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Diet and weight loss affect circulating metabolome. However, metabolite profiles induced by different weight loss maintenance diets and underlying longer term weight loss maintenance remain unknown. Herein, we investigated after-weight-loss metabolic signatures of two isocaloric 24-wk weight maintenance diets differing in satiety value due to dietary fibre, protein and fat contents and identified metabolite features that associated with successful weight loss maintenance. Non-targeted LC-MS metabolomics approach was used to analyse plasma metabolites of 79 women and men (mean age ± SD 49.7 ± 9.0 years; BMI 34.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participating in a weight management study. Participants underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were thereafter randomised into two groups for a 24-week weight maintenance phase. Higher satiety food (HSF) group consumed high-fibre, high-protein, and low-fat products, while lower satiety food (LSF) group consumed isocaloric low-fibre products with average protein and fat content as a part of their weight maintenance diets. Plasma metabolites were analysed before the VLED and before and after the weight maintenance phase. Metabolite features discriminating HSF and LSF groups were annotated. We also analysed metabolite features that discriminated participants who maintained ≥10% weight loss (HWM) and participants who maintained <10% weight loss (LWM) at the end of the study, irrespective of the diet. Finally, we assessed robust linear regression between metabolite features and anthropometric and food group variables. We annotated 126 metabolites that discriminated the HSF and LSF groups and HWM and LWM groups (p < 0.05). Compared to LSF, the HSF group had lower levels of several amino acids, e.g. glutamine, arginine, and glycine, short-, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (CARs), odd- and even-chain lysoglycerophospholipids, and higher levels of fatty amides. Compared to LWM, the HWM group in general showed higher levels of glycerophospholipids with a saturated long-chain and a C20:4 fatty acid tail, and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs). Changes in several saturated odd- and even-chain LPCs and LPEs and fatty amides were associated with the intake of many food groups, particularly grain and dairy products. Increase in several (lyso)glycerophospholipids was associated with decrease in body weight and adiposity. Increased short- and medium-chain CARs were related to decreased body fat-free mass. Our results show that isocaloric weight maintenance diets differing in dietary fibre, protein, and fat content affected amino acid and lipid metabolism. Increased abundances of several phospholipid species and FFAs were related with greater weight loss maintenance. Our findings indicate common and distinct metabolites for weight and dietary related variables in the context of weight reduction and weight management. The study was registered in isrctn.org with identifier 67529475. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation factor XII (FXII) is a plasma serine protease that belongs to the contact activation complex responsible for initiating the intrinsic coagulation pathway. FXII deficiency is a rare congenital disorder that is not associated with an increased tendency for bleeding. However, as contact activation is impaired in FXII deficiency, both the celite- and kaolin-initiated activated clotting time (ACT) measurements are prolonged markedly, which poses a challenge for anticoagulation monitoring in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The authors successfully have used the standard Hemochron Jr. ACT+ test, which is activated by silica and phospholipid in addition to kaolin, to monitor anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in two patients with severe FXII deficiency. The ACT+ test showed low baseline values, increased adequately in response to heparin, and decreased to baseline after protamine. Importantly, there was no abnormal intra- or postoperative bleeding nor any thrombotic complications. Furthermore, in vitro dose-response ACT+ testing of FXII-deficient blood with increasing heparin concentrations supports the use of ACT+ in FXII deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intake assessment in multicenter trials is challenging, yet important for accurate outcome evaluation. The present study aimed to characterize a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a healthy Nordic diet (HND) compared to a Control diet (CD) by plasma and urine metabolic profiles and to associate them with cardiometabolic markers. During 18–24 weeks of intervention, 200 participants with metabolic syndrome were advised at six centres to eat either HND (e.g. whole-grain products, berries, rapeseed oil, fish and low-fat dairy) or CD while being weight stable. Of these 166/159 completers delivered blood/urine samples. Metabolic profiles of fasting plasma and 24 h pooled urine were analysed to identify characteristic diet-related patterns. Principal components analysis (PCA) scores (i.e. PC1 and PC2 scores) were used to test their combined effect on blood glucose response (primary endpoint), serum lipoproteins, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers. The profiles distinguished HND and CD with AUC of 0.96 ± 0.03 and 0.93 ± 0.02 for plasma and urine, respectively, with limited heterogeneity between centers, reflecting markers of key foods. Markers of fish, whole grain and polyunsaturated lipids characterized HND, while CD was reflected by lipids containing palmitoleic acid. The PC1 scores of plasma metabolites characterizing the intervention is associated with HDL (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08; P = 0.001) and triglycerides (β = −0.06; 95% CI: −0.09, −0.03; P < 0.001). PC2 scores were related with glucose metabolism (2 h Glucose, β = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.15; P < 0.001), LDL (β = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.1; P = 0.02) and triglycerides (β = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.15; P < 0.001). For urine, the scores were related with LDL cholesterol. Plasma and urine metabolite profiles from SYSDIET reflected good compliance with dietary recommendations across the region. The scores of metabolites characterizing the diets associated with outcomes related with cardio-metabolic risk. Our analysis therefore offers a novel way to approach a per protocol analysis with a balanced compliance assessment in larger multicentre dietary trials. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with NCT00992641. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an effective treatment for obesity, which improves cardiovascular health and reduces the risk of premature mortality. However, some reports have suggested that RYGB may predispose patients to adverse health outcomes, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. The present prospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of RYGB surgery on cardiovascular risk factors and gastrointestinal inflammation in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). University hospital setting in Finland. Blood and fecal samples were collected at baseline and 6 months after surgery from 30 individuals, of which 16 had T2D and 14 were nondiabetics. There were also single study visits for 6 healthy reference patients. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides were investigated before and after surgery. Fecal samples were analyzed for calprotectin, anti- Saccharomyces cerevisiae immunoglobulin A antibodies (ASCA), active lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, and methylglyoxal-hydro-imidazolone (MG-H1) protein adducts formation. After RYGB, weight decreased on average −21.6% (−27.2 ± 7.8 kg), excess weight loss averaged 51%, and there were improvements in cardiovascular risk factors. Fecal calprotectin levels (P <.001), active LPS concentration (P <.002), ASCA (P <.02), and MG-H1 (P <.02) values increased significantly, whereas fecal SCFAs, especially acetate (P <.002) and butyrate (P <.03) levels, were significantly lowered. The intestinal homeostasis is altered after RYGB, with several fecal markers suggesting increased inflammation; however, clinical significance of the detected changes is currently uncertain. As chronic inflammation may predispose patients to adverse health effects, our findings may have relevance for the suggested association between RYGB and increased risks of incident IBD and colorectal cancer. • RYGB surgery elevates fecal inflammation markers calprotectin, LPS, ASCA and MG-H1 • The fecal levels of potentially beneficial SCFAs are reduced by the surgery • The abnormally high fecal protein levels in T2D patients are normalized by RYGB [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine occurrence of residual rotavirus (RV) disease in different age groups in Finland after five to nine years of high coverage (≥90%) mass-vaccination with RotaTeqⓇ vaccine, and to examine the vaccine effect on circulating genotypes.Methods: Since 2013 all clinical laboratories in the country were obliged to send RV positive stool samples for typing. RVs were genotyped by RT-PCR for VP7 and VP4 proteins, sequenced and compared to reference strains.Results: RV continued to circulate throughout the study period at low level with a small increase in 2017-2018. There were three age-related clusters: young children representing primary or secondary vaccine failures, school-age children who may not have been vaccinated, and the elderly. Genotype distribution differed from the pre-vaccination period with a steady decline of G1P[8], emergence of G9P[8] and especially more recently G12P[8]. In the elderly, G2P[4] was predominant but was also replaced by G12P[8] in 2017-18.Conclusions: RV vaccination with a high coverage keeps RV disease at low level but does not prevent RV circulation. New RV genotypes have emerged replacing largely the previously predominant G1P[8]. Increase of overall RV activity with emergence of G12P[8] in the latest follow-up season 2017-18 might be a potential alarm sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A data-driven method is developed for optimization in district heating system. • A reinforcement learning based optimization framework is proposed. • Setpoint optimization is studied using the proposed method. • The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in fuel cost reduction. This study delves into the application of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) frameworks for optimizing setpoints in district heating systems, which experience hourly fluctuations in air temperature, customer demand, and fuel prices. The potential for energy conservation and cost reduction through setpoint optimization, involving adjustments to supply temperature and thermal energy storage utilization, is significant. However, the inherent nonlinear complexities of the system render conventional manual methods ineffective. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel learning framework with an expert knowledge module tailored for DRL techniques. The framework leverages system status information to facilitate learning. The training is performed by employing model-free DRL methods and a refined digital twin of the Espoo district heating system. The expert module, accounting for power plant capacities, ensures actionable directives aligned with operational feasibility. Empirical validation through comprehensive simulations demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach. Comparative analyses against manual methods and evolutionary techniques highlight the approach's superior ability to curtail fuel costs. This study advances the understanding of DRL in district heating optimization, offering a promising avenue for enhanced energy efficiency and cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has become increasingly popular to correct craniosynostosis. Disadvantages of DO include the secondary operation needed for device removal and titanium screw related dura injury. To reduce invasiveness of the secondary device removal operation and to overcome titanium-related problems, fixation of the cranial distractor with resorbable materials is a potential alternative. New resorbable fixation methods, such as ultrasound-activated pins (UAPs) or heat-activated pins (HAPs), allow faster attachment on thinner bone than conventional resorbable screws (CRSs) since tapping is not required. However, resorbable materials are designed to be attached with a resorbable plate, not with a titanium distractor. We evaluated the suitability of CRSs, HAPs and UAPs for the cranial distractor fixation in a laboratory setting with a mechanical testing machine. Fracture tests were conducted in two directions with respect to the longitudinal axis; vertical i.e. axial pull-out strength, and horizontal i.e. shear strength. Mean maximum pull-out strength for CRS, HAP and UAP was 48.9 N, 32.5 N and 14.7 N, respectively. Mean maximum shear strength for CRS, HAP and UAP was 40.8 N, 77.9 N and 38.9 N, respectively. According to our in vitro tests, the cranial distractor attachment with four CRSs or six HAPs per footplate would provide sufficient fixation stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Mycobacteriosis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a rising concern in human medicine both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. In cats, mycobacteriosis caused by NTM is considered mostly to be a focal or dermal infection, with disseminated disease mostly caused by Mycobacterium avium . We describe three cases of disseminated mycobacteriosis in cats, caused by Mycobacterium malmoense , Mycobacterium branderi/shimoidei and M. avium , with no identified underlying immunosuppression. In all cases, extracellular mycobacteria were seen in the pulmonary epithelium, intestinal lumen and glomerular tufts, which could affect the shedding of the organism. The present study highlights the importance of mycobacteriosis as a differential even in immunocompetent animals. Considering the close relationship of owners and pets and the potential presence of free mycobacteria in secretions, cats should be considered as a possible environmental reservoir for mycobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) induced I-wave behavior can be demonstrated at neuronal population level using paired-pulses and by observing short-interval cortical facilitation (SICF). Advancements in stimulator technology have made it possible to apply biphasic paired-pulses to induce SICF. Objective Our aim was to characterize the SICF I-wave interaction by biphasic paired-pulses with the ultimate objective to enhance TMS effects via SICF in various TMS-applications. Methods We used biphasic paired-pulses in 15 volunteers to characterize corticospinal SICF using various 1.2–8.0ms inter-stimulus intervals, and measuring SICF input-output response. Results SICF interaction with the first I-wave (I1) was observed in the output responses (motor evoked potentials; MEPs) in all subjects. Most subjects (≥80%) also exhibited later SICF I-wave interaction. SICF at I1 was present at all applied intensities below 140% of resting motor threshold. At I2, we observed SICF only with intensities just above motor threshold. Conclusions Biphasic paired-pulses can reliably induce SICF shown by the facilitatory I-wave interaction, and could therefore be applied with repetitive bursts to enhance responsiveness to TMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two studies investigating attitudes toward AI based on the self-determination theory (SDT) and basic psychological needs. • Study 1 included data from Finland (N = 1541), France (N = 1561), Germany (N = 1529), Ireland (N = 1112), Italy (N = 1530), and Poland (N = 1533). • Study 2 was a longitudinal two-wave study from Finland (N = 827), examining change in AI attitudes over time. • Competence and relatedness were positively associated with AI positivity and all SDT dimensions were related to AI negativity in all countries. • Autonomy and relatedness increased AI positivity and decreased AI negativity over time. Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly important in all domains of life. Therefore, it is crucial to understand individuals' attitudes towards AI. This article investigated attitudes toward AI through two studies that are based on the self-determination theory and basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Study 1 used cross-sectional samples of adult populations aged 18–75 from Finland (N = 1,541), France (N = 1,561), Germany (N = 1,529), Ireland (N = 1,112), Italy (N = 1,530), and Poland (N = 1,533). Study 2 was based on a longitudinal two-wave sample of adults aged 18–80 from Finland (N = 828). Based on the robust regression analyses, Study 1 found that fulfillment of basic psychological needs was associated with higher AI positivity and lower AI negativity across Europe. According to the Study 2 results, based on hybrid multilevel regression models, autonomy and relatedness increased AI positivity and decreased AI negativity over time. The results provide robust evidence on the role of self-determination in attitudes towards AI. Self-determination is an important factor in AI acceptance and is becoming increasingly important considering the rapid development and adoption of AI solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Absorbed radiation dose-response relationships are not clear in molecular radiotherapy (MRT). Here, we propose a voxel-based dose calculation system for multicellular dosimetry in MRT. We applied confocal microscope images of a spherical cell aggregate i.e. a spheroid, to examine the computation of dose distribution within a tissue from the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals. Methods A confocal microscope Z-stack of a human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 spheroid was segmented using a support-vector machine algorithm and a watershed function. Heterogeneity in activity uptake was simulated by selecting a varying amount of the cell nuclei to contain 111 In, 125 I, or 177 Lu. Absorbed dose simulations were carried out using vxlPen, a software application based on the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. Results We developed a schema for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry. The schema utilizes a partially supervised segmentation method for cell-level image data together with a novel main program for voxel-based radiation dose simulations. We observed that for 177 Lu, radiation cross-fire enabled full dose coverage even if the radiopharmaceutical had accumulated to only 60% of the spheroid cells. This effect was not found with 111 In and 125 I. Using these Auger/internal conversion electron emitters seemed to guarantee that only the cells with a high enough activity uptake will accumulate a lethal amount of dose, while neighboring cells are spared. Conclusions We computed absorbed radiation dose distributions in a 3D-cultured cell spheroid with a novel multicellular dosimetric chain. Combined with pharmacological studies in different tissue models, our cell-level dosimetric calculation method can clarify dose-response relationships for radiopharmaceuticals used in MRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior calvarial vault osteodistraction (PCVO) has become increasingly popular in the correction of craniosynostosis. When compared to cranioplasty, PCVO offers a shorter, less invasive operation, greater intracranial volume advancement and a lower rate of relapse. In general, distraction protocols are based primarily on clinical observations rather than systematic research. Faster distraction protocols may reduce complications. However, distraction protocols producing higher forces can increase complications. Thus, we need to understand these forces in order to improve distraction protocols and devices. We developed a force measurement method that can be used on PCVO devices. Here, we present preliminary data about the forces developed during PCVO. We measured the forces in four bicoronal craniosynostosis patients during PCVO. We observed a linear-like trend between the force increase and the distraction distance within distraction sessions. We also observed a step-wise force increase between distraction sessions and found that the distraction force relaxed rapidly shortly after the distraction session. The mean maximum pre-distraction force for one distracter was 20.4 N, while the mean maximum end-distraction force for one distracter was 57.6 N. Our data suggests that current treatment protocols might be re-evaluated favouring shorter distraction distances and more frequent distraction sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Correction of calvarial defects after calvarial vault reconstruction (CVR) is challenging in craniosynostosis patients of advanced age and typically employs autologous bone. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a potential alternative material for autologous bone, but its use has not been extended to correct calvarial defects. CVR patients operated at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, during 2008–2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria of the study were CVR patients who received DBM plate, with or without bone dust, on calvarial defects and who had suitable uncovered defect on the contralateral side as control. This study included 17 craniosynostosis and one positional plagiocephaly patient, whose mean age was 6.9 years (range 0.9–19 years). The mean follow-up time was 5.6 years. The fusion degree of all defects was measured from 1 week to 1 year postoperatively using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) images by the OsiriX © method. Medical records were reviewed for DBM-related complications. A total of 26 defects were covered with a DBM plate (mean area 11.1 cm 2 ) and 26 control defects were identified (mean area 7.8 cm 2 ). The mean fusion degree of the DBM defects was 74% and 54% for the controls ( p < 0.001). The mean fusion degree of nine DBM defects that lacked bone dust deposition was 66% and 55% for the nine controls ( p < 0.059). The difference between the DBM and control defects was statistically significant for patients older than 30 months ( p < 0.03). No DBM-related complication was observed. DBM plate is a safe and useful material to promote ossification in calvarial defects in CVR. Furthermore, DBM appears to be more effective in older patients (>30 months) than in younger patients or when used with bone dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acute alcohol exposure induces malformation and malfunction of placenta-yolk sac tissues in rodents, reducing the labyrinth zone in the placenta and altering the permeability and fluidity of the cell membrane. During normal mouse placentation the cells line up in an optimal way to form a hemotrichorial placenta where layers II and III are connected through gap junctions. These act as molecular sieves that limit the passage of large molecules. PlGF is a developmentally regulated protein that controls the passage of molecules in the vasculosyncytial membranes and media of large blood vessels in the placental villi. In addition to the chorioallontoic placenta, rodents also have another type of placenta that consists of Reichert's membrane within the trophoblast cell layer on the maternal side and the parietal endodermal cells on the embryonic site. This forms a separate materno-fetal transport system. We study here whether alcohol affects these two placental barriers, leading to placental malfunction that in turn diminishes the nutrient supply to the embryo. Study Design: CD-1 mice received two intraperitoneal injections of 3 g/kg ethanol at 4 h intervals at 8.75 days post coitum (dpc). The placentas were collected on 9.5, 11.5 and 14.5 dpc and used for histopathological protein studies. Hemotrichorial cell layer structure interactions through connective tissue and gap junction were analyzed by electron microscopy. The permeability of the feto-maternal barrier was visualized with Evans Blue. Results: VEGF, a permeability inducer, was found to be up-regulated in the mouse placenta after acute alcohol exposure, and permeability was also affected by altered structures in the barriers that separate the feto-maternal blood circulation which destroyed the gap junctions in the hemotrichorial cell layer, reduced the thickness of Reichert's membrane and interfered with with Reichert's trophoblast/Reichert's parietal interaction. These defects together could have caused the permeability malfunction of the placenta-yolk sac tissues as visualized and quantified here by Evans Blue leakage. Conclusions: An altered PlGF/VEGF ratio together with barrier malformation may contribute to placental malfunction by altering the permeability of the feto-maternal barriers. Further studies are needed in order to show whether premature permeability is involved in the intrauterine growth restriction observed in human FAS embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effects of the circular economy on biodiversity are assessed. • Impact assessment covers forest industry and construction and real estate sectors. • Actions reducing raw material extraction and land use mitigate biodiversity loss. • Further research is needed on the links between circular economy and biodiversity. The effects of circular economy on biodiversity are poorly understood. This study provides observations on approaches for assessing circular economy and illustrates, with a Finnish case study, the potential of circular economy to mitigate pressures on biodiversity. The case study focuses on the construction and real estate sectors, as well as the forest industry. The findings imply that circular economy actions that reduce the extraction of virgin raw materials and relieve land use pressures are effective. Improving material efficiency, increasing the cascading use of wood, and optimizing the use and reuse of materials and products, as well as extending the lifetime of buildings and optimizing space use, have good potential for mitigating pressures on biodiversity in Finland. However, as forest utilization has a major impact on Finnish biodiversity, certain actions that possibly increase the use of forest resources (e.g., replacing fossil-based, concrete, or steel materials with wood-based solutions) may impair biodiversity if biodiversity-enhancing forest management practices are not utilized. Assessing the biodiversity impacts of circular economy is challenging, and the need for further research and the development of indicators and assessment methods is clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gathering information that is capable to explain customers’ needs is usually seen as a quite straightforward part of the traditional construction process: a customer should be able to tell all relevant needs in the first stage so that a building could be designed and built according to the gained information. But the process is lacking of service abilities if a customer wants to modify the given information due to a change in circumstances, albeit such a change is easily caused due turbulent economic situations and long spans in real-estate development projects. Hence the customer perspective regarding the construction management (CM) process should be accommodated better. In this paper, the case studies of the four premises improvement projects are reported upon, where the CM process was altered to include and apply the concepts of continuous improvement and co-creation. The process documentation covered the impacts of the case project on the usability of the premises, the indoor climate conditions (carbon dioxide and temperature) metering, the time lapse cameras and the on-line user feedback system. The documentation consists of the minutes of the meetings, the financial reporting and the time tables.Both the processes and the results of the projects are analysed. Based on the key findings, some suggestions are put forth upon how to improve the CM process to better serve customer interests and quality improvement in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertain and stressful global situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to cause anxiety and impact people's mental health. Simultaneously, social distancing policies have isolated people from their normal social interactions. These societal changes have inevitably influenced gambling and gaming practices, and many people may have turned to betting or gaming as a means of social exchange. This study examined the influence of COVID-19 anxiety on increased mental health problems and their relationship to gambling and gaming problems. The mediating role of social motives for gambling and gaming was also investigated. Finnish adults (N = 1530; M age = 46.67; 50.33% male) were recruited from a volunteer participant panel to participate in a survey study. COVID-19 anxiety was assessed using a scale adapted from the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Mental health problems were evaluated with the five-item Mental Health Inventory. Gambling problems were measured using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, and gaming problems were measured with the Internet Gaming Disorder Test. Social motives for gaming were evaluated using a single-item measure. Analyses used generalised structural equation modelling. COVID-19 anxiety predicted increased mental health problems, which were associated with heightened gambling and gaming problems. Social motives for gambling and gaming were a significant mediator, suggesting that gambling and gaming problems are emphasized markedly among those who are socially motivated by and involved in such games. Mental health problems experienced during the pandemic and the social properties of games might accentuate gambling and gaming problems. • A nationwide survey study on COVID-19 anxiety, mental health, and gambling and gaming problems. • COVID-19 anxiety predicts increased mental health problems. • Increased pandemic-time mental health issues predict gambling problems and gaming problems. • 27% gambled or played online games for social reasons during social isolation. • Social motives for gambling and online gaming are a risk factor for gambling and gaming problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess radiographic brain abnormalities and investigate volumetric differences in adults born preterm at very low birth weight (<1500 g), using siblings as controls.Study Design: We recruited 79 adult same-sex sibling pairs with one born preterm at very low birth weight and the sibling at term. We acquired 3-T brain magnetic resonance imaging from 78 preterm participants and 72 siblings. A neuroradiologist, masked to participants' prematurity status, reviewed the images for parenchymal and structural abnormalities, and FreeSurfer software 6.0 was used to conduct volumetric analyses. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models.Results: We found more structural abnormalities in very low birth weight participants than in siblings (37% vs 13%). The most common finding was periventricular leukomalacia, present in 15% of very low birth weight participants and in 3% of siblings. The very low birth weight group had smaller absolute brain volumes (-0.4 SD) and, after adjusting for estimated intracranial volume, less gray matter (-0.2 SD), larger ventricles (1.5 SD), smaller thalami (-0.6 SD), caudate nuclei (-0.4 SD), right hippocampus (-0.4 SD), and left pallidum (-0.3 SD). We saw no volume differences in total white matter (-0.04 SD; 95% CI, -0.13 to 0.09).Conclusions: Preterm very low birth weight adults had a higher prevalence of brain abnormalities than their term-born siblings. They also had smaller absolute brain volumes, less gray but not white matter, and smaller volumes in several gray matter structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Lower respiratory infections in infancy may be associated with lung function deficits in adulthood. Our aim was to evaluate lung function, with a special focus on irreversible airway obstruction, thirty years after bronchiolitis or pneumonia in infancy. Methods: In 1981-1982, 83 children under two years of age were hospitalized for bronchiolitis and 44 for pneumonia at Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. In 2010, 47 bronchiolitis patients, 22 pneumonia patients and 138 controls attended the study, including spirometry before (pre-BD) and after bronchodilatation (post-BD). The measured indices were forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), that were presented as % of predicted value (FVC% and FEV1%). FEV1/FVC was presented as both absolute FVC/FEV1-ratio and % of predicted (FEV1/FVC%). Irreversible airway obstruction was defined as post-BD FEV1/FVC% below 88% of predicted (FEV1/FVC% <88%) according to Finnish reference values or FEV1/FVC-ratio below fifth percentile (FEV1/FVC <5th percentile), according to Global Lung Function Initiative reference values. Results: All lung function indices were lower in former bronchiolitis patients and pre- and post-BD FEV1% in pneumonia patients, compared to controls. 21% of bronchiolitis (OR, 95%CI; 5.59, 1.72-18.21) and 9% of pneumonia patients (2.24, 0.34-13.56) had FEV1/FVC% <88% compared to controls (4%). Likewise 7 (15%) of bronchiolitis (7.07, 1.33-37.22) and 1 (5%) of pneumonia patients (1.73, 0.12-24.77) had FEV1/FVC <5th percentile compared to controls 2 (1%). Conclusion: Evidence of reduced lung function was present 30 years after hospitalization for bronchiolitis or pneumonia in infancy. Irreversible airway obstruction after severe bronchiolitis in infancy suggests permanent, structural alterations in airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We assess the economic impacts of using different climate metrics. [•] The setting is cost-efficient scenarios for three interpretations of the 2C target. [•] With each target setting, the optimal metric is different. [•] Therefore policy ambiguity prevents the selection of an optimal metric. [•] Robust metric values that perform well with multiple policy targets however exist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ganglion cysts are benign soft tissue tumours occurring in or near joints such as the wrist, foot or knee. They are rarely encountered in the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The authors report a ganglion cyst of the TMJ in a 56-year-old woman. The patient experienced pain and presented with a prominence in the right TMJ region, anterior to the tragus. She had some divergence in skin sensation in the right mental region of mandible. Magnetic-resonance imaging showed a rounded hypodense mass of soft tissue lateral to the right TMJ region. The surgical excision of the tumour was performed through a preauricular approach extending to the temporal region. During the 6-month postoperative follow-up there was no sign of recurrence. Surgical excision should be the treatment of choice for ganglion cysts in the region of TMJ. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a binary radiotherapy method developed to treat patients with certain malignant tumours. To date, over 300 treatments have been carried out at the Finnish BNCT facility in various on-going and past clinical trials. In this technical review, we discuss our research work in the field of medical physics to form the groundwork for the Finnish BNCT patient treatments, as well as the possibilities to further develop and optimize the method in the future. Accordingly, the following aspects are described: neutron sources, beam dosimetry, treatment planning, boron imaging and determination, and finally the possibilities to detect the efficacy and effects of BNCT on patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Ascending aortic aneurysms result from a degenerative process in the aortic wall, characterized by the loss of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. We hypothesized that there would be changes in plasma protein and aortic tissue messenger RNA levels of osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase type 2, matrix metalloproteinase type 9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases type 1 in ascending aortic aneurysm samples. Methods: Plasma, aortic tissue, and aortic mRNA samples were collected from patients with an ascending aortic aneurysm or an abdominal aortic aneurysm and from control individuals. Plasma protein levels of osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) types 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases type 1 were determined by quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aortic mRNA levels of these same proteins were analyzed with the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and protein levels from the aortic tissues were assayed by immunostaining. Quantitative RT-PCR results were estimated by the normalized expression method (ΔΔCt). Results: Plasma protein levels were significantly elevated for osteopontin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in the samples of ascending and abdominal aortic aneurysm group compared with controls. Plasma protein levels of MMP-9 were higher in the nonoperated compared with the operated ascending aortic aneurysm group. Aortic osteopontin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA levels were increased for ascending aortic aneurysm samples. Conclusions: This study reveals an important role of osteopontin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the development of ascending and abdominal aortic aneurysm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to establish radiologic and clinical occurrence of glenohumeral arthrosis after arthroscopic Bankart repair. Materials and methods: Between January 1994 and December 1998, an arthroscopic Bankart repair was performed in 187 patients at our institution. We were able to assess clinical and radiologic glenohumeral arthrosis in 72 of the 101 patients who met the inclusion criteria (74 shoulders) (71%) after a 13-year follow-up. An additional 9 patients were interviewed by telephone. Radiologic arthrosis was evaluated with the Samilson-Prieto classification and clinical arthrosis with an arthrosis-specific quality-of-life questionnaire (Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder test). In addition, functional impairment was assessed with the Constant score and subjective satisfaction with a questionnaire. Results: Radiologic arthrosis was diagnosed in 50 of 74 shoulders (68%), with 40 (80%) of them classified as mild. The mean score on the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder questionnaire was 280 points (85% of the best possible score), which is considered relatively good. The mean Constant score was 78 points, and 75% of the patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied with the final results of operative treatment. Discussion: The radiologic evaluation and self-assessment of the patients imply that the incidence of glenohumeral arthrosis after arthroscopic Bankart repair is quite common but the symptoms are generally mild and comparable to nonoperative treatment. Conclusion: Arthrosis rarely causes more than minor subjective symptoms or a minor objectively perceived disadvantage during 13 years’ follow-up. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: The optimal treatment of asymptomatic carotid disease is being debated again. The conclusions of the large randomised controlled trials of the early 1980s and 1990s are increasingly being questioned due to advances in modern medical treatment. This study investigates how patients are actually managed medically related to general risk factors prior to carotid endarterectomy in a German health-care region. Materials/Methods: A prospective data bank including 95 consecutive patients was used. The effectiveness of lipid lowering and diabetes management were investigated as well as the use of anti-thrombotic and blood pressure medication. Results: A total of 108 carotid endarterectomies in 95 patients were performed between January 2009 and March 2010. All 95 patients (70 male, 25 female; 39 symptomatic/56 asymptomatic) were included in the study. Nearly half (54%) of the patients were on statins; of these, 45% had low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels >100 mg dl−1. Of 32 patients with diabetes, one had glycohaemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.0. Overall, four patients were on clopidogrel. Three patients were severely hypertensive (systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg). Conclusions: The best medical therapy for carotid disease is not optimal in the part of the German health-care system observed in this study. We strongly advocate similar audits in other health-care areas and systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The use of minimized cardiopulmonary bypass (MCPB) circuits has recently increased in an attempt to reduce the adverse effects of CPB. This prospective randomized study aimed to determine the effects of MCPB on retinal microembolization and related inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial markers compared with conventional extracorporeal circulation (CCPB) among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: Forty patients entered, and 37 patients completed the study. After the induction of anesthesia and immediately after the termination of CPB, standardized retinal fluorescein angiographs and digital images were obtained on both eyes and analyzed in a blinded fashion in terms of the CPB circuit. Blood samples for inflammatory, coagulation, and endothelial markers were collected at eight time points until the third postoperative day. Results: Postperfusion retinal fluorescein angiographs revealed microembolic perfusion defects in 2 of 18 in the MCPB group and in 9 of 18 in the CCPB group (p = 0.027 [11% vs. 50%, difference 39%, confidence interval: 0.087 to 0.613, p = 0.029]). Activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as measured with polymorphonuclear elastase was significantly decreased in the MCPB group. Other markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction increased comparably in both groups during CPB. Conclusions: Retinal microembolization was found to be decreased after the use of minimized CPB compared with CCPB, suggesting a decreased embolic load to the brain after MCPB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Forecasts of rapid climate change raise the question how quickly species can evolutionarily adapt to future climates. The adaptability of forest trees to environmental changes is generally promoted by high levels of genetic diversity and gene flow, but it can also be slowed down by long generation times and low mortality of established trees. Here, we investigate the adaptation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Silver birch (Betula pendula) to climate change induced prolongation of the thermal growing season. We use quantitative genetic individual-based simulations to disentangle the relative roles of mortality, dispersal ability and maturation age for the speed of adaptation. The simulations predict that after 100 years of climate change, the genotypic growth period length of both species will lag more than 50% behind the climatically determined optimum. This lag is reduced by increased mortality of established trees, whereas earlier maturation and higher dispersal ability had comparatively minor effects. The evolutionary lag behind environmental change shown in our simulations stresses the importance of accounting for evolutionary processes in forecasts of the future dynamics and productivity of forests. Sensitivity of the adaptation speed to mortality suggests that species experiencing high mortality rates as well as populations subject to regular disturbances such as storms or fires might be the quickest to adapt to a warming climate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The need for global and regional clean energy technology investments by 2050 are evaluated in climate policy scenarios with the bottom-up global ESAP TIAM energy system model. The impacts of the assumed regional CO2 storage potentials as well as bioenergy and wind power potentials on investments are also investigated by sensitivity analysis. The results of the study indicate that the demand of both wind and bio energy as well as the utilization of CCS will strongly grow under strict climate policy scenarios. This can be seen both in terms of electrical capacity and annual capital costs. Although the falling fossil base electrical capacity will be relatively large until the mid of the century, its monetary value in term on annual capacity costs will be relatively low. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduces stroke risk among selected patients. To achieve this, low operative risk is crucial. Outcome may depend on whether local (LA) or general (GA) anaesthesia is used. The aim of our study was to assess the risks of CEA under LA compared with that under GA. Primary endpoint was neurological outcome. Design: Retrospective study, prospective data bank. Patients and methods: Analysis was performed of hospital charts from 1341 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy between January 1995 and December 2004. The patients were divided into two groups according to intraoperative anaesthesia (LA 465 patients or GA 876 patients). Results: Cerebral complications (transient ischemic attacks and stroke combined) were more common in the GA group (6.9% vs. 3.4%, p <0.009, relative risk 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.272–0.839). Mortality was 0.5% (LA) vs. 0.8% (GA). Combined death and stroke rate were not different between groups (4.1% vs. 3.2%). Postoperative hypertension episodes were more common in the LA group (47.7%, vs. GA 20.4%, p <0.001). Haematomas requiring surgery were more common in the GA group (6.4% vs. 3.0%, p <0.02). Conclusion: CEA can be performed safely under LA. It may improve the results and lead to better neurological outcome as compared to GA. Risk factor analysis did not reveal specific risk groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The achievement possibilities of the EU 2°C climate target have been assessed with the ETSAP TIAM global energy systems model. Cost-effective global and regional mitigation scenarios of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases were calculated with alternative assumptions on emissions trading. In the mitigation scenarios, an 85% reduction in CO2 emissions is needed from the baseline, and very significant changes in the energy system towards emission-free sources take place during this century. The largest new technology groups are carbon-capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, wind power, advanced bioenergy technologies and energy efficiency measures. CCS technologies contributed a 5.5-Pg CO2 annual emission reduction by 2050 and 12Pg CO2 reduction by 2100. Also large-scale forestation measures were found cost-efficient. Forestation measures reached their maximum impact of 7.7Pg CO2 annual emission reduction in 2080. The effects of uncertainties in the climate sensitivity have been analysed with stochastic scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of stent placement after infrainguinal loco-regional thrombolysis and iliac thrombectomy (surgical TT) of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with May-Thurner-Syndrome. Material and methods: We retrospectively analysed a group of 11 patients (9 women) (mean age 34 years, range 16–64 years) with surgical TT and additional intra-operative stenting due to compression of the common iliac vein. Patients underwent venography to demonstrate outflow patency after surgical TT, and to identify any obstruction at the level of the left-sided common iliac vein (“Beckenvenen-Sporn”). Obstruction at the level of arterial crossing was treated using Wallstents placed via an introducer sheath from the inguinal access site. Stents were fully deployed using balloons adjusted to the size of vein. Patients were treated with oral anticoagulants for 6 months, and followed using duplex ultrasonography. Results: Technical success defined as complete vein patency and normal valve function was documented in all 11 patients. One patient needed early stent extension due to residual stenosis. At 6 months follow-up one patient (9%) had an asymptomatic occlusion of the stented common iliac vein. In all 11/11 (100%) patients the femoral segment was found to be patent, and in 1/11 (9%) there was mild reflux with few clinical symptoms of post-thrombotic syndrome. The calculated cumulative primary patency rate for venous iliac stents was 82%, and assisted patency rate was 91%, which remained unchanged over a mean follow-up of 22 months. Conclusion: Combining surgical TT and stenting of common iliac vein obstructions in DVT is safe, effective, and results in a acceptable venous patency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To assess perioperative outcomes and blood pressure (BP) responses to an implantable carotid sinus baroreflex activating system being investigated for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Methods: We report on the first seventeen patients enrolled in a multicenter study . Bilateral perivascular carotid sinus electrodes (CSL) and a pulse generator (IPG) are permanently implanted. Optimal placement of the CSL is determined by intraoperative BP responses to test activations. Acute BP responses were tested postoperatively and during the first four months of follow-up. Results: Prior to implant, BP was 189.6±27.5/110.7±15.3mmHg despite stable therapy (5.2±1.8 antihypertensive drugs). The mean procedure time was 202±43 minutes. No perioperative strokes or deaths occurred. System tests performed 1 or up to 3 days postoperatively resulted in significant (all p ≤0.0001) mean maximum reduction, with standard deviations and 95% confidence limits for systolic BP, diastolic BP and heart rate of 28±22 (17, 39)mmHg, 16±11 (10, 22)mmHg and 8±4 (6, 11)BPM, respectively. Repeated testing during 3 months of therapeutic electrical activation demonstrated a durable response. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest an acceptable safety of the procedure with a low rate of adverse events and support further clinical development of baroreflex activation as a new concept to treat resistant hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: The study was conducted to determine activation of coagulation in patients undergoing open and endovascular infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods: In a prospective, comparative study, 30 consecutive patients undergoing open repair (n = 15) or EVAR (n = 15) were investigated. Blood samples to determine fibrinopeptide A, fibrin monomer, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and D-dimer were taken up to 5 days postoperatively. Routine hematologic and hematochemical parameters as well as clinical data were collected. Results: Both groups showed comparable demographic variables. Operating time was longer in open repair (249 ± 77 minutes vs 186 ± 69 minutes, P < .05). Perioperatively elevated markers of coagulation were measured in both groups. Fibrinopeptide A levels did not differ significantly between the groups (P = .55). The levels of fibrin monomer and thrombin-antithrombin complex were significantly higher in patients undergoing EVAR (P < .0001), reflecting increased thrombin activity and thrombin formation compared with open surgery. The D-dimer level did not differ significantly between the groups. These results were also valid after correction for hemodilution. Conclusion: These data suggest increased procoagulant activity in EVAR compared with open surgery. A procoagulant state may favor possible morbidity derived from micro- and macrovascular thrombosis, such as in myocardial infarction, multiple organ dysfunction, venous thrombosis and thromboembolism, or disseminated intravascular coagulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Responses to climate change will include changes in species composition, but adaptation through genetic change may also be possible. The response to selection depends on the availability of additive genetic variation and the strength of selection. We found that Finnish populations of Scots pine have much genetic variation within the populations with respect to two traits related to climatic adaptation. Heritabilities (standard deviations) were 0.67 (0.16) and 0.33 (0.17) for the timing of bud set of 1-year-old seedlings and for frost hardiness 0.36 (0.14) and 0.20 (0.13) (not significantly different from zero) in the northern and southern populations, respectively. The additive genetic correlation between the traits was 0.57 (0.07). The proportion of additive genetic variation between the populations (QST) was 0.86 (0.11). Assuming that the new phenotypic optimum can be deduced based on the current match of temperature sums and phenotypic means, we test whether Scots pine in northern Finland can change to the new predicted optimum through migration and local selection during the next 100 years. The simulation model was based on monitoring 10 populations of 100 individuals. Five independent loci with two alleles were used to model the phenotypic trait of growth period. The results showed that genetic change will be slow and lag behind the moving optimum. Part of the slowness was due to the survival of current trees, which makes establishment of new trees with more suitable genotypes slower. Adaptation in species with fragmented populations and little migration could be even slower. Artificial regeneration with suitable seed sources can increase the proportion of adapted genotypes in cultivated species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reliable uncertainty estimates are a tool for increasing the quality of national emission inventories which are essential for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The first detailed uncertainty assessment was performed for the Finnish greenhouse gas emission inventory considering the years 1990 and 2001 using Monte Carlo simulation to combine uncertainties. In this work, uncertainty estimates were based on available measurement data, domestic and international literature, expert judgement and the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Uncertainties were estimated at a more detailed level than in studies performed in many other countries, thus giving additional information on the most important emission sources in terms of uncertainty. The emissions of the most important greenhouse gas, CO2, are often well known, but the other gases contain higher uncertainties. The resulting total uncertainty in the year 2001 emissions was −5 to +6% and that of trend ±5%-points. The uncertainty range indicates that Finnish emissions were 75–84 Mt CO2 equivalents in 2001. In countries with larger emissions the effect of uncertainty is even more significant. Countries which have performed an uncertainty estimate are able to use the information on most uncertain sources in allocation of resources for inventory improvements. In climate policy, information on uncertainty can be used in negotiations on the use of Kyoto mechanisms and in negotiations of inclusion of new sources or gases in future climate conventions. Integration of uncertainty aspects in decision making ensures that climate conventions are of real benefit in terms of mitigating climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Estradiol has been widely used for the treatment of hormonal insufficiencies. Due to its extensive first pass metabolism after oral administration, transdermal administration of estradiol in gels and emulsions has been used to improve its bioavailability, prolong activity and to optimize metabolic profile. The purpose of this study was to investigate microemulsions as delivery systems for estradiol. Various o/w microemulsions were used to deliver estradiol across human abdominal skin in vitro. Trasdermal flux of estradiol was determined using Franz-type diffusion cells and the samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The permeation data showed that microemulsion formulations increased estradiol flux 200–700-fold over the control, but permeability coefficients were decreased by 5–18 times. The superior transdermal flux of estradiol was due to 1500-fold improvement in solubilization of estradiol by microemulsions. The results suggest that microemulsions are potential vehicles for improved topical delivery of estradiol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Carbon can be sequestered from the atmosphere to forests in order to lower the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Tonne-years of sequestered carbon have been suggested to be used as a measure of global warming impact for these projects of finite lifetimes. It is illustrated here by simplified example cases that the objective of the stabilisation of the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations expressed in the UN Climate convention and the tonne-year approach can be in contradiction. Tonne-years generated by the project can indicate that carbon sequestration helps in the mitigation of climate change even when the impact of the project on the CO2 concentration is that concentration increases. Hence, the use of the tonne-years might waste resources of fulfilling the objective of the convention. The studied example cases are closely related to the IPCC estimates on global forestation potentials by 2050. It is also illustrated that the use of bioenergy from the reforested areas to replace fossil fuels can in the long term contribute more effectively to the control of carbon dioxide concentrations than permanent sequestration of carbon to forests. However, the estimated benefits depend on the time frame considered, whether we are interested in the decadal scale of controlling of the rate of climate change or in the centennial scale of controlling or halting the climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Examine the relationship between political ideology and AV adoption. • Use of probit regression and mediation anlaysis with path model. • Ideology and intention to adopt mediated by perceived benefits and concerns. • Liberals indicate higher AV adoption intention through higher perceived benefits. • Liberals indicate higher AV adoption intention through lower perceived concerns. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) typify the nexus of smart Internet-based technology and prior innovations in transportation. A challenge with AV research is that the technology is not yet readily available for consumers to experience. Thus, public perceptions of AVs are often assessed through survey research which has uncovered demographic and socio-economic differences in the willingness to adopt and pay for AVs. It has also provided information about the perceived benefits and risks associated with AVs and how these perceived benefits and risks affects support for self-driving car technology. More recently, studies have found that political ideology is linked to perceived concerns about self-driving cars but have not yet assessed whether this link extends to the intent to adopt AVs. Given this gap in our knowledge, the contributions of the present paper our twofold. One, we will assess whether political ideology impacts the intention to adopt AVs. Two, we will assess whether political ideology directly or indirectly affects the intention to adopt AVs. As regards the latter, we will conduct a mediation analysis with a path model to assess the extent that political ideology indirectly affects the intention to adopt via the perceived benefits and concerns survey respondents expressed about AVs. Our results reveal political ideology is an important predictor of individuals' intent to adopt AVs, as characterized by both willingness to ride in and to own AVs. Specifically, compared to conservative participants, moderates and liberals reported higher AV adoption intentions. We also find that the effect of political ideology on AV adoption intention is mediated by participants' perceived benefits and concerns about AVs. Compared to conservatives, political moderates reported AV adoption intention via higher perceived benefits about AVs. Compared to conservatives, liberals reported higher AV adoption intention through both higher perceived benefits and lower perceived concerns about AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Social media attracts like-minded individuals to form online cliques. • Online clique involvement is related to higher interest towards online gambling content. • Conformity to online group norm is stronger among individuals involved in online cliques. • Online cliques are important in the examination of social norms in online space. Social media tends to gather users around social cliques consisting of similar-minded individuals and shared identities. These online group processes can have significant influence on user behavior, which is alarming when considering risky behaviors such as gambling. This study examined how online clique involvement predicts young people's interest in gambling content and following observed group norms on social media. Survey respondents were 15–25-year-olds from Finland (n = 1200), the United States (n = 1212), South Korea (n = 1192) and Spain (n = 1212). A self-reported measure of online clique involvement and a gambling-related social media vignette experiment were utilized. The results show that online clique involvement was related to higher interest in gambling content. Content liked by a majority gathered more interest, indicating conformity to a group norm. This finding was especially true among participants with past involvement in online cliques, and the association was strongest in South Korea. The tendency to participate in online clique behavior creates a potentially risky setting when encountering online gambling content, because it may accentuate the effect of observed group norms. Interacting with gambling content increases the visibility of such content due to algorithmic filtering technologies, which can fuel gambling-related intentions and behaviors, and normalize gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gene expression studies have demonstrated the altered expression level of placental angiogenesis related genes in severe pre-eclampsia (PE). In cord compression, the transportation of oxygen from the placenta to the fetus is blocked, and it is speculated that during blockade the originally hypoxic placenta may become hyperoxic. We compared the placental gene expression profiles of one pre-eclamptic patient with cord compression (the index patient) to the profiles of patients with PE and those of normal pregnancy controls (including one woman with cord compression). The gene expression of the cord compression PE patient resembled that observed in the normal pregnancies. We hypothesize that umbilical blockade may in a short period of time lead to placental hyperoxia, which in turn has an effect on angiogenic gene expression profile. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Quality of DAP data enhanced by vertical co-registration with ALS-based DTM. • Co-registration decreased the errors of forest height and volume predictions. Near-ALS-quality was achieved even for vertically misaligned DAP-data. • Endlap image pairs outperformed sidelap pairs in forest attribute prediction. The accuracy of vertical position information can be degraded by various sources of error in digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) based point clouds. To address this issue, we propose a relatively straightforward method for automated correction of such point clouds. This method can be used in conjunction with any 3D reconstruction method in which a point cloud is generated from a pair of aerial images. The crux of the method involves separately co-registering each DAP point cloud (formed by the overlap of two or more images) to a common airborne laser scanning (ALS) based digital terrain model. The proposed method has the following essential steps: (1) Ground surface patches are identified in the normalized DAP point clouds by selecting areas in which standard deviation of vertical height is low, (2) height differences between the DAP and ALS point clouds are calculated at these patches, and (3) a correction surface is interpolated from these height differences and is then used to rectify the entire DAP point cloud. The performance of the proposed method is verified using plot data (n = 250) from a forested study area in Eastern Finland. We observed that DAP data from the area corrected using our proposed method resulted in significant increases in prediction accuracy of key forest variables. Specifically, the root mean squared error (RMSE) values for dominant height predictions decreased by up to 23.2%, while the associated model R2 values increased by 16.9%. As for stem volume, RMSEs dropped by 20.6%, while the model R2 improved by 14.6%, respectively. Hence, prediction accuracies were almost as good as with ALS data. The results suggest that vertically misaligned DAP data, if rectified using an algorithm such as the one presented here, could deliver near ALS data quality at a fraction of the cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease can develop at any age, but outcomes of adults with positive results from serologic tests for tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) without endoscopic determination of celiac disease (called celiac autoimmunity) have not been thoroughly evaluated. We investigated the proportion of adults with celiac autoimmunity at a community medical center and their progression to celiac disease. We analyzed waste blood samples from a community clinic from 15,551 adults for tTGA and, if titer results were above 2 U/mL, for endomysial antibody. The blood samples had been collected at 2 time points (median interval, 8.8 years) from 2006 through 2017. We collected data from the clinic on diagnoses of celiac disease based on duodenal biopsy analysis. Of the serum samples collected at the first time point, 15,398 had negative results for tTGA, and 153 had positive results for tTGA (>4 U/mL). Based on medical records, 6 individuals received a diagnosis of celiac disease, for a cumulative incidence of celiac disease diagnosis of 0.06% (95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.11). Forty-nine (0.32%) individuals with a negative result from the first serologic test for tTGA had a positive result from the second test. Among the 153 adults who were tTGA positive at the first time point, 31 (20%) had a subsequent diagnosis of celiac disease, 81 (53%) remained positive for tTGA without a clinical diagnosis of celiac disease, and 41 (27%) had negative test results for tTGA at the second time point. Higher initial tTGA titers, female sex, and a history of hypothyroidism and autoimmune disease were associated with increased risks of subsequent diagnosis of celiac disease. Interestingly, adults whose first blood sample had a positive test result but second blood sample had a negative result for tTGA were older, had lower-than-average initial tTGA titer results, and had a higher mean body mass index than adults whose blood samples were positive for tTGA at both time points and adults later diagnosed with celiac disease. In an analysis of serum samples collected from a community clinic an average of 8.8 years apart, we found that fewer than 1% of adults with negative results from an initial test for tTGA have a positive result on a second test. Of adults with positive results from the test for tTGA, only 20% are later diagnosed with celiac disease; the remaining individuals maintain persistent increases in tTGA without diagnoses of celiac disease or have negative results from second tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate if 3D convolutional deep neural network implementation DeepMedic [1] could be applied to computed tomography angiography (CTA) images in acute stroke lesion detection. DeepMedic has previously been successful in lesion segmentation from magnetic resonance images [2] . Methods Preprocessing steps included robust intracranial space segmentation and intensity normalization. Hypoattenuated regions visible in the CTAs were manually delineated by two neuroradiologists and considered as ground truths. Data augmentation was performed with left–right flipped images. Training was done with scans from five infarct patients and subsequent testing with five separate cases. 35 epochs with 15 subepochs were used in the training. Results The initial results were promising as the infarcts in all the test cases could be correctly lateralized. The achieved voxel-wise segmentation performance was moderate (considering small training set) with Sørensen-Dice similarity coefficient 0.52 for the test data. Conclusions The significance of open science and freely available scientific software will only increase in the future. Convolutional neural networks demonstrate promising prospects for medical imaging. DeepMedic can be applied to CT images with proper data preprocessing. In a future study the findings will be verified with a larger cohort. Improving the performance with additional input features will also be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]