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A study is conducted on pharmaceutical industry to examine advantages and issues concerned with cross functional integration of marketing and research activities.

An investigation is made to examine how five Japanese Research &Development (R&D) programmes promote inter-sectoral and inter-institutional networks. The result shows that the projects of the Next Generation Programme for pre-competitive research formed multiple university-industry-government linkages within each project by designing the complementary relationships among the participants.

Research describing the wage structure for engineers in Spain is presented. In particular the differences in pay between engineers engaged in research and those in other fields is examined.

Research describing the dynamics of technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry is presented. The study uses the introduction of new medicines from 1800 as its basis along with company economic data.

A new study investigates whether disciplinary and interdisciplinary research should be reviewed in similar ways.

Evaluations of Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) between government agencies and private firms reveals that CRADAs are more effective if they draw on the historic missions and capabilities of laboratories rather than on civilian technologies. The study also points out that CRADAs may be made more effective if budgetary and managerial flexibility is increased, if laboratory researchers are made more familiar with user needs, if a high degree of commitment by parties is ensured, and if internal R&D and technical expertise in adopting the technology developed is increased.

Research collaboration, if perceived in its real context, refers to associated working of researchers to achieve a common goal. This definition, however, is too broad to differentiate it from other collaborative institutions and sectors. Research collaboration offers several benefits such as intellectual championship, joint development of skills, effective transfer of knowledge and the improvement of potential visibility of researches. Recently, collaboration is prevalent in the research industry due to the increasing cost of conducting research, increased specialization demand and the growing significance of interdisciplinary studies.

Three priority-setting models for government research are proposed as alternatives to existing and restrictive cost-benefit analysis models. They are user-based, institutional and political. The three facilitate a systematic process review based on 'changing outcomes by changing processes.' A discussion of their merits and disadvantages is also given along with examples of public research programs in New Zealand and Australia.

A study was conducted to examine the use of patent information in strategic research and development planning activities using two types of patent portfolios. The patenting strategies of firms were characterized based on patent activity and patent quality. The patent portfolio was utilized to analyze the overall patenting strategy of companies. Results indicated the importance of patent portfolios in carrying out decisions associated with research and development strategies.

Research describing innovation activity among American companies is presented. By examining patent bibliometrics it is shown that there are large technological and geographical shifts underway and the importance of universities is increasing..

Research describing the effects of government and companies on the creation of global standards in the mobile communication industry is presented. The study shows that market competition alone does not set standards.

A new study investigates how technology extension organisations in seven countries deliver technology and financial resources to small and medium-sized enterprises, focusing on design choice and requirements.

Literature on research partnerships from a range of sources is examined in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of these partnerships are examined in terms of private and public sectors.

Research was conducted to combine the theory of project success factors with the search for a natural project classification by using a linear discriminant analysis methodology. The search for the best classification scheme was performed using rich data from 110 projects including several hundred managerial variables. Results indicate that the use of multivariate approaches is both simple and effective when employing the large data sets typical of large-scale projects.

A systematic, comprehensive and flexible strategy for examining the innovation system in Japan with regards to robotics is presented. The strategy is based on the framework of technoeconomic network (TEN), employing data on patents, publications and market-related information complemented by performing extensive interviews with key personnel in the academia, corporate and public research institutions. Results indicated the strengths of the strategy in determining the transformation of the innovation system and changing structural setups.

A record rise in the number of patent applications from 1985 to 1995 was studied as to its origin. The common view is that this unprecedented rise was stimulated by the founding of the Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit by Congress in 1982. An analysis of both international and domestic information on patent applications and awards revealed that such a view is wrong. Rather, a drastic rise in innovation motivated by changes in research management may be the true cause.

Research describing public agricultural research funding is presented. In particular UK agricultural research expenditure is examined and it validity for continued public support is investigated.

Research describing the financing of public sector research projects in Spain is presented. In particular an econometric model is developed to explain the mechanisms of aid granting on behalf of the public sector.

Research describing the effects of networking and local operating environments on innovation success for manufacturing firms in three European countries is presented. The study suggests that these factors may be relatively unimportant.

Research describing the commercial effectiveness of secrecy compared to patents is presented. Policy differences between small and large firms are examined by means of data from the European Community Innovation Survey.

A new study investigates the impact of funding source (industry sponsorship) and type of funding on various research processes for academic graduates, focusing on the climate for academic freedom.

Factors that help to promote innovation within a company are examined in detail. The impact of risk-aversive behavior is also explored.

The way that researchers collaborate in teams is examined in detail. Issues relating to motivation and self-organization are explored, as are science policy implications.

A company's inclination to patent was examined by applying a new indicator of innovative output. It was observed that a company's tendency to patent is substantially higher among research and development collaborators and that it varies across sectors and by firm size. With a given innovation output, smaller innovators have a lower probability of applying for a patent. Small innovators that do not apply for patents, however, tend to have more patent applications than larger companies.

The dynamic mechanism of a research and development (R&D)-patent function of the Japanese industry from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s was examined quantitatively. Findings indicated that R&D investment established patent applications with a time delay of approximately 1 1/2 years, directly and through accumulated technology stock. It was determined that the process of formulating a patent application is expensive with a long duration in the chemical products industry.