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NDRG1, the first member of the NDRG family, is a multifunctional protein associated with carcinogenesis. Its function in human cancer is currently poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the importance of NDRG1 in tumor immune cell infiltration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma. NDRG1 expression in various cancers was analyzed using TIMER 2.0, the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), UALCAN and PrognoScan. Wound healing, Transwell, MTT and colony formation assays were performed to confirm the effects of NDRG1 on the metastasis and proliferation of HCC cells. Western blotting was used to study the effect of NDRG1 on the expression of EMT-related proteins. Signaling networks were constructed using LinkedOmics and Metascape. TIMER2.0 and TISIDB were used for comprehensive analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). NDRG1 expression was higher in HCC tissue than in normal liver tissue at both the mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of NDRG1 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Genomic analysis suggests that NDRG1 promoter hypermethylation leads to enhanced transcription, which may be one mechanism for NDRG1 upregulation in HCC. The overexpression of NDRG1 promotes the invasion, migration, and proliferation of HCC cells and induces the expression of EMT-related proteins. Immunoinfiltration analysis suggests that NDRG1 is involved in the recruitment of immune cells. The present study showed that NDRG1 may induce metastasis and invasion through EMT and immune cell infiltration. NDRG1 could be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC and could be a potential therapeutic target in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TGF-β1 increased neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis after trauma for 24 h. • TGF-β1 reversed the expression of Ca v 1.2, which was decreased after trauma injury. • TGF-β1 enhanced the trauma-injured neuro-2a intracellular Ca2+ concentration. • TGF-β1 increased the expression of Ca v 1.2 by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death in adolescents, and there is a lack of effective methods of treatment. The neuroprotective effects exerted by TGF-β1 can ameliorate a range of neuronal lesions in multiple central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used an in-vitro TBI model of mechanical injury on murine primary cortical neurons and the neuro-2a cell line to investigate the neuroprotective role played by TGF-β1 in cortical neurons in TBI. Our results showed that TGF-β1 significantly increased neuronal viability and inhibited apoptosis for 24 h after trauma. The expression of Ca v 1.2, an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) isoform, decreased significantly after trauma injury, and this change was reversed by TGF-β1. Nimodipine, a classic LTCC blocker, abolished the protective effect of TGF-β1 on trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. The knockdown of Ca v 1.2 in differentiated neuro-2a cells significantly inhibited the anti-apoptosis effect of TGF-β1 exerted on injured neuro-2a cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 rescued and enhanced the trauma-suppressed neuro-2a intracellular Ca2+ concentration, while the effect of TGF-β1 was partially inhibited by nimodipine. TGF-β1 significantly upregulated the expression of Ca v 1.2 by activating the p38 MAPK pathway and by inhibiting trauma-induced neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, TGF-β1 increased trauma-injured murine cortical neuronal activity and inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Cav1.2 channels via activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Therefore, the TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/Ca v 1.2 pathway has the potential to be used as a novel therapeutic target for TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, we explored the effect of mucin-gum arabic (GA) interactions on the structural changes of mucin network, as well as on the diffusion behaviors of sodium ions. Diffusion behaviors of sodium ions through the mucin/GA layer with various physicochemical properties were determined. Our results suggested that the introduction of GA induced the phase separation of mucin-GA binary system, which is largely driven by electrostatic interactions (electrostatic repulsion) and followed by the structural changes in the mucin layer. The mucin/GA mixed interconnected network with larger pores was formed, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations, which contributed to the diffusion of sodium ions. Our findings might provide a deep understanding of GA for enhancing the salty taste perception. [Display omitted] • Mucin-Gum Arabic interactions was investigated as function of pH and NaCl concentration. • Repulsive interactions can lead to phase separation of mucin and GA. • Phase separation might affect the mesh size or permeability of the mucin network. • Diffusion behavior of sodium ions could be modulated by phase separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy has achieved remarkable clinical efficacy against hematological cancers and has been approved by FDA for treatment of B-cell tumors. However, the complex manufacturing process and limited success in solid tumors hamper its widespread applications, thus prompting the development of new strategies for overcoming the abovementioned hurdles. In the last decade, nanotechnology has provided sustainable strategies for improving cancer immunotherapy through vaccine development and delivery of immunomodulatory drugs. Nanotechnology can boost CAR-T therapy and may overcome the existing challenges by emerging as a carrier for CAR-T therapy or in combination with CAR-T, it may inhibit solid tumors more effectively than conventional approaches. The revealing of cellular mechanisms, barriers and potential strategies that could be used to manipulate and/or modify cells would enable unprecedented advances in nanotechnology for biologics delivery. This review outlines the journey and barriers of nanoparticles (NPs) across the cell. Subsequently, the approaches to tackle the barriers and strategies to modulate NPs as a carrier for CAR-T therapy are discussed. Finally, the role of NPs in CAR-T therapy and the potential challenges are summarized. This review aims to provide the readers with a detailed overview of NP-based CAR-T therapy research and distil this information into an accessible form conducive to design desired CAR-T therapy using NP approach. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is the most vibrant field in immuno-oncology today, with enormous benefits to patients with B-cell malignancies. However, a rapid and straightforward procedure for CAR-T generation is an exigent need to broaden its therapeutic avenue. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel alternative approach for CAR-T generation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth review that briefly highlights the various aspects of nanotechnology in CAR-T therapy, including the strategies to brand NPs as an effective carrier for CAR cargo, its potential advantages, challenges, and future roadmap. It provides readers with a detailed overview of NP-based CAR-T therapy research, and researchers would be able to distill this information into an accessible form conducive to design the desired CAR therapy using the nanotechnology approach. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The consistency of water level data is compromised under changing environment. • The new indicator - VWD designed in this study has good consistency. • Based on VWD and CSWWU, a risk assessment model for urban LIWS is constructed. • Risk map can be drawn after the probabilities of LIWS were quantified by the model. • The risk map may serve as a technical support for emergency water supply management. In the context of global environmental changes, the problem of low water levels (LWLs) is becoming increasingly prominent and posing a significant threat to urban water security. At the same time, there have been noticeable changes in basin hydrological conditions, leading to compromised consistency of water level data based on historical monitoring. Assessing the adaptability of urban water intake projects to water level changes has become a challenging problem currently. Firstly, we have designed a new indicator with good consistency - velocity of water level descending (VWD). Secondly, we have interpreted the connotation of the risk of urban level-induced water scarcity (LIWS) based on the perspective of the coupling system of "water source - water intake engineering - the subsystem of urban water demand" (CSWWU). Thirdly, we constructed a risk assessment model of urban LIWS to quantify the possibility and consequences of adverse scenarios, aiming to enhance the city's ability to respond to extreme events. Taking Nanchang as an example, we generated 972 preset scenarios, calculated the probability of all scenarios, and drew the risk map of LIWS. The results showed that: (1) When the water level of Nanchang Station descends to 10.33, 10.14 and 10.04 m, the water supply deficit of the urban water plant can be balanced by the saved water volume, which is released by activating three types of emergency measures, respectively. (2) The city faces the greatest risk of LIWS in January and February of each year, which is the key period of risk management. (3) By drawing a risk map, we have comprehensively evaluated the important scenarios about urban LIWS in the future. The risk assessment method for urban LIWS is based on the new indicator, which can provide theoretical support for urban emergency water supply management and promote local governments to fully utilize the resilience of coupling systems to adapt to constantly changing society and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial superwettability and biosensors are constantly evolving and being recognized as ubiquitous components of interfacial science. Superwettability provides new insight from micro/nano scale to revolutionize the study of biosensors to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and practicality in clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. However, these superwettability-boosted biosensors require complex design and rigorous optimization of parameters due to the variation in surface topography and modulation of surface recognition. To reduce the confusion and barriers to entry in controlled tailoring of the interfacial superwettability of biosensors, this review presents an overview of the fundamental understanding of superwettability, and the classification of superwettable biosensors, which can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous superwettable biosensor. The biosensing mechanisms based on superwettable surfaces are reviewed in detail, including stimuli-responsive superwetting mechanism, droplet evaporation-enhanced enrichment mechanism, and liquid phase-regulated sensing mechanism. The emerging applications, such as nucleic acid analysis, immunoassay, single-cell trapping, bacteria-related study, and wearable electronics, are highlighted. The limitations and potential research viewpoints in superwettable biosensors are also discussed. By introducing the state-of-the-art of this important and rapidly expanding area, this review will motivate industrial circles and multidisciplinary scientific communities to create superwettable biosensors that can fulfil the demands of different practical applications. [Display omitted] • Basic concepts and design criteria for constructing high-performance superwettable biosensors are introduced. • Mechanisms of superwettability-boosted biosensors are analyzed. • The application scenarios in bioanalysis are discussed. • Challenges and prospects are proposed from the viewpoint of basic and industrial research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The production mechanism of total volatile basic nitrogen in beef was analyzed. • A test instrument based on airflow and laser was independently developed. • Six-element model of chilled beef was built based on viscoelasticity principle. • Six viscoelastic parameters related to spoilage were obtained. • The models relating beef viscoelasticity with TVB-N content were established. Abstract Viscoelasticity experiments were performed to detect the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of chilled beef for freshness evaluation. The growth trend of TVB-N was further analyzed with prolonged storage time. A six-element viscoelastic model was then established by fitting deformation data through universal global optimization. The viscoelastic parameters, including elasticity moduli E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , and viscosity coefficients η 1 , η 2 , η 3 , were applied to build models of TVB-N content prediction using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVR). Results showed that the SVR model performed better than the PLSR model, with a correlation coefficient in the prediction set of 0.89 and a root mean squared error in the prediction set of 1.47 mg/100 g. These results demonstrated for the first time that the viscoelasticity based on airflow and laser technique combined with chemometrics can be used for the fast, nondestructive detection of TVB-N concentration for meat freshness assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the feasibility of airflow and laser ranging technique for nondestructively determination of TVB-N in beef, a viscoelasticity detection system was employed to collect deformation information of beef samples. Then 12 characteristic parameters were extracted from deformation curves. Multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to establish prediction models for TVB-N. The results showed that the PLSR model using 12 characteristic parameters performed the best with correlation coefficients in calibration and prediction sets (R c and R p ) of 0.847 and 0.821, root mean squared errors in the calibration and prediction sets (RMSEC and RMSEP) of 1.750 and 2.560 mg/100 g. This result demonstrated that it was feasible to use airflow and laser ranging technique for rapid and nondestructive detection of beef freshness. This study made possible that the deformation characteristics of livestock and poultry meat could be expressed in a quantitative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A simple method to observe the oxygen diffusion in the emulsion system was developed. • The oxygen diffusion was strongly related to the lipid oxidation in emulsion. • The emulsion droplet surface could affect the oxygen diffusion and lipid oxidation. • The oil phase and water phase could affect the oxygen diffusion and lipid oxidation. Oxygen diffusion played an important role in the lipid oxidation of food emulsions. In this study, a simple method was developed to quantitatively observe the oxygen diffusion in the oil–water biphasic system, and it was further applied to investigate the relationship between the oxygen diffusion and lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions. Various factors that related to the emulsion oxidation were considered, from their influence on the oxygen diffusion and lipid oxidation in the emulsions. Results showed that there was obvious correlation between the oxygen diffusion and lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions, which reveals the inhibition of oxygen diffusion could apparently slow down the lipid oxidation. Moreover, the changes of oil phase, water phase and interfacial layer of the emulsions, which were related to the oxygen diffusion, could improve the oxidative stability of the emulsions effectively. Our findings are helpful for deep understanding the mechanisms of the lipid oxidation in food emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Edible oleogels was fabricated using soy fiber particles (SFP) with water as the second fluid. • SFP oleogels with modulated properties can be obtained by particle size, particle content and the second fluid content. • Similar properties of bread made with edible oleogels was observed in comparison with using commercial butter. Oleogels containing less saturated and trans -fats were considered as an ideal option to replace the solid fats in foods. In this research, oleogel was fabricated by dispersing soy fiber particles (SFP) in soy oil, and further it was used in bread preparation. Effect of the particle size, particle content and the second fluid content on the formation of oleogels were evaluated, based on the appearance and rheological properties. Results showed that the suspension of SFP in soy oil (24%, w/w) could be transformed into gel-like state, upon the addition of the second fluid. The SFP based networks were dominated by the capillary force which was originated from the second fluid. The rheological properties and yield stress of the oleogels could be modulated by particle size and particle content of SFP in oil phase, as well as the second fluid content in the system. When the oleogels were applicated in bread preparation, a layered structure could be formed in the bread, indicating the possibility of replacing the solid fats in bakery products by our oleogels. Our results offered a feasibility approach for oil structuring with natural raw materials, and developed a new approach to replace the solid fats in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of iron addition (up to 10,000 ppmw) on silicon purification during Al–Si solvent refining is studied in this work. The Al–Si based melts with different iron contents were solidified with different cooling rates. It is found that the iron addition does not affect boron and phosphorus removal rates. Iron distribution in microstructure demonstrates that iron does not have an effect on the diffusion behaviors of boron and phosphorus. The compositions of intermetallic compounds containing iron indicate that there is neither interaction between iron and boron, nor interaction between iron and phosphorus. Besides, the models of interaction between boron and an additive element are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the expression and prognostic significance of PIK3CB in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and to analyse the possible molecular mechanism that promotes LUAD development. Differences of PIK3CB expression at transcriptional level between LUAD and normal tissues were analysed with the Timer and UALCAN databases. Then, immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate PIK3CB expression at the protein level, and relationships between PIK3CB and clinical characteristics were accessed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were performed to identify the independent prognostic risk factors for LUAD. Genetic alterations were analysed using the cBioPortal database. The main coexpressed genes and enrichment pathways of PIK3CB were estimated with the LinkedOmics database. Compared with normal tissues, PIK3CB was higherly expressed in LUAD at the transcriptional level and protein level, respectively. PIK3CB expression was closely related to prognosis of LUAD patients, and PIK3CB protein expression was associated with lymph node metastasis and pathological differentiation, but not related to sex, age, pleural invasion, vascular invasion, tumour site, tumour size or clinical stage. PIK3CB and tumour size were independent risk factors for LUAD patients. The expression of PIK3CB was negatively correlated with AKT1 and AKT2, but there was no significant correlation with AKT3, and strong positive correlations with ARMC8, DNAJC13 and PIK3R4. The main enrichment pathways of PIK3CB and related genes included adherens junctions and the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathways, ErbB signalling pathways, Hedgehog signalling pathways, and C-type lectin receptor signalling pathways. Therefore, we hypothesized that PIK3CB expression did not promote LUAD development through the classical PI3K/AKT pathway. High PIK3CB expression was associated with the development of LUAD and worse prognosis. PIK3CB was an independent risk factor for LUAD patients. Therefore, this study provides a reliable reference for the prognostic assessment and targeted therapy for LUAD patients. • We explored the expression and prognostic significance of PIK3CB in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). • PIK3CB was higherly expressed in LUAD at the transcriptional level and protein level, Compared with normal tissues. • PIK3CB was an independent risk factor for LUAD patients. • PIK3CB expression did not promote LUAD development through the classical PI3K/AKT pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Complex gum arabic (GA) and tannic acid (TA) was confirmed by ITC. • GA inhibit the interaction of mucoadhesive TA with mucins. • TA modulate the retention of emulsions and aroma release. Flavour is a crucial sensory element that determines the consumers' preference for food and beverages. In this study, we determined the effects of complex gum arabic (GA) and tannic acid (TA) on the aroma release of flavour oil emulsions in vitro by simulating oral processing conditions. GA and TA were used to stabilize flavour oil emulsions. Visualization of in vitro retention using ex vivo porcine tongue, detection of aroma release in the model mouth, and sensory evaluation of flavour emulsions were performed to determine the effect of TA and GA. The results indicated that the retention of emulsions and the release of aroma compounds were modulated by TA and GA, which could be because of interactions that occurred between GA and TA in emulsions and mucins on the tongue. GA enhanced aroma release, whereas TA contributed to the retention or slow release of target aroma compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of hafnium carbide nanowires (HfC NWs) on carbon fibers was successfully achieved by employing HfCl 4 and furfuryl alcohol as precursor materials, facilitated by Ni-assisted catalytic pyrolysis. In the polymerization and cross-linking processes of furfuryl alcohol, hafnium cations play a crucial role, leading to the atomic-level amalgamation and effectively enhancing the reactivity of the Hf-O-C system. The nucleation of HfC NWs takes place at 1300 °C, followed by growth through a solid-liquid-solid (SLS) mechanism. Carbon fibers were uniformly coated with tens micrometer-long HfC NWs having an approximate diameter of 500 nm. Notably, the tips of these HfC NWs exhibited clean surfaces free of Ni catalyst particles, indicating their root growth model. This novel catalyst-assisted pyrolysis method holds great potential for enabling cost-effective large-scale production of transition metal carbide nanowires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High salt intake is the leading dietary risk factor for death from noncommunicable diseases in the world. Some solid and semi-solid gelled foods, such as bread, sausage and cheese, are among the saltiest in the food category. In this study, we develop a simple and scalable method for the preparation of semi-solid food with an inhomogeneous salt distribution by dispersing sodium-containing soy protein/gum arabic coacervates into the food gels. The sensory analysis reveals an enhanced saltiness of these food gels allowing a reduction in the sodium content of 30%, while maintaining the taste and texture qualities. From the result of the kinetic release of sodium during mastication, we conclude that the enhanced saltiness is attributed not only to the sensory contrast structure but also to a faster sodium release. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) is used to measure the binding affinity of Na+ and gum arabic (GA) with the mucin layer for the first time, showing that GA induces the swelling of the mucin layer, and the GA that is screened by salt exhibits the mucopenetration ability. This result is helpful to understand the enhanced saltiness and the acceleration of sodium diffusion through the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of protein/gum arabic coacervates. Preparation of PS-SPI/GA gels and possible saltiness enhancement mechanism. Image 1 • Salt reduction of semi-solid food was achieved via inhomogeneous distribution of sodium-containing coacervates. • The enhanced saltiness is attributed to sensory contrast structure and a faster sodium release. • Gum arabic induces the swelling of mucus, and the GA that is screened by salt exhibits the mucopenetration ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Offspring mice from high microbial load-containing mother showed reduced asthma risk. • Bacterial lysates can affect intestinal microbial abundance in mother mice. • Bacterial lysates can promote community changes in mother mice. • Exposure to microbial environments during pregnancy may help prevent asthma. Although it is widely accepted that the "hygiene hypothesis" explains the increased incidence of asthma, the lack of suitable animal models hinders further in-depth studies of the underlying molecular immune mechanisms. Therefore, we aimed to develop a robust mouse asthma model to investigate the role of bacteria in preventing asthma. BALB/c female mice were fed a mixture of eight common bacterial lysates (BL; Broncho-Vaxom®) and a commercial probiotic (Bifidobacterium tetravaccine tablets) at different concentrations before and during pregnancy to simulate different microbial load levels. Faeces from the mother mice were subjected to bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing to quantify the maternal microbial load. TLR2/4 expression and the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestinal tract of female mice were determined, and the safety of the microbial load was evaluated. An asthma model was established in the offspring mice after weaning, and the extent of pulmonary pathological changes and Treg proportion were evaluated. A BL concentration of 1 mg/kg enriched the intestinal flora, increased the proportion of Tregs, and increased the expression of TLR2/4 in the maternal mice. The proportion of peripheral blood Tregs was increased, whereas the risk of asthma decreased only in the offspring from mothers with a high microbial load relative to control mice. This study established a safe and stable high microbial load maternal-offspring mouse asthma model, laying the foundation for a study on the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effects of a high microbial load against asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new strategy to fabricate edible oleogels had been developed in this work, using natural cellulose particles as gelator and water as secondary fluid. Effect of the content of cellulose particles and second fluid on the formation of oleogels were investigated, and a qualitative phase diagram was constructed. Consideration has also focused on the influence of second fluid (ionic strength, pH and sucrose). Results showed that the cellulose particles could form a network in oil phase through the capillary force originated from the secondary fluid. A denser and more uniform network provided the oleogels higher centrifugal stability against oil loss. The viscoelastic properties of oleogels could be enhanced by increasing the ionic strength (10–100 mM), sucrose concentration (10–20 wt%) and pH value (2.0–5.0) of the second fluid. These results suggested that the capillary force of the gel network could be modulated by the composition and pH of secondary fluid. The considerable gel strength and economical manufacturing process give the oleogels great application potential. [Display omitted] • Edible oleogels were prepared using a simple and economical process. • Using natural cellulose particles as gelator and water as the second fluid. • Cellulose particles could form a network in oil phase through the capillary force. • Strength of the oleogels could be modulated by the water phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Six PAHs were determined in lamb intramuscular fat model system. • Epicatechin can extremely inhibit the formation PAHs. • Polynomial equation third-order model fitted for the formation of PAHs. • Optimal SVM models can effectively predict the formation of PAHs. • This study lay the foundation to the real-time monitoring of PAHs. This study investigated the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a mutton intramuscular fat model system containing epicatechin under various reaction conditions using multivariate statistical analysis, and established the optimal equations for PAHs prediction. Results indicated that at 100–180 °C for 10–60 min, epicatechin inhibited the formation of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, anthracene, benz[ a ]anthracene and benzo[ g,h,i ]perylene by 10–37 %, 11–32 %, 9–100 %, 27–56 %, 100 % and 6–18 %, respectively. Polynomial equation third-order model with R2 at 0.87–0.98 and R2 at 0.80–0.95 well fitted for the formation of PAHs under various temperatures and times, respectively. The correlation coefficients of calibration set (R 2 c) and validation set (R 2 v) were 0.92 and 0.81 for naphthalene, 0.84 and 0.84 for acenaphthylene, 0.99 and 0.98 for phenanthrene, 0.97 and 0.95 for anthracene, 0.91 and 0.80 for benzo[ g,h,i ]perylene, respectively, which suggested good mathematical models for the PAHs formation rules. These results provide theoretical support to develop technologies for PAHs real-time monitoring during roasted mutton processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA) play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, with significant implications for air quality and human health. However, the mechanisms by which anthropogenic emissions influence the formation of BSOA in the real atmosphere have not been fully understood. In this study, fine aerosol (PM 2.5) samples were collected during both the wet and dry seasons at a high-altitude (1690 m) background site in the Nanling Mountains. Eleven typical secondary organic aerosols (SOA) tracers derived from isoprene (SOA I), α/β-pinene (SOA M), β-caryophyllene (SOA S), and toluene (SOA A), as well as water-soluble inorganic ions and the ambient concentrations of isoprene and its two primary oxidation products, were measured. The results showed that the concentrations and composition of SOA tracers exhibited significant seasonal variations. The total concentration of SOA tracers in the wet season (159 ± 100 ng m−3) was almost three times higher than that in the dry season (61 ± 68 ng m−3). SOA I dominated in both seasons, followed by SOA M , SOA S , and SOA A. Compared with other studies, the concentrations of SOA I and SOA A in the wet season were relatively high, which was mainly attributed to the rapid oxidation of their precursors due to the higher atmospheric oxidative capacity. C 5 -alkene triols had a significantly higher proportion in SOA I species than in other mountaintop sites. Temperature was the main factor causing the seasonal difference in the concentration of SOA I. Anthropogenic pollutants significantly promoted the formation of SOA I in the wet season. The influence of anthropogenic pollutants on the reaction pathway of IEPOX was consistent in both seasons, favoring the formation of C 5 -alkene triols. Our study provides vital insights into the molecular characteristics and formation mechanisms of BSOA in a high-altitude background region. It also highlights that the complex air pollution not only affects BSOA concentrations but also the reaction pathways of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) transforming into BSOA. • BSOA tracers were firstly measured in Nanling Mountains. • Quick oxidation of locally emitted isoprene was the main contributor to isoprene SOA. • Strong atmospheric oxidation capacity in Mt. Nanling was evidenced by low isoprene and high SOA tracer levels. • In the wet season, anthropogenic pollutants markedly enhanced isoprene SOA formation. • C5-alkene triols were more prevalent in isoprene SOA tracers at our site than at other mountaintops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although polysaccharide microgels exhibit potential as clean-label emulsifiers, the stability of emulsions in commercial application is still a challenge. The current work points out that specific complexation between polysaccharide molecules and polysaccharide microgels can benefit the interfacial adsorption of polysaccharide microgels and emulsion stability. The complexation of κ-carrageenan microgels (KCMs) and locust bean gum (LBG) was investigated for the first time, which was evaluated by visual appearance, rheological behavior, thermal stability, and microscopic morphology. Results indicate the low concentration of LBG promotes the clustering of KCMs, whereas high concentration of LBG can envelop and segregate KCMs. Subsequent blending with LBG could enhance the interfacial adsorption of KCMs, and multi-layers are observed when LBG concentration exceeds 0.3 wt%. LBG can obviously decrease the emulsion droplets size and improve the storage stability of emulsions, KCMs + LBG (0.2–0.5 wt%) stabilized emulsions could keep stable after three consecutive freeze-thaw cycles. Based on the specific complexation between KCMs and LBG, the layer-by-layer emulsification could be achieved. This strategy can inspire other polysaccharide microgel emulsifiers, which could be a feasible solution for improving the stability of polysaccharides microgels stabilized emulsions. [Display omitted] • Locust bean gum (LBG) could complex with κ-carrageenan Microgels (KCMs). • Complexation pattern of LBG and KCMs at aqueous phase was identified. • Interfacial complexation of LBG and KCMs improves emulsion stability. • Interfacial complexation endows emulsions with improved freeze-thaw stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A relatively novel paradigm in tumor biology hypothesizes that cancer growth is driven by tumor cells with stem-like properties. However, direct proof of a population of stem cells in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains elusive. In this study, we enriched for stem-like cells from the SCLC cell line H446 by growing them as spheres in a defined serum-free medium. Sphere-derived cells have increased in vitro clonogenic and in vivo tumorigenic potentials as well as drug-resistant properties. After enrichment for stem-like cells, we used multiple candidate stem cell markers to examine the expression profile and found that the sphere-derived cells contained a higher proportion of cells expressing the stem cell surface markers uPAR and CD133 when compared with parental cells. To identify a selectable marker for the sphere-forming cells, we evaluated the sphere-forming abilities of uPAR+ and uPAR− cells as well as the sphere-forming abilities of CD133+ and CD133− cells. Both CD133+ and CD133− cell fractions were capable of forming spheres, and no statistically significant difference was observed in the sphere-forming efficiency between these two populations. In contrast, cells derived from the uPAR+ fraction were capable of forming spheres, whereas cells derived from the uPAR− fraction remained as single cells. Moreover, uPAR+ cells efficiently formed transplantable tumors, whereas uPAR− cells were unable to initiate tumors when transplanted at equivalent cell numbers. In addition, uPAR+ cells could differentiate into CD56+cells, CK+ cells, and uPAR− cells. These data support the existence of a population of tumor sphere-forming cells with stem cell properties in the H446 SCLC cell line. Furthermore, the stem cell population may be enriched in cells expressing the uPAR cell surface marker. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• CZTS nanoparticles were used as the HTL to construct n-i-p Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells. • CZTS HTL can effectively suppress the back interface recombination and improve carrier collection efficiency. • A significant efficiency improvement to 6.06% was obtained. Sb 2 Se 3 is an emerging and promising thin-film photovoltaic absorber material. However, for commonly CdS/Sb 2 Se 3 heterojunction device structure, low carrier concentration and back contact barrier will prevent the further improvement of device efficiency. Here we have successfully applied Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) nanoparticles (NPs) as a hole-transport layer (HTL) to construct a low-cost n-i-p Sb 2 Se 3 solar cell with FTO/CdS/Sb 2 Se 3 /CZTS/Carbon configuration. We found that CZTS HTL can effectively suppress the back interface carrier recombination and improve carrier collection efficiency in the Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells. The average J sc , FF , and efficiency of Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells with an optimum CZTS HTL are increased by 10.64%, 7.91%, and 17.14%, respectively, compared with Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells without a HTL. Consequently, with CZTS NPs as HTL and carbon as electrode, the n-i-p Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells have achieved a champion efficiency of 6.06%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat quality is a prerequisite to the consumer's acceptability and industrial profitability. Post-translational modifications, changes in myofibrillar protein degradation and myoglobin oxidation have a great impact on meat quality during post-mortem aging of muscle. Applying proteomics to search for protein biomarkers to accurately assess meat quality is a new strategy to ensure high-quality meat. The current progress of using proteomics to identify potential protein biomarkers of meat quality traits during post-mortem aging of muscles has been reviewed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods of protein separation, identification and quantitative analysis are summarized. Some potential protein biomarkers of meat quality traits belonging to different biological pathways involved in muscle contraction, metabolism, heat stress, oxidation, proteolysis and apoptosis are debated. Recently, biomarkers have been used to characterize meat tenderness, color and water-holding capacity to better understand the biological processes and pathways occurring in post-mortem muscles, and their detailed molecular mechanisms are discussed in this review. Post-mortem aging of muscle is a complex process that involves physical and biochemical changes at the cellular level. Clarifying the changes and mechanisms of muscle-to-meat conversion is of great significance in identifying protein markers for assessing meat quality. Previous studies of the biomarkers linked to meat tenderness, color and water-holding capacity are summarized. We found that some great challenges still exist in characterizing and predicting the accuracy, stability and industrial application of meat quality biomarkers. Based on these studies, future research about biomarkers of meat quality traits are proposed to tackle these challenges and to assess the meat quality more accurately. Therefore, applying proteomics as an emerging technology can be helpful to ensure high-quality meat and provide economic benefits for the meat industry. • Proteomics identified protein biomarkers of meat quality traits are reviewed. • The merits and demerits of biomarkers identifying tools are discussed. • The mechanisms of some potential protein biomarkers that characterize meat quality traits are elaborated. • Current problems are presented and future research directions are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antigen epitopes have high conservativity and immunogenicity in silico. • Multivalent vaccine induced broader protection against HFMD. • Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were induced in silico. • Multivalent enterovirus vaccine shows good immunogenicity in vivo. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is mainly caused by EV-A71 and CV-A16. An increasing number of cases have been found to be caused by CV-A10, CV-A6, CV-B3 and the outbreaks are becoming increasingly more complex, often accompanied by the prevalence of a variety of enteroviruses. Based on the principle of synthetic peptide vaccines, we applied immune-informatics to design a highly efficient and safe multivalent epitope-based vaccine against EV-A71, CV-A16, CV-A10, CV-A6 and CV-B3. By screening B-cells, HTL and CTL cell antigen epitopes with high conservativity and immunogenicity that have no toxic effect on the host, further analysis confirmed that the vaccine built was IFN-γ inductive and IL-4 non-inductive HTL cell epitopes and had population coverage corresponding to MHC molecular alleles associated with T-cell phenotype. The multivalent enterovirus vaccine was constructed to connect the 50 s ribosomal protein L7/L12 adjuvant and candidate epitopes sequentially through appropriate linkers. Then, the antigenic, allergen and physical properties of the vaccine were evaluated, followed by a secondary structure analysis and tertiary structure modeling, disulfide engineering, refinement and validation. Moreover, the conformational B cell epitope of the vaccine was analyzed. The stability of the TLR4/MD2/Vaccine complex and details at atomic level were investigated by docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, in silico immune simulation and in vivo immune experiments were done. This study provides a high cost-effective method of designing a multivalent enterovirus vaccine protect against a wide range of enterovirus pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation of sodium alginate at different colon regions are expected to be regulated using cross-linking strategy to release SCFAs at different colon regions. [Display omitted] • The Ca2+ cross-linked sodium alginates were still producing more SCFAs in the later fermentation stages in comparison to sodium alginate. • The Ca2+ cross-linking exerted a more restricting effect than a delaying effect on the in vitro fermentation of sodium alginate. • Bacteroides_xylanisolvens were highly correlated to the Ca2+ cross-linking density but not Ca2+ concentration. Slow fermentable dietary fibers can be utilized by human gut microbiota in the distal region of the colon and thus exert a sufficient short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) supplement in the distal region of the human colon. Alginate (Alg) based microgels are widely fabricated and used to control their digestion by digestive enzymes releasing active substances site-specifically. Herein, sodium alginate microgels with gradient calcium-ion (Ca2+) cross-linking densities were developed, restricting their degradation by gut microbiota. Alg microgels were prepared using high-speed shearing after Alg was cross-linked with 10, 40, and 60 mmol/L Ca2+, respectively (named 10-Alg, 40-Alg, and 60-Alg). The fluorescence and atomic force microscopic results showed that the 40-Alg particle has the densest structure among the three cross-linked Alg. In vitro human fecal fermentation results revealed that the Ca2+ cross-linking exerted more restricting effects than delaying effects on the fermentation of Alg, and the 40-Alg exhibited the slowest fermentation rate and the least fermentation extent, by characterizing the residual total carbohydrate content, residual monosaccharide content, pH, and total short-chain fatty acids. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that cross-linking structures shaped a high specifical Bacteroides -type microbial community and that OTU205 (Bacteroides_xylanisolvens) highly correlated to the cross-linking density (R = 0.65, p = 0.047). In sum, Ca2+ cross-linking generated a dense and compact structure of sodium alginate that facilitated a more restricted fermentation property and specificity-targeting microbial community structure in comparison to the original sodium alginate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, complexes (CAMs) of alginate microgels (AMs) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were prepared, and further used to stabilize O/W emulsions. Physical properties and emulsifying capacity of CAMs with different CTAB concentration were investigated, which indicated emulsifying capacity of AMs could be extensively improved by CTAB. Improved stability against centrifugation (3000 rpm), pH value (2.0–8.0), and NaCl concentration (0–200 mM) was also reported in CAMs stabilized emulsions. Interfacial adsorption and morphology observation suggested that the interfacial activities of CAMs were benefited from CTAB complexing, and an interfacial layer could be observed on the surface of the CAMs stabilized oil droplets. In this work, even a slight amount of surfactant (0.4 mM, or 0.01456 wt% CTAB) could make remarkable improvement on the emulsifying performance of alginate microgels. However, excessive CTAB would result in over aggregation of AMs, which was not conducive to the emulsifying performance of CAMs. This study proposed that the surfactant complexing was a feasible strategy to improve the emulsifying performance of polysaccharide microgels. [Display omitted] • Emulsions based on Ca2+-alginate microgels (AMs) were manufactured. • Slight CTAB was complexed with AMs (CAMs) to improve its emulsifying properties. • Excessive CTAB leads to deteriorated emulsifying properties of CAMs. • CAMs stabilized emulsions exhibit remarkable stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been a great challenge of using natural polysaccharides to stabilize food emulsions, due to their poor amphiphilicity. In this study, a novel strategy of using polysaccharide to stabilize O/W emulsions was developed, through in situ crosslinking of sodium alginate on oil-water interface. During the emulsifying process, the acetic acid migrated across the interface, and induced the released of calcium ions, which immediately crosslinked the sodium alginate on interface. Results showed that the oil droplets were encapsulated in the integral polysaccharide shells. The droplet size of the emulsions located in the range from 20 to 200 μm. The concentration of sodium alginate and HAc, as well as the mixing rates were showed to be positively related with the thickness of the shell. However, excess calcium ions would disintegrate the shell structure. Additionally, the interfacial crosslinked sodium alginate stabilized emulsions exhibited excellent physical stability under centrifugating and freeze-thawing. [Display omitted] • Emulsions based on in situ crosslinking of alginate were manufactured. • Oil droplets were encapsulated in the integral polysaccharide shells. • Influence of different factors on shell thickness of oil droplets was evaluated. • In situ crosslinking of alginate endow emulsions with excellent physical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is fast becoming an emerging curing technology in the meat industry. The aim of this study was to assess CAP-assisted curing of beef meat roasted by charcoal (CR) and superheated steam (SR) in terms of flavor quality and heterocyclic amines (HAs) using electronic nose, GC–MS and UPLC-MS-MS. The CAP-assisted curing increased redness value by 46% and 8% in SR and CR meat respectively. Although CAP-assisted curing had little influence on the odor profile of SR meat, it influenced the odor profile of CR meat. Lipid oxidation-derived off-flavors in CR meat were not significantly (P > 0.05) changed after CAP treatment. However, these off-flavors were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in SR meat. In addition, CAP-assisted curing did not increase the HAs contents in SR meat. CAP-assisted curing of SR meat improved flavor and did not increase toxic risk of SR meat. • CAP-assisted curing increased the redness value of roasted beef meat. • CAP-assisted curing had little influence on the odor of SR beef meat. • CAP-assisted curing significantly changed the odor of CR beef meat. • CAP-assisted curing decreased lipid oxidation-derived off-flavors of SR beef meat. • CAP-assisted curing did not increase risk of heterocyclic amines in SR beef meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sb 2 Se 3 as a promising photovoltaic absorber material is attracting increasing attention. However, high open-circuit voltage (V OC) loss, especially for superstrate structured Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells, is one of the main bottlenecks for improving device efficiency. Here, sputtering aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) as an interface layer between CdS and Sb 2 Se 3 was applied in superstrate structured Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells. We proved that the sputtered Al 2 O 3 layer is not fully continuous on the rough CdS film even its thickness has reached 8.8 nm. Then we systematically investigated the influence of the Al 2 O 3 layer on Sb 2 Se 3 material properties and device performances. It is found that the Al 2 O 3 layer can not only effectively inhibit [hk0]-oriented crystal growth and promote [hk1] growth orientation of Sb 2 Se 3 films but also obviously weaken the disordered growth of prominent petal-like shape Sb 2 Se 3 grains and reduce the surface roughness. Further, the Al 2 O 3 layer can also availably passivate interfacial defects at the CdS/Sb 2 Se 3 interface. Consequently, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells with an optimal Al 2 O 3 layer thickness is 17.86% higher than that without the Al 2 O 3 layer. Noteworthily, the V OC of Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells is boosted to 0.462 V, which is the highest value in superstrate structured Sb 2 Se 3 solar cells with absorber prepared by conventional physical methods. Finally, a champion efficiency of 6.25% has been achieved in a low-cost Sb 2 Se 3 thin-film solar cell with FTO/CdS/Al 2 O 3 /Sb 2 Se 3 /Carbon device configuration. • Al 2 O 3 was used as the interfacial layer between CdS and Sb 2 Se 3. • Al 2 O 3 can effectively inhibit [hk0]-oriented crystal growth and promote [hk1] growth orientation of Sb 2 Se 3 films. • The record V oc of 0.462 V was obtained in a superstrate structured Sb 2 Se 3 solar cell. • The average device efficiency can be improved by 17.86% with an optimal Al 2 O 3 layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructures and mechanical properties of cast Al-3Li- x Cu-0.2Zr alloy were investigated. The results showed that Cu addition could slightly refine the grain size of as-cast alloy. Cu element was significantly enriched at the grain boundaries, and Cu-rich intermetallic compounds were formed in the Cu-containing alloys during casting. The peak hardness increased and the time to peak ageing decreased with the increase of Cu content. Cu addition also had a pronounced influence on the precipitation behavior of Al-3Li- x Cu-0.2Zr alloys, i.e. the number density, size and distribution of T 1 -Al 2 CuLi and θ ′-Al 2 Cu phases. The tensile strength was effectively improved after 2 wt% Cu addition compared with Al-3Li-0.2Zr alloy. A good combination of strength to ductility could be obtained in Al-3Li-2Cu-0.2Zr alloy after solution and ageing 32 h at 175 °C. The precipitation-free zones (PFZs) were developed with the coarsening of δ′-Al 3 Li particles in the peak-aged (PA) and over-aged (OA) state, promoting the poor ductility and premature failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructures and mechanical properties of cast Al-3Li-1.5Cu-0.2Zr alloy during heat treatment were investigated. The results showed that large amounts of secondary phases distributed along grain boundaries in as-cast state, and most of them dissolved into the α-Al matrix after solution treatment. The alloy had a very strong age-hardening response with the peak-hardness that was more than double for the as-quenched. TEM showed much fine δ′ (Al 3 Li) particles were homogeneously distributed after quenching, and long δ′ phases were observed during ageing. Fine T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) precipitate was visible after ageing for 8 h at 175 °C, and both its number density and size increased with the increase of ageing time. Apart from δ′ and T 1 , θ ′ (Al 2 Cu) phases of large aspect ratio were precipitated in the over-aged condition. As the ageing proceeded, the δ′ particles coarsened and the Precipitate-Free Zones (PFZs) developed, resulting in poor ductility and premature failure. The studied alloy was largely strengthened by the δ′ phase during ageing. After ageing at 175 °C for 32 h, a good mechanical property with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) = 382 MPa, yield strength (YS) = 307 MPa and elongation (EL) = 2.9% was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]