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Long term outcomes of gastric transposition (GT) for complex esophageal atresia (EA) are poorly reported. We aimed to perform comprehensive long term follow up of adults who had been treated with GT for EA as children. Consecutive patients who underwent GT for EA in childhood aged > 18 years old were identified alongside age matched patients who had primary repair (PR). Type of EA, comorbidities and details of surgery were recorded. Telephone interviews included medical history, current symptoms — including gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), morbidity and health related quality of life (HRQoL) using gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI). 32 participants were interviewed in each group (mean age 29 years). BMI (19.9 ± 3.5) was significantly lower (p = 0.0006) in GT group. 6/32 (19%) still required supplementary feeding. Adult morbidity included anastomotic stricture (34%), chronic respiratory disease (28%), dumping symptoms (25%), anemia (47%) and depression (19%). 3 patients required major revision surgery. Participants in both groups report regular upper gastrointestinal symptoms (GSRS: GT = 2.1, PR = 2.0) and were more symptomatic than the normal population (1.4) but not statistically different from each other. HRQoL (GIQLI = 113) was lower than after PR (122) but not significantly different (p = 0.29) and the normal population (125). 23% of GT participants had higher than normal HRQoL. GT for EA is associated with significant morbidity and symptoms, including issues previously unreported in adulthood such as mental health problems. This mandates long term follow up and quality transition of these patients into adult care. Retrospective study. Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim of the study Divided colostomy (DC) has been recommended in anorectal malformations (ARMs) with previously reported advantages of decreasing overflow into the distal limb and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Skin bridge loop colostomy (LC) is a technically easier alternative without an increase in these complications. We report our institutional experience of LC in ARM. Methods Retrospective study (Institution-approved Clinical Audit) reviewing the clinical records of all patients with ARM undergoing stoma formation in a single UK tertiary pediatric surgical center (2000–2015). Data collected included type of ARM, associated anomalies, type and level of colostomy, time to stoma closure, complications and UTIs. Results One hundred and eighty-two (95 female) patients underwent colostomy formation for ARM. The vast majority (171/ 94%) underwent LC; 9 (5%) had a divided colostomy (DC) and 2 (1%) had no available data. The spectrum of defects in girls included rectovestibular (62/65%), rectovaginal (4/4%) and cloaca (29/31%). In boys, 71 (82%) had a fistula to the urinary tract and 16 (18%) presented with a perineal fistula. Urological abnormalities coexisted in 87 (47.8%) patients. Thirty five (21%) patients developed UTIs. Among the 19 girls who developed UTI, 8 had rectovestibular fistula and 11 had cloaca. Of the 16 boys who developed UTI, 14 had a fistula to the urinary tract and 11 had an independent urological abnormality. The mean time from stoma formation to stoma closure was 10 (3–52) months. Complications were reported in 22 (12%) LCs. Fifteen patients (9%) developed a stoma prolapse following LC with 10 (6%) requiring surgical revision. Conclusions This is the largest reported series of outcomes following LC for ARM. LC is easier to perform and to close, requiring minimal surgical access, with comparable complications and outcomes to those published for DC. Type of study Retrospective comparative study. Level of evidence III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose To report outcomes of a standardised technique for intestinal anastomosis in infants and children. Methods Data were prospectively collected on all paediatric intestinal anastomosis by a single surgeon over a 21 year period. Anastomoses were constructed using an end-to-end extramucosal technique with interrupted polypropylene sutures. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Results Six-hundred and thirteen anastomoses were constructed in 550 patients. Median age at time of anastomosis was 6 months (range 1 day–226 months). The most common reason for anastomosis was stoma closure (n = 271, 49%). For those patients that required multiple anastomoses the most common pathology was acute NEC (n = 22/41, 54%). One-hundred and one (18.4%) patients passed stool within 24 hours of surgery, 175 (31.8%) between 24–48 hours and 95 (17.3%) between 48–72 hours. Anastomotic complications occurred in 7 patients (1.3%) including anastomotic leakage (n = 5, 0.9%) and anastomotic stricture (n = 2, 0.4%). The majority of anastomotic leakages (80%) followed resection of acute NEC. Conclusions The interrupted extramucosal anastomosis is safe and effective. The return of bowel function is rapid and the complication rate acceptable. We recommend this technique be used for all intestinal anastomoses in children and infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Straining at stool is an automatic reflex in babies and implies the presence of rectal sensation. We hypothesised that early reported rectal sensation would predict future continence in children with anorectal anomalies. Aim of the study The aim of this study is to determine if early straining at stool was a useful predictor of future continence in infants born with high anorectal malformations. Methods A retrospective case note review of prospectively collected clinical information was performed with institutional review board approval. All patients with intermediate/high anorectal malformation operated on by a single surgeon from 1984 to 2010 were included. After stoma closure, parents were asked: • Do you see your baby straining to pass stool? • Can you tell when your baby is about to pass stool? The responses were noted within the first year of stoma closure and then all patients were followed up until they were at least 3 ½ years old and continence could be assessed using the Krickenbeck outcome classification. Data were compared using Fisher's exact test and sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated. Main results Forty-eight patients were included in the study. Sixteen (33%) were female (12 cloacal malformation, 3 rectovaginal fistula, 1 rectal atresia) and 32 (66%) were male (6 rectovesical fistulae, 22 rectourethral fistulae, 4 no fistula). Median follow-up was 9.7 years (range 3.5–17.9). Twenty-one children were noted by their parents to exhibit early straining at stool after stoma closure. Twenty of them achieved long term continence. The sensitivity of early straining as a predictor for long term continence was 77%, specificity 95% and positive predictive value 95%. Conclusion The presence of early rectal sensation reported by parents is a good predictor of long term continence. This allows more informed discussion with families in the early years of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various stages of the separation are carefully planned but despite this, variations which will change the schedule of the procedure may exist. In general the operation commences on the opposite side from the main procedure and then the twins are turned for the remainder of the operation. Each type of conjoined twin is different but basically thoracopagus involves the hearts, omphalopagus involves the liver and small intestine and ischiopagus involves the large intestine and genito-urinary system. Our results are presented together with interesting cases from which lessons have been learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjoined twins represent a great challenge for most pediatric specialists including pediatric surgeons, anesthetists, neonatologists, urologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedic surgeons. This anomaly can be classified according to the type of twins׳ fusion. Various organs can be fused making the separation difficult. Conjoined twins are usually diagnosed antenatally by ultrasound. Detailed fetal echocardiography is necessary to counsel the parents during pregnancy. Postnatally, the majority of the conjoined twins can be thoroughly investigated using various imaging techniques. This allows careful planning of the operation. However, in approximately one-third of the patients an urgent operation is required at birth without a complete assessment of the joining. This is associated with a poorer outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF) is the most common congenital anomaly of the oesophagus. There is limited literature suggesting a linear relationship between increasing gap length and the incidence of all major complications. We sought to assess whether measured gap length at the time of surgery was related to outcomes in our patients. =section-title= Methods All patients with a diagnosis of OA ± TOF who underwent repair under a single surgeon between 1983 and 2012 were included. The length between the oesophageal pouches was measured at the time of surgery. Patients were then divided into three groups; short ≤ 1 cm, intermediate > 1-≤2 cm and long > 2-≤5 cm. Outcome measures were anastomotic leak, strictures requiring dilatation, gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and need for fundoplication. =section-title= Results 122 patients were included in the study. The outcomes for patients with short (n = 53), intermediate (n = 51) and long gaps (n = 18) were as follows: anastomotic leak -- 1.9%, 2%, 5.5% (P = 0.66), strictures requiring dilatation -- 32%, 33%, 50% (P = 0.67), GORD -- 51%, 59%, 72% (P = 0.58) and need for fundoplication -- 11%, 20%, 44% (*P = 0.02). There were no deaths related to the repair. =section-title= Conclusions Measured gap length at the time of surgery did not have a linear relationship with leak or stricture rate. Our experience suggests that when primary repair is possible absolute gap length is irrelevant to the development of post-operative complications. There is however a significant increase in the need for fundoplication in those with a long gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To evaluate outcomes in critically ill neonates with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing a laparotomy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods This is a retrospective review of neonates diagnosed with NEC who underwent a laparotomy on NICU between 2001 and 2011. Demographic, diagnostic, operative and outcome data were analysed. Nonparametric comparison was used. Data are reported as median (range). Results 221 infants with NEC were referred for surgical evaluation; 182 (82%) underwent surgery; 15 (8%) required a laparotomy on NICU. Five had NEC totalis, 4 multifocal disease and 6 focal disease. Five had an open and close laparotomy, 8 stoma with/without bowel resection and 2 bowel resection and primary anastomosis. Ten (67%) died at a median of 6.5-hours (2-72) postoperatively; 2 died at 72 and 264-days. The 30-day mortality rate was higher (p = 0.01) among infants undergoing a laparotomy on NICU (10/15; 67%) than in theatre (54/167; 32%). There was no significant difference in mean Paediatric Index of Mortality 2 Scores between survivors and nonsurvivors (p = 0.55). Three (20%) infants remain alive with no or minimal disability at 1.4 (0.5-7.5) years. Conclusion Laparotomy for NEC on NICU is a treatment option for neonates who are too unstable to transfer to theatre. However, with 67% dying within 6.5-hours and a further 13% after months in hospital, we must consider whether surgery is always in their best interests. Development of a prediction model to help distinguish those at highest risk of long-term morbidity and mortality could help with decision making in this difficult situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: Gastroschisis neonates have delayed time to full enteral feeds (ENT), possibly due to bowel exposure to amniotic fluid. We investigated whether delivery at <37weeks improves neonatal outcomes of gastroschisis and impact of intra/extra-abdominal bowel dilatation (IABD/EABD). Methods: A retrospective review of gastroschisis (1992–2012) linked fetal/neonatal data at 2 tertiary referral centers was performed. Primary outcomes were ENT and length of hospital stay (LOS). Data (median [range]) were analyzed using parametric/non-parametric tests, positive/negative predictive values, and regression analysis. Results: Two hundred forty-six patients were included. Thirty-two were complex (atresia/necrosis/perforation/stenosis). ENT (p<0.0001) and LOS (p<0.0001) were reduced with increasing gestational age. IABD persisted to last scan in 92 patients, 68 (74%) simple (intact/uncompromised bowel), 24 (26%) complex. IABD or EABD diameter in complex patients was not significantly greater than simple gastroschisis. Combined IABD/EABD was present in 22 patients (14 simple, 8 complex). When present at <30weeks, the positive predictive value for complex gastroschisis was 75%. Two patients with necrosis and one atresia had IABD and collapsed extra-abdominal bowel from <30weeks. Conclusion: Early delivery is associated with prolonged ENT/LOS, suggesting elective delivery at <37weeks is not beneficial. Combined IABD/EABD or IABD/collapsed extra-abdominal bowel is suggestive of complex gastroschisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The optimal management of oesophageal achalasia remains unclear in the paediatric population due to the rarity of the disease. This study reviews the institutional experience of the laparoscopic Heller’s cardiomyotomy (HC) procedure and attempts to define the most appropriate treatment. Methods: A retrospective review of children undergoing HC at a single institution was performed. Demographics, pre-operative investigations, and interventions were reviewed. Post-operative outcomes and follow up were evaluated. Data is expressed as median (range). Results: Twenty-eight children were included (13 male, 15 female) whose median age was 13 (3.2–17.4) years. Nine children underwent a pre-operative oesophageal balloon dilatation (OBD) a median of 1(1–6) times. Others included botulinum toxin injection (n=1) and Nifedipine (n=1). All had a pre-operative upper gastrointestinal contrast series, and twenty-five had upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and manometry. All had laparoscopic HC with no conversions, and ten had a concomitant fundoplication. Post-operative intervention occurred in eight (28%) incorporating OBD (n=7), of whom four required a redo HC. One patient underwent a redo without intervening OBD. Follow-up was for a median of 0.83 (0–5) years with fourteen children discharged from surgical follow-up. Twenty-seven have thus far had a good outcome. Conclusion: This study comprises the largest series of paediatric laparoscopic HC reported to date. It is effective with or without a fundoplication and is the best long term treatment modality available. OBD for persisting symptoms following HC may obviate the need for redo myotomy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To assess outcome after laparoscopic second-stage Fowler–Stephens orchidopexy (L2ndFSO). Patients and methods: Retrospective review of 94 children (aged 0.75–16 years, median 2.75 years), who underwent L2ndFSO for 113 intra-abdominal testes between January 2000 and May 2009: 75 unilateral, 19 bilateral (11 synchronous; 8 metachronous). Follow-up (range 3 months–10.9 years, median 2.1 years) was available for 88 children (102 testes: 71 unilateral, 31 bilateral). Results: Testicular atrophy occurred in 9 out of 102 (8.8%), including 8 out of 71 (11.3%) unilateral and 1 out of 31 (3.2%) bilateral intra-abdominal testes (multivariate analysis: p = 0.59). Testicular ascent ensued in 9 out of 102 (8.8%), comprising four (5.6%) unilateral and five (16.1%) bilateral testicles (multivariate analysis: p = 0.11). Of the 18 bilateral testes brought to the scrotum synchronously none atrophied and four (22.2%) ascended, compared to one (7.7%) atrophy and one (7.7%) ascent among the 13 testes brought to the scrotum on separate occasions (Fisher exact test: p = 0.42 and p = 0.37, respectively). Mobilization of the testis through the conjoint tendon tended towards less ascent (multivariate analysis p = 0.08) but similar atrophy (p = 0.56) compared to mobilization through the deep-ring/inguinal canal. Logistical regression analysis identified no other patient or surgical factors influencing outcome. Conclusions: This is the largest series of L2ndFSO to date. A successful outcome is recorded in 85 out of 102 (83.3%) testicles. Atrophy occurred in 8.8% and ascent in 8.8%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Revisional oesophageal reconstructive surgery carries uncommon and unusual risks related to previous surgery. To provide maximum anatomical detail and facilitate successful outcome, we report a standardised pre-operative investigative strategy for all such patients. Methods: Prospective 8-month cohort study following the introduction of this strategy. All patients underwent high resolution thoracic contrast CT scan and micro-laryngo-bronchoscopy by a paediatric ENT surgeon in addition to upper gastrointestinal contrast study, oesophagoscopy, and echocardiogram. Results: Seven children (median age 5.6months [range 2.2–60]) completed the pathway. Four were referred with recurrence of a previously divided tracheo-oesophageal fistula (3 congenital, 1 acquired) and 3 (all with oesophagostomy) for oesophageal replacement for congenital isolated oesophageal atresia (OA, n=1) and failed repair of OA with distal TOF with wide gap (n=2). Overall, unanticipated findings were demonstrated in 6/7 children and comprised severe tracheomalacia and right main bronchus stenosis requiring aortopexy (n=1), vocal cord palsy (n=2), extensive mediastinal rotation (n=1), proximal tracheal diverticulum (n=1), severe subglottic stenosis requiring airway reconstruction (n=1), proximal tracheal diverticulum (n=1), right sided aortic arch (n=1) and left sided aortic arch (previously reported to be right sided, n=1). Conclusions: This standardised approach for this complex group of patients reveals a high incidence of unexpected anatomical and functional anomalies with significant surgical and possible medico-legal implications. We recommend these investigations during the pre-operative work-up prior to all revisional oesophageal surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) resection of mediastinal neurogenic tumors is still controversial in children. The aim of this study was to review the cases of VATS resection of such tumors in children from 3 institutions located in different countries. Methods: This retrospective study included 17 children treated between July 1995 and February 2011. Medical charts were reviewed for collection of data on age, sex, histologic type of tumor, clinical manifestations, age and weight at surgery, tumor size, duration of thoracic drainage, surgical complications, tumor recurrence, and mortality. Results: Thirteen (76.5%) males and 4 (23.5%) females were studied. Median age was 16 months (range, 10.6-60 months), and median weight was 11.9 kg (range, 9.3-27.4 kg). Ten children had neuroblastoma (58.8%), 4 had ganglioneuroma (23.5%), and 3 had ganglioneuroblastoma (17.7%). The median duration of the operation was 90 minutes (range, 45-180 minutes), with complete thoracoscopic resection in all cases. Two children (11.8%) developed Horner syndrome postoperatively. No deaths were reported, and no recurrence was noted during a median follow-up period of 16 months (range, 8.9-28.6 months). Conclusions: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery resection of mediastinal neurogenic tumors in children produced good results, with no recurrence and minimal postoperative complications. The major advantages of this approach are the avoidance of thoracotomy complications and the enhanced surgical accuracy provided by improved visualization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate (1) the predictive value of fetal bowel dilatation (FBD) for intestinal atresia in gastroschisis and (2) the postnatal management and outcome of this condition. Methods: A retrospective review of all gastroschisis cases diagnosed in our fetal medicine unit between 1992 and 2010 and treated postnatally in our center was performed. Results: One hundred thirty cases had full postnatal data available. Intestinal atresia was found at surgery in 14 neonates (jejunum, n = 6; ileum, n = 3; ascending colon, n = 3; multiple, n = 2). Polyhydramnios and FBD were more likely in the atresia group compared with infants with no atresia (P = .0003 and P = .005, respectively). Fetal bowel dilatation had 99% negative predictive value (95% confidence interval, 0.9-0.99) and 17% positive predictive value (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.3) for atresia. Treatment of intestinal atresia included primary anastomosis (n = 5), delayed anastomosis (n = 2), and stoma formation followed by anastomosis (n = 7). Infants with atresia had longer duration of parenteral nutrition, higher incidence of sepsis, and cholestasis compared with infants with no atresia (P = .0003). However, the presence of atresia did not increase mortality. Conclusions: Polyhydramnios and FBD are associated with atresia. Absence of FBD in gastroschisis excludes intestinal atresia. In our experience, atresia is associated with a longer duration of parenteral nutrition but does not influence mortality. These findings may be relevant for antenatal counseling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Various pull-through techniques, both open and laparoscopic, have been performed for Hirschsprung disease. Our study compares open and laparoscopic Duhamel pull-through. Methods: After ethical approval, we reviewed all children (n = 181) with Hirschsprung disease admitted to our institution between 1999 and 2009. We excluded total colonic aganglionosis (n = 14), previous pull-through done elsewhere (n = 33), or follow-up performed abroad (n = 58). Open and laparoscopic pull-through were done in the same period according to surgeon preference. Data were analyzed using χ 2 or Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Seventy-six children had a Duhamel pull-through for rectosigmoid aganglionosis. Operative time, time to full feeds, and length of hospital stay were similar in each group. Open (n = 41): Fifteen children (37%) required 33 further procedures. Fourteen had procedures for persistent constipation, including redo Duhamel (n = 2), stoma formation (n = 2), spur division (n = 2), and dilatation/stretch/Botox/rectal biopsy/manual evacuation (n = 23). Three children had other procedures (adhesiolysis [n = 2] and incisional hernia repair [n = 1]). Laparoscopic (n = 35): Fourteen children (40%) required 30 further procedures. Eleven had procedures for persistent constipation, including redo Duhamel (n = 1), stoma formation (n = 4), spur division (n = 9), and dilatation/stretch/rectal biopsy (n = 8). Three children had other procedures (adhesiolysis [n = 1] and incisional hernia repair [n = 2]). There were 4 conversions. Conclusion: Open and laparoscopic Duhamel pull-through have similar outcomes. We show that the techniques have comparable operative times and hospital stay. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: A diverting jejunostomy without bowel resection is an option for surgical management of extensive necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We aimed to determine outcomes of infants who underwent this operation. Methods: We collected clinical and outcome data on infants undergoing a diverting jejunostomy with no bowel resection as a primary procedure for extensive NEC. Data are median (range). Results: Seventeen neonates underwent a diverting jejunostomy. Eleven (65%) had multifocal disease, whereas 6 (35%) had pan-intestinal involvement. Perforation was seen in 7 (41%), all with multifocal disease. The stoma was placed 12 cm (8-45) from the duodenojejunal flexure. Six infants (35%) died, 4 of these within a day of operation, owing to persisting instability. Intestinal continuity was achieved in all survivors after 52 (17-83) days, and only 1 infant (9%) had a colonic stricture. Seven infants recovered without the need for further intestinal resection distal to the jejunostomy. In those that survived, parenteral nutrition was needed for 2.2 months (1.3-18.0). A single patient had short bowel syndrome. Conclusions: A diverting jejunostomy is a useful surgical procedure that allows high survival and enteral autonomy in the treatment of extensive NEC. In most patients, the affected intestine recovers without further intestinal resection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Neuroblastoma (NB), ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB), and ganglioneuroma (GN) are neuroblastic tumours (NT) of sympathetic nervous system origin. Brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP) has potential morphogenic activity during nervous system development but has not been studied in these tumours. We analyzed the expression of BLBP in NT according to histological subtypes and extent of differentiation. Methods: Thirty cases of NT (10 each of NB, intermixed GNB, and GN) were identified from the histopathology archive of a single center. Tissue sections were obtained from representative paraffin blocks and immunohistochemistry for BLBP performed. Results: Brain lipid-binding protein was not expressed in any NB case. In all cases of GN, BLBP was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of mature ganglion cells but negative in Schwannian stroma. In the intermixed GNB, there was similar strong BLBP immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of fully differentiated and differentiating ganglion cells but no BLBP expression in immature neuroblasts. Conclusion: Brain lipid-binding protein is strongly expressed in mature and maturing ganglion cells in NT (GN and GNB), whereas it is absent in poorly differentiated neuroblasts of GNB and NB. Cytoplasmic expression of BLBP in NT increases as the cells undergo neural differentiation and is therefore associated with the extent of tumour differentiation and favorable histology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: The aim the study was to review our experience and determine the effectiveness of peritoneovenous shunts in the management of persistent ascites. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who had a peritoneovenous shunt inserted for persistent ascites in our institution over 32 years (1977-2010) was performed. Results: Thirty-one peritoneovenous shunts were inserted into 25 patients. Records from 22 were available. Median age was 34 months (range, 1 month-12 years), with median duration of ascites of 1.75 months (range, 3 weeks-2.5 years). Sixteen had previous abdominal surgery, whereas one had previous thoracic surgery. Other underlying pathologies included hepatitis (n = 2), lymphohistiocytosis, lymphatic hypoplasia, and carcinomatosis. One was regarded as idiopathic. Previous management consisted of paracentesis (n = 15), dietary modification (n = 11), diuretics (n = 9), and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (n = 4). One underwent fetal drainage of ascites. No intraoperative complications occurred. Eight (36%) had postoperative complications, including shunt occlusion (n = 2), pulmonary edema (n = 2), infection (n = 2), and wound leakage (n = 1). One developed a varix following shunt removal. The ascites resolved after shunting in 20 (91%) of the 22 children. Four died from their underlying pathology. In children with malignancy, the shunt allowed prompt resumption in treatment schedule. Conclusion: This represents the largest series of children receiving peritoneovenous shunt for persistent ascites. It is a safe and effective treatment which should be considered early. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TOF) can be repaired thoracoscopically, but this may cause hypercapnia, acidosis, and reduced cerebral oxygenation. We evaluated the effect of thoracoscopy in infants on cerebral oxygen saturation (cSO2), arterial blood gases, and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption. Methods: Eight infants underwent thoracoscopy (6 CDH and 2 EA/TOF). Serial arterial blood gases were taken. Regional cSO2 was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Absorption of insufflated CO2 was calculated from exhaled 13CO2/12CO2 ratio measured by mass spectrometry. Results: CO2 absorption increased during thoracoscopy with a maximum 29% ± 6% of exhaled CO2 originating from the pneumothorax. Paco 2 increased from 9.4 ± 1.3 kPa at the start to 12.4 ± 1.0 intraoperatively and then decreased to 7.6 ± 1.2 kPa at end of operation. Arterial pH decreased from 7.19 ± 0.04 at the start to 7.05 ± 0.04 intraoperatively and then recovered to 7.28 ± 0.06 at end of operation. Cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased from 87% ± 4% at the start to 75% ± 5% at end of operation. This had not recovered by 12 (74% ± 4%) or 24 hours (73% ± 3%) postoperatively. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that thoracoscopic repair of CDH and EA/TOF may be associated with acidosis and decreased cSO2. The effects of these phenomena on future brain development are unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mediastinal neurogenic tumors are relatively rare in children, and controversies persist about the best surgical approach and long-term survival. Methods: With ethics approval we reviewed the case notes of 43 consecutive children (22 boys) operated on for mediastinal neurogenic tumor in two different institutions from March 1998 to June 2009. Results: The average age at diagnosis was 3 years (range, 0.6 to 4.7 years). Of the 43 operated tumors, 20 were neuroblastomas (47%), 13 were ganglioneuroblastomas (30%), and 10 were ganglioneuromas (23%). Only 6 (14%) of these tumors were discovered incidentally; the remaining 37 (86%) presented symptomatically: cough (30%), dyspnea (21%), wheezing (11.6%), neurologic spinal compression (7%), dancing eyes syndrome (7%), and Horner syndrome (7%). Tumor resection was undertaken by open operation in 38 cases (88%) and by thoracoscopy in 5 cases (12%). The children operated on by means of thoracoscopy had significantly smaller tumors (p = 0.01) and shorter duration of thoracic drain (p = 0.011) and hospitalization (p = 0.016) than those who were operated on by thoracotomy. There was not any surgical death. Postoperative complications occurred in 11 children (25.6%). Tumor recurrence occurred in 4 children (9.3%) operated on by open surgery, and there were 2 deaths of children with neuroblastoma. The overall survival was 95.4% in an average follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 0.7 to 4.4 years). Conclusions: Surgical resection of children with mediastinal neurogenic tumors treated at two international tertiary hospitals was safe, and the thoracoscopic approach was appropriate for small tumors. The long-term survival was higher when compared with those reported for other primary neurogenic tumor locations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Gastrostomy insertion in children can be performed in many ways, but which is the best technique remains uncertain. This study evaluates the outcome of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and image-guided gastrostomy (IG). Methods: We reviewed children who had either PEG (n = 136) inserted by pediatric surgeons or IG (n = 195) inserted by interventional radiologists in our hospital between May 2004 and July 2008. Gastrostomy-related complications were given scores ranging from 20 for major complications (eg, peritonitis, gastrointestinal bleed, and visceral injury) to 1 for minor (eg, site infection and tube migration), and total score per month of follow-up was calculated per patient. Results: Conversion to laparoscopic or open gastrostomy was more frequent in PEG versus IG (P = .001). Fewer PEG patients (28%) had complications than did IG (47%) (P = .001). One PEG patient developed a gastrocolic fistula. In the IG group, 2 patients had transverse colon puncture, 1 had intraperitoneal tube detachment, and 1 had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. When scored and adjusted by length of follow-up, PEG had lower scores compared with IG, indicating a better outcome (P = .03). These findings were supported by zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis. Conclusion: Major complications were rare and observed more frequently after IG. Minor complications were observed in both procedures but were significantly less common in PEG. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been described, but its efficacy and safety have not been validated. The aim was to compare our experience of thoracoscopy with laparotomy repair. Methods: After ethics approval, we reviewed the notes of neonates with CDH operated in our institution between 2003 and 2008. Two historical groups were compared: infants who underwent laparotomy (2003-2008) or thoracoscopy (2007-2008). Data were compared by t test or Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Thirty-five children had open repair of CDH, and 13 had thoracoscopic repair. Groups were homogeneous for age and weight. Five (38%) neonates who had thoracoscopy were converted to open for surgical difficulties (n = 4) and O2 desaturation (n = 1). Patch repair was used in 12 (34%) open and 6 (46%) thoracoscopic repairs. End-tidal CO2 was significantly elevated during thoracoscopy, but this was not reflected in arterial CO2 or pH. There were 3 (8%) recurrences after open repair and 2 (25%) after thoracoscopy (P = .19). Conclusion: Thoracoscopic repair of CDH is feasible. Arterial blood gases should be closely monitored. Despite higher EtCO2, conversion to open was mainly because of difficult repair. A randomized trial is necessary to assess the effect of thoracoscopy on ventilation and recurrences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Proponents of peritoneal drainage (PD) hypothesize that it allows stabilization before laparotomy. We examined this hypothesis by comparing clinical status before and after either PD or primary laparotomy (LAP). Methods: In an ethically approved, international, prospective randomized controlled trial (2002-2006), extremely low birth weight (<1000 g) infants with pneumoperitoneum received primary PD (n = 35) or LAP (n = 34). Physiologic data were collected prospectively and organ failure scores calculated and compared between preprocedure and day 1 after procedure. Data, expressed as mean ± SD or median (range), were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: There was no postprocedure improvement in either PD or LAP group comparing heart rate (PD, P = 1.0; LAP, P = .6), blood pressure (PD, P = .6; LAP, P = .8), inotrope requirement (PD, P = .2; LAP, P = .3), or Arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PD, P = .1; LAP, P = .5). Infants managed with PD had a worsening cardiovascular status (P = .05). There were no differences in total organ failure score in either group (PD, P = .5; LAP, P = 1). Only 4 infants survived with PD alone with no difference between preprocedure and postprocedure organ failure score (P = .4). Conclusions: Peritoneal drainage does not immediately improve clinical status in extremely low birth weight infants with bowel perforation. The use of PD as a stabilizing or temporizing measure is not supported by these results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of esophageal atresia (EA) without fistula for 24 years at a single tertiary center for pediatric surgery. Methods: The study used a retrospective chart review of infants diagnosed with EA without fistula between 1981 and 2005. Results: Of 33 patients with EA without fistula, 31 charts were available. Mean birth weight was 2327 g (range, 905-3390 g), and 71% were male. Most common associated anomalies were cardiac (n = 6; 19%) and renal (n = 5; 16%), followed by vertebral (n = 4; 13%) and anorectal (n = 2; 7%). The median initial esophageal gap was 5 vertebral bodies. Six had a primary repair, and 25 patients had esophageal replacement at a median age of 7 months. This involved gastric transposition in 20 (1 followed failed jejunal interposition), colonic interposition in 5, jejunal interposition in 1 (after a failed colonic), and repair at another center in 1. With a median review of 9 years, 21 patients had long-term sequelae with the need for multiple further surgical procedures including an antireflux procedure in 5. One patient died. Conclusions: Management of EA without fistula remains challenging. Most patients required staged treatment that included esophageal replacement. The frequency of late complications indicates the need for programmed long-term review. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The “clip and drop” (CD) has been proposed as a useful strategy in the management of severe multifocal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). There is little published data on clinical outcomes after this intervention. We report a 2-center experience with this technique. Methods: A retrospective review of infants who underwent CD between 1998 and 2006 at 2 tertiary pediatric surgery centers. Data recorded included intestinal resections, interval between laparotomies, anastomoses at subsequent surgery, time to full feeds, and complications including mortality. Data are reported as median with ranges. Results: Thirteen infants (7 male, 6 female) with a birth weight of 811 (514-2110) g underwent CD of up to 5 bowel segments. In 8 of 9 early survivors, all CD segments were viable. Six patients (46%) were alive at 29 (9-96) months. Survivors underwent 4 (3-4) laparotomies and 4 (2-6) bowel anastomoses and had intestinal continuity restored at 67 (51-162) days. Conclusions: With multiple interventions, half the infants in this high-risk group survived and achieved full enteral feeds. The CD is a valuable technique in a selected group of infants with fulminant NEC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: We report our experience of the management of arterial occlusion in the newborn. Methods: A case note review was carried out after ethical approval. Doppler ultrasonography confirmed the occlusion. Thrombolysis was the primary intervention. Surgery was used selectively. A good outcome was one without tissue loss or functional impairment or minimal tissue loss without functional impairment. Data are presented as medians with ranges. Results: Ten patients (9 male; median gestational age, 35.5 weeks [range, 28-39 weeks]) presented on day 1 (range, 1-8 days). Initial management included systemic tissue plasminogen activator (8 patients) and surgery (2 infants in whom thrombolysis was contraindicated). Improvement was noted in 7 of 8 infants treated medically and in both who underwent surgery. Three infants had significant tissue loss. Outcome at 29 months (range, 1.3-95.4 months) was good in the remaining 7. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach, thrombolysis and selective surgery achieved tissue preservation and function in the majority while minimizing complications. Early referral to centers with multidisciplinary teams is recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Retroperitoneal teratoma (RPT) is a relatively uncommon tumor in children. This study concerns 6 children with RPT that involved surrounding structures and required rather extensive operative procedures to successfully excise the lesions. Methods: A review of RPT in children encountered at a single institution over an 8-year period by a single surgeon was carried out. Age at presentation, sex, operative findings, surgical management, and outcomes were evaluated. Results: Four of the 6 patients were girls, and 5 were younger than 6 months at diagnosis. All of the tumors enveloped and displaced the aorta and vena cava, 1 involved the stomach wall, 2 others displaced the renal vessels, and 1 the portal vein. Extensive resection including major vessel ligation was necessary for complete excision. All the tumors were benign, but 1 recurred. There were no deaths; however, 2 children have persistent hypertension. Conclusions: The operative management of RPTs may be complex and challenging. Despite their benign nature, the lesions can attenuate and surround major vessels, making resection difficult. Ligation of major vessels when necessary is tolerated well and may be required for complete tumor excision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: An enormous amount of information about pediatric surgical conditions is available on the World Wide Web (www). Our aim was to ascertain how many parents accessed the www and how useful they found the exercise. Method: Over a 2-month period, all parents attending the surgical outpatient clinics were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding Internet use in seeking more information about their child''s condition. Parents were able to tick more than one option to the questions. Results: A total of 271 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. There were 53% of responders who had accessed the www. Of this group, 93% used a computer at home, with 60% using the Internet daily. The most popular search engine used was Google (75%). There were 90% who used their child''s condition as keyword(s), with 21% using their child''s symptoms. The most popular information sought is as follows: Ninety-four percent found the Internet useful. Of this group, 18% considered the information too technical, 18% too distressing, and 2% insufficiently specific. Of the group who did not find the Internet useful (6%), 50% found little or no information, 38% too much information, and 13% thought the details were too technical. Only 25% discussed their findings with their surgeons. Of those who did not, most found that the information was already covered by the surgeons or was irrelevant. Conclusion: The Internet is a useful educational tool in teaching parents about their child''s condition. Parental use of the Internet is already widespread and may need to be specifically addressed during consultation. The best way to ensure that parents have access to quality and accurate information about their child''s condition on the www, hence providing support, is to provide it ourselves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The Spitz classification of oesophageal atresia (OA) based on the birth weight and the presence of a major cardiac anomaly was proposed 1994. Advances in neonatal care have led us to question if these outcome figures are still valid. We tested the hypothesis that the outcome of neonates with OA has improved during the last decade. Methods: The records of all neonates (n = 188) born with OA and treated in a single institution between 1993 and 2004 were reviewed and compared with data from the original Spitz study. Data were obtained on the birth weight, presence of a major cardiac anomaly, and survival. Differences in survival were compared using the Yates-corrected χ2 test. Results: In the early period, 326 neonates survived (87.6%) compared with 174 (91.5%) in the most recent decade (P = .10). Based on Spitz classification, the outcome comparing both periods was the following: group I, 97% (283/293) and 98.5% (130/132) (P = .44); group II, 59% (41/70) and 82% (41/50) (P = .01); group III, 22% (2/9) and 50% (3/6) (P = .57), respectively. Conclusions: The Spitz classification remains valid. It may be of use when counselling parents and in comparing outcome among centres. In our centre, the overall survival of neonates with OA has not significantly changed in the recent decade. The improvement in survival of neonates in group II, however, demonstrated the recent advances in neonatal, paediatric surgical, and cardiac care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the inflammatory and immune responses to Nissen fundoplication in infants and children undergoing either open or laparoscopic surgery. Methods: Forty children undergoing Nissen fundoplication were randomized to laparoscopy or open surgery using minimization with respect to age, neurologic status, and operating surgeon. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesias were standardized. Inflammatory markers (plasma malondialdehyde, nitrate plus nitrite level, and cytokines) and monocyte class II major histocompatibility complex expression were measured preoperatively, at end of surgery, 4, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Postoperative changes were compared between open and laparoscopic groups. Results: There were no significant changes in circulating malondialdehyde, nitrates plus/ nitrite, interleukin-10, or tumor necrosis factor α in the postoperative period in either group. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1rA) and IL-6 were significantly increased in both groups, with a tendency for greater elevation of IL-1rA in the open group. Monocyte major histocompatibility complex expression fell significantly in both groups; however, this fall appeared to be slightly more marked in the open group. Conclusions: The postoperative cytokine response is similar in children undergoing open and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. This trial indicates that laparoscopy may partly reduce postoperative immune suppression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of giant omphalocele repaired in the neonatal period. Methods: Twelve consecutive (1997-2004) neonates with giant omphalocele (defect >6 cm with liver herniation) were reviewed. A silo of Prolene mesh (Ethicon) was attached to the fascia and the defect was closed without opening the amniotic sac after sequential reduction. In 2 neonates with ruptured omphalocele a plastic sheet was inserted below the mesh. Data are reported as median and range. Results: Gestational age was 38 weeks (range, 32-40 weeks) and birth weight was 2.9 kg (range, 1.0-3.1 kg). The final closure was achieved at 26 days (range, 16-62 days). Three neonates (25%) died before final closure (causes: ruptured omphalocele, lung hypoplasia, cardiac anomalies, and intestinal failure). In the 9 surviving neonates, mechanical ventilation was required for 8 days (range, 2-20 days), hospital stay was 42 days (range, 23-73 days), and full enteral feeding was achieved on day 12 (range, 4-53 days). Complications included wound infection in 5 neonates and midgut volvulus in 1. Prophylactic Ladd''s procedure was performed laparoscopically at a later stage in 4 children. At laparoscopy, intraperitoneal adhesions were minimal and the central liver did not preclude the operation. The 9 survivors are all well after 46 months (range, 12-67 months). Conclusions: Giant omphalocele can be safely repaired in the neonatal period without opening the amniotic sac. Intestinal malrotation should be excluded and Ladd''s procedure can be performed laparoscopically at a later stage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The management of conjoined twins falls into three distinct groups-non-operative, emergency separation and elective separation. Planning meetings involving all the personnel who will be required during the operation are held. The radiological findings are presented and the anaesthetic, nursing and intensive care requirements are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 35-week gestation male neonate had 3 episodes of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the first of which was managed surgically. Two further episodes of NEC were treated by medical management. Angiography then identified a stricture at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty successfully dilated the stenosis, and no further episodes of NEC occurred. Eight years later, the child exhibits a mild spastic diplegia and is thriving with no gastrointestinal disturbances. Angioplasty is technically feasible in the neonate and may be a treatment option in recurrent NEC associated with visceral arterial stenosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Since the initial description of the antegrade colonic enema (ACE) procedure, stomal stenosis has been recognized as its most common complication. We previously reported that 44% of our patients required a dilatation for stomal stenosis, with 22% requiring surgical revision. We present our findings with the use of an ACE stopper (Medicina, Adlington, Lancashire, UK) as a means of avoiding this problem. Methods: A retrospective review of the case notes of all patients who underwent an ACE procedure with a follow-up longer than 6 months was carried out over a 3-year period. Two weeks after the ACE procedure, an ACE stopper was sited in the conduit for at least 4 months and removed only for catheterization. Results: Fourteen patients underwent an ACE procedure, 12 of whom received it laparoscopically. All patients received the ACE stopper. The patients'' median age at surgery was 10 years (range, 5-16 years). Diagnoses included spinal dysraphism (n = 6) and anorectal malformation (n = 4), with soiling as the presenting complaint among all patients. The patients'' median follow-up was 12 months (range, 6-39 months). There was no stomal complication, and 13 patients reported a marked improvement in soiling. Conclusions: The use of an ACE stopper has abolished stomal stenosis on short-term follow-up. We recommend the stopper as an adjunct to the overall management of concerned patients. Longer follow-up is required to establish the true effectiveness of this simple device. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The theatre staff would have been made aware of the special requirements for the operation at the planning meetings. Two sets of scrubs nurses will be required but only one set will be needed for the actual separation. The second set of scrub nurses will be needed only when both twins have survived the separation and the second twin is moved to another operating room for closure of the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess testicular atrophy and non-scrotal position after laparoscopic second stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy. Material and Methods: Retrospective case review of all consecutive laparoscopic second stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexies performed at our institutions between January 2000 and May 2009. Results: Eighty-nine children, aged between 14 months and 18 years (median 3 years 8 months), underwent a laparoscopic second stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy for 109 intra-abdominal testes (20 bilateral cases, 69 unilateral: right 31, left 38). In 10 of the 20 boys with bilateral intra-abdominal testes, a laparoscopic second stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy was performed synchronously; in the other 10 children the second stages took place on separate occasions. Five boys (8 testes) were lost to follow-up. The remaining 84 children (101 testes) were reviewed in outpatient clinic for up to 8 years (median 9 months). Testicular atrophy was identified in 12 of 101 testicles (12%). This included 8 of 66 (12%) unilateral cases and 4 of 35 (11%) bilateral intra-abdominal testes. Testicular ascent was noted in 11 of 101 testicles (11%), which comprised 6 (9%) unilateral and 5 (14%) bilateral cases. Of the 16 bilateral testicles brought to the scrotum during the same procedure 3 (18%) atrophied and 5 (31%) ascended, compared to 1 (5%) atrophy and 1 (5%) ascent amongst the 19 testes brought to the scrotum on separate occasions. These differences were not statistical significant (Fisher''s exact test: p=0.31 and p=0.07, respectively). Overall, 78 of the 101 (78%) testicles achieved satisfactory outcomes on follow up. Conclusions: Our series of laparoscopic second stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy is one of the largest studies to date, documenting a successful outcome in 78%. Testicular atrophy occurred in 12% and ascent in 11%. This is vital information when counselling parents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]