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Aurochs (Bos primigenius), once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia, became extinct in the early 1600 s. However, their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison (Bison priscus) excavated in East Asia, dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago. These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis. Our findings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European, Near Eastern, and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data. Furthermore, we identified evidence of gene flow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle, suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials without metal possess great potential in oxygen evolution reactions (OER). However, the synthesis process is complex and the energy waste is large (i.e. calcination). Molecular electrocatalysts, as a new type of electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution, have attracted a wide amount of attention. In this work, taurine (TA) was selected as an OER electrocatalyst, and the catalytic activity of TA was studied via theoretical calculations and experiment. The DFT results show that the OH in the electrolyte tends to adsorb on C or N and takes away the H atom on the amino group to form uncoordinated N atoms in TA molecules. In addition, the TA molecule is fixed in a conductive hydrogel with a hydrophilic surface, and the conductive network on the hydrogel further accelerates charge and mass transfer in the OER process. Therefore, this work opens the way for further research on molecular electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • the TA molecules provided positively charged atoms with high activity towards the OER demonstrated by DFT calculations. • the conductive PPy networks allowed fast charge transfer during the OER. • The TA-PPy hydrogel was directly grown on the carbon cloth without the usage of binders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Generally, women are twice as likely as men to have depression. Taurine, a type of amino acid, plays critical roles in neuronal generation, differentiation, arborization, and formation of synaptic connections. Importantly, it enhances proliferation and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. When injected into animals, taurine has an antidepressant effect. However, there is no in vivo evidence to show an association between taurine concentration in the human brain and the development of MDD. Forty-one unmedicated young women with MDD (ages 18–29) and 43 healthy control participants matched for gender and age were recruited in South Korea. Taurine concentration was measured in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and occipital cortex of the MDD and healthy control groups using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T. Analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in taurine concentration, adjusting for age as a covariate. Taurine concentration in the hippocampus was lower (F 1,75 = 5.729, p =.019, Δη2 = 0.073) for the MDD group (mean [SEM] = 0.91 [0.06] mM) than for the healthy control group (1.13 [0.06] mM). There was no significant difference in taurine concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex or occipital cortex between the two groups. This study demonstrates that a lower level of taurine concentration in the hippocampus may be a novel characteristic of MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal taurine supplementation has been shown to exert protective effects following a maternal obesogenic diet on offspring growth and metabolism. However, the long-term effects of maternal cafeteria diet on adiposity, metabolic profile, and hepatic gene expression patterns following supplementation of taurine in adult offspring remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that exposure to maternal taurine supplementation would modulate the effects of maternal cafeteria diet by reducing adiposity and hepatic gene expression patterns involved in lipid metabolism in adult offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed a control diet, control diet supplemented with 1.5% taurine in drinking water, cafeteria diet (CAF) or CAF supplemented with taurine (CAFT) from weaning. After 8 weeks, all animals were mated and maintained on the same diets during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, all offspring were fed with control chow diet until the age of 20 weeks. Despite similar body weights, CAFT offspring had significantly lower fat deposition and body fat when compared with CAF offspring. Microarray analysis revealed that genes (Akr1c3, Cyp7a1, Hsd17b6, Cd36, Acsm3 , and Aldh1b1) related to steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, butanoate metabolism, and fatty acid degradation were down-regulated in CAFT offspring. The current study shows that exposure to maternal cafeteria diet promoted adiposity and taurine supplementation reduced lipid deposition and in both male and female offspring and led to alterations in hepatic gene expression patterns, reducing the detrimental effects of maternal cafeteria diet. Long-term effects of maternal cafeteria diet and taurine are decreased fat deposition and hepatic gene expression of Akr1c3, Cyp7a1, Hsd17b6, Acsm3 , and Aldh1b1 in rat offspring. Abbreviations: Acsm3, acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3; Aldh1b1, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member B1; Akr1c3, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3; Cyp7a1, cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1; Hsd17b6, Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the zones of coagulation, hyperemia and stasis that occur in the burned area, the most intense metabolic process and the highest sensitivity to recovery with treatment is the zone of stasis.This metabolic process is related to how well the tissues in the zone of stasis can cope with oxidative stress. If the tissues in the zone of stasis are saved, the burn area will potentially heal faster and with less scar. In this study, we examined the effects of taurine amino acids and apocynin molecules on saving the tissues in the burn zone of stasis.Methods: The study was conducted with 48 rats. The burn zone of stasis was created according to the pattern previously described in the literature as comb burn model. In the 21-day study, biopsies were taken for histological examination on the 3rd, 7th and 21st days of the study. In addition, macroscopic photographic analysis was performed. Biopsies were taken for biochemical analysis on the 21st day. Histologically, inflammation, reepithelialization, and collagenization were evaluated, and the CD34 immunoreactivity was analysed. Biochemically, CAT, SOD, tGSH, TAS, TOS, MDA and PPC values were determined.Results: In the histological examination, on the 3rd, 7th and 21st days, inflammation was found to be reduced in the groups given taurine and apocynin on the 3rd day. On the 7th day, better reepithelialization and collagenization were observed in the group given taurine. Significant reepithelialization, collagenization and hair follicle development were observed in the groups given taurine and apocynin on the 21st day. In the biochemical analysis, the effects of apocynin on antioxidant enzymes were determined to be prominent. While we found no significant difference on the 3rd and 7th days in the photographic analysis, taurine and apocynin were observed to act synergistically on the 21st day and significantly reduced the burned areas.Conclusion: On the 3rd day, taurine and apocynin prevented inflammation, the effects of taurine in the zone of stasis in the early period (7th day) are more pronounced, the effect of apocynin on antioxidant enzymes is more pronounced. In the late period (21st day), taurine and apocynin were found to be more effective in saving the zone of stasis by creating a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enigmatic sarcopenic obesity is still a challenge for science and adds to the global public health burden. The progressive accumulation of body fat combined with a dysfunctional skeletal muscle structure and composition, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and anabolic resistance, among other aggravating factors, together represent the seriousness and complexity of treating the metabolic disorder of sarcobesity in aging. For this reason, further studies are needed that encourage the support of therapeutic management. It is along these lines that we direct the reader to therapeutic approaches that demonstrate important, but still obscure, outcomes in the physiological conditions of sarcobesity, such as the role of taurine in modulating inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms in muscle and adipose tissue, as well as the management of gut microbiota, able to systemically re-establish the structure and function of the gut-muscle axis, in addition to the merits of physical exercise as an instrument to improve muscular health and lifestyle quality. [Display omitted] • Sarcobesity is a concerning health condition that can impact the older population. • Sarcobesity can drive the inflammatory process and metabolic dysfunction in aging. • Taurine supplementation appears promising in sarcobesity. • Modulation of gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic strategy in sarcobesity. • Physical exercise is an effective therapy to prevent and treat sarcobesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic changes are key drivers of tumor progression. Understanding how metabolic reprogramming promotes tumor development and identifying key metabolic activities are essential for improving tumor diagnosis and treatment. Among the numerous transporters in the body, solute carriers (SLCs) are particularly significant, often overexpressed in cancer cells to meet the tumor's demand for nutrients and energy. While the role of SLCs in nutrient absorption within the gastrointestinal tract is well-established, their specific role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Recently, Xiaodi Zhao's team investigated the critical role of taurine and its transporter, SLC6A6, in anti-tumor immunity and clinical outcomes. Notably, this research marks the first instance of taurine exhibiting a dual role. It promotes tumor growth in immunodeficient mice while inhibiting it in immunocompetent mice. The study found that taurine exerts its anti-cancer effects by modulating CD8+ T cells rather than directly inhibiting tumor cells, revealing the SP1-SLC6A6 axis as a key mechanism behind chemotherapy-induced immune evasion. Our work further explored the potential, advantages, and challenges of using taurine and SLC6A6 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. We aim to underscore their importance in both basic research and clinical applications, providing valuable insights and guidance for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH), a pivotal enzyme in cholesterol management, holds significant promise in both human and animal subjects. This study investigated the effect of fermentation dynamics in Heyndrickxia coagulans ATCC 7050 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 10012 to enhance BSH production. Cultivation of cultures in MRS and M17 media revealed that MRS medium enhanced BSH production by 235.98 % in H. coagulans ATCC 7050 and 147.37 % in L. plantarum ATCC 10012, compared to M 17 medium. Additionally, varying oxygen concentration levels indicated that H. coagulans ATCC 7050 exhibited its minimum doubling time of 79.8 ± 0.64 min in anaerobic conditions, whereas L. plantarum ATCC 10012 demonstrated its minimum doubling time of 85.5 ± 1.2 min under microaerophilic conditions. However, their highest BSH activity was observed during the stationary phase under anaerobic conditions, yielding 17.14 ± 0.78 U/mL by H. coagulans ATCC 7050 and 19.04 ± 0.81 U/mL by L. plantarum ATCC 10012. Furthermore, it was observed that both organisms did not retain BSH within their cells. BSH activity was assessed using ninhydrin assay that detected free taurine liberated from sodium taurocholate. However, ninhydrin can yield false–positive results owing to its interaction with other free amino acids. To subjugate this limitation, the study introduced a novel and sensitive HPTLC–MS method capable of accurately detecting taurine. By comprehending fermentation dynamics and selecting appropriate conditions, BSH production increased 2.1–fold in both organisms. These findings illuminate critical insights, offering a pathway for novel strategies to enhance the BSH–producing capabilities of these LAB strains. • Optimal growth conditions may not always yield maximal levels of BSH production. • Novel HPTLC–MS method addresses limitations of the conventional ninhydrin assay. • HPTLC–MS identifies taurine with accuracy, sensitivity and reliability. • The results lay groundwork for future research on hypercholesterolemia and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by alkaline oxidative degradation of cellulose, a novel eco-friendly scenario for preparation of flame retardant lyocell fabrics was developed by the chemical grafting of biomass taurine. FTIR and XPS results verified the establishment of a covalent bond between taurine and lyocell fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis and vertical combustion test proved the improved char-forming ability and flame resistance of the grafted fabric. The THR and pHRR of the finished fabric were successfully reduced by 67.3 % and 89.9 % respectively after modification. In addition, after 50 wash cycles, the LOI value of the grafted fabric was maintained at 29.5 %. The gas-phase and condensed-phase flame retardant mechanisms were proposed from the analyses of pyrolysis gaseous products and char residue of the modified fabrics. The modification process is simple to operate and provides a feasible green flame retardant strategy for flammable lyocell fabrics. [Display omitted] • Carbonyl groups are produced via alkaline oxidation degradation of cellulose. • Taurine was introduced to the cellulose molecule via a Schiff base reaction. • The grafted taurine endowed cellulose good flame retardancy. • The preparation process was eco-friendly and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol is vital for the optimal growth and physiological function of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Due to limited availability of fish meal, plant-based ingredients are increasingly added in the shrimp diet which limit the availability and utilization of cholesterol. This study investigated the synergistic effects of dietary taurine and cholesterol supplementation on growth and physio-metabolic responses of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei fed with high plant-based protein diets reared in a biofloc system for 60 days. A basal diet (control) comprised 82.55 % plant-based ingredients and 36 % crude protein. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared (T1-T5) with cholesterol and taurine supplements at inclusion levels of 0.15 % and 0.16 % in T1 and T2, respectively. In the rest of the treatments, T3, T4, and T5, the combinations of cholesterol and taurine were 0.15 % and 0.16 %; 0.05 % and 0.24 %; 0.25 % and 0.08 %, respectively. The experimental diets were allocated to triplicate groups of 100 shrimp per tank following a completely randomized design. The results showed that shrimp fed T3 diet have a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), percentage of survival, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) with efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.14±0.06) compared to other treatments. The hematological, antioxidant, and digestive enzyme activities, except amylase activity, were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed T1 and T3. Total bile acid content in T3 fed shrimp was higher than in other dietary treatments (P < 0.05). The results indicated that supplementing a combination of 0.15 % cholesterol and 0.16 % taurine in a high plant-based diet significantly improved growth performance, nutrient utilization, and physio-metabolic responses of P. vannamei. • Six isonitrogenous high plant-based diets supplemented with taurine and cholesterol were tested in Penaeus vannamei. • Cholesterol and taurine supplementation improved growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of shrimp. • Cholesterol and taurine supplementation synergistically improved cholesterol utilization by bile acid synthesis. • Cholesterol and taurine supplementation improves enzyme activity and enhances overall growth and health of shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine (Tau) is a free conditionally essential amino acid for most fish species that plays a significant nutritional role, mainly in carnivorous fish species. However, limited studies are still available regarding the role of Tau on pirarucu nutrition, an important Amazonian fish species. Therefore, this study used diets high in plant-based ingredients to investigate the effect of taurine (Tau) supplementation on juvenile pirarucu's growth, metabolism, and health (n = 115, Weight = 504.12 ± 19 g). Fish were fed five diets containing increasing levels of Tau: 0.95, 5.1, 9.6, 12.9, and 17.2 g/kg in a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. After a 60-day feeding trial, growth, hematology, blood chemistry, Tau content in muscle, carcass, and liver, antioxidant status, and immunological parameters were evaluated. The control group (0.95 g/kg Tau) showed the lowest growth. According to the segmented regression model, the recommended Tau level for maximizing the development of juvenile pirarucu was 4.49 g/kg of feed. Additionally, fish fed the lowest dietary Tau level showed the highest ROS (reactive oxygen species) concentration. Dietary Tau levels did not affect hematological parameters and blood chemistry (p > 0.05). Fish fed 9.6 g/kg of Tau showed increased catalase activity, while the control group had the worst result in NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test). Fish fed with the highest dietary Tau levels (12.9 and 17.2 g/kg) showed increased total serum immunoglobulin concentration. These results suggest that the optimal inclusion level of Tau in diets for juvenile pirarucu is 4.49 g/kg of feed and that this amino acid acts as a mitigator of oxidative stress. • Pirarucu seems to have a limited ability to synthesize taurine. • Taurine affects the antioxidant status of pirarucu. • Taurine does not affect feed intake in Pirarucu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the frequent salinity fluctuation has become a growing threat to fishes. However, the dynamic patterns of gene expression in response to salinity changes remain largely unexplored. In the present study, 18 RNA-Seq datasets were generated from gills of rainbow trout at different salinities, including 0 ‰, 6 ‰, 12 ‰, 18 ‰, 24 ‰ and 30 ‰. Based on the strict thresholds, we have identified 63, 1411, 2096, 1031 and 1041 differentially expressed genes in gills of rainbow trout through pairwise comparisons. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to construct 18 independent modules with distinct expression patterns. Of them, green and tan modules were found to be tightly related to salinity changes, several hub genes of which are known as the important regulators in taurine and glutamine metabolism. To further investigate their potential roles in response to salinity changes, taurine, glutamine, and their metabolism-related glutamic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid were accurately quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Results clearly showed that their concentrations were closely associated with salinity changes. These findings suggested that taurine and glutamine play important roles in response to salinity changes in gills of rainbow trout, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of fishes in salinity adaptation. • Salinity dramatically changed gene expression patterns in gills of rainbow trout. • There were 18 independent modules with distinct expression patterns. • 7 hub genes are known as important regulators of taurine and glutamine metabolism. • Concentrations of taurine and glutamine in gills were affected by salinity changes. • Taurine and glutamine play important roles in salinity adaptation in rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis, characterized by lipid peroxidation and intracellular iron accumulation, has been reported to be involving in the pathophysiological of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although taurine reportedly yields neuroprotective effects in multiple central neurological diseases and can attenuated neuron damage after stroke, its role in EBI after SAH remains unclear. The present study indicated that taurine levels in cerebrospinal fluid were significantly reduced in SAH patients, which suggested that taurine treatment after SAH could improve neurological impairment, oxidative stress, iron accumulation, BBB integrity and neuronal ferroptosis in the SAH model in vivo. Taurine could attenuate MDA levels and ROS accumulation and regulate the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 and the AKT/GSK3β pathway in vitro. GABA B receptor inhibition and Ly294002 could reverse the therapeutic effects of taurine and significantly downregulate the levels of p-AKT, p-GSK3β, β-catenin, SLC7A11 and GPX4. The protective effects of taurine on SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression were reversed by ICG001 treatment in vitro. Taken together, our findings revealed that taurine could improve neurological function and alleviate cerebral edema, oxidative stress and BBB disruption after SAH, which reduced neuronal ferroptosis by regulating the GABA B /AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GABA B : gamma aminobutyric acid type B; PI3K: phosphoinositol 3 kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; GSK3β: glucogen synthase kinase 3 bate; SLC7A11: solute carrier family 7 member 11; GSH: glutathione; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase-4; Glu: glutamate; Cys: cystine. [Display omitted] • Taurine levels in cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients was significantly reduced. • Taurine could reduce early brain injury and ferroptosis by Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in SAH. • GABA B receptors were potential upstream targets of AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway regulated by taurine after SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Alkaline stress induced decline in growth and nutrient acquisition. • Taurine functioned as an endogenous antioxidant. • Taurine mediated ROS metabolism and ions homeostasis. • Taurine reduced the peroxidation of lipids. Alkaline stress is among major environmental constraints that impair plant growth and yield production worldwide. Taurine protects cells from oxidative injury in animals. There exists no report in the literature on taurine functions in plants under environmental constraints. Therefore, the current study was aimed to assess the role of taurine in lessening the harmful effects of alkaline stress on growth of Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Berseem clover). Alkaline conditions (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM Na 2 CO 3) resulted in a notable reduction in growth, chlorophyll contents, relative water content, and essential nutrient uptake. The uptake of toxic Na+ was significantly greater in plants under stress, creating specific ion toxicity. Further, oxidative damage due to alkaline stress was noticeable in plants mirrored as higher hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), superoxide radical (O 2 •‒), methylglyoxal (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidized glutathione GSSG generation. Taurine supplementation (0, 100, and 200 mg L‒1) protected plants from osmotic stress, ions excess toxicity, and oxidative injury under alkaline conditions. Taurine notably reduced the uptake and accumulation of Na+ in plants. In contrast, the K+, Ca2+, and P contents were several folds higher in plants treated with taurine under alkaline conditions. The schematic representation depicts taurine-mediated increased tolerance to alkaline stress. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which widely exists in soil and crops, is the most toxic aflatoxin and a carcinogen to humans and animals. The liver is the main organ that processes AFB1 and other mycotoxins and is also the main target of AFB1 toxicity. Taurine is known to exhibit a variety of physiological and pharmacological functions. In the present study, taurine was administered to detect the protective effect and mechanism of taurine in AFB1-induced liver injury in rats. The results showed that taurine inhibited the increase in hepatic injury indices, hepatic apoptosis and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) contents while significantly enhanced the hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial function-related indices in AFB1-poisoned rats. Meanwhile, the expression levels of key factors in the Nrf2 signalling pathway were upregulated while the expression levels of key proteins in the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway were downregulated after taurine administration. The results showed that taurine can reverse AFB1-induced liver injury and abnormal apoptosis through activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, which further protects mitochondria from oxidative stress and the subsequent apoptotic pathway. [Display omitted] • Taurine can protect the liver from injury and abnormal apoptosis induced by aflatoxin B1. • Taurine can improve antioxidant capacity of rats treated with aflatoxin B1. • Taurine can protect the mitochondria in the liver of rats treated with aflatoxin B1. • Taurine can regulate mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of rats treated with aflatoxin B1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, chitosan/per-gelatinized waxy corn starch composite edible orally disintegrating films (ODFs) incorporated with taurine were prepared and the morphology, release behavior and storage stability of the ODFs were investigated. The XRD, ATR-FTIR and microscopic investigation results revealed that taurine could be uniformly dispersed in the film matrix. The optimal level of taurine addition was 1.0% (w/w). The incorporation of taurine improved the apparent morphology, mechanical properties and water holding capacity while slightly increased the film thickness, disintegration time and contact angle of the composite films. In addition, taurine exhibited a rapid release behavior in the films. The fitted results of the Ritger-Peppas model indicated that the release mechanism of taurine in the composite films was mainly Fickian diffusion with minor skeleton erosion. As a delivery carrier, the composite film had a positive effect on the preservation of taurine, increasing the retention of taurine by 8.34% ± 1.48% during storage. The study confirmed the feasibility for the development of taurine ODF carriers and provided a basis for the development of functional packaging materials. [Display omitted] • The delivery of taurine in an edible composite film is an innovative attempt. • The network structure of composite film realized the controlled release of taurine. • The embedding of taurine reduced the heterogeneous structure in the composite film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature is a common challenge in the culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and taurine is a potential nutrient that may improve its cold-resistance. This experiment aimed to investigate effects of dietary taurine on growth and immune response of Pacific white shrimp cultured at normal and cold temperatures. Six diets were supplemented with increasing levels of taurine (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%) and fed to shrimp (1.59 ± 0.03 g) reared at two water temperatures (28 °C and 20 °C) for 8 weeks. The results showed that compared with 28 °C, shrimp reared at 20 °C showed lower growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and total hemocyte count (THC) (P < 0.05), but higher content of serum glucose, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+, malonaldehyde (MDA) and apoptosis rate (P < 0.05), indicating a higher risk of oxidative damage during low temperature stress. Interestingly, shrimp could cope with cold stress by changing hemocyte composition, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and genes expression of apoptosis and autophagy. The effect of taurine was different at different temperatures. At 28 °C, taurine supplementation improved growth rate of shrimp by increasing digestive enzyme activities, digestion absorption rate and nutrient utilization. Based on the quadratic model of weight gain rate, feed efficiency, protein retention efficiency and the broken line model of apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, the amount of taurine required for shrimp reared at 28 °C was 0.57–0.60% of dry diet. At 20 °C, taurine increased the number of THC, granulocytes, semi-granulocytes, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and decreased the content of ROS in the cells, which may enhance cold resistance of shrimp. Moreover, taurine supplementation down-regulated mRNA expression of cell apoptosis genes (cyt-c , caspase-9 and caspase-3) and up-regulated mRNA expression of cell autophagy genes (atg1 , atg13 , atg7 and lc3) (P < 0.05), which may help to maintain cell stability at 20 °C. The optimal requirement of taurine in shrimp reared at 20 °C was 0.56–0.66% of dry diet in this experiment based on THC and MDA content. In conclusion, our study suggests that appropriate taurine promotes growth and feed utilization at optima l temperature and enhances the stability of hemocyte at low temperature in white shrimp. • Diets with 0.57–0.60% of dry diet taurine improved growth rate of L. vannamei at 28 °C. • Dietary taurine increased THC, granulocytes and semi-granulocytes of shrimp at 20 °C. • Taurine regulated mRNA expression of apoptosis and autophagy genes in shrimp at 20 °C. • The optimal requirement of taurine in shrimp was 0.56–0.66% of dry diet at 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Taurine alleviates heat stress-induced cognitive impairment in mice. • Taurine attenuates heat stress-induced neuroinflammation in the mouse hippocampus. • Taurine may improve cognitive function and reduce inflammation by affecting the REST- Npas4 and NFKB1- Lcn2 pathways. Heat stress (HS) induces various pathophysiological responses in the brain, encompassing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments. Although taurine has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and cognitive-enhancing properties, its role and mechanisms in HS-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. This study supplemented mice exposed to HS with taurine to assess its effect on cognitive function in a HS-induced mouse model. The results revealed that taurine ameliorated cognitive deficits following HS in mice and mitigated HS-induced astrocyte and microglia activation as well as blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, Mechanistically, transcriptome sequencing was employed to identify that taurine regulates neuronal PAS domain protein (Npas4) and lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) during HS. Taurine was found to modulate hippocampal inflammation and influence cognitive function by upregulating Npas4 and downregulating Lcn2 after HS. Subsequently, molecular docking and AnimalTFDB database calculations were conducted, revealing that taurine might regulate the expression of Npas4 and Lcn2 by modulating the regulatory transcription factors (TFs) RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1). Our findings demonstrate that taurine enhances the recovery of cognitive function through Npas4 and Lcn2 following HS, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application of taurine in preventing or treating HS-induced cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two taurine-catalyzed, aqueous-mediated methodologies were reported for the synthesis of 4-aryl-2-hydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromen-5-one (3a-j) and 3-substituted coumarin derivatives (3′a-f) under reflux conditions. These methodologies entail the use of substituted aromatic aldehydes, diethyl malonate, and dimedone as reagents for the sustainable synthesis of 2-hydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-chromene derivatives via the Knoevenagel-Michael cascade, as well as the use of substituted salicylaldehyde with diethyl malonate or ethyl 3-oxobutanoate for the efficient synthesis of coumarin derivatives via the Knoevenagel-transesterification reaction. These strategies emphasize environmental sustainability and are designed as one-pot processes, ensuring simplicity and convenience. The methods deliver high yields and are cost-effective, significantly reducing reaction times, enhancing step efficiency, and are successful at the multigram level. Notably, the taurine catalyst demonstrates exceptional reusability, maintaining its activity for up to five cycles without notable degradation. The catalyst is easily recoverable through filtration, and the overall procedure is streamlined, requiring no additional purification steps. These attributes collectively contribute to the green chemistry paradigm by minimizing waste and energy consumption, thus offering a practical and efficient approach to the synthesis of these important organic compounds. [Display omitted] • Two distinct green methodologies for synthesizing 2-hydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-chromene and coumarin derivatives. • Taurine as a bifunctional, non-toxic, bioorganic catalyst with good reusability for up to five cycles. • Utilization of water as a solvent under reflux conditions, avoiding the need for organic solvents. • High yields with a significant reduction in reaction times with scalability to multigram levels. • Broad substrate scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Caloric restriction (CR) increases taurine levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). • The concentration of taurine reversely correlates with WAT weight. • The levels of taurine in WAT correlate with intestinal levels. • Gut microbiota and its bile salt hydrolase activity influence WAT taurine levels. • Restriction of dietary taurine impairs fat loss during CR. Previously, we demonstrated that caloric restriction (CR) stimulates the synthesis, conjugation, secretion, and deconjugation of taurine and bile acids in the intestine, as well as their reuptake. Given taurine's potent antiobesogenic properties, this study aimed to assess whether the CR-induced shift in taurine homeostasis contributes to adipose tissue loss. To verify that, male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 20% CR or ad libitum feeding, with variations in cage bedding and gut microbiota conditions. Additional groups received taurine supplementation or were fed a low-taurine diet (LTD). The results showed that in CR animals, taurine derived from the intestine was preferentially trafficked to epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) over other tested organs. Besides increased levels of taurine transporter TauT, gene expression of Cysteine dioxygenase (Cdo) involved in taurine synthesis was upregulated in CR eWAT. Taurine concentration in adipocytes was inversely correlated with fat pad weight of CR mice. Different types of cage bedding did not impact eWAT taurine levels; however, the lack of bedding and consumption of a diet high in soluble fiber did. Depleting gut microbiota with antibiotics or inhibiting bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity reduced WAT taurine concentration in CR mice. Taurine supplementation increased taurine levels in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT), promoting fat loss in CR animals. LTD consumption blunted WAT loss in CR animals, with negligible impact on BAT. This study provides multiple insights into taurine's role in CR-triggered fat loss and describes a novel communication path between the liver, gut, microbiota, and WAT, with taurine acting as a messenger. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophorae tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (STR) is an extensively applied traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in southwest China. However, its clinical application is relatively limited due to its hepatotoxicity effects. To understand the material foundation and liver injury mechanism of STR. Chemical compositions in STR and its prototypes in mice were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS). STR-induced liver injury (SILI) was comprehensively evaluated by STR-treated mice mode. The histopathologic and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate liver injury levels. Subsequently, network pharmacology and multi-omics were used to analyze the potential mechanism of SILI in vivo. And the target genes were further verified by Western blot. A total of 152 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in STR, including 29 alkaloids, 21 organic acids, 75 flavonoids, 1 quinone, and 26 other types. Among them, 19 components were presented in STR-medicated serum. The histopathologic and biochemical analysis revealed that hepatic injury occurred after 4 weeks of intragastric administration of STR. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that IL6, TNF, STAT3, etc. were the main core targets, and the bile secretion might play a key role in SILI. The metabolic pathways such as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, purine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism were identified in the STR exposed groups. Among them, taurine, hypotaurine, hypoxanthine, pyridoxal, and 4-pyridoxate were selected based on their high impact value and potential biological function in the process of liver injury post STR treatment. The mechanism and material foundation of SILI were revealed and profiled by a multi-omics strategy combined with network pharmacology and chemical profiling. Meanwhile, new insights were taken into understand the pathological mechanism of SILI. [Display omitted] • A total of 152 compounds were identified in STR by UPLC-Q/TOF MS. • Active components in STR-medicated serum were identified. • Multi-omics approaches were conducted to reveal the mechanism of SILI. • Taurine, hypotaurine, and pyridoxal might be the potential biomarkers in SILI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of intra-hippocampal manipulation of glycine receptors on the reconsolidation of recent and late long-term spatial memory were evaluated and assessed in the Morris water maze. The results obtained from the intra-hippocampal infusion of glycine and taurine demonstrated that taurine at a 100 nmol/side dose impaired the reconsolidation of recent and late long-term spatial memory. In comparison, at a dose of 10 nmol/side, it only affected the reconsolidation of late long-term spatial memory, reinforcing that there are differences between molecular mechanisms underlying recent and late long-term memory reconsolidation. On the other hand, glycine impaired the reconsolidation of early and late spatial memory when infused at a dose of 10 nmol/side, but not at a dose of 100 nmol/side, unless it is co-infused with an allosteric site antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Altogether these results show that glycine acting in situ in the hippocampal CA1 region exerts a pharmacological effect on U-curve, which can be explained by its concomitant action on its ionotropic receptor GlyR and on its NMDA receptor co-agonist site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid found in many cell organelles that plays a wide range of biological roles, including bile salt production, osmoregulation, oxidative stress reduction, and neuromodulation. Taurine treatments have also been shown to ameliorate the onset and development of many diseases, including hypertension, fatty liver, neurodegenerative diseases and ischemia–reperfusion injury, by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, calcium storage and protein stabilization. Under stress, the disruption of the ER environment leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and a characteristic stress response called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR protects cells from stress and helps to restore cellular homeostasis, but its activation promotes cell death under prolonged ER stress. Recent studies have shown that ER stress is closely related to the onset and development of many diseases. This article reviews the beneficial effects and related mechanisms of taurine by regulating the ER in different physiological and pathological states, with the aim of providing a reference for further research and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is rich in taurine, which is crucial for its adaptation to the fluctuating intertidal environment and presents significant potential in improving taurine nutrition and boosting immunity in humans. Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is a key enzyme involved in the initial step of taurine biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in regulating taurine content in the body. In the present study, polymorphisms of CDO gene in C. gigas (Cg CDO) and their association with taurine content were evaluated in 198 individuals. A total of 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were identified in the exonic region of Cg CDO gene by direct sequencing. Among these SNPs, c.279G>A and c.287C>A were found to be significantly associated with taurine content, with the GG and AA genotype at the two loci exhibiting enhanced taurine accumulation (p < 0.05). Haplotype analysis revealed that the 279GG/287AA haplotype had the highest taurine content of 29.24 mg/g, while the 279AA/287CC haplotype showed the lowest taurine content of 21.19 mg/g. These results indicated that the SNPs of Cg CDO gene could influence the taurine content in C. gigas and have potential applications in the selective breeding of high-taurine varieties. [Display omitted] • c.279G>A and c.287C>A were associated with taurine content in Crassostrea gigas. • Oysters with the 279GG/287AA haplotype showed an advantage in taurine accumulation. • c.287C>A may impact the Cg CDO's activity by altering its iron ion binding capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous attempts to limit fat intake failed to reduce metabolic syndrome incidence, spotlighting excessive sucrose consumption phenomenon. Recent studies challenge the traditional belief, actually fructose is predominantly metabolized in the small intestine, not just the liver. Evidence supports sucrose overconsumption leads to hepatic lipid accumulation via gut microbiome modulation, but the mechanisms and prevention strategies remain unclear. This study investigates the impact of osmolytes inositol and taurine, which are abundant in citrus fruits and seafood respectively, on lipid metabolism in rats consuming excessive sucrose. Five-week-old male Wistar rats fed with control diet, high sucrose diet, and high sucrose diet with inositol or taurine for 28 days. High sucrose diet-induced accumulation of hepatic triglyceride level was reduced only by inositol. Both inositol and taurine decreased hepatic SREBP1, ChREBP, lipogenesis enzymes mRNA levels increased by a high sucrose diet. Taurine also significantly increased the fatty acid uptake major player CD36 mRNA levels in liver. Expression of genes related to fatty acid degradation and transport remained unchanged. In cecal microbiome, high sucrose diet groups showed a decrease in alpha diversity and diverged in beta diversity from the starch diet group, while inositol and taurine did not significantly affect these aspects. Ten bacterial features including genera such as Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , Odoribacter , Streptococcus , etc., were filtered out related to the ameliorative effects of inositol and taurine on lipid metabolism. Overall, both inositol and taurine modulated hepatic lipogenesis and microbiome. However, due to taurine's enhancement of fatty acid uptake, only inositol improved steatosis in high sucrose diet rats. [Display omitted] • Inositol exhibited inhibitory effects on hepatic triglyceride accumulation induced by a high sucrose diet. • Inositol and taurine inhibited hepatic fatty acid synthesis (SREBP1 and ChREBP), and taurine also facilitated the hepatic fatty acid uptake (CD36) in high sucrose diet-fed rats. • Ten specific bacterial features including genera such as Bacteroides , Parabacteroides , Odoribacter , Streptococcus , etc., were filtered out related to the ameliorative effects of inositol and taurine on lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine is abundantly present in fishmeal, while plant protein sources typically contain minimal to no taurine. This disparity in taurine content may explain variations in fish quality traits caused by the dietary substitution of fishmeal with plant protein sources. This research explored whether taurine supplementation to non-fishmeal (NFM) diet could improve fillet quality and muscle antioxidant capacity in grass carp. A total of 540 fish (255.74 ± 0.65 g) were distributed among six groups. One of them was provided with a fishmeal (FM) diet, while the remaining five groups received NFM diets, formulated with incremental concentrations of crystalline taurine (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg) for 60 days. Our data showed that, in comparison with the un-supplemented group, the optimal taurine supplementation to NFM diet yielded the following findings: (1) increased fillet nutritional values by improving crude protein content, free amino acid and fatty acid compositions; (2) improved fillet physicochemical properties by improving water holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, and preventing pH decline; (3) enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities and gene expressions through nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Additionally, this optimal NFM diet showed to be competitive with FM diet in terms of fillet quality. According to quadratic regression curves of ROS production and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, the optimal taurine supplementation levels in NFM diet for on-growing grass carp were 1.12 and 1.18 g/kg diet, respectively. • The addition of taurine to non-fishmeal (NFM) diets resulted in enhanced nutritional values and improved physicochemical properties of the fillet. • Taurine supplementation to NFM diet improved muscle antioxidant status. • NFM diet supplemented with appropriate taurine was competitive with fishmeal diet in terms of fillet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anlotinib, an orally administered small molecule inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), exerts significant anti-angiogenic and vascular normalization effects. However, the mechanisms underlying its involvement in tumor metabolic reprogramming are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the distribution and expression levels of metabolites within tumors after anlotinib treatment using spatial metabolomics analysis. Subsequently, by integrating the transcriptomics and proteomics analyses, we identified that anlotinib treatment primarily modulated four metabolic pathways, including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, steroid synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and lipid biosynthesis. This regulation significantly influenced the metabolic levels of compounds such as sulfonic acids, cholesterol, inositol phosphate pyrophosphate, and palmitoyl-CoA in the tumor, thereby impacting tumor initiation and progression. This study provides potential metabolic biomarkers for anlotinib treatment in tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound dressing diligently facilitate healing by fostering hemostasis, immunoregulation, the angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. Our methodology entails fabricating chitosan-taurine nanoparticles (CS-Tau) through an ionic gelation method. The morphology of CS-Tau was observed utilizing Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The nanoparticles are subsequently incorporated into carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels for crosslinking by EDC-NHS, yielding hydrogel dressings (CMCS-CS-Tau) designed to extend the duration of taurine release. In vitro investigations confirmed that these innovative compound dressings displayed superior biodegradation, biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and non-toxicity, in addition to possessing anti-inflammatory properties, and stimulating the proliferation and mobility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Experiments conducted on mice models with full-thickness skin removal demonstrated that CMCS-CS-Tau efficaciously aided in wound healing by spurring angiogenesis, and encouraging collagen deposition. CMCS-CS-Tau can also minimize inflammation and promote collagen deposition in chronic diabetic wound. Hence, CMCS-CS-Tau promotes both acute and chronic diabetic wound healing. Furthermore, the sustained release mechanism of CMCS-CS-Tau on taurine reveals promising potential for extending its clinical utility in relation to various biological effects of taurine. A schematic illustration and the mechanism of CMCS-CS-Tau facilitate acute and chronic diabetic wound healing [Display omitted] • This research fuses taurine with chitosan into nanoparticles, fostering sustained release of taurine; • CMCS-CS-Tau facilitates its anti-inflammatory function, contributing to the healing process; • CMCS-CS-Tau reveals promising potential for extending its clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study perhaps reveals the potential role of LncRNA TUG1 in liver diseases. • Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential efficacy of drugs targeting LncRNA TUG1 in the treatment of liver diseases. • LncRNA TUG1 may serve as a prognostic marker in liver diseases. • LncRNA TUG1 may regulate microRNA and downstream target proteins in liver diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA sequences exceeding 200 nucleotides in length that lack protein-coding capacity and participate in diverse biological processes in the human body, particularly exerting a pivotal role in disease surveillance, diagnosis, and progression. Taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) is a versatile lncRNA, and recent studies have revealed that the aberrant expression or function of TUG1 is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Consequently, we have summarized the current understanding of the mechanism of TUG1 in liver diseases such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver injury, hepatitis, and liver cancer. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that interventions targeting TUG1 or its downstream pathways may hold therapeutic promise for liver diseases. This review elucidates the characteristics, mechanisms, and targets of TUG1 in liver diseases, offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic biomarkers of liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocarboxylate transporter 7 (MCT7) is an orphan transporter expressed in the liver, brain, and in several types of cancer cells. It has also been reported to be a survival factor in melanoma and breast cancers. However, this survival mechanism is not yet fully understood due to MCT7's unidentified substrate(s). Therefore, here we sought to identify MCT7 substrate(s) and characterize the transport mechanisms by analyzing amino acid transport in HEK293T cells and polarized Caco-2 cells. Analysis of amino acids revealed significant rapid reduction in taurine from cells transfected with enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged MCT7. We found that taurine uptake and efflux by MCT7 was pH-independent and that the uptake was not saturated in the presence of taurine excess of 200 mM. Furthermore, we found that monocarboxylates and acidic amino acids inhibited MCT7-mediated taurine uptake. These results imply that MCT7 may be a low-affinity facilitative taurine transporter. We also found that MCT7 was localized at the basolateral membrane in polarized Caco-2 cells and that the induction of MCT7 expression in polarized Caco-2 cells enhanced taurine permeation. Finally, we demonstrated that interactions of MCT7 with ancillary proteins basigin/CD147 and embigin/GP70 enhanced MCT7-mediated taurine transport. In summary, these findings reveal that taurine is a novel substrate of MCT7 and that MCT7-mediated taurine transport might contribute to the efflux of taurine from cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of diets and foods on cutaneous afflictions has never been a moot point. The number of inquiries from patients and the wider public about how certain foods have affected or, indeed, caused their skin eruption, is increasing. While this inquisition is at the forefront of people's and physicians' minds in modern practice, this has long been a discussion in the scientific world. Élie Metchnikoff alluded to this at the turn of the 20th century. How foods and certain dietary programs affect diseases has been postulated, although there is still more to learn, despite the patient's advocacy for a particular dietary regimen. The study of the role of the microbiome is increasing. Gut dysbiosis, along with the interaction of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and brain (gut-skin-brain axis) is discussed. The role and impact of neuroendocrine transmitters and the skin are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the synthesis of taurine incorporated (sulfur containing organic molecule derived from methionine and cysteine) hybrid nanoflowers (thNFs) with an intrinsic peroxidase-mimic and antimicrobial activities in the presence of H 2 O 2. Formation of thNFs using non-enzyme molecules was for the first time and systematically studied as a function of the taurine concentration, types of metal ions (Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) and pH values of reaction solution. The peroxidase like activities of thNFs rely on Fenton-like reaction against guaiacol used as a model substrate. The efficiency of Fenton reaction can be attributed to porous structure and presence of ions of transition elements in the thNFs. The thNFs were further characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX. The thNFs also showed remarkable antimicrobial properties against S. aureus , E. coli, B. cereus and C. albicans. We claim that nonprotein-based NFs can be considered as new generation nano-biocatalysts as an alternative to enzymes and can be used in various medicinal, biochemical, immunological, biotechnological, and industrial applications. • Taurine-Cu 3 (PO 4) 2 Hybrid Nanoflower. • New Generation Nanobiocatalysts. • Peroxidase-Mimic Activities. • Antimicrobial Activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dynamic orchestration of metabolic pathways during continuous fasting remains unclear.Objective: We investigated the physiological effects of Bigu-style fasting and underlying metabolic reprogramming in healthy adults.Methods: We conducted a 5-d Bigu trial in 43 healthy subjects [age 23.2 ± 2.4 y; BMI (in kg/m2) 22.52 ± 1.79]. Physiological indicators and body composition were monitored daily during fasting day 1 (F1D) to F5D and after 10-d refeeding postfasting (R10D) and R30D. Blood samples were collected in the morning. Risk factors associated with inflammation, aging, cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition, and organ dysfunction were evaluated by biochemical measurements. Untargeted plasma metabolomics and gut microbial profiling were performed using plasma and fecal samples. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction. Correlation analyses for metabolite modules and taurine were analyzed by Spearman's rank and Pearson tests, respectively.Results: Heart rate was accelerated throughout the fasting period. Risk factors associated with inflammation and cardiovascular diseases were significantly lowered during or after Bigu (P < 0.05). Body composition measurement detected an overconsumption of fat starting from F3D till 1 mo after refeeding. Metabolomics unveiled a coupling between gluconeogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis beyond F3D. Plasma taurine significantly increased at F3D by 31%-46% followed by a reduction to basal level at F5D (P < 0.001), a pattern inversely correlated with changes in glucose and de novo synthesized cholesterol (r = -0.407 and -0.296, respectively; P < 0.001). Gut microbial profiling showed an enrichment of taurine-utilizing bacteria at F5D, which was completely recovered at R10D.Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that 5-d Bigu is potentially beneficial to health in young adults. A starvation threshold of 3-d fasting is necessary for maintaining glucose and cholesterol homeostasis via a taurine-microbiota regulatory loop. Our findings provide novel insights into the physiological and metabolic responses of the human body to continuous Bigu-style fasting. This trial was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR1900022917. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Peroxisomes are important in neurodegenerative diseases that occur with aging. • Catalase level decreases in the cortex and hippocampus in neurodegenerative diseases. • Taurine supplementation does not alter peroxisomal CAT, PMP70, PEX14 expression. • Chronic taurine supplementation causes anxiety in the experimental Alzheimer's model. • Taurine is effective in reducing oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative process. The aim of our study is to investigate the change of peroxisomal proteins in the neurodegenerative and oxidative process caused by the neurotoxicity of Aβ 1–42 in aged rats supplemented with taurine and to show the possible positive effects of taurine in this process. 30 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups as control, sham, Aβ 1–42, taurine, and Aβ 1–42+taurine. Taurine administration continued for 6 weeks (1000 mg/kg/day with drinking water). Stereotaxic surgery was applied to all groups (intracerebroventricular per lateral ventricle needle only or 5 μl, PBS, or Aβ 1–42). Spatial learning and memory performances of the animals were evaluated with Morris water maze and elevated plus maze. The levels of MDA and GSH were measured as oxidative stress parameters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Expressions of CAT, PEX14, PMP70 of peroxisomal membrane proteins were indicated by Western blot analysis. Our results showed that injection of Aβ 1–42 decreased the spatial learning and memory performance, cortex CAT and hippocampus PEX14, PMP70 and GSH levels, and increased cortex and hippocampus MDA levels (p < 0.05). Although the administration of taurine partially ameliorated the adverse effects of Aβ 1–42 injection, a significant difference was found only at the hippocampus GSH levels (p < 0.05). Also, taurine caused anxiety at this dose (p < 0.05). In conclusion, decreased peroxisomal proteins and antioxidant capacity in neurodegenerative and oxidative processes induced by intracerebroventricular Aβ 1–42 injection showed that peroxisomes may play a role in this process and taurine supplementation may have positive effects especially in increasing antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oriented object detection can determine the two-dimensional crystals size and shape. • Nucleation and growth models were estimated using the online data. • Image analysis was more sensitive and consistent in nucleation detection than FBRM. • Agglomeration level was quantified by classification. • Seed loading can affect agglomeration and nucleation level. Image analysis enables the estimation of critical process properties such as crystal size, morphology, and crystallization kinetics. Despite the rich image information, the lack of a robust image analysis technique has been an obstacle to promote its applications. In this work, an automated image analysis technique that combines the state-of-the-art oriented object detection model, S 2 A-Net , was developed for in situ estimation of the two-dimensional crystal size distribution (CSD) and the crystal counts. The model was trained to detect and classify both crystals and clusters to enable quantification of the extent of agglomeration and exclude unreliable detections. The effectiveness and robustness of extracting size and aspect ratio at various image complexities were verified by comparing with the focused beam reflective measurement (FBRM) and manually analyzed images in the experimental studies for taurine batch cooling crystallization with different seed loadings. An on-line calibration strategy for solute concentration measurement with Raman spectroscopy was introduced to eliminate the dedicated calibration experiments. The secondary nucleation and growth rate kinetics were evaluated from the on-line measurements and validated by numerical simulation. The proposed method provides a novel PAT strategy that enables accurate two-dimensional size measurement and shape characterization for online monitoring and control of a solution crystallization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA), taurine plays an important role in the growth, development, and physiological metabolism of aquatic animals; however, its demand level in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain is still poorly understood. A 60-day growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different taurine levels (0% (T0.0), 0.2% (T0.2), 0.4% (T0.4), 0.8% (T0.8), and 1.6% (T1.6)) added to diet on the survival, growth, body composition, immunity, antioxidant and osmoregulatory capacity of early juvenile S. paramamosain (initial body weight 8.69 ± 0.19 mg). The results showed that dietary taurine levels >0.4% (inclusive) significantly increased the survival of early juvenile mud crabs. The growth performance (final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR)) of early juvenile mud crabs increased significantly with increasing dietary taurine levels, reaching a maximum in the T0.8 group, and the target of rapamycin (tor) gene transcription levels also peaked in the T0.8 group. The body composition of mud crabs was not affected by dietary treatments. Further, dietary taurine significantly increased digestive enzyme (trypsin, lipase, and amylase) activities and transcript levels of appetite-related genes (neuropeptide F1 (npf1) and neuropeptide F2 (npf2)) in early juvenile mud crabs. In addition, dietary taurine increased the expression levels of immune-related genes (prophenoloxidase (proPO), prophenoloxidase activating factor 1 (ppaf1), prophenoloxidase activating factor 2 (ppaf2), crustin antimicrobial peptide (crustin), lysozyme (lzm)) and antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities) in early juvenile mud crabs. Finally, the results of the acute salinity challenge showed that the early juvenile mud crabs' survival in the T0.8 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups, while significantly higher Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit (nka-α) and Na+/K+/2Cl−-cotransporter (nkcc) gene expression levels were also detected in the T0.8 group. Together with growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity and osmoregulatory capacity, the present study concluded that the appropriate dietary taurine level for early juvenile mud crabs was 1.08%–1.33%. [Display omitted] • The appropriate dietary taurine level for juvenile mud crabs was 1.08%–1.33%. • Dietary taurine above 0.4% significantly improved the survival of juvenile mud crabs. • Antioxidant capacity of mud crabs was significantly improved by 0.8% dietary taurine. • 0.8% dietary taurine significantly improved osmoregulation in juvenile mud crabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine is a non-essential β sulfonated amino acid involved in a plethora of biological functions in the mammalian central nervous system. Taurine is easily accessible in energy drinks for human consumption. Previous preclinical and clinical reports suggest that acute systemic administration of taurine could inhibit some of the behavioral and metabolic effects of alcohol use disorder. Overall, both in rodent and human studies, acute taurine administration reduced voluntary alcohol intake. This study aimed to assess the pharmacological effects of taurine (intracerebroventricular; i.c.v.) on ethanol intake/preference of rats either control (i.e., alcohol naïve) or forced ethanol intake (since juvenile age with a chronic intermittent access model). In addition, to explore anxiety-like behavior (through defensive burying behavior test) as pharmacological control of taurine. We found that acute (i.c.v.) taurine reduced alcohol consumption, i.e., taurine significantly decreased both alcohol intake and preference in adult male Wistar rats. Moreover, taurine elicits an anxiolytic-like effect in all administered groups independently of previous alcohol exposure. [Display omitted] • Taurine reduces alcohol intake by central mechanisms in alcohol-experienced rats. • Reduced ethanol consumption by taurine is significant in alcohol-experienced rats. • Central taurine produced anxiolytic effect measured by defensive burying behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aimed to enhance the oral bioavailability of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) while minimizing the potential for myocardial toxicity. To achieve this goal, we developed a new method that utilizes a coating material to encapsulate the drug in liposomes, which can specifically target intestinal taurine transporter proteins. This coating material, TAU-CS, was created by combining taurine with chitosan. We characterized TAU-CS using various methods, including 1H NMR, FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting liposomes exhibited a regular spherical morphology, with a particle size of 195.7 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 91.23 %, and a zeta potential of +11.65 mV. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, TAU-CS/LIP@DOX·HCl exhibited good stability and slow release. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that, compared with DOX·HCl, TAU-CS/LIP@DOX·HCl had a relative bioavailability of 342 %. Intracellular uptake, immunofluorescence imaging, and permeation assays confirmed that the taurine transporter protein mediates the intestinal uptake of these liposomes. Our study suggested that liposomes coated with TAU-CS could serve as an effective oral delivery system and that targeting the taurine transporter protein shows promise in enhancing drug absorption. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents the first integrative assessment and documentation of taurine-induced hormetic effects in the biological and biomedical areas, their dose response features, mechanistic frameworks, and possible public health, therapeutic and commercial applications. Taurine-induced hormetic effects are documented in a wide range of experimental models, cell types and for numerous biological endpoints, with most of these experimental findings being reported within the past five years. It is suggested that the concept of hormesis may have a transformative effect on taurine research and its public health and therapeutic applications. • Hormesis is a biphasic dose response relationship. • Taurine commonly induces hormetic dose responses. • Numerous tissues show taurine-induced hormesis. • Taurine acts via activation of Nrf2 to induce hormetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis and characterisation of an unprecedented Cu(II) complex of Schiff base derived from taurine and 2‑hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. • SCXRD has been used to elucidate crystal structure. • Thermochemistry, atomic electrostatic potentials, and electronic properties were studied using DFT. • Interpretation of Hirshfeld analyses provides information concerning crystal packing and internuclear interactions. • Cu(II) complex can alter the biological capabilities as this trace metal is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and antioxidant defence. Binuclear Cu(II) complex derived from taurine and 2‑hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde adduct was synthesised and characterised by X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic, Hirshfeld surface and DFT studies. The complex crystallises in monoclinic system with I 2/a space group. A theoretical study of the Cu (II) complex is performed with unrestricted density functional method at the level of B3LYP/ LANL2DZ/6–311 G (d, p) and a comparison between the experimental and simulated results were conducted. As predicted by the experiment, the computed results support distorted pyramidal geometry at metal centre. Non-covalent interactions primarily H-bonding and π-π stacking close contacts were observed at the intramolecular and intermolecular levels of the complex. An analysis of the FMO parameters reveals less reactivity and stability of complex. A high HOMO energy value and interatomic charge transfer has taken place with the Schiff base ligand. Furthermore, MEP used for predicting reactive sites clearly shows this complex is void of electrophilic reaction site. This complex has been subjected to NBO analysis to determine its hyperconjugation and therefore stability. The NBO analysis revealed the delocalization of charge within the molecule. Based on Hirshfeld surface analysis, there is evidence for a wide range of interactions and a significant contribution from several non-covalent interactions to crystal packing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish could play a role in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) but there has been little specification about the type of fish and the preventive mechanism involved in its health claim. The sardine is a source of omega-3 and taurine that, in isolation or in synergy, would produce T2D-delaying through different molecular mechanism. The consumption of twice a week of sardine, during one year would reduce T2D-developing risk in a population with prediabetes (preDM) and old age. 152 subjects with fasting glucose between 100-124 mg/dL aged ≥65 yo were recruited from three primary care centers in Barcelona and were randomly distributed among two interventional groups: control group (CG) and sardine group (SG). Both groups received same T2D-prevention nutritional during a year but only SG had to add 200 g of sardine per week. All variables were collected before to start and at the end of the diet. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03557541). 152 people were randomized into CG (n=77) and SG (n=75) with 18 and 12 drop outs respectively. Subjects in SG, significantly compared to CG, decreased percentage classified-individuals in a very high risk group to develop T2D according to FINDRISC (p=0.035). In addition to increasing HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin and decreasing triglycerides (p<0.05) and blood pressure (<0.05), SG showed a lower HOMA-IR (p=0.032). The consumption of sardine characteristics nutrients as omega-3, EPA and DHA, vitamin D, fluorine and taurine were higher for SG (p<0.05). These results agreed with the increased of taurine, fatty acid (FA) omega-3 and bile acids circulating metabolites (p<0.05). Changes erythrocyte membrane FA were detected only in SG with a decrease of 5 omega-6 FA (p<0.001) and an increase of 3 omega-3 FA types (p<0.001). We conclude that a year T2D-prevention diet with sardine supplementation has a greater protective effect against developing T2D and CV events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Taurine and COQ-10 increased spermatogenesis in CPZ-treated rats. • Taurine and COQ-10 enhance CPZ-induced decreased Na+K+-, Ca2+-, Mg2+- and H+-ATPase biosynthesis. • Taurine and COQ-10 increase CPZ-induced decreased 3ß-HSD, 17ß –HSD, G6PDH and LDH-X enzymes. • Taurine and COQ-10 increased sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction rats tests. Evidences have shown that alterations in testicular dehydrogenase and ionic-ATPase activities have important implications in spermatogenesis and sperm capacitation, a penultimate biochemical change required for fertilization. Previous studies have revealed that taurine and coenzyme-Q10 (COQ-10), which are synergistic testicle-active bioflavonoids, with proven gonadotropin-enhancing properties reduce testicular damage in rats. Hence, this study investigated the effects of taurine and COQ-10 or their combination alone, and in the preventive and reversal of chlorpromazine-induced inhibition of testicular dehydrogenase enzymes, electrogenic pumps, sperm capacitation and acrosomal-reaction in male Wister rats. In the drug-treatment alone or preventive-protocol, rats received oral treatment of saline (10 mL/kg), taurine (150 mg/kg/day), COQ-10 (10 mg/kg/day) or both alone repeatedly for 56 days, or in combination with chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg/p.o./day) from days 29−56. In the reversal-protocol, the animals received chlorpromazine for 56 days prior to saline, taurine, COQ-10 or the combination from days 29−56. Thereafter, spermatogenesis (sperm count, viability, motility and morphology), testicular dehydrogenase [3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD), 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17ß-HSD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X)], ATPase (Na+/K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+) activities, sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction were evaluated. Taurine and COQ-10 or their combination increased spermatogenesis, testicular 3ß-HSD, 17ß-HSD, G6PDH and LDH-X enzymes of naïve and chlorpromazine-treated rats. Both taurine and COQ-10 increased Na+/K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and H+-ATPase activities. Also, taurine and COQ-10 or their combination prevented and reversed chlorpromazine-induced inhibition of sperm capacitation and acrosomal-reaction. The study showed that taurine and COQ-10 prevent and reverse chlorpromazine-induced inhibition of spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction in rats through increased testicular dehydrogenases and electrogenic pump activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation associated or not with chronic exercise on body composition, mitochondrial function, and expression of genes related to mitochondrial activity and lipid oxidation in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) of obese women. A randomized and double-blind trial was developed with 24 obese women (BMI 33.1 ± 2.9 kg/m2, 32.9 ± 6.3 y) randomized into three groups: Taurine supplementation group (Tau, n = 8); Exercise group (Ex, n = 8); Taurine supplementation + exercise group (TauEx, n = 8). The intervention was composed of 3 g of taurine or placebo supplementation and exercise training for eight weeks. Anthropometry, body fat composition, indirect calorimetry, scWAT biopsy for mitochondrial respiration, and gene expression related to mitochondrial activity and lipid oxidation were assessed before and after the intervention. No changes were observed for the anthropometric characteristics. The Ex group presented an increased resting energy expenditure rate, and the TauEx and Ex groups presented increased lipid oxidation and a decreased respiratory quotient. Both trained groups (TauEx and Ex) demonstrated improved scWAT mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Regarding mitochondrial markers, no changes were observed for the Tau group. The TauEx group had higher expression of CIDEA, PGC1a, PRDM16, UCP1, and UCP2. The genes related to fat oxidation (ACO2 and ACOX1) were increased in the Tau and Ex groups, while only the TauEx group presented increased expression of CPT1 , PPARa, PPARγ, LPL, ACO1, ACO2, HSL, ACOX1, and CD36 genes. Taurine supplementation associated with exercise improved lipid metabolism through the modulation of genes related to mitochondrial activity and fatty acid oxidation, suggesting a browning effect in the scWAT of obese women. Taurine supplementation only increased the expression of fat oxidation genes (ACO2 and ACOX1). Exercise increased energy metabolism and the expression of fat oxidation genes in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. The association between taurine supplementation and exercise promoted additional effects to exercise by increasing energy expenditure, and upregulating mitochondrial respiratory capacity and the expression of genes related to mitochondrial metabolism and fat oxidation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (scWAT) of obese women. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Taurine improved learning and memory deficiency induced by paraquat and maneb co-exposure. • Taurine attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration in paraquat and maneb -treated mice via microglia activation suppression. • Expression of membrane gp91phox and cytosolic p47phox in NADPH oxidase was induced via Src-Erk signaling. • Mac 1 was involved in taurine protected neuron from microglia activation in hippocampus. Clinical and experimental findings support the view that activation of hippocampus microglia through NADPH oxidase contributes to cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). Taurine, an antioxidant, displays an exclusive physical property on brain function, such as learning and memory. To date, the role of taurine in improving cognitive impairment in PD is not fully uncovered. Hence, we evaluated the protective effect of taurine on cognitive ability and explored the related mechanism in the model built by paraquat and maneb (P + M)-induced PD mice. Then the ability of learning and memory was observed by Morris water maze, neuron loss was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in hippocampus, the level of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and microglia activation was assessed by immunostaining, the molecules (gp91phox, p47phox, mac1, p-Src/Src and p-Erk/Erk) were examined by western blot. The results showed that taurine could alleviate the impairments in learning and memory induced by P + M injection in mice (decreased escape latency on day 4, P < 0.01; decreased swimming distance on day 4, P < 0.05; increased percent time in target quadrant, P < 0.05), corresponding with activation of microglia (decreased IBa-1 density, P < 0.001; decreased the protein expression of p47phox, P < 0.05; decreased protein expression of gp91phox, P < 0.01; decreased p-Src/Src, P < 0.01; decreased p-Erk/Erk, P < 0.01; decreased mac 1, P < 0.01), decreased neuron loss (increased number of NeurN+ neuron, P < 0.001; increased protein expression of NeruN, P < 0.01; decreased protein expression of caspase 3, P < 0.01) and increased PSD95 level in hippocampus (P < 0.01). The results indicated that mac1 and Src-Erk signaling was involved in increased NADPH oxidase expression in hippocampus microglia of P + M mice, and taurine could improve injuries in learning and memory through mac1 reduction. The new findings in mac1 triggering hippocampal microglia NADPH oxidase through Src/Erk pathway of the present study might provide a therapy target for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, is known to be responsible for intestinal absorption drug substances such as gaboxadol and vigabatrin. The aim of the present study was to investigate, if 17-α-ethinyl-estradiol (E-E2) and 17-β-estradiol (E) inhibit PAT1-mediated intestinal absorption of proline and taurine in vitro in Caco-2 cells and in vivo using Sprague-Dawley rats to assess the potential for taurine-drug interactions. E and E-E2 inhibited the PAT1-mediated uptake of proline and taurine in Caco-2 cells with IC 50 values of 10.0–50.0 μM without major effect on other solute carriers such as the taurine transporter (TauT), di/tri-peptide transporter (PEPT1), and serotonin transporter (SERT1). In PAT1-expressing oocytes E and E-E2 were non-translocated inhibitors. In Caco-2 cells, E and E-E2 lowered the maximal uptake capacity of PAT1 in a non-competitive manner. Likewise, the transepithelial permeability of proline and taurine was reduced in presence of E and E-E2. In male Sprague Dawley rats pre-dosed with E-E2 a decreased maximal plasma concentration (C max) of taurine and increased the time (t max) to reach this was indicated, suggesting the possibility for an in vivo effect on the absorption of PAT1 substrates. In conclusion, 17-α-ethinyl-estradiol and 17-β-estradiol were identified as non-translocated and non-competitive inhibitors of PAT1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other pentameric ligand-gated channels, glycine receptors (GlyRs) contain long intracellular domains (ICDs) between transmembrane helices 3 and 4. Structurally characterized GlyRs are generally engineered to have a very short ICD. We show here that for one such construct, zebrafish GlyREM, the agonists glycine, ß-alanine, taurine, and GABA have high efficacy and produce maximum single-channel open probabilities greater than 0.9. In contrast, for full-length human a1 GlyR, taurine and GABA were clearly partial agonists, with maximum open probabilities of 0.46 and 0.09, respectively. We found that the elevated open probabilities in GlyREM are not due to the limited sequence differences between the human and zebrafish orthologs, but rather to replacement of the native ICD with a short tripeptide ICD. Consistent with this interpretation, shortening the ICD in the human GlyR increased the maximum open probability produced by taurine and GABA to 0.90 and 0.70, respectively, but further engineering it to resemble GlyREM (by introducing the zebrafish transmembrane helix 4 and C terminus) had no effect. Furthermore, reinstating the native ICD to GlyREM converted taurine and GABA to partial agonists, with maximum open probabilities of 0.66 and 0.40, respectively. Structural comparison of transmembrane helices 3 and 4 in short- and long-ICD GlyR subunits revealed that ICD shortening does not distort the orientation of these helices within each subunit. This suggests that the effects of shortening the ICD stem from removing a modulatory effect of the native ICD on GlyR gating, revealing a new role for the ICD in pentameric ligand-gated channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]