model of gusset in nuclear power plant containment was established and verified. • Two 1:3 scale specimens were designed and fabricated according to the gusset model to conduct static tests under two loading combination. • The failure modes, load–strain curves and load–displacement curves of the FEM were basically consistent with that of the test. • Parametric analysis (reinforcement ratio, floor thickness etc.) on the mechanical behavior of gusset was performed. The gusset of a nuclear power plant containment, which serves as the junction between the shell and the raft foundation, is a critical area that poses a significant challenge due to its irregular shape and complex mechanical properties. Studying the stress mechanism of this area is crucial to understanding the overall structural performance of the containment. To achieve this, ABAQUS software was used to simplify the containment model and develop a gusset model, which was validated by comparing it with a fan-shaped containment model. Two 1:3 scale specimens were then designed and fabricated based on the gusset model to conduct static tests under two loading combinations. The effectiveness of the finite element model (FEM) was verified by comparing the failure mode, load–strain relationship of the rebars, and load–displacement relationship with that of the test. Through finite element parameterization analysis, the effects of reinforcement ratio and thickness on the mechanical performance of the gusset were investigated. The results showed that tripling the reinforcement ratio in rows H1 to H3 and column S1 or increasing the specimen thickness by 500 mm significantly improved the tensile damage of concrete, yield of rebars and structural displacement. Additionally, removing rebars from columns S8 to S13 had little effect on the structure. The findings of this study can guide the optimization of containment structural reinforcement and provide essential data support for FEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) introduced to curb the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also interrupted the transmission of influenza. This is a descriptive epidemiological study. Data on changes in the number of reported influenza cases, number of influenza-like illness (ILI) visits, ILI percentage and influenza virus positivity were compared between the first 18 weeks of 2020 and the same period of 2019. The changes in the weekly average number of influenza cases were statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (−4319 vs −525 per week; P < 0.05). The slopes of regression lines for the number of ILI visits were also statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (−911 vs −98 per week; P < 0.05). This study found that the prevalence of influenza was substantially decreased when NPIs were implemented for the containment of COVID-19. • The prevalence of influenza was substantially decreased when non-pharmaceutical interventions were implemented for the containment of coronavirus disease 2019. • Changes in the weekly average number of influenza cases were statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (−4319 vs −525 per week; P < 0.05). • Changes in the number of influenza-like illness visits were also statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (−911 vs −98 per week; P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as a pandemic. The first cases in Italy were reported on January 30, 2020, and the outbreak quickly escalated. On March 19, 2020, deaths in Italy surpassed those in China. The Italian government implemented progressively restrictive measures leading to a nationwide lockdown on March 8, 2020. This study aimed to assess the impact of mitigation measures implemented in Italy on the spread of COVID-19. Publicly available data were used to evaluate changes in the growth curve of the number of patients hospitalized in intensive care (IC) at three time intervals between February 19, 2020, and April 9, 2020, after the implementation of progressive measures: (1) containment and travel restrictions, (2) lockdown of the epicenter of the outbreak, and (3) school closures and nationwide lockdown. The models that showed the highest reliability according to the Akaike information criterion and based on data from the three time intervals were projected to assess how the epidemic would have evolved if no other measure had been implemented. The most reliable models were (1) exponential, (2) quadratic, and (3) cubic (R2 = 0.99, >0.99, and > 0.99 respectively), indicating a progressive decrease in the growth of the curve. This study suggests the measures were effective in flattening the epidemic curve and bought valuable time, allowing for the number of IC beds to be nearly doubled before the national health system reached maximum capacity. • The impact of mitigation measures on the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Italy was assessed. • A progressive decrease in the curve of patients in intensive care (IC) was found. • The measures could have been effective in flattening the epidemic curve. • IC capacity was almost doubled before the national health system was overwhelmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • CANDU 6 containment leakage rate tests were simulated with MELCOR. • An acceptable level of agreement was achieved with regard to the temperature and pressure. • Available data are limited when verifying the flow path and heat structure model. • An ILRT during the commissioning stage with elaborate test provisions was proposed. Abstract In an effort to overcome limitations when validating a code input model for the containment of a nuclear power plant, two integrated leakage rate tests (ILRTs) performed at a CANDU 6 plant were simulated with a MELCOR input model consisting of 51 control volumes. Leakages were assumed to occur at the volumes enclosed within the containment wall. The initial conditions were set to the measurements at the time when the atmosphere stabilization phase was started. The analysis was then carried out until the end of the main test phase. The analysis results show reasonable agreement with the measurements of temperature and vapor pressure, whereas they show deviations with regard to pressure and local temperatures in the middle and lower regions. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the effects of the heat structure model and the manner by which thermodynamic variables can be lumped was carried out. This study revealed that the ILRT is useful for validating the containment input model. However, available data with which to verify the appropriateness of modeling flow paths and heat structures are limited. Based on the insights obtained, we suggest that an elaborate ILRT be carried out during the commissioning stage with more detailed test provisions and analysis methods to allow this specific application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For people with type 1 diabetes, extensive tasks involved in diabetes self-management have a significant impact on overall care and quality of life. Members of the working population with type 1 diabetes spend one third of their time at work, yet little attention has been paid to challenges specific to balancing diabetes management and work life. Diabetes is associated with increased absenteeism and presenteeism, as well as disability retirement and lower lifetime income. These quantitative outcomes are corroborated by qualitative studies highlighting some of the challenges of reconciling diabetes self-management with work life. This qualitative study expands on previous research by examining illness behavior in work life using Alonzo's concept of containment. Forty in-depth interviews with Danish people with type 1 diabetes were conducted from May to December 2016 and analyzed using abductive reasoning. We found that working people with type 1 diabetes live in tension between competing logics linked to diabetes and to work life. We illustrate how diabetes management can be articulated as a matter of containment, which refers to the assemblage of practices and mental and emotional work required to keep diabetes at the level of a side-involvement and maintain proper situational involvement in work life. The containment framework illuminates and characterizes diabetes management in the context of work life and reveals a hidden burden of disease carried by working people with type 1 diabetes. Further research is needed to advance the theory of containment. Highlights • A hidden burden of disease exists among people with type 1 diabetes at work. • Containment of disease at work requires practices and mental and emotional work. • Tension exists between the logic of work and the logic of the patient. • Temporality is an omnipresent point of reference for containment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident or a severe accident in a light water nuclear reactor (LWR), condensation heat transfer directly affects the pressure behavior and hydrogen distribution in the containment. This work aims at the improvement of the condensation heat transfer model in the MELCOR code, which is a fully-integrated computer code that models the progression of severe accidents in a LWR. It is known that MELCOR generally under-predicts the condensation heat transfer. For the improvement of MELCOR, we have assessed the MELCOR condensation model first. Other two models developed by Liao and Dehbi were also assessed for a comparative study. The assessment range is limited to the thermal-hydraulic conditions inside the containment building during a hypothetical design basis accident or a severe accident. We selected six condensation experiments of COPAIN, CONAN, Park, Anderson, Dehbi, and Kang and, then, assessed the three models against these data. The results of calculations showed that the MELCOR condensation model generally under-predicts the condensation heat transfer by about 45% and, however, it is the most precise and consistent in comparison with the other two models. Based on these results, the MELCOR model was selected as a base for model improvement. Then, four modifications were suggested: The effect of condensing surface curvature on condensation was considered into the MELCOR model first. The effective diffusion coefficient is applied for steam-air-helium tests. A multiplier to enhance condensation was obtained from the best fit of the calculated-to-measured plot. At last, to reflect the effect of superheated steam, a degradation factor deduced from the COPAIN experiment was adopted. The results of the modified MELCOR model showed very good agreements with most of the experimental data within ±30% error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circle represents a powerful symbol with perceived characteristics of totality, wholeness and completeness. Forming a circle is used frequently in Dance Movement Therapy (DMT), emerging on several occasions during a DMT session, especially when working with the model which originated with Marian Chace. The therapeutic factors of the circle formation are fascinating but are rarely documented. This article explores the circle as a symbol and documents the ways in which DMT works with groups, by comparing the essential elements of circle DMT with group therapeutic factors. It reviews the pertinent literature on the subject and summarizes three basic elements of working within a circle, namely, containment and holding, multi-mirroring, and physical contact through the holding of hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to assess and train relational framing of categorization in young typically developing children and to assess the impact of training on relevant measures of language and categorization. In two experiments, children were assessed and trained in mutual and combinatorial entailment and transformation of function. In Experiment 1, five year olds were assessed and trained in arbitrary containment while in Experiment 2 six year olds were assessed and trained in arbitrary hierarchy. Both experiments employed a multiple baseline design across responses and participants and compared children receiving training with controls. In both experiments, correct responding increased to criterion levels on introduction of training, and both generalization and maintenance was observed. In both cases, the training group showed better performance than controls on related measures. Results are discussed in relation to previous research and for implications with regard to future studies on relational framing and categorization in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three dimensional FEM model is used to estimate the effect of steel liner on the ultimate bearing capacity of a prestressed concrete containment. The model is subjected to internal pressure exceeding LOCA pressure that is increased up to the failure of the structure. By comparison with the experiment described in the literature and with the similar model without steel liner, it is concluded that the liner can increase the bearing capacity of the containment by up to 40%. The 3D model is also exploited for verification of plausibility of previously created set of partial models of the same containment, leading to confirmation of the hypothesis that it is possible to model the behavior of the containment with relatively high precision and low time consumption by a set of simplified models with properly set boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contaminant containment measures are often necessary to prevent or minimize offsite movement of contaminated materials for disposal or other purposes when they can be buried or left in place due to extensive subsurface contamination. These measures can include physical, chemical, and biological technologies such as impermeable and permeable barriers, stabilization and solidification, and phytostabilization. Contaminant containment is advantageous because it can stop contaminant plumes from migrating further and allow for pollutant reduction at sites where the source is inaccessible or cannot be removed. Moreover, unlike other options, contaminant containment measures do not require the excavation of contaminated substrates. However, contaminant containment measures require regular inspections to monitor for contaminant mobilization and migration. This review critically evaluates the sources of persistent contaminants, the different approaches to contaminant remediation, and the various physical-chemical-biological processes of contaminant containment. Additionally, the review provides case studies of contaminant containment operations under real or simulated field conditions. In summary, contaminant containment measures are essential for preventing further contamination and reducing risks to public health and the environment. While periodic monitoring is necessary, the benefits of contaminant containment make it a valuable remediation option when other methods are not feasible. [Display omitted] • Contaminant containment avoids excavation and removal of contaminated substrates. • Contaminant containment includes physical, chemical, and biological technologies. • Contaminant containment measures prevent further migration of contaminant plumes • Contaminant containment treatment measures require periodic monitoring. • Includes case studies for successful application of contaminant containment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Model for ex-vessel core catchers in Gen. 3+ NPPs for the SA code AC2/COCOSYS. • MCCI phase: Use of MCCI model approach during the melting of sacrificial material. • Retention phase: Conduction through the core catcher walls and outer water cooling. • Validation of the model approach vs. the WCB-1 test of the OECD MCCI-2 project. • A test calculation for the core catcher of a WWER-1200 plant, based on public data. In Generation 3+ NPPs such as EPR or WWER-1200 the ex-vessel core catcher presents a key component of the severe accident mitigation concept. A simplified core catcher model in the containment code COCOSYS (part of AC2 code package) is developed to consider core melt retention and cooling phenomena in core catchers for containment simulations. The model enables the characterization of the corium in the core catcher including processes in the corium conditioning phase (melting of sacrificial material in the core catcher, oxidation of metallic components, possible layer flip) and the long-term cooling phase (evolution of long-term corium pool bulk temperature and changes in physical state). The core catcher model is based on the existing molten corium / concrete interaction (MCCI) model in COCOSYS with additions for melt retention within water-cooled structures and input data can be adapted to simulate various core catcher design features of e. g. NPPs with EPR or WWER. The current state of the model, including basic assumptions, calculation methods, simplifications, and two application examples are outlined. The recalculation of the water-cooled basemat test OECD WCB-1 shows that the experimental data regarding e. g. the ablation of the sacrificial concrete on top of the water-cooled basemat, corium pool temperature and heat fluxes at water-cooled interfaces can be adequately reproduced by the COCOSYS simulation, when using empirical data for the heat transfer, including the MCCI phase. These empirical heat transfer data agree well with findings obtained from recent analytical work on MCCI tests. However, the model does not predict high local bottom plate temperatures as observed in the WCB-1 test due to a restriction of the model to quasi-steady state processes. The second calculation example demonstrates the current modelling features when applied to an axisymmetric geometry of a reactor-scale core catcher. With view to reactor-scale, the model is ready for a further verification, like e. g. comparison with other analytical core catcher approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rate of serum samples exclusively negative for PV2 and PV3 was about 3–10%. • Highest rates of isolated negative samples were found in <18 and ≥65 years of age. • We recommend continued testing of both poliovirus types (PV1 and PV3). Since October 2019, poliovirus type 3 (PV3) has been certified as globally eradicated, and further laboratory use of PV3 will be restricted according to the WHO Polio Eradication Initiative and containment measures. To examine a possible gap in PV3 immunity and a lack of immunity against poliovirus type 2 (PV2), which was already declared as eradicated in 2015, neutralising antibodies against polioviruses (PV) of individuals living in Germany (n = 91,530 samples; mainly outpatients (≈90%) who received immune status testing) were investigated from 2005 to 2020 (age distribution: <18 years 15.8%, 18–64 years 71.2% and ≥65 years 9.5% for 2005–2015; <18 years 19.6%, 18–64 years 67% and ≥65 years 11.5% for 2016–2020). The results showed that the proportion of sera exclusively lacking antibodies against PV3 was 10.6% in 2005–2015 and 9.6% in 2016–2020 and against PV2 2.8% in 2005–2015. As there is decreased protection against PV3 and to detect potential antigenically (immune escape) variant PVs not covered by used vaccines, we recommend continued testing of PV1 and PV3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of hydrogen could be generated and released into the containment during the course of a severe accident in a Light Water Reactor nuclear power plant. Getting detail hydrogen distribution in containment is important for analysis of hydrogen risk. In this study, a three dimensional CFD analysis model is established to analyze hydrogen behavior during hypothesized severe accident induced by LOCA in advanced passive PWR containment. Hydrogen distribution in containment simulating with algebraic and k-ε turbulence models is studied, the result shows that when k-ε model is adopted, hydrogen stratification is established in whole upper space and the peak concentration in the dome is 8%. Then the effect of source injection direction with vertical and horizontal injection cases is investigated. In vertical injection case, the local high concentration of hydrogen reaches over 25% in source compartment. In horizontal injection case, it occurs in SG-2 and the channel connecting two steam generator compartment i.e. vertical compartment. In upper space, comparing with horizontal source direction, when source direction is vertically towards upper space, hydrogen flows into the dome driven by momentum and stratification can be established more possible. In long term, with hydrogen distribution tending to be uniform, the effect of direction is not obvious. Due to more steam transporting into local compartments (SG-2, vertical and CMT compartments) when direction is horizontal, hydrogen concentration in these compartment is lower. In addition, source direction change can also lead to the change of location where hydrogen combustion risk probably occurs. When direction is horizontal, combustion risk happens in SG-2, vertical or CMT compartments rather than source compartment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Containment safety analyses of Design Basis Accidents (DBAs) rely on the use of Lumped Parameters (LP) codes, and therefore, on pressure and temperature averaged values. In those analyses the full containment building is usually modeled with a single or few computational cells. During the latest years, many efforts have been done to develop 3D containment models which bring the possibility of more detailed simulations. Equipment and instrumentation Environmental Qualification in containment are based on pressure and temperature enveloping profiles calculated with LP models. These enveloping profiles calculated with LP models are the solution in a single cell that represents a large volume; however, 3D models volumes are subdivided in thousands of cells and could provide a more accurate solution. In this paper, generic equipment and instrumentation Environmental Qualification (EQ) criteria are assessed during a Double Ended Guillotine Break Loss Of Coolant Accident in a PWR-W 3D containment model developed with GOTHIC 8.1 (QA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]