Search

A graphical method developed for the construction of structure contours for inclined planar surfaces has been extended to curved or folded surfaces with cylindrical geometries and horizontal axes. These structure contours can be used to constrain the outcrop trace of a folded contact on a geological map. The extended method requires, as a minimum, a field of orientation data and the map position of a single elevation on the contact under investigation. The method utilises orientation data collected on and around a partially mapped trace of a folded contact to constrain the outcrop trace throughout a geological map. The method uses a vertical cross-section that is parallel to the profile plane of any folds present. Crest, trough and hinge points identified in the cross-section can be projected on to the geological map in their correct positions and elevations. Similarly, structure contours on fold axial surfaces can be projected on to the geological map and the contours used to locate the axial traces of cylindrical folds with horizontal axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graphical method was developed to determine the six landmarks of pre-image population analysis (PPA) (Levins, 2000; Levins et al., 2013), using consecutive time series of abundance data. PPA offers an opportunity to assess the chance that a population exhibits chaotic dynamics, increasing the uncertainty of predictions and/or the success of management interventions. The proposed method was designed for the simplest non-linear difference equation [ x n + 1 = r x n ( 1 − x n ) ], a prerequisite of which is that the population describes a unimodal shape in the interval map, involving positive/negative self-feedback and a discontinuous breeding (discrete) pattern. Many different mathematical unimodal forms (shapes) and relations among landmarks can be found in the interval map. The unimodal shape was constructed through three segments: the first segment starts at zero on the x n axis and rises until the peak value; the second segment links the peak with the equilibrium value (∼average abundance); the last segment connects the equilibrium and 1.0 on the x n axis. The method was applied with two (not real) abundance data sets of one species inhabiting different habitats. Using this graphical method, it was analytically possible to determine that a similar man-made intervention could erase or cause chaotic population dynamics, helping identify when and to what extent we can intervene. We propose this method for PPA as a complementary tool, which can aid in single-species management decisions and the adoption of conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a simple and fast method to obtain the aeroelastic response of a square cylinder following different modelling approaches underpinned by a novel graphical technique that establishes abstract relationships between different key physical parameters involved in the mathematical models. The method is applied to the analysis of three important aeroelastic problems in the crosswind response of a square cylinder, including the transverse galloping defined with a quasi-steady model, the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) using a nonlinear oscillator model, and the VIV-galloping interaction following a combined effects model. The results demonstrate that the proposed analytical method simplifies the analysis and it is able to capture most of the complex aeroelastic crosswind behaviors of a square bluff body. • A graphical method to obtain the aeroelastic response of a square cylinder following different modelling approaches is proposed. • Compared with conventional analytical methods, the new analytical method has advantages of simplicity and effectiveness. • The graphical analytical method is successfully applied to the study of transverse galloping, VIV and their potential interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Teen crash involvement is usually higher than other age groups, and they are typically overrepresented in car crashes. To infer teen drivers' understanding of crash potentials (factors that are associated with crash occurrence), two sources of data are generally used: retrospective data and prospective data. Retrospective data sources contain historical crash data, which have limitations in determining teen drivers' knowledge of crash potentials. Prospective data sources, like surveys, have more potential to minimize the research gap. Prior studies have shown that teen drivers are more likely to be involved in crashes during their early driving years. Thus, there is a benefit in examining how teen drivers' understanding of crash potentials change during their transition through licensing stages (i.e., no licensure to unrestricted licensure). Method : This study used a large set of teen driver survey data (a dataset from approximately 88,000 respondents) of Texas teens to answer the research question. Researchers provided rankings of the crash potentials by gender and licensure stages using a multivariate graphical method named taxicab correspondence analysis (TCA). Results : The findings show that driving behavior and understanding of crash potentials differ among teens based upon various licensing stages. Practical applications: Findings from this study can help government authorities to refine policies of teen driver licensing and implement potential countermeasures for safety improvement. • This study used a comprehensive survey data to determine the patterns of associated factors in teen driving risks. • This study used a robust survey interpretation tool Taxicab Correspondence Analysis (TCA) to perform the analysis. • Findings show the necessity of education and training of teen drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Method proposed for diluted (constant velocity) and isothermal cases. • Adsorption breakthrough curves are integrated to capacity curves. • Capacity curves allow to obtain adsorbed quantities in equilibrium with intermediate zones. • Equilibria were obtained from breakthrough curves of alcohols on all-silica beta zeolite. • Two, instead of one, equilibrium points could be obtained from one breakthrough curve. Adsorption mixture equilibrium data remains challenging to obtain. An established technique is the adsorption breakthrough experiment where the final adsorbed capacities are determined. A graphical method to obtain adsorbed amounts from the intermediate plateaus in the breakthrough curves is proposed in this work. The method is proposed for isothermal, diluted breakthrough tests. Via an integrated capacity curve, the intermediate regions can be extrapolated to extract additional equilibrium points beyond the final state without the need for a multicomponent model. If the column is preloaded, the extra equilibrium points can correspond to multicomponent mixtures as multiple species can have non-zero intermediate concentration plateaus. The method is demonstrated on various simulated examples and then applied on breakthrough data from non-preloaded and preloaded columns of all-silica beta zeolite for diluted methanol/ethanol and diluted ethanol/isobutanol mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides the framework for evaluating measurement uncertainty. The preferred GUM approach for addressing bias assumes that all systematic errors are identified and corrected at an early stage in the measurement process. We review some procedures for treating uncorrected bias and its inclusion into an overall uncertainty statement. When bias and its uncertainty are recognised as metrological states independent of scatter in the test results, the uncertainty of the reference and uncertainty of the bias can be equated. The net standard uncertainty of a test result is the root-sum-square of the standard uncertainty of the bias and the standard uncertainty of measurements on the test. Since an incomplete and therefore potentially erroneous formula is often used for estimating bias standard uncertainty, we propose an alternative calculation. We next propose a graphical method using a simple algorithm that quantifies the discrepancy between the results of a test measurement and the corresponding reference value, in terms of the percentage overlap of two probability density functions. We propose that bias should be corrected wherever possible and we illustrate this approach using the graphical method. Even though this review is focused principally on analytical chemistry and medical laboratory applications, much of the discussion is applicable to all areas of metrology. • Review of procedures for including uncorrected bias in an uncertainty statement. • Definition of bias, equality of uncertainty of bias and uncertainty of reference. • Net uncertainty of test method in terms of bias uncertainty and scatter of results. • Consistency with GUM equations for including uncorrected bias in an uncertainty. • Overlap of reference and test PDFs before bias correction measures concordance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A graphical technique for visualising CO 2 emissions reduction. • CO 2 emissions reduction procedure for multi-product plants. • CO 2 emissions of shared and dedicated facilities are analysed. • Different strategies for CO 2 emissions reduction are proposed. Carbon dioxide emissions reduction has been a common trend for many industrial processes in recent years. However, few analytical tools have been developed for visualising CO 2 emissions reduction and supporting decisions at the enterprise level. A graphical technique known as Carbon Emission Composite Curves was developed previously, but was limited to the production of single product. In this work, the CO 2 emissions reduction procedure is focused and extended to multi-product plants, in which CO 2 emissions of shared and dedicated facilities of the production line are analysed. For cases where the carbon intensity of shared facilities is higher than that of the dedicated facilities, CO 2 emissions reduction should focus on the shared facilities, before efforts are put forward for the dedicated facilities. In contrast, when the carbon intensity of dedicated facilities is higher than that of the shared facilities, it is necessary to explore ways to reduce CO 2 emissions of the dedicated facilities. Two case studies are used to illustrate the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Patología is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A method of solving solution of games of size 3 x 3 is presented using the principle that is used for solving 2 x n games graphically. The new method requires a three-dimensional conceptualization that involves lines and planes while the graphical solution of 2 x n games involves only lines. To solve the problem, both plan and elevation are needed. The procedure for the solution of size 3 x 3 games is illustrated with an example.

A surge in a centrifugal compressor can cause critical damage to the compressor, resulting in large repair costs, so one of the most important considerations in the design of compressor systems is to prevent a surge. However, conventional methods to size recycle valves in anti-surge systems are limited in that the valve characteristics and time delay cannot be quantitatively considered. This paper suggested a short-cut graphical method to easily size the recycle valves in an anti-surge system by considering the valve characteristics, including the dead time, actuation time, and opening types. Dynamic simulations were carried out to verify the resulting size of the valves, and the results of the simulation showed that a surge could be avoided effectively and economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the influence diagram (ID) depicting a Bayesian game is common knowledge to its players then additional assumptions may allow the players to make use of its embodied irrelevance statements. They can then use these to discover a simpler game which still embodies both their optimal decision policies. However the impact of this result has been rather limited because many common Bayesian games do not exhibit sufficient symmetry to be fully and efficiently represented by an ID. The tree-based chain event graph (CEG) has been developed specifically for such asymmetric problems. By using these graphs rational players can make analogous deductions, assuming the topology of the CEG as common knowledge. In this paper we describe these powerful new techniques and illustrate them through an example modelling a game played between a government department and the provider of a website designed to radicalise vulnerable people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-recording instruments were used in 19th-century physiology. The graphs produced by these instruments enabled more quantitative analysis and easier comparison of physiological measurements. Etienne-Jules Marey led an international commission to standardize graphical recordings. The graphic method was a conventional product of the scientific culture though perceived as natural and universal by members of that culture, and its use had a strong influence on the development of physiology as a discipline.

Abstract: Increase in refining demand and tighter environmental regulations have led to sharp increases in hydrogen consumption of oil refineries. Hydrogen conservation and effective use are of interest to refineries whose operations and profitability are constrained by hydrogen. Purification is widely used in hydrogen networks of refineries to reduce hydrogen production load. To minimize hydrogen utility consumption, it is necessary to optimize the hydrogen network with purification as a whole. In this paper, for hydrogen purification process, a triangle rule (which can be generalized to polygon rule) is proposed for graphical representation of its mass balance. The proposed procedure treats the product concentration and recovery rate of the purification process as adjustable parameters. An ensuing graphical method is developed for targeting the pinch point and minimum utility consumption of the hydrogen system with purification reuse. This graphical method can be used for any purification devices and in systems with any utility concentration. A refinery case is studied to demonstrate the optimization method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A pulse test is one of the simplest identification tests. Here a simple graphical method that uses the integral of pulse response and identifies a first order plus time delay (FOPTD) model is proposed. It can be effectively applied to noisy pulse responses because the integral of the pulse response is used. It can also be applied to noisy step responses, improving the previously developed area method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A graphical integration method is developed for work exchange network. [•] Linearly approximated sink auxiliary lines are proposed. [•] Five matching rules are proposed for identifying the feasible match. [•] The proposed method can be applied to target the maximum energy recovery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, a graphical method is developed for optimizing the purification recovery and feed simultaneously. Based on the hydrogen network integration, the effect of the hydrogen recovery on the fresh hydrogen consumption and the pinch location is analyzed systematically. The fresh hydrogen savings (or Hydrogen Utility Savings, HUS) versus R diagram is constructed to identify the variation trend of the HUS and pinch along hydrogen recovery, as well as the limiting hydrogen recovery, optimal hydrogen recovery and the optimal HUS. Furthermore, the interaction between the purification feed purity (PFP) and hydrogen recovery is studied, the variation trend of the optimal PFP, limiting PFP and the corresponding HUS along the hydrogen recovery are plotted in the same quantitative diagram. The PFP and hydrogen recovery are optimized simultaneously, together with the minimum fresh hydrogen consumption and pinch determined. The case study shows that the proposed method can identify the optimal hydrogen recovery, optimal purification feed purity, optimal HUS and the pinch accurately and conveniently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers have difficulty using nutrition information. We hypothesized that graphically delivering information of select nutrients relative to a target would allow individuals to process information in time-constrained settings more effectively than numerical information. Objectives of the study were to determine the efficacy of the graphical method in (1) improving memory of nutrient information and (2) improving consumer purchasing behavior in a restaurant. Values of fiber and protein per calorie were 2-dimensionally plotted alongside a target box. First, a randomized cued recall experiment was conducted (n = 63). Recall accuracy of nutrition information improved by up to 43% when shown graphically instead of numerically. Second, the impact of graphical nutrition signposting on diner choices was tested in a cafeteria. Saturated fat and sodium information was also presented using color coding. Nutrient content of meals (n = 362) was compared between 3 signposting phases: graphical, nutrition facts panels (NFP), or no nutrition label. Graphical signposting improved nutrient content of purchases in the intended direction, whereas NFP had no effect compared with the baseline. Calories ordered from total meals, entrées, and sides were significantly less during graphical signposting than no-label and NFP periods. For total meal and entrées, protein per calorie purchased was significantly higher and saturated fat significantly lower during graphical signposting than the other phases. Graphical signposting remained a predictor of calories and protein per calorie purchased in regression modeling. These findings demonstrate that graphically presenting nutrition information makes that information more available for decision making and influences behavior change in a realistic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neurite outgrowth is a metric widely used to assess the success of in vitro neural stem cell differentiation or neuron reprogramming protocols and to evaluate high-content screening assays for neural regenerative drug discovery. However, neurite measurements are tedious to perform manually, and there is a paucity of freely available, fully automated software to determine neurite measurements and neuron counting. To provide such a tool to the neurobiology, stem cell, cell engineering, and neuroregenerative communities, we developed an algorithm for performing high-throughput neurite analysis in immunofluorescent images. New method Given an input of paired neuronal nuclear and cytoskeletal microscopy images, the GAIN algorithm calculates neurite length statistics linked to individual cells or clusters of cells. It also provides an estimate of the number of nuclei in clusters of overlapping cells, thereby increasing the accuracy of neurite length statistics for higher confluency cultures. GAIN combines image processing for neuronal cell bodies and neurites with an algorithm for resolving neurite junctions. Results GAIN produces a table of neurite lengths from cell body to neurite tip per cell cluster in an image along with a count of cells per cluster. Comparison with existing methods GAIN’s performance compares favorably with the popular ImageJ plugin NeuriteTracer for counting neurons, and provides the added benefit of assigning neurites to their respective cell bodies. Conclusions In summary, GAIN provides a new tool to improve the robust assessment of neural cells by image-based analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residence time of the hydrogen consuming reactor affects its hydrogen consumption and the hydrogen network integration. Based on the integration of the hydrogen network, the quantitative relationship between the hydrogen consumption and the residence time is derived. The hydrogen utility adjustment versus residence time diagram is constructed to identify the variation trend line. Based on this, the minimum hydrogen utility adjustment and the location of pinch can be easily identified for any given residence time, and the sulfur content of the feed oil can be analyzed and optimized simultaneously. The hydrogen network of a refinery is analyzed, and the optimal residence time of the vacuum gas oil reactor is identified to be 0.813 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water system integration with regeneration recycling can reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge to the maximum extent. In this paper, by analyzing the limiting composite curve of a single-contaminant water system, a method is proposed to construct the optimal water supply line for regeneration recycling. Accordingly the targets for regeneration recycling water systems are obtained. The targets in sequence are the minimum freshwater consumption (the minimum wastewater discharge), the minimum regenerated water flowrate, and the optimal regeneration concentration. The post-regeneration concentration is taken to be fixed in the sequential targeting procedure. The interactions of these targets are analyzed, and formulas for calculating these targets are proposed. The results show that for a single-contaminant regeneration recycling water system, the minimum freshwater consumption is determined by the shape of the limiting composite curve below the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration is defined as the minimum regeneration concentration at the minimum freshwater consumption and the corresponding minimum regenerated water flowrate. The minimum regenerated water flowrate and the optimal regeneration concentration are both related to the geometrical features of the limiting composite curve of the water-using system and to the post-regeneration concentration. The optimal regeneration concentration has no direct relationship with the pinch concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introducing purification devices into hydrogen systems can enhance the extent of hydrogen reuse. However, the economic performance of a purification device depends on its appropriate placement within a hydrogen system. Based on some established graphical methods, this paper explores the influences of the feed concentration on the purification process s. A simple and systematic graphical method is proposed for identifying the OPP (optimal purification process) by extending the well-known pinch technology method. The proposed method can determine the OPP with the minimum feed flow rate and minimum tail gas flow rate under the condition of maximizing the HUS (hydrogen utility savings). The corresponding feed streams of the OPP also can be identified easily in the purification polygon. Furthermore, the conception of minimum separation work is used to compare different purification processes. A realistic case study is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Three different scenarios are analyzed and the results show that notable reductions in the minimum separation work consumption can be achieved (22%, 34% and 16% for the three scenarios). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, a computer graphics approach is developed for time-domain simulation of chatter in multi-axis milling. The new chatter simulation method is based on the local adaptive depth buffer method of Roth, Ismail, and Bedi [ Mechanistic modelling of the milling process using an adaptive depth buffer, CAD 35 (4) (2003) 1287–1303;Mechanistic modelling of the milling process using complex tool geometry, Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 25 (1–2) (2005) 140–144] that was originally developed to calculate the cutting forces for a rigid tool. In the current work, the dynamic characteristics at the tool tip as well as the regeneration mechanism are accounted for. Implementation details of the proposed method are given. Limitations of the graphical method imposed by the pixel size in relationship to the vibration amplitude and frequency are discussed. The graphical chatter simulation approach is shown to agree with the traditional numerical simulation method. It is also experimentally verified in one dimension as well as simultaneous three-axis machining. In the three-axis test, the tool/workpiece engagement varied along the tool path. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Following specification of all variables of interest as well as their interrelationships, the validity of an ecological model (or of any of its components) is often tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based procedures, either through experimentation, ‘screening’ of predictors, or simulation. To this end, the linear model diagram (LMD) is introduced as a graphical method for the display of factor relationships in ANOVA balanced complete designs. As an analysis-oriented diagram, hence in contrast with layout-oriented diagrams useful for the allocation of experimental units to factor levels (or vice versa), the purpose of the LMD is to streamline specification of a design''s underlying linear model. This contains all available information about each observation and its correct specification is essential for computing reliable ANOVA error terms. In the LMD, factor relationships, especially higher order interactions in complex fully factorial or nested/factorial designs, are more effectively visualised than in the other existing analysis-oriented diagrams. Further, by assigning a unique label to a design, including those sharing an otherwise identical linear model, the LMD provides the ecologist with a graphic ‘shorthand’ that streamlines the statistical analysis of an experiment as well as may help clarify terminological inconsistencies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]