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To optimize the farming strategy of economically important seaweeds, we grew Gracilaria lemaneiformis at different seawater depths under natural solar radiation with or without UV irradiances. Our results showed that solar UV radiation (UVR, 295–395 nm) significantly inhibited its growth and photosynthesis in the surface seawater; however, such a negative effects became inverse at 1.7 m with levels of UVR being about 11.7 W m − 2 . The maximal growth rates were found at 1.7, 0.8 m when the thalli grown at PAR + UVR or PAR only conditions, respectively. UV-absorbing compounds in the algal thalli were up to 85% higher under PAR + UVR compared to PAR alone treatment and they increased with decreased depths even in the absence of UVR. The enhanced growth rate in the presence of UVR could be attributed to enhanced photosynthesis under moderate levels of solar radiation by UV-A. Our study clearly showed that UV-induced growth inhibition could be minimized or avoided by optimizing the alga's farming depth in different waters of different transparency, so that Gracilaria 's biomass production could be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, mangrove ecosystem has been polluted by plastic debris and microplastics (MPs) due to anthropogenic activities. Yet, little information is available on the composition and functional diversity of microbial communities on the surface of MPs in this ecosystem. The present study aims to investigate the bacterial communities growing on the surface of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) in water, surface sediments and at the water-sediment interface (WSI) of mangrove ecosystems. Obtained results showed distinct variations in the taxonomic composition of bacterial communities among water, surface sediments and PE-MPs exposed to the different sites in mangrove ecosystems. For PE-MPs deployed to water, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, accounting for 89.2% of the total abundance, while a relatively high proportion of Proteobacteria (85.6 ± 8.4%) was found for PE-MPs in sediments. For PE-MPs at the WSI, the top five phyla were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Relatively abundant microorganisms on PE-MPs at the WSI were mainly due to tidal ebb and flood increasing interactions of sediment bacteria and PE-MPs. Functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) analysis demonstrated that the ecological functions of microbial communities inhabiting PE-MPs were exposure site-dependent. Bacteria living on PE-MPs in water and at the WSI mainly participated in carbon and nitrogen cycle process, whereas PE-MPs in sediments enriched bacteria responsible for sulphur cycle. These results presented here highlight the importance of the exposure sites to MPs-associated bacteria in mangrove ecosystems. [Display omitted] • Distinct microbes were found among water, sediments and PE-MPs exposed to the different sites in mangrove ecosystems. • Tide-induced resuspension favoured bacterial colonization of PE-MPs at the water-sediment interface. • Microbially-driven functions of PE-MPs varied as a function of exposure sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ-herpes virus that asymptomatically infects more than 90% of the world's population. The exact mechanism of EBV in oncogenesis is an area of active debate. However, EBV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several kinds of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders, including B-, T- and NK-cell derived. Subsequent studies have proven that the EBV gene expression product plays an activating and/or promoting role on lymphomagenesis, and paves the way for novel cellular therapies of EBV-associated lymphomas. This review concentrates on the pathology, morphology, treatment and prognosis of EBV-associated lymphomas in the 2008 WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoma tissues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Microplastics (MPs, plastic particles <5 mm) have been recognised as a novel ecological niche in the aquatic environments. Biofilm as a reservoir for opportunistic bacterial pathogens and MPs prevalence in the intensive mariculture could pose potential threats to the safety of cultured species. However, possible ecological consequences of biofilm colonising mariculture-associated MPs, such as effects on MPs fate, potential pathogens, and implications of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biogeochemical cycles, are still unclear. The main objective of the present study was to investigate biota-MPs-EPS interactions in a mariculture pond. Polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), with a mean size of ~1 mm, were exposed in situ to the pond after shrimp postlarvae were stocked. Several methods, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and high-throughput sequencing, were employed to investigate biota-MPs-EPS interactions with the shrimp growth. Genotypic data revealed distinct differences in bacterial compositions between MPs and pond water. Dissimilarities of microorganism compositions on MPs increased significantly as a function of exposure time, while microorganism abundance on MPs was co-determined by both exposure time and MPs type. Potential opportunistic pathogens, including Vibrio , Enterobacteriaceae and Tenacibaculum, were found in the mariculture-associated MPs biofilm. The attachment of predominant EPS (including proteins, polysaccharides and lipids) to MPs appeared to be reversible. Among these MPs, PE with large specific surface area exhibited higher biomass and EPS content than the other two MPs with smooth surface. Consequently, pronounced variations in physicochemical properties were observed for PE. This was the first study providing in-depth insights into the interactions of MPs-biota-EPS in the aquatic environment, which was beneficial to evaluate the seafood safety concern posed by MPs exposure to intensive mariculture. Given that the presence of pathogens on MPs surfaces and MPs covered by biofilm may raise a concern about the hazard potential of mariculture-associated MPs, efficient policies and technologies should be adopted to reduce MPs in aquaculture for facilitating sustainable and healthy development. [Display omitted] • Microbes inhabiting microplastics were taxonomically distinct from those in water. • Microbial abundance were co-determined by both microplastic type and time. • Extracellular polymeric substance content was linked to microplastic type and time. • Microbial compositions on microplastic surface were exposure time-dependent. • Changes in microplastic properties were due to microbial adhesion to their surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact hardening gel (IHG) reinforced Kevlar fabric composite is a new type of protective material prepared by Kevlar fabric as dispersed phase and IHG as matrix. In this paper, IHG was strengthened by SiO 2 and T-ZnOw particles, and then the Kevlar fabric was compounded by dipping and sandwich lamination. With the help of rheological testing and yarn pull-out testing, the relationship between microscopic shear rate and the macroscopic linear velocity was established. To verify the enhancement effect of the material, the low velocity impact testing was used to analyze the impact response and damage morphology. And the energy dissipation mechanism of the material was obtained. As a result, the reinforcing particles significantly increased the energy storage modulus of IHG, and the friction between the fibers of Kevlar/IHG impregnated composites. The structure-optimized sandwich material had a significant energy absorption effect, which was 41.9% higher than that of the untreated Kevlar fabric. This provided the theoretical basis and reference for the optimal development of lightweight anti-impact flexible protection materials. • With the unique needle-like structure, T-ZnOw could assist the construction of multiple parallel networks in IHG. • The mechanical performance of Kevlar/IHG was improved significantly by the B-O dynamic cross-linking junction and particles. • The Kevlar/IHG/IHG core composites were customizable and had potential applications in wearable impact protection materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transition from "separation of two rights" to "separation of three rights" in Chinese homestead was reviewed. • There is pronounced synergy between the number of published academic papers and policies. • Typical cases for the separation of three rights need to be conducted in combination with the latest reform strategies. • It needs to build a research framework based on a comprehensive perspective. Rural to urban migration under China's rapid urbanization has created inefficient use of rural homestead land. To address these issues, there is increasing interest in rural homestead system reform in China. Although several reforms have been implemented in pilot areas, reviews of the related accumulated literature are rare. The objectives of this study are the following: (i) to discuss the research transition from the "separation of two rights" to the "separation of three rights" in homestead management and (ii) draw conclusions on current research conditions, hot topics, and trends. This study provides a reference for further and deeper rural homestead system reform in China and regions worldwide. We collected and sorted 640 research papers on the topic of the separation of three rights in homestead (hereinafter referred to as STRH) or the homestead land use rights from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and used CiteSpace and VOSviewer to visualize and map knowledge domains. The results show that: (1) From the study of the homestead land use rights to the study of the STRH, there is pronounced synergy between national policies and the number of published papers. The STRH has become a popular research field since 2018. (2) Most researchers are experts and scholars engaged in the study of agricultural economics, civil and commercial law, administrative law, or local legal systems. (3) Current and future studies on the STRH are and will be conducted in terms of the definition of concepts and connotations, confirmation of rights and registration, implementation paths, rural homestead system reform, rural revitalization strategy, reform challenges and countermeasures, risk control, and overall planning. (4) The studies on the STRH have integrity, and show characteristics of inheritance between it and studies on the homestead land use rights. (5) Studies on typical cases for the STRH should be conducted in combination with the latest strategic requirements such as rural land system reform, rural revitalization strategy, and integrated urban and rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production by water electrolysis has attracted much interest in the field of renewable energy storage due to its high efficiency and low environmental impact. Catalytic activity of transition metal-based electrode materials can be effectively improved by adjusting their composition and/or structure. In this study, MXene nanosheets are electrophoretically deposited on foamed nickel (MXene/NF), and further coated by NiCo layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets, also by electrophoresis, to obtain the heterostructured and highly conductive NiCo LDH/MXene/NF electrode, highly active in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Uniform surface distribution of three-dimensional interconnected nanosheets is demonstrated by SEM and TEM. The electrode surface is fully wet within 150 ms, indicating excellent hydrophilicity. The highly conductive NiCo LDH/MXene/NF electrode material exhibits a potential overshoot of 123 mV vs. RHE at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of +86.6 mV dec−1. Long-term cyclic testing confirms good stability of the newly prepared electrode material in the hydrogen evolution reaction. • The abundant polar functional groups of MXene can also facilitate water adsorption. • Modulate the surface electron density of NiCo LDH/MXene/NF heterostructure by the Schottky effect. • MXene nanosheets were deposited onto NF via electrophoretic deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coculture did not affect growth rate of U. linza but decreased it for S. costatum. • Elevated CO 2 relieved the inhibitory effect of U. linza on growth of S. costatum. • At elevated CO 2 , higher temperature increased the growth rate of S. costatum. • At elevated CO 2 , higher temperature reduced the growth rate of U. linza. • Coculture did not affect respiration of U. linza but stimulated it for S. costatum. Red tide and green tide are two common algal blooms that frequently occur in many areas in the global oceans. The algae causing red tide and green tide often interact with each other in costal ecosystems. However, little is known on how future CO 2 -induced ocean acidification combined with temperature variation would affect the interaction of red and green tides. In this study, we cultured the red tide alga Skeletonema costatum and the green tide alga Ulva linza under ambient (400 ppm) and future CO 2 (1000 ppm) levels and three temperatures (12, 18, 24 °C) in both monoculture and coculture systems. Coculture did not affect the growth rate of U. linza but significantly decreased it for S. costatum. Elevated CO 2 relieved the inhibitory effect of U. linza on the growth of S. costatum, particularly for higher temperatures. At elevated CO 2 , higher temperature increased the growth rate of S. costatum but reduced it for U. linza. Coculture with U. linza reduced the net photosynthetic rate of S. costatum , which was relieved by elevated CO 2. This pattern was also found in Chl a content, indicating that U. linza may inhibit growth of S. costatum via harming pigment synthesis and thus photosynthesis. In monoculture, higher temperature did not affect respiration rate of S. costatum but increased it in U. linza. Coculture did not affect respiration of U. linza but stimulated it for S. costatum , which was a signal of responding to biotic and/abiotic stress. The increased growth of S. costatum at higher temperature and decreased inhibition of U. linza on S. costatum at elevated CO 2 suggest that red tides may have more advantages over green tides in future warmer and CO 2 -enriched oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has been proposed as a potential solution to supply aquatic food in an environmentally friendly way. However, little is known regarding the impacts of IMTA on the growth rates and food quality of both animals and plants, as well as the seasonal effects. In this study, we conducted field mesocosm experiments using monoculture and coculture systems with the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the macroalga Ulva linza for four weeks in different seasons (autumn, spring and summer) to address the research gap. To evaluate the environmental pollution caused by shrimp culture, there was no water exchange for culture systems including shrimps. Compared to monoculture of L. vannamei , coculture with U. linza significantly reduced dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, 98.5–99.0%) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, 98.2–98.8%) but enhanced dissolved oxygen (DO, 56.2–68.7%) and pH (10.7–18.6%) by the end of culture. Compared to monoculture, coculture stimulated the growth rates of L. vannamei by 38.1–58.8% and U. linza by 241.9–290.4% in all seasons, and increased the lipid content of L. vannamei by 24.2% in autumn and by 37.9% in summer and the contents of protein and ash of U. linza by 23.8–29.0% and by 27.6–68.6%, respectively, in all seasons. Coculture enhanced the content of most amino acids in U. linza and the content of total fatty acids (FA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids in L. vannamei in all seasons in comparison with monoculture. In addition, coculture lifted swelling capacity by 28.9–40.5%, water holding capacity by 39.8–43.3% and oil holding capacity by 31.4–32.4% for U. linza in autumn and summer. Apart from relieving eutrophication, deoxygenation and acidification, IMTA increased growth rates of both shrimp and Ulva and improved functional properties of U. linza , suggesting a green and productive aquaculture mode. [Display omitted] • Coculture reduced nutrients but increased dissolved oxygen and pH in each season. • Coculture enhanced growth and survival of shrimp and growth of Ulva. • Coculture enhanced the content of lipid and most fatty acids in shrimp. • Coculture increased the content of protein, ash, and most amino acids in Ulva. • Ulva grown in coculture had better functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N-Si-limitation increased lipid productivity by 76.7% for 6 h induction. • N-Si-limitation increased lipid productivity by 113.7% for 12 h induction. • N-Si-limitation enhanced the proportions of SFA and MUFA but reduced PUFA. • N-Si-limitation reduced iodine value by 33.7% for 6 h and 45.6% for 24 h induction. • N-Si-limitation increased cetane number by 6.4% for 6 h and 21.6% for 24 h induction. To enhance biodiesel production and quality from a bloom-forming diatom Skeletonema costatum , a two-stage model, in which cells were cultured in nutrient replete conditions first and then transferred to nutrient limitation conditions, was explored. Compared to one-stage model, nutrient limitation in the second stage significantly increased lipid content in spite of decreasing growth; consequently, Si-limitation and N-Si-limitation respectively increased lipid productivity by 37.6% and 76.7% for 6 h induction, and 42.8% and 113.7% for 12 induction. Nutrient limitation enhanced the proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) but reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Therefore, N-Si-limitation reduced iodine value by 33.7% and 45.6% but increased cetane number by 6.4% and 21.6% for 6 and 24 h induction, respectively. These findings indicate that the two-stage model with N-Si-limitation can enhance lipid productivity as well as biodiesel quality from diatoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid development and urbanization since the early 1980s have compelled many rural residents to move from rural to urban areas for work, leaving thousands of children at home. This study tested the mediating effect of children's theory of mind on the relationship between caregivers' mind-mindedness and their children's insecure attachment differently depending on the different family status (the moderator) of left-behind and non-left-behind. The participants were 3 to 6 years old 74 left-behind children (LBHC) and 89 non-left-behind children (NLBHC). Participants were from rural counties of central China in Henan province that has experienced a large labor migration. A cross-sectional moderated mediation model linked mind-mindedness (independent variable) and insecure attachment (dependent variable) through the theory of mind (mediator) and family status (moderator: left-behind/non-left-behind), controlling for age, gender, and siblings. First, LBHC scored higher on insecure-disorganized attachment than NLBHC. Second, the early childhood theory of mind mediated the relationship between the caregiver's mind-mindedness and young children's insecure attachment. Third, family status moderated the effects of the theory of mind on insecure attachment. The mediating role was established only for the left-behind family, and the lower theory of mind ability was associated with the greater insecure attachment of LBHC. Our findings highlight the critical role of mind-mindedness, theory of mind, and family status in the attachment theory and clarify the association between different levels of young children's theory of mind and insecure attachment based on family status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]