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The finite-time synchronization problem is studied for coupled neural networks (CNNs) with time-delay jumping coupling. Markovian switching topologies, imprecise delay models, uncertain parameters and the unavailable of topology modes are considered in this work. A mode-dependent delay with pre-known conditional probability is built to handle the imprecise delay model problem. A hidden Markov model with uncertain parameters is introduced to describe the mode mismatch problem, and an asynchronous controller is designed. Besides, a set of Bernoulli processes models the random packet dropouts during data communication. Based on Markovian switching topologies, mode-dependent delays, uncertain probabilities and packet dropout, a sufficient condition that guarantees the CNNs reach finite-time synchronization (FTS) is derived. Finally, a numerical example is derived to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed synchronous technique. • A time-delay model is considered for discrete-time coupled neural networks under the impact of Markovian switching topology. The delay in this work fully utilizing conditional probability distributions to associate with switching topology which offers the possibility of reducing conservatism. • The FTS problem for discrete-time coupled neural networks with general uncertain emission probabilities is investigated for the first time. • Based on the observed mode generated by uncertain emission probabilities, an asynchronous controller is designed to make discrete-time coupled neural networks reach finite-time synchronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with non-fragile output-feedback control for time-delay neural networks with persistent dwell time (PDT) switching in a continuous-time setting. The main purpose is to design an output-feedback controller subject to gain fluctuations, guaranteeing both asymptotic stability and L 2 -gain of the closed-loop control system. To achieve reduced conservatism, the controller is formulated to depend not only on the system mode but also on a time scheduler constructed based on the PDT switching rule and minimum time span. A criterion for the asymptotic stability and L 2 -gain analysis is established through the application of the Gronwall–Bellman inequality and mathematical induction. Then, a numerically tractable design approach for the desired controller is proposed, utilizing a four-section piecewise time-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and several nonlinearity decoupling techniques. For comparative purposes, a simple case, independent of the time scheduler, is also investigated, and the corresponding controller design approach is presented. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed system mode and time scheduler dual-dependent controller design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial machinery often produces vibration signals that can serve as indicators of underlying faults. However, these signals often need to be labeled, presenting a challenge for accurate and interpretable fault diagnosis. While supervised learning methods, such as deep neural networks, have been applied for fault diagnosis, they need help in effectively distinguishing between different vibration-related faults. In response to this issue, our study introduces an innovative approach for automatic fault diagnosis through the application of the Bootstrap Your Own Latent and Dynamical Systems Model Discovery algorithm (BYOLDIS). This method not only addresses the challenge of unlabelled signals but also provides readily interpretable results. The proposed methodology consists of three fundamental steps. First, we derive a matrix of differential equations to capture the dynamic behavior of faulty bearings. Second, we employ a contrastive learning network alongside a time-delay embedding matrix to reconstruct the coordinates of the fault-dynamical system. Lastly, we construct a library of fault machine dynamic polynomial equations, incorporating prior constraints based on physical models. To assess the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed method, we conducted both simulations and experiments. The results of these case studies affirm that BYOLDIS can accurately diagnose bearing faults and offer dynamic explanations for the diagnostic outcomes. This suggests that BYOLDIS holds substantial promise as a diagnostic tool for processing unlabelled vibrational data. • Propose an automatic fault diagnosis method using BYOL algorithm and dynamical systems discovery. • Develop a differential equation matrix for faulty bearing dynamical systems. • Design a contrastive learning network for reconstructing faulty-dynamical systems. • Reduce the dependence of neural networks on data labels of dynamical systems model equation library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the identification of time-delay Boolean networks (TBNs) and time-delay Boolean control networks (TBCNs) via Cheng product. According to all admissible (input-)output sequences, definition on identifiability of the (TBCN) TBN is given. Two algorithms are designed to select suitable delay parameters of the TBN and TBCN, respectively. Based on these, the original systems are divided into several subsystems. Then by virtue of observability, the criteria for identifiability of the TBN and TBCN are obtained. Moreover, the corresponding constructing processes are presented to establish the internal structures of the TBN and TBCN. Finally, two illustrative examples are given to show the feasibility of the proposed methods. • Based on (input-)output data, definition on identifiability of TBNs(TBCNs) is given. • Two algorithms are designed to select suitable delay parameters of the TBN and TBCN. • By observability, the criteria for identifiability of the TBN and TBCN are obtained. • And the constructing processes are presented to establish the internal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2021, HVAD System distribution ceased due to observational data demonstrating increased mortality and neurological events compared to another commercial device, and a device malfunction with delay or failure to restart, especially in certain subpopulations. To assess ongoing risk for patients on support following subsequent device recalls, the manufacturer's Intermacs HVAD System 2022 Quarterly Reports were queried to identify mortality and adverse events trends in a contemporary cohort of 3110 primary HVAD implantations since October 2017, stratified by year-of-implant. Mean duration of support was 21 ± 16 months, with 33% alive on original device, 25% transplanted, 6% undergoing device exchange, 4% recovered, and 32% expired. Kaplan–Meier and event-per-patient-year estimates for survival, freedom from device explant, stroke, and pump thrombus were similar across year-of-implant. Following market withdrawal and recent device recalls, there appears to be no increase in mortality, stroke, pump thrombus, or explant for HVAD-supported patients. Quarterly report monitoring is ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of human actions in videos is one of the most active research fields in computer vision. The canonical approach consists in a more or less complex preprocessing stages of the raw video data, followed by a relatively simple classification algorithm. Here we address recognition of human actions using the reservoir computing algorithm, which allows us to focus on the classifier stage. We introduce a new training method for the reservoir computer, based on "Timesteps Of Interest", which combines in a simple way short and long time scales. We study the performance of this algorithm using both numerical simulations and a photonic implementation based on a single non-linear node and a delay line on the well known KTH dataset. We solve the task with high accuracy and speed, to the point of allowing for processing multiple video streams in real time. The present work is thus an important step towards developing efficient dedicated hardware for video processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an operational transconductance amplifier-capacitor-based (OTA-C) negative group delay (NGD) circuit for transimpedance-mode systems. The application areas extend from audio to sensor signal anticipation. Post-layout simulated NGD value of about 200 μ s to 100 ns is observed to be achievable with three different capacitor values without any resistive passive components. The operation range varies from 700 Hz to 700 kHz. The NGD and the operation range are shown to be flexible without gain dependency. An example design is built for a specific NGD value of 15 μ s and time-domain analysis is done with both a single-tone sinusoidal and a band-limited audio record in the range of 1 Hz–7 kHz. The calculated Root Mean Square Error for audio input to the system is only 4.70%. • A resistorless transimpedance-mode OTA-C-based negative group delay (NGD) circuit is proposed. • An example design is built for a specific NGD value of 15 μ s. • Time-domain analysis is done with both a single-tone sinusoidal and a band-limited audio record. • The total area of the circuit and power consumption is lower than prior active NGD circuits. • The post-layout simulations show that the study will suit mixed-mode sensor delay compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crossover frequency of DC/DC converters is related to some key dynamic performances such as line and load transient response. In integrated converters, its experimental measurement using standard techniques requires the connection to internal nodes of the controller that are not always accessible to the user. This paper presents a novel integrated loop gain measurement circuit for DC/DC converters with time-based control. The proposed circuit requires only two current-controlled delay lines, a transconductor, and two flip-flops that can be easily integrated with limited area occupation. An analytic description that relates the circuit parameters with the loop gain transfer function is provided along with some design rules for the transistor-level implementation. A prototype of the loop gain measurement circuit has been embedded in a DC/DC boost converter with time-based control designed in a BCD technology with 180 nm CMOS. The circuit has an area occupation of 0.027 mm2 with a current consumption of a few tens of μA. • Loop gain measurement circuit for DC/DC converters with time-based control. • Loop gain measurement circuit can be fully integrated in the converter. • Circuit is bypassed during normal operation saving power consumption. • Implementation requires few simple analog blocks. • Technique works when there are multiple control loops or feedforward paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the stability of a type of neural network with time-varying delay is studied. Two general (α 2 , β 2) and (α 2 , β 2 , γ 2) -dependent reciprocally convex inequalities with two and three terms are derived to introduce some quadratic terms into the estimate for the derivative of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals (LKFs). The LKF method is used to develop a stability criterion for time-delay neural networks by using the new inequalities. To demonstrate the improvement of the new criterion, numerical results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to bring together the ultimate formation of the integro-differential equations involving the functional delay and the singular integral with constant delay on the real line, presenting an exclusive spectral computational approach made up of quadratic orthoexponential polynomials. Frankly, the method makes possible to evaluate the singular and delayed integral part by way of the matrix expansion of quadratic property of orthoexponential polynomials, as well as transforming the unknown terms into the matrix relations. Hence, the stability of the integral part is materialized. An error improvement technique is also performed via a residual function. Several integral and integro-differential equations are considered by a devised programme, which immediately returns the method of solution. The outcomes are, thus, exposed to be compared sensitively in tables and figures. Having investigated the comparisons, one can admit that the method accomplishes exclusive and efficient approximation to the equations in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on developing neural networks to optimize the ring laser gyroscope data analysis, for the GINGER experiment. The first neural network aims to provide data with minimal delays suitable to detect earthquakes. Comparing this neural network with a tool implemented in Labview based on the Fast Fourier Transform, the neural network is twice as precise with the same delay. The second network learns to recognize various phenomena in the data, such as transients from laser dynamics like split modes or mode jumps. These capabilities are realized through the automated labeling of data using neural networks and the implementation of a mask that facilitates the selection of high-quality data. The curated dataset can then undergo traditional offline analysis. The third network is a map to transform earthquake signals seen by the GIGS seismometer into the signals seen by the co-located GINGERINO ring laser prototype, useful to study rotational models of earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary counters (BC) are electronic devices that are used for counting the particular events that have been happened, followed by storing and displaying the count numbers. BC includes clock signal with sequential logic circuit for the effectuation of counting operation. It is used in many applications like FM decoders to memory chips. In this work we designed a serial multiplier using the proposed Adaptive Prairie Dog optimization (APDO) based variable length conditional counter (VLCC) for the mitigation delay. The suggested work is motivated by the need for an efficient multiplier design to mitigate delay. Mitigating delay in multiplier design is essential for various reasons, particularly in the fields of digital signal processing, computer arithmetic, and high-performance computing. The proposed technique is used to design the multiplier with reduced path delay and enhances the slack interval with various frequencies. The maximized frequency operation is evaluated with the slack interval of the circuit. Simulations are made using Mentor Graphics EDA simulator tool and analyzed the slack time and compared with state-of-art works. The implementation of 8-bit binary multiplier is effectuated in CMOS technology. Our proposed design surpasses all the other design in terms of mitigated computational delay and enhanced slack time. At higher frequency, the proposed method offers improved slack time of 14 % and 68 % of multiplier circuit to reduce delay. Due to the simulation investigations, 18 % slack time improved and reduce 87 % to the critical path delay when compare 45 nm with the 350-nm CMOS technology. • APDO based VLCC is proposed for the mitigation delay. • Designing of multiplier with reduced path delay and enhances the slack interval. • Maximized frequency operation is evaluated with the slack interval. • Mentor Graphics EDA simulator tool is used and analyzed the slack time. • Implementation of 8-bit binary multiplier is effectuated in CMOS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiation dynamics of a closed chain of lasers with optoelectronic delayed coupling is analyzed. We consider bidirectional couplings of two designs: (i) diffusion type with feedback and (ii) bidirectional type without feedback. Assuming that the number of lasers is sufficiently large, we propose integro-differential models for spatially distributed variables with periodic boundary conditions. The critical value of the coupling coefficient is determined at which the stationary state of laser generation spontaneously becomes unstable due to the presence of a delay in the coupling lines. Bifurcations of asymptotically infinite dimension are described. For both types of coupling, we obtain the same two-dimensional complex partial differential equation of the Ginzburg–Landau type (with the difference only in the coefficients) for the slowly varying amplitude of the fundamental harmonic. Using the simplest homogeneous solution of such a quasi-normal form, the oscillations of laser radiation in chains, which can be anti-phase or in-phase depending on the time delay and the design of the couplings, are analytically described. • The models of a large laser chain with bidirectional couplings are proposed. • Bifurcations of infinite dimension are studied in dependence on coupling delay. • Boundary-value problems are obtained as quasi-normal forms. • The delay-dependent direction (super- or subcritical) of bifurcation is determined. • Delay intervals leading to anti- or in-phase oscillations in laser chain are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) technology marks a significant milestone in next-generation networks, offering higher data rates and new services. Achieving optimal performance in 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) systems requires addressing key requirements like increased capacity, high efficiency, improved performance, low latency, support for many connections, and quality of service. It is well-known that suboptimal network configuration, hardware impairments, or malfunctioning components can degrade system performance. The physical layer of the radio access network, particularly channel estimation and synchronization, plays a crucial role. Hence, this paper offers an in-depth evaluation of the 5G Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), along with its related channel models such as the Clustered Delay Line (CDL) and the Tapped Delay Line (TDL). This work assesses 5G network performance through practical and IA-based channel estimation and synchronization techniques, and anticipates numerologies for B5G networks. Extensive simulations leveraging the Matlab 5G New Radio (NR) toolbox assess standardized channel scenarios in both macro-urban and indoor environments, following configurations set by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The numerical results offer valuable insights into achieving the maximum achievable throughput across various channel environments, including both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions. The throughput comparisons are performed under assumptions of ideal, realistic, and convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based channel estimation with both perfect and realistic synchronization conditions. Importantly, the study pinpoints certain physical layer elements that have a pronounced impact on system performance, providing essential insights for devising effective strategies or refining CNN-based methods for forthcoming mobile B5G networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of free-space optical communications, especially for ultra-long-distance communications. Calibrating the inherent time delay in the optoelectronic circuit of SNSPD arrays is critical to enabling photon detection with high time accuracy. In this paper, we propose two methods for estimating the inherent timing error: Gaussian fitting calibration (GFC) and maximum-likelihood calibration (MLC). In particular, MLC estimates the timing error by taking into account the deadtime and jitter characteristics of SNSPD. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. • Novel Gaussian fitting and maximum-likelihood methods proposed for SNSPD time delay calibration. • Maximum-likelihood calibration considers SNSPD deadtime and jitter to improve accuracy. • Experiments validate effectiveness of proposed methods, with MLC providing unbiased estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model for two-line coupled multilayer graphene nanoribbon - single-wall carbon nanotube (MLGNR-SWCNT) composite interconnects (MSCs), incorporating the effects of coupling capacitance and mutual inductance. We also examine the temperature-dependent crosstalk effect on the victim line of MSCs in the time domain using decoupling techniques and the ABCD parameter matrix approach. This analysis is conducted at the global level of 7 nm, 14 nm, and 22 nm technology nodes, comparing the performance of MSCs with MLGNR, SWCNT, and copper (Cu) interconnects, validated through HSPICE simulations. Our results reveal that the crosstalk delay of all interconnects induced by dynamic crosstalk exhibits superior performance in the in-phase crosstalk mode compared to the out-of-phase mode at room temperature. In particular, MSCs demonstrate less crosstalk delay in both crosstalk modes compared to SWCNT and Cu interconnects. In addition, we analyze the crosstalk delay of the victim line for two-line coupled MSCs at varying temperatures in out-of-phase crosstalk mode, comparing them with MLGNR, SWCNT, and Cu interconnects. Simulation results indicate that the crosstalk delay is temperature-dependent, increasing with rising temperatures, and the crosstalk delay of MSCs is the least of all interconnects. Furthermore, we investigate the crosstalk noise of MSCs induced by functional crosstalk at different temperatures, comparing it with MLGNR, SWCNT, and Cu interconnects. It is observed that the crosstalk noise peak remains constant with temperature changes across all interconnects; however, the holding time and width of crosstalk noise increases with rising temperatures and MSCs have the least crosstalk noise peak and crosstalk noise width of all interconnects. Also, numerical results exhibit that reducing interconnect temperature, SWCNT diameter, and edge roughness of MLGNR are effective strategies to diminish the crosstalk delay of MSCs. In addition, increasing line spacing is identified as an effective method to reduce crosstalk noise peak of MSCs of different lengths. The proposed model results show excellent agreement with HSPICE simulation data. Therefore, our analysis of crosstalk effect manifests that MLGNR-SWCNT composite can be a promising material to replace SWCNT and copper as an ideal material for global interconnect applications in thermally variable environments. • This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model for two-line coupled MSC interconnects, incorporating the effects of coupling capacitance and mutual inductance. Also, this study applies decoupling techniques and the ABCD parameter matrix approach to analyze the proposed model. • The crosstalk delay induced by dynamic crosstalk and crosstalk noise induced by functional crosstalk for two-coupled MSCs considering temperature effect and compared with MLGNR, SWCNT, and Cu interconnects at the global level of 7 nm, 14 nm, and 22 nm technology nodes is investigated. The study also examined performance metrics across various temperatures and interconnect lengths, specifically focusing on crosstalk delay, noise peak, and noise width. • The study investigated strategies to mitigate the crosstalk delay and crosstalk noise of MSC interconnects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with common-mode reflectionless and linear-phase characteristics is proposed, which consists of a balanced 3-order bandpass filtering network and two common-mode absorptive networks to obtain the common-mode reflectionless and suppression performance. The negative group delay circuits are loaded on the proposed balanced BPF to realize the full-passband linear-phase filtering performance. The flatter the group delay of the BPF (the fluctuation of the group delay within the passband tends to 0), the better the phase-frequency linearity, which will realize the undistortion transmission of the communication systems. For demonstration, a balanced linear-phase BPF prototype operating at 1.5 GHz is designed, simulated, and manufactured. The results demonstrate that the group delay fluctuation is reduced from 1.20 ns to 0.11 ns by 90.8 %, the differential-mode insertion loss is 1.04 dB, the minimum common-mode suppression is 59.3 dB within the passband and the common-mode reflectionless band is 1.22–1.91 GHz. The developed topology requires high precision in the processing, and the proposed balanced BPF can be applied to digital microwave communication systems to improve the transmission quality and reduce the bit error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we realize a self-starting single-cavity dual-comb strain sensing and demodulation system with ultra-wide tunable repetition rate difference. The dual-comb spectrum (DCS) system is realized through a free-running multiplexed bidirectional mode-locked fiber laser. The ultra-wide tuning range of the repetition rate difference between the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) pulse trains is 0–93.9 kHz, achieved by a 0–700 ps tunable delay line. Furthermore, combined with the DCS, we introduce the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to realize the strain stress sensing and demodulation system. We also compare the effects of DCS and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) on the frequency shifts and wavelength shifts of the FBG, respectively. In addition, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer is used as flexible material to package the FBG, which improves the sensing performance and reliability. The self-starting and tunable characteristics of the system with a wide range of repetition rate difference can provide a superior light source for DCS. Our flexible FBG stress sensing and demodulation system shows great potential in the sensing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solving three-phase unbalance problems. • A phase swapping method for three-phase unbalance is proposed. • a zero-millisecond delay load phase-swapping device is fabricated. The three-phase unbalance brings a severe challenge to power quality, and the load phase-swapping severs as an effective method can regulate that. Currently most of the phase-swapping strategies tend to exchange the phase sequence of power consumers. However, little attention has been paid to analyze how the phase sequence of distributed generation(DG) injected into the station area makes impact on three-phase unbalance. on top of that, here exist phase-swapping delays in the current load phase-swapping devices, which causes short-time power outages and affect the electricity safety. In the light of this, the present study endeavors to propose a new method of phase reassignment: exchanging the phase sequence of electricity users, controlling the phase sequence of DG, offsetting the unbalanced loads via using DG for the purpose of reducing the frequency of phase swapping,and designing a load phase-swapping device.which forces the phase swapped at the zero-crossing point for line voltage to realize load phase swapping without power outages. Firstly, an objective function with the minimum unbalance index, the minimum times of phase-swappings, and the maximum participation of DG were established. Secondly, an improved multi-objective optimization squirrel search algorithm(IMOSSA) was used to solve this objective function. Finally, a load phase-swapping device with zero-milliseconds delay and no power-off was established, containing phase-swapping control terminal(PSCT) and phase-swapping switches(PSS). The case simulation results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the number of phase reassignments with the participation of DG, reducing the unbalance index from 69.96 % to 8.43 %. Additionally the distribution laboratory test results show that the PSCT can calculate and send phase swapping commands, and the PSS exchange phase sequence can be applied without delays and no power outages for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to forecast key features of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, is emerging as an important tool to enable advanced WWTP operational strategies. Various data driven models have been reported in the scientific literature for WWTP influent forecast however, there has been no quantitative comparison of them against each other. The present study is the first to undertake this comparison utilising a high-frequency reference dataset generated from the Urban Water System model. Specifically, the performance of autoregressive models was compared against time-delay networks, nonlinear autoregressive networks and long short-term memory networks. Time-delay networks were generally found to outperform the other tested methods, although the reliability of the generated forecasts decreases as the prediction horizon exceeds one hour. While longer prediction horizons would be desirable, there is a trade-off between model accuracy and overall optimisation of plant operation. This study also highlights the challenge of dealing with both concentration and flow variations suggesting the need for future research to analyse the separate impacts of flow and concentration variations on model performance. • Data driven models can forecast WWTP influent flows and composition. • time delay neural networks achieved the highest average FIT and correlation factors. • using mass load data rather than concentration data gave better predictions. • model predictions improved by including total suspended solids data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the continuous reduction in the transistors sizing ruled by the Moore's law, digital devices have become smaller, and more complex resulting in an enormous rise in the delay variations. Therefore, there is a dire need of precise and rigorous timing analysis to overcome anomalies during the timing analysis. Timings of digital circuits can be verified using various simulation or static timing analysis (STA) based tools but they provide estimated results due to their inherent in-exhaustive nature or report timing paths corresponding to non-existent functional paths, respectively. Formal verification provides complete and sound analysis results and has widely been used for the functional verification of digital circuits but its application in the timing analysis domain is somewhat limited. We present a generic framework to perform formal timing analysis of digital circuits with the help of Uppaal model-checker. The given digital circuit along with its timing parameters in the form of state transition diagram are modeled using timed automata in the Uppaal model checker. Timing delays are calculated from corresponding technology parameters, and Quartus Prime Pro is used to obtain the information about the circuits' paths. In order to make the analysis scalable, we also propose a novel path partitioning technique and compare its results with complete path analysis and traditional STA. The formal model is verified with the help of properties to assess the timing characteristics, like time period of a clock, critical path, and propagation delay of the considered circuit. Modeling and verification of ISCAS-85 and ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits is presented for illustration purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation wireless (5G) significantly impacts individuals' lives and work and is expected to increase. Although OFDM has been used in previous generation technologies (4G), it has limitations in meeting specific criteria such as data. Issues like better power consumption and Bit Error Rate make this technology unsuitable for meeting current needs such as the Internet of Things and user-based processing. This research aims to test the BER success of the transmission technique proposed as a candidate for the 5G communication system. Performance analysis is carried out considering the Tapped Delay Line (TDL-A) channel model, which is recommended for 5G research. Various scenarios, including situations where the transmitter/receiver is fixed or mobile, are considered to provide a more comprehensive evaluation. Evaluations were also carried out on various channel delay distribution profiles to expand the scope of analysis. The research results show that in channel conditions with high delay distribution and mobility, the communication system that uses the FBMC transmission technique shows better and more stable performance compared to OFMD, F-OFMD, WOLA, UFMC systems, it has an SNR of about 36 dB to achieve a BER of approx 10 - 3 under 10 ns delay spreading conditions, demonstrating the superiority of FBMC in difficult channel conditions These findings emphasize the importance of considering BER and system complexity in the design of future communications systems. Thus, this research provides a significant original contribution to the understanding and developing 5G communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A linearity-enhanced modulator is performed on the LNOI platform. • The linearity-enhanced modulator is based on a carrier separated asymmetric Mach–Zehnder (CS-AMZM) structure without resonant cavity. • Compared with the reference MZM on the same platform, the SFDR of the CS-AMZM is enhanced about 11.8 dB for the third-order SFDR and 15.1 dB for the second-order components. Highly linear electro-optic modulators are key components in analog microwave photonic links that convert analog electrical signals into optical signals. In this work, we present a carrier separated asymmetric Mach–Zehnder modulator (CS-AMZM) based on the thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) platform. Our strategy enables the suppression of second-order harmonics distortion (SHD) and third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3). A proof-of-principle experiment result shows an improvement of 11.8 dB for the third-order SFDR and 15.1 dB for the second-order SFDR at 10 GHz compared to the quadrature-biased reference MZM model. No resonant structure is involved in our modulator, and the bandwidth is more than 50 GHz after packaging. The SFDR can be further improved by decreasing the fiber-to-chip coupling loss. Our linear modulator can be further integrated with filters, delay lines, and other devices to play a core role in large-scale integrated microwave photonic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrated a high accuracy rate hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG) with compensation of the phase delay induced by the front-end amplifier and the digital control circuit. Due to the existence of the phase delay, the output of the gyroscope is affected not only by the damping mismatch, but also by the frequency split of the resonator gyroscope, which is the main cause of the bias drift and the scale factor nonlinearity of rate resonator gyroscopes. Based on the results of theoretical analysis, a novel calibration method for the phase delay was proposed by monitoring the scale factor of the quadrature control loop. Detailed experimental results show that with phase delay compensation, the bias instability (BI) was improved from 0.0089°/h to 0.0027°/h, the angle random walk (ARW) was improved from 0.0047°/√h to 0.003°/√h, and the scale factor nonlinearity was decreased by 93.8 % from 734.8 ppm to 45.1 ppm. Measurement of one rate HRG after phase compensation at room temperature with duration of 7 hours shows a bias stability of better than 0.00658°/h and a bias repeatability of 0.0053°/h. The results show that the rate HRG with accurate phase delay compensation can achieve excellent accuracy and repeatability in long-time operation. [Display omitted] • A novel identification method for the phase delay induced by circuits is proposed, which is simple and can be widely usedin similar kinds of Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscopes. • The bias instability was improved from 0.0089°/h to 0.0027°/h, the angle random walk was improved from 0.0047°/√h to 0.003°/√h, and the scale factor nonlinearity was decreased by 93.8 % from 734.8 ppm to 45.1 ppm. • Measurements with seven-hour durations showed a bias stability of better than 0.00658°/h and a bias repeatability of 0.0053°/h with phase compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposed a compact size, high gain, wideband reflectarray antenna for THz and 6 G applications. To enhance the aperture efficiency and gain, a single layer L-shape delay line-based unit cell with a size of 0.45λ 0 is adopted. The λ 0 is the free space wavelength at 1.35 THz. The SiO 2 substrate is sandwiched between L- shape delay line and the ground plane of gold. The unit cell, equivalent parallel RLC circuit modelled with gap coupled capacitance is also presented which is validated through the Ansys-High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Advanced Design System (ADS). The dimension of the RA is 3 mm having 610 elements. It is excited by the pyramidal horn antenna at an optimum distance (F/D =1.21). The optimum ratio (F/D) is calculated with the help of the cosq model at −10 dB edge taper. The operating bandwidth is obtained 46.15 % from 1 to 1.6 THz. The reflection phase and magnitude are 500° and 3.93 dB at 1.35 THz. It is adjusted by varying the length of the delay line. The maximum aperture efficiency and realized gain are 35 % and 28 dBi respectively. The Side lobe level is −15.5 dB and the Co-Cross polarization level is below −30 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, FET devices are seamlessly integrated with complex circuits that can be used to realize chips capable of operating at a significantly higher speed. These designed devices can meet the requisite of circuits used in designing mobile phones, tablets and laptops, thereby enhancing the overall performance. The present work focuses on designing of gate stack inverted-T junctionless FET at 20 nm technology node. Both static and low frequency characteristics of device such as threshold voltage (V T h ), transconductance (g m), on (I O N ) & off (I O F F ) state currents, as well as its high-frequency characteristics like total gate capacitance (C g g ), cut-off frequency (f T), maximum oscillation frequency (f max) and gain bandwidth product (GBW) are methodically demonstrated with alterations in the device process and geometrical variations. The parameters such as height of fin, width of fin and work function are varied to study their impact. The SS, DIBL, I O N / I O F F (current switching ratio) and V T h , for 20 nm gate length are observed as 67.94 mV/dec, 34.32 mV/V, 108, 0.32 V, respectively. The f max is determined to be in the THz range and has early voltage of approximately 6.12V. Additionally, the effect of temperature is also studied by varying it in the range of 250 K–450 K. Analysis and virtual modelling of device is carried out using Visual TCAD. In addition, p-channel transistor is designed along with the n-channel configuration to investigate the device performance for CMOS based circuits. The noise margin and average delay of the inverter circuit are observed to be 0.37 V and 36.7 ps respectively. • Analog and RF performance of the Gate-stack inverted-T junctionless FET is studied by varying the geometrical and process parameters. • In addition to that, impact of temperature variations is studied by varying them in the range of 250K–450K. • Taller fins are preferred to achieve higher on-state current and thinner fins are desired for improved short channel effects. • Increasing the metal gate work function increases the threshold voltage, whereas it reduces the off-state current with minimal effect on the on-state current. • The maximum operating frequency of the proposed device is 8.11 THz, and it has an early voltage of 6.32 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate exponential synchronization issue of time-varying multi-weights network with time delays (TMNTD) via periodic self-triggered intermittent sampled-data control. In particular, it is the first time to combine periodic self-triggered control and intermittent control with sampled-data, which has broader application prospects. Therein, self-triggered scheme is periodic judgment and aimed at intermittent control. And during control intervals in intermittent control, there is periodic sampled-data control. In addition, by applying tools of sampled-data control, intermittent control, event-driven control theory and stability analysis, some sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee exponential synchronization of TMNTD. After that, the theoretical results are utilized to research exponential synchronization issue of time-varying multi-weights Chua's circuits with time delays. Meantime, numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical results. Finally, an image encryption algorithm is designed as a practical application of the developed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the extended dissipative synchronization problem for chaotic neural networks with time delay under quantized control. The discretized Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method, in combination with the free-weighting matrix approach, is employed to obtain an analysis result of the extended dissipativity with low conservatism. Then, with the help of several decoupling methods, a computationally tractable design approach is proposed for the needed quantized controller. Finally, two examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of the present analysis and design methods, respectively. • The extended dissipative synchronization problem for chaotic time-delay neural networks under quantized control is investigated. • An analysis result of the extended dissipativity is derived by the discretized Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method and the free-weighting matrix approach. • A computationally tractable design approach for the needed quantized controller is proposed by using some decoupling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) coupled with Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) millimeter wave (mmWave) systems hold immense promise for the next generation of wireless communications. However, harnessing their full potential requires accurate channel state information (CSI). Despite the benefits of IRSs, such as passive element integration and energy efficiency, precise channel estimation becomes a formidable challenge due to the absence of active elements. In this paper, we tackle these challenges by employing generative adversarial networks (GANs) to estimate the channel's cascade matrix between the base station (BS) and mobile users. To leverage the high correlation among adjacent elements in the IRS, we propose turning off a majority of these elements during the estimation phase, effectively creating a low-resolution channel. We then introduce the semi-super resolution GAN (SSRGAN) model, capable of inferring channel values for the deactivated elements based on existing correlations. Our new SSRGAN-based channel estimation method transforms low-resolution channel data into high-resolution channel data. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis, our study showcases the superior performance of our SSRGAN channel estimation method compared to established benchmark schemes. • Introducing SSRGAN model for enhanced cascade channel estimation in IRS-MIMO mmWave. • Using a cluster delay line channel model from 3GPP standard ensures real-world relevance. • Directly converts low-resolution channel data to high-resolution without interpolation. • Activate a subset of IRS elements during channel estimation to reduce pilot signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the first implementation of a time-to-digital converter (TDC) using a digital signal processing (DSP) block from an Intel field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The design and configuration capabilities of the DSP blocks of the leading FPGA manufacturers, AMD and Intel, are compared in the context of time/digital conversion. Next, three variants of TDCs are presented. The problem of ultra-wide bins observed in both the classic version of the converter based on the Adaptive Logic Modules (ALM) and the version built using only DSP blocks has been mitigated in a hybrid variant, combining both solutions. The proposed variant of the hybrid ALM-DSP TDC implemented in Arria 10 FPGA from Intel (20 nm process node) achieved a resolution of 2.1 ps, a single-shot-precision better than 6.36 ps and reduced the maximum differential nonlinearity (DNL) error from 74.5 ps to 12.7 ps. • The first implementation of TDC using DSP blocks in Intel FPGA device. • Different TDC variants are presented based on various DSP configurations. • Combination of ALM and DSP blocks reduces existence of ultra-wide bins. • A 2.1 ps LSB and better than 6.4 ps single-shot precision is obtained in wide range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radar target simulation is essential for radar development. In this paper, a microwave photonic radio frequency memory (RFM) is proposed and experimentally verified. The input radio frequency (RF) signals are delayed and stored in a recirculating loop with a 4-bit binary optical true time delay line (OTTDL), which enables the achievement of the tunable delay resolution and multiple replications. The Doppler frequency shift (DFS) of the delayed signals is achieved by a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and two cascaded acousto-optic modulators (AOMs), which facilitate a wide tuning range, high precision, and a high spurious suppression ratio (SSR). The experimental results demonstrate that the system has 16 distinct delay resolutions ranging from 0.045 us to 7.576 us. Furthermore, 30 circulations are achieved in the test, indicating that the theoretical maximum storage time is approximately 225 us. Additionally, the frequency shift for 1 GHz–18 GHz RF pulse signals can be tuned over a range of 10 Hz to 10 MHz, with a SSR exceeding 40 dB. • A microwave photonic radio frequency memory, which can simulate both the velocity and range of a target, is verified. • A 4-bit binary optical delay line is employed to provide tunable delay resolution for a recirculating loop. • The frequency shift structure is designed to achieve a wide tuning range and a high spurious suppression ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Realizing simple and non-invasive calibration for optical switching delay lines (OSDLs). • Particle swarm optimization has been used. • The calibration method may be used for OSDL with large bits and other optical devices with similar spectral characteristics. Optical tunable delay line (OTDL) is playing an increasingly significant role in microwave photonic technology. As a representative OTDL, optical switching delay line (OSDL) based on cascaded optical switches has become widespread due to its advantages of large bandwidth, high delay accuracy, and easy control. However, due to fabrication errors, the "through" and "cross" states of all the optical switches in the OSDL must be calibrated by inserting additional components for monitoring, which will inevitably increase the chip size and cost. Therefore, achieving simple and non-invasive calibration of OSDL is very important. Here we proposed a fast and non-invasive calibration method based on spectrum analysis accelerated by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). As a proof-of-concept, we accurately calibrated a 5-Bit silicon OSDL chip by using the proposed method and measured all the delay states and transmission spectra of the OSDL. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by the traditional calibration method with additional optical power monitoring taps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XOR logic operation is an important element for photonic computing, but its implementation is limited by high power consumption, complex determination rule of the output signal and polarization sensitive. By utilizing the spiking excitation characteristics of photonic spiking neuron, we propose a polarization-insensitive XOR operation architecture which has the advantage of the tunable bit interval by changing the delay of feedback loop. We simulatively demonstrate that XOR operation with arbitrary bit interval can be realized with zero-error rate by tuning the variable optical delay line. Besides, when introducing a noise with an SNR = 10 dB or a time jitter of 2μs (10% of the unit length of input spike) to the input spike, the error rate of XOR can still reach zero, showing a strong robustness of our system. Experiment for adjacent-bit XOR operation is further implemented and zero error-rate is achieved, verifying the feasibility of our proposed system. • A new architecture for a bit-tunable XOR operation by utilizing a photonic spiking neuron is proposed. • Yamada model is used to achieve a zero-error XOR operation with varying bit intervals through adjusting feedback delay time. • This architecture has strong robustness to the signal noise and time jitter of the system and can be implemented in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a sandwich-like structure of silicon-based topological valley photonic crystals platform with triangles air holes. • The edge state has demonstrated a robust behavior even in the presence of large defects in the valley edge state waveguide. • The valley corner state with high localization property is generated in the constructed triangle box-shaped structure. • The various couplings of edge states and corner states are researched in the proposed waveguide-cavity coupling system(WCCS). • The proposed WCCS can be used in optical communication devices such as filter, delayer and wavelength division multiplexer. Valley photonic crystals (VPCs) possess remarkable properties, being capable of supporting topological edge states and corner states. Herein, we propose a sandwich-like structure consisting of two layers of silicon-based triangle air hole topological VPCs, and an interlayer of semimetal (SM) photonic crystal. The edge state in the proposed structure has demonstrated a robust behavior even in the presence of large defects in the valley edge state waveguide. The constructed triangle box-shaped structure, comprising VPCs with opposite Chern numbers, generates valley corner states with high localization properties. Moreover, we construct a waveguide-cavity coupling system involving the triangle resonance cavity and the valley edge state waveguide, which sustains edge states and corner states. We systematically research various coupling phenomena of edge states and corner states such as edge-edge state coupling, edge-corner state coupling and extended edge-corner state coupling, realizing the versatile functionalities of delay line, wavelength division multiplexer, and filter. These findings present an approach to address challenge associated with large defects in the valley edge state waveguide and provide a means of realizing corner states on the topological VPCs platform. The proposed waveguide-cavity coupling systems hold potential applications in optical communication and on-chip integrated optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuously adjustable delay scheme based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switch, compatible with the reconfigurable binary true time delay lines (RBTTDL), has been theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated. It is designed to compensate for the limitation of RBTTDL, which can only provide discrete delay steps. The continuously adjustable delay is achieved by employing different interference between the two paths of the MZI switch with the assistance of monitoring photodetectors (PD). The structure parameters related to the continuous delay performance, the broadband characteristic and the amplitude flatness are deeply discussed. The experimental results show good agreements with the theoretical calculations. Therefore, without adding extra components in the RBTTDL structure, this scheme can provide the continuously adjustable delay within the minimum step increment delay of RBTTDL, while the larger delay values are provided by RBTTDL itself, which presents potential in the OTTD technology. • Verified the feasibility of utilizing a MZI switch and a 3 dB coupler to achieve continuously adjustable delay. • Utilizing two monitoring PDs to achieve real-time closed-loop control of the allocation ratio, reducing control complexity. • This structure aims to minimize the impact on broadband performance and amplitude flatness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We studied the effect of the addition of drainage devices on fluid flow patterns. • The drainage devices can effectively suppress satellite droplets. • The drainage device delays the transition from dripping mode to jetting mode. • The drainage device reduces the Weber number area where complex droplets appear. • With an increase in Γ, the We d and We j decreased and approached consistency. Traditional Chinese medicine is a pivotal industry in China, and the technology for manufacturing high-quality pills is of great interest to numerous sectors. Among various methodologies, the liquid drip method has gained significant attention from the pharmaceutical industry due to its advantages such as high drug content uniformity, low cost, ease of operation, high production efficiency, and extensive adjustment range. However, the occurrence of undesirable satellite droplets during the drip production process remains a persistent issue. These satellite droplets are challenging to collect and their prolonged presence can disrupt the normal functioning of the system. Previous studies have identified two primary modes of droplet formation: dripping mode and jetting mode. Given that droplet formation in dripping mode is more stable and satellite droplets can be effectively suppressed, studying the transition between dripping and jetting modes and improving the uniformity of the generated droplets become crucial. Achieving this transition can be accomplished through both active and passive methods. In view of the limitations of the active methods in actual productions, we explored a passive method of adding a drainage device, which can effectively inhibit satellite droplets. In this experimental and numerical simulation investigation, we successfully induced the dripping-to-jetting transition by incorporating a drainage device into the dropper. Additionally, we examined how modifications to the dropper's structure influenced droplet formation. Results indicated that increasing the length and diameter of the drainage device resulted in higher critical Weber numbers required for the dripping-to-jetting transition. Contrarily, the effect of the Kapitza number on the critical Weber numbers exhibited an opposite trend. The critical Kapitza number without complex droplets was also discussed. Liquid drip method has attracted much attention from the pharmaceutical enterprises. However, the formation of undesirable satellite droplets could still be frequently observed in the process of drip production. Previous investigations have reported that the modes of droplet formation can be divided into two general categories: dripping mode and jetting mode. Since the satellite droplets could be effectively suppressed in the dripping mode, it was necessary to study the transition between dripping and jetting modes. Present investigation adopted a passive method (adding a drainage device to the dropper) to realize the dripping-to-jetting transition, and discussed how the changes in the structure of dropper affected the droplet formation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel shared time-to-digital converter (TDC)-based, fast-locking, all-digital delay-locked loop (DLL) incorporating a duty-cycle corrector (DCC)-embedded delay line is introduced. The proposed DLL employs a shared TDC-based structure for both phase locking and duty-cycle correction operations, enabling rapid lock times of approximately 22 clock cycles. The proposed DLL offers the benefit of resolving the delay mismatch issue and achieving a rapid lock time by utilizing a shared delay line structure for both the TDC and the DCC-embedded delay line. This approach allows for high-speed operation up to 3.5 GHz. Implemented using a 65-nm 1.0-V CMOS process, the proposed DLL supports a frequency range from 0.8 to 3.5 GHz, offers a duty-cycle correction range of ±20 % at 0.8 GHz. It achieves an effective peak-to-peak output clock jitter of just 5.4 ps at 3.5 GHz, while maintaining a compact active area of 0.08 mm2 and operating with a power consumption of only 8.0 mW at 3.5 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a small-signal model for single-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) STATCOM, incorporating the time delay, and conducts a comprehensive stability analysis, encompassing eigenvalue analysis, participation factor analysis, and sensitivity analysis. In practice, relying on digital control technology, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) control has the inherent control delay problem of digital control, restricting the response characteristics and control accuracy of the system and affecting system stability. Most of existing studies are limited to analyze the impact of digital control delay on only one part of the control system. Therefore, the present work explores an analytical approach based on state-space modeling and investigates the global impact of such a delay on system stability by applying this method. Results of simulation and experiment verify correctness of the theoretical analysis. • A closed-loop model considering time delay is developed for a single-phase cascaded H-bridge STATCOM system. • The impact of delay on system stability is analyzed via participating factor, sensitivity, and eigenvalue trajectory analysis. • The critical time delay causing critical stability is located. • Model accuracy and impact of time delay on system stability are confirmed via simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM) with a digital self-alignment frequency tracking loop (SA-FTL) to reduce the reference spur by calibrating the frequency mismatch and delay offset. To improve the power efficiency, the SA-FTL detects errors in low frequency, where the high-frequency edges from the oscillator are captured by a double-edge snapshot block. The proposed ILCM is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. It has an active area of 0.045 mm 2 and consumes 3.1 mW power at 2.5 GHz output. The measured reference spur is -55.6 dB, showing a 15.9 dB improvement with the proposed SA-FTL. • An injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM) achieves low reference spur. • The mechanism of the reference spur in the ILCM with the conventional FTL. • Capturing high-frequency edges with a double-edge snapshot block saves power. • Errors are calibrated by a digital self-alignment frequency tracking loop (SA-FTL). • The calibration runs at different phases to decouple the error sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective treatment strategies and medical devices continue to be needed in Japan and the United States of America (US) to mitigate the growing burden of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. Unfortunately, there can be a delay in gaining cardiovascular device approval in Japan after a device has already been approved and is in use in the US. The Harmonization by Doing (HBD) program; however, can eliminate this delay and reduce the cost of completing a clinical trial in Japan. The HBD proof-of-concept study, COAST, resulted in approval of the Diamondback 360® Coronary Orbital Atherectomy System Micro Crown simultaneously in Japan and the US on the same day. Subsequently, the Diamondback 360® Coronary OAS Classic Crown also received approval in Japan. The COAST study provides further evidence that global clinical trials via HBD for medical devices are practical and advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the stability for a class fractional-order inertial neural networks with time-delay are investigated. Moreover, some sufficient conditions for the Mittag-Leffler stability and the asymptotical ω -periodicity are obtained, by the appropriate transformation, using the property of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and derivative. In the end, results of the theoretical derivation are verified by virtue of two numerical simulation examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to solve sequential tasks with recurrent models requires the ability to memorize long sequences and to extract task-relevant features from them. In this paper, we study memorization from the point of view of the design and training of recurrent neural networks. We study how to maximize the short-term memory of recurrent units, an objective difficult to achieve using backpropagation. We propose a new model, the Linear Memory Network, which features an encoding-based memorization component built with a linear autoencoder for sequences. Additionally, we provide a specialized training algorithm that initializes the memory to efficiently encode the hidden activations of the network. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world datasets show that the chosen encoding mechanism is superior to static encodings such as orthogonal models and the delay line. The method also outperforms RNN and LSTM units trained using stochastic gradient descent. Experiments on symbolic music modeling show that the training algorithm specialized for the memorization component improves the final performance compared to stochastic gradient descent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A duplex network model with different intralayer coupling delay and interlayer transmission delay has been constructed. • The intralayer network topologies are independent each other, and the nodal dynamics in different layers are different as well. • A few pinning impulsive strategies guaranteeing interlayer synchronization are obtained. • The relatively small intralayer coupling delay and interlayer transmission delay can enlarge the stable region. This paper mainly focuses on interlayer synchronization in a duplex network setting with the intralayer coupling delay and the interlayer transmission delay via pinning impulsive control. Firstly, based on Lyapunov stability theory, a general pinning impulsive strategy guaranteeing interlayer synchronization is obtained. Then, the minimum number of pinned nodes and the maximum impulse interval needed theoretically for interlayer synchronization are obtained. Moreover, when some parameters, including the impulse strengths, the ratio of pinned nodes and the impulse interval, are fixed certain values, their influences on the stable region are further discussed. It is found that the stable region becomes smaller as the ratio of pinned nodes decreases, and gets larger as the impulse strength with no delay is closer to −1 and that with delay is closer to 0. At the same time, the small intralayer coupling delay and interlayer transmission delay can enlarge the stable region. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness and correctness of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dynamic finite element model for hip replacement damage under edge loading. • Shown that static, rigid model is sufficient for bulk kinematics and test planning. • Inertial effects required for prediction of plastic strain accumulation during heel strike. • Future use for evaluating liner design changes, bearing resilience under edge loading. After hip replacement, in cases where there is instability at the joint, contact between the femoral head and the acetabular liner can move from the bearing surface to the liner rim, generating edge loading conditions. This has been linked to polyethylene liner fracture and led to the development of a regulatory testing standard (ISO 14242:4) to replicate these conditions. Performing computational modelling alongside simulator testing can provide insight into the complex damage mechanisms present in hard-on-soft bearings under edge loading. The aim of this work was to evaluate the need for inertia and elastoplastic material properties to predict kinematics (likelihood of edge loading) and plastic strain accumulation (as a damage indicator). While a static, rigid model was sufficient to predict kinematics for experimental test planning, the inclusion of inertia, alongside elastoplastic material, was required for prediction of plastic strain behaviour. The delay in device realignment during heel strike, caused by inertia, substantially increased the force experienced during rim loading (e.g. 600 N static rigid, ∼1800 N dynamic elastoplastic, in one case). The accumulation of plastic strain is influenced by factors including cup orientation, swing phase force balance, the moving mass, and the design of the device itself. Evaluation of future liner designs could employ dynamic elastoplastic models to investigate the effect of design feature changes on bearing resilience under edge loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A degradation in performance parameters related to thermal decomposition and combustion behaviour of tungsten based pyrotechnic delay composition can occur when subjected to accelerated aging conditions in a controlled environment. The present study utilizes various methods to quantify the extent of degradation in thermo-kinetic and burning characteristics as well as to postulate a fundamental aging mechanism for traditional tungsten (W) pyrotechnic delay material, which has not been attempted in the past. The delay composition based on metallic fuel (W) and perchlorate oxidizer is subjected to aging at constant temperature of 71 °C and 95% relative humidity, for 2 and 12 weeks, respectively. Experiments including thermal analysis, combustion temperature profile and burning rate measurements are conducted together with numerical simulation of an actual pyrotechnic delay device. Moreover, the reaction mechanism, chemical kinetics, and combustion behaviour between pristine and aged cases are examined. Results illustrate that there exist two aging induced processes, which increases the presence of large agglomerated particles, high metal oxide content by thickening the outer oxide layer of metallic fuel, and more unreacted oxygen to instigate incomplete combustion in aged samples. This alters the reaction pathway of combustion process, lowers average thermal conductivity, and reduces diffusion of reactants in aged samples, thus causing significant decrement in the heat of reaction (31%), combustion zone temperature (10%), reactivity (12%), and burning rates (10%), such that the overall pyrotechnic delay device experiences misfiring during operation or a failure in accomplishing its actual intended task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the Cd 0.2 Zn 0.8 O channel cylindrical gate-all-around nanowire thin-film transistor (CY-GAA-NWTFT) for high-speed active-matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) pixel circuit with minimal kickback voltage. The AC/DC, analog, and energy efficiency of this device are investigated against the variation in lateral (channel length) as well as vertical dimension (oxide thickness) using technology computer aided design (TCAD) device simulation environment. Further, the behavior of CY-GAA-TFT is crosschecked by implementing it on resistive load digital inverter circuit followed by transient analysis to calculate delay of the inverter circuit. Moreover, static analysis has been also performed to evaluate its voltage transfer curve (VTC) to derive its noise margin and voltage gain. The execution of the proposed CY-GAA-NWT device on AMLCD pixel circuit indicates tremendous improvement in performance in terms of high-speed applications and low kickback voltage. • An elaborate comparative study of Cd 0.2 Zn 0.8 O channel cylindrical gate-all-around nanowire thin-film transistor (CY-GAA-NWTFT) device characteristics against its channel lengths and oxide thicknesses variation. • The delay of (CY-GAA-NWTFT) device with L = 140 nm and with t ox = 35 nm are in the range of picoseconds i.e., 0.404 & 0.498 ps respectively, which is much smaller than the previously reported 2D structure (Cd x Zn 1 − x O based TFT) which was in the range of microseconds i.e., 0.152 μs. Thus, the significant improvement in the device in terms of high-speed application. • The noise margin of the device with L = 140 nm and with t ox = 35 nm has the highest value when compared to the other channel lengths i.e., 160 nm and 180 nm and oxide thicknesses i.e., 45 nm and 55 nm respectively. • Tremendous improvement in mobility is observed for both channel length and oxide thickness variation with L = 140 nm (μ e f f , max = 278 cm2/V.s μ e ff , max ) & μ F E , max = 706 cm2/V.s) with t ox = 35 nm (μ e f f , max = 312 cm2/V.s μ e ff , max ) & μ F E , max = 849 cm2/V.s) when compared to the other channel lengths i.e., 160 nm and 180 nm and oxide thicknesses i.e., 45 nm and 55 nm respectively. • The CY-GAA-NWTFT device is negligible kickback voltage of approximately 0.2 mV which is much smaller than previously reported (Cd x Zn 1 − x O based TFT) which was 1.29 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, new energy vehicle (NEV) is considered as ultimate objective in development of automotive industry. To facilitate sustainable growth of automotive market and ensure a smooth transition for fuel vehicle (FV) enterprises, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model based on tripartite Hoteling model, which involving NEV enterprises, FV enterprises and governments. The herd effect and time-delay effect are considered to improve the tripartite evolutionary game. Results indicate that: (1) Fund feedback to NEV enterprises will counterintuitively decrease probability of active assistance from NEV enterprises. (2) Governments' willingness for strict involvement positively correlates with supervision costs but negatively correlates with additional benefits. (3) Time delay in funds leads to weak effect of high default penalties in promoting active assistance of NEV enterprises in early stage, but opposite situation appears in later stage. (4) Higher NEV production proportion counterintuitively stimulates FV enterprises to give up transition. (5) High rewards drive diffusion of herd effect, further increasing competition among vehicle enterprises leading to FV enterprises giving up transition. (6) Herd effect and time-delay effect increase dependence of FV enterprises on funds results in higher sensitivity of credit trading price compared to credit ratio requirement. [Display omitted] • Consider transition of FV enterprises to a tripartite evolutionary game model. • A tripartite evolutionary game model is integrated with tripartite Hoteling model. • Consider adaptive punishments for FV enterprises during the transition process. • Check impacts of two players on strategy choice of a third player at the same time. • Consider the herd effect and time-delay effect to improve the evolutionary game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]