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The emergence of polychromic glazes during Tang period reflects intercultural communications than 1000 years ago. It also highlights a significant technological advance in ceramic history. However, the colouration mechanisms in high-fired Tang glazes are still not well understood. In this work, we unravel the mysteries of colourful Tang glazes through a case study of the Changsha kiln samples. Colorants in varied concentrations and oxidation states as well as microstructures resulted from phase separation and impurity are found responsible for the glaze appearances. More importantly, we highlight the mixing effects of different coloration ingredients that generate additional colours and hues. A direct observation of co-existence of reduced copper nanoparticles and liquid-liquid phase separation in Tang Changsha glaze is achieved as well. These fresh results and analyses provide an insightful assessment of the diversity of Tang Changsha glazes and promote the perception of ancient ceramics in a more scientific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive frequency-dependent selection should theoretically lead to monomorphic warning coloration. Instead, numerous examples of polymorphic warning signals exist. Biases – for example, in human perception – hinder our appreciation and research of understanding warning signal diversity. We propose strategies to counter such biases and objectively move our field forward. Positive frequency-dependent selection should theoretically lead to monomorphic warning coloration. Instead, numerous examples of polymorphic warning signals exist. Biases – for example, in human perception – hinder our appreciation and research in understanding warning signal diversity. We propose strategies to counter such biases and objectively move our field forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le lavage broncho-alvéolaire (LBA), obtenu par fibroscopie bronchique, est une procédure peu invasive réalisée pour le diagnostic ou le suivi de nombreuses pathologies pulmonaires. Cet article reprend les différentes étapes du traitement du lavage broncho-alvéolaire au laboratoire et se concentre sur l'analyse cytologique : les colorations à effectuer, les types de cellules ou autres éléments pouvant être observés, ainsi que les différents contextes pathologiques nécessitant une exploration par LBA. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), obtained through bronchoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure is performed for the diagnosis and monitoring of various lung conditions.This article outlines the various steps of bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in the laboratory and focuses on cytological analysis, including staining, types of cells or other elements that can be observed, as well as various pathological contexts requiring investigation by a BAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipocalin proteins transport hydrophobic molecules, including apolipoprotein D, retinol-binding protein, and crustacyanin (CRCN). CRCN can combine with astaxanthin to cause a bathochromic shift in the emission spectrum of astaxanthin from red to blue. Therefore, CRCN influences the colors and patterns of crustaceans, which are important for various biological functions such as camouflage, reproduction, and communication. For aquatic organisms, body color is economically important and can be indicative of habitat water quality. In this study, thirteen CRCN genes (NdCRCN s) were first discovered in Neocaridina denticulata sinensis , contradicting prior findings of a few isoform genes in a species. The expression pattern of NdCRCNs in tissues showed that the expression of one CRCN isoform gene, named NdCRCN-30 , was the highest in the carapace. In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis revealed that NdCRCN-30 was predominantly distributed in the outer epidermis of shrimp. Interference of NdCRCN-30 could cause a change in the color of the carapace. RNA-seq was performed after knockdown with the NdCRCN-30 , and differential gene enrichment analysis revealed that this gene is primarily associated with antioxidant function, pigmentation, and molting. Overall, our results will provide new insights into the biological function of the CRCN and genetic breeding for changing body color in economic crustaceans. • In crustaceans, it is first found that thirteen CRCN s are located on the same chromosome. • RNA-seq shows that NdCRCNs are related to antioxidants, pigmentation, and molting. • The expression of NdCRCN-30 is highest in the carapace and distributed in the outer epidermis. • Interfering NdCRCN-30 expression, the color of the carapace is altered from cyan to red. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Functional finishing of silk via in-situ clustering of nanopalladium. • Silk-Pd-3 exhibited the highest antimicrobial action and full UV-protection. • Microbial reduction % for Silk-Pd-3 was 65–70 % after 5 washing cycles. • After 4 hrs, MB degradation was 90% for Silk-Pd-3. • Nanopalladium acquired silk very good self-cleaning property. Herein, durable multi-functional silk is successfully prepared via in-situ clustering of nanopalladium, under the assistance of infrared irradiation. Whereas, the produced fabric acquired superior antimicrobial, UV-resistance and self-cleaning potentialities. Different instrumental analyses were performed, to reveal that; size average of nanopalladium was ranged in 8.6–21.4 nm. Additionally, increment in the nanopalladium concentration reflected in observable improvement of the mechanical properties, color strength and thermal stability. Yellowish degree was significantly increased from 22.36 for silk finished with 100 ppm of nanopalladium (silk-Pd-1) to 42.52 for silk finished with 300 ppm of nanopalladium (silk-Pd-3). Functional treatment of silk with higher concentrated nanopalladium exhibited the highest microbicide action even after 5 washing cycles, the microbial reduction percentage was evaluated to be 67 %, 65 % & 70 % against "St. Aureus , E. Coli and C. Albicans" , respectively. Ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) was superiorly evaluated for silk-Pd-3 to be 98.1 and 40.4 before and after 5 washing cycles. The aid of nanopalladium for acquiring the prepared silk the self-cleaning property as add-function was approved via kinetic study to show that the prepared fabrics exhibited good self-cleaning character by successive in-clustering of nanopalladium, while, t 1/2 for dirt removal was 190.9 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, brilliant-blue pigments that can maintain outstanding stability in a corrosive environment over 1273 K are still very desirable in the ceramic industry. We systematically investigated the structural, optical, colorimetric and thermal properties of a novel type of CoNb 2 O 6 pigments, which have the 6-fold coordinated Co2+ as chromophores and high-valent Nb5+ as the mainstay factor for structural stabilization. Effective coloring contribution from different visible-light regions, the coloration mechanism and thermal stability of the pigments applied in glaze at 1273–1473 K are revealed for the first time. The Co2+ cation at the distorted [CoO 6 ] octahedra generates the brilliant blue hue, which can maintain the absolute blueness values, b *, at 30–44 even after glaze calcination at 1273–1423 K. The superb thermal performance in a harsh environment of the CoNb 2 O 6 pigments significantly outperforms the classic CoAl 2 O 4 blue, thereby exhibiting attractive prospects for high-end blue-sky–hued decoration for ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color is the most intuitive indicator to determine the appearance quality of citrus. There are large differences in the color transition rate and color transition initiation region between mandarin fruit colored on-tree or during postharvest storage. Here, we obtained CcbHLH66, a transcription factor that could be related in the controlling of mandarin fruit coloration, from the transcriptome data of mandarin fruit colored on-tree and colored during postharvest storage. And verified its function in the regulation of mandarin fruit coloration by transient overexpression system of Nicotiana benthamiana and mandarin peel. The results showed that CcbHLH66 is localized in the nucleus with transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of CcbHLH66 could promote yellowing of Nicotiana benthamiana and green ripe mandarin, and significantly reduce the amounts of chlorophyll and its metabolites in tobacco leaves and mandarin fruit peels. However, it had no significant effect on the amounts of carotenoids and their metabolites in mandarin fruit peels. Meanwhile, it could promote the expression of tobacco chlorophyll degrading genes NbSGR, NbNYC and NbRCCR, while repressing the expression of chlorophyll synthesizing gene NbCAO. The expression levels of chlorophyll metabolism-related genes CcNYC , CcPAO , CcRCCR , CcSGR , and CcChlase -2 were significantly up-regulated and the expression of CcChlase-1 was inhibited in mandarin fruit peel. EMSA and DLR experiments further showed that CcbHLH66 directly binds to and activates the key chlorophyll degradation genes CcRCCR and CcNYC. In summary, CcbHLH66 is an important coloration-related transcription factor in mandarin fruit, which accelerates the coloration process of mandarin by regulating the degradation of chlorophyll in the peel. • CcbHLH66 is a transcriptional activator with nuclear localization signals. • Overexpression of CcbHLH66 promotes leaf yellowing in Nicotiana benthamiana. • Overexpression of CcbHLH66 accelerates coloration of mandarin fruit. • CcbHLH66 binds directly to the G-box in the promoters of CcRCCR and CcNYC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of Pyropia haitanensis (T. J. Chang & B. F. Zheng) N. Kikuchi & M. Miyata (Porphyra haitanensis) is directly affected by nutrient availability. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic regulatory effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on P. haitanensis quality is unknown. Here, we performed physiological and multi-omics analyses to reveal the combined effects of N and P on P. haitanensis quality. The pigments accumulated under high N because of increases in N metabolism and porphyrin metabolism, ultimately resulting in intensely colored thalli. High N also promoted amino acid metabolism and inosine 5′-mononucleotide (IMP) synthesis, but inhibited carbohydrates accumulation. This resulted in increased amino acid, IMP and decreased agaro-carrageenan and cellulose contents, thereby improving the nutritional value and taste. Furthermore, high P promoted carbon metabolism and amino acid metabolism.This study provided the basis for elucidating the mechanism behind N and P regulating the seaweed quality. [Display omitted] • Compared with P, N had a greater effect on Pyropia haitanensis quality. • High N promoted the uptake of P. • High N deepened the thallus color by promoting N and porphyrin metabolism. • High N improved flavor by inhibiting carbohydrate, promoting amino acid and IMP synthesis. • High N and P levels synergistically stimulate amino acid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctional cotton fabrics, which were expected to become one of the most promising textile materials, gained much attention in the apparel market. In this work, the simultaneous coloration and finishing processes with natural dye were carried out to prepare the multifunctional cotton fabrics. The modification process using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) imparted the cotton fabric with numerous anionic sites along with flame retardant and anti-wrinkle properties. Subsequently, the implementation of coloration with berberine was to render the cotton fabric with elegant shade and anti-bacterial, ultraviolet (UV) protection performances. The obtained results revealed that the cotton fabric treated with APP could obtain deep shade. It was found that the limited oxygen index (LOI), wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) and antibacterial efficiency of treated fabric were 46.4%, 252°, 193 and 99%, respectively. More importantly, the repeated laundering showed negligible influence on the flame retardant and anti-wrinkle performances. In addition, the anti-bacterial and UV protection performance of treated cotton fabric exhibited a slight decline even after 20 cycles of washing. Finally, the washing and rubbing fastness of obtained cotton fabric were also desirable. [Display omitted] • The synergistic effect of APP and berberine imparted cotton multi-function. • The anionic treatment of cotton using APP significantly enhanced dye exhaustion. • Application of APP endowed cotton with flame retardant and anti-wrinkle properties. • UV protection and anti-bacterial properties of cotton was improved using berberine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmentation genes expressed in skin, body muscle and tail of Thai-flag compared with Blue, White and Red varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were identified. In total, 22,919 new unigenes were found. Pearson correlation and PCA analysis revealed that expression profiles of genes in muscle, skin and tail across solid color variety were similar. In contrast, those in skin and red tail part of Thai-flag were closely related but they showed different expression profiles with the white tail part. Moreover, 21,347–64,965 SNPs were identified in exonic regions of identified genes. In total, 28,899 genes were differentially expressed between paired comparisons of libraries where 13,907 genes (48.12 %) were upregulated and 14,992 genes (51.88 %) were downregulated. DEGs between paired libraries were 106–5775 genes relative to the compared libraries (56–2982 and 50–2782 for upregulated and downregulated DEGs). Interestingly, 432 pigmentation genes of B. splendens were found. Of these, 297 DEGs showed differential expression between varieties. Many DEGs in melanogenesis (Bsmcr1r , Bsmcr5r , and Bsslc2a15b), tyrosine metabolism (Bstyr , Bstyrp1b and Bsdct), stripe repressor (BsAsip1 and BsAsip2b), pteridine (Bsgch2) and carotenoid (BsBco2) biosynthesis were downregulated in the Thai-flag compared with solid color varieties. Expression of Bsbco1l, Bsfrem2b , Bskcnj13 , Bszic2a and Bspah in skin, muscle and tail of Thai-flag, Blue, Red and White varieties was analyzed by qRT-PCR and revealed differential expression between fish varieties and showed anatomical tissue-preferred expression patterns in the same fish variety. The information could be applied to assist genetic-based development of new B. splendens varieties in the future. • Genes expressed in Thai-flag compared with solid-color varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens were identified. • Expression profiles of genes in each tissue of solid color varieties (Blue, White and Red) were similar. • In Thai-flag, gene expression profiles in skin and red tail part were closely related but different from the white tail part. • DEGs in melanogenesis, stripe repressor, pteridine and carotenoid biosynthesis were downregulated in the Thai-flag. • Bsbco1l, Bsfrem2b , Bskcnj13 , Bszic2a and Bspah were differentially expressed in different tissues of B. splendens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ruby is a mineral in the corundum (Al 2 O 3) family and it is remarkably valuable as a gemstone. From the physics point of view, the ruby coloration depends on the balance of trace or chromophore impurities and defect complexes in the Al 2 O 3 lattice. Shifting this balance into right direction is of paramount importance for the ruby value as the gemstone and ion implantation can be applied for this purpose. Thus, in the present study, we explored the influence of high dose oxygen ion implants on the natural ruby coloration. By performing quantitative colorimetry analysis, we detected prominent coloration changes unambiguously attributed to the effect of the implants, even though the implanted oxygen profile was located at the near surface region of the sample. Moreover, applying near surface sensitive cathodoluminescence measurements we observed spectacular changes in the spectra correlated with the implants. Importantly, the trends observed in the colorimetry and cathodoluminescence as a function of the implantation parameters were consistent. As such, the present paper provides both the scientific perspective and quantitative interpretations potentially paving the way for the ion beams applications in the gemstone industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new reactive disperse dyes and applying them to dye natural fiber substrates in the supercritical fluid of carbon dioxide (SCF–CO 2) is of great importance for ecological protection and the sustainable development of the textile industry. In this work, a reactive disperse dye with an anthraquinonoid chromogen in blue hue and a dichlorotriazine reactive group was successfully designed and synthesized. The precursor of the anthraquinonoid derivative reactive disperse dye was synthesized with a one-pot amination reaction method by employing the reactions between 1, 4-dihydroxyanthraquinone or its cryptochrome 1, 4-diaminoanthraquinone and aniline, ethylenediamine. Then, the precursor was subjected to continuously react with a reactive group of cyanuric chloride to obtain a dichlorotriazine type reactive disperse dye. Moreover, the chemical structures and color characteristics of the final dye, as well as the precursor, were characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis). Additionally, the anthraquinonoid derivative reactive disperse dye was preliminarily applied to the coloration of cotton and wool substrates in SCF-CO 2. The coloration results show that the staining fastness and the dry, wet rubbing fastness of the reactive disperse dye on both cotton and wool substrates were satisfactory. [Display omitted] • A blue Anthraquinonoid dye precursor was synthesized via a one-pot amination reaction. • Cyanuric chloride was utilized as a reactive group for the blue anthraquinonoid dye. • The structure and color characteristics were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR and UV–Vis. • Good coloration results on natural fibers were achieved in SCF-CO 2 with the blue dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'incidence des mycoses invasives augmente, et il existe aujourd'hui une modification du profil épidémiologique de ces infections à travers le monde. Plusieurs facteurs, dont le développement de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques incluant celles utilisées en immunothérapie des cancers, participent à ces changements. Le pathologiste peut se trouver confronter à faire un diagnostic rapide de ces infections qui prennent souvent le masque clinique et/ou lésionnelle d'une maladie non infectieuse. Si les méthodes complémentaires établies il y a plusieurs décennies en pathologie sont toujours employées pour faire ou confirmer le diagnostic des mycoses profondes, de nouvelles approches technologiques pourraient bientôt aider les pathologistes dans leur pratique pour améliorer ce diagnostic. Sont décrites ici les méthodes complémentaires actuelles et futures utilisables dans un laboratoire de pathologie pour aider le pathologiste à faire ou à confirmer le diagnostic d'une mycose profonde. The incidence of deep mycoses is increasing, and today we observe a change in the epidemiological profile of these infections around the world. Different factors, such as the development of new therapeutic molecules, including those used in cancer immunotherapy, participate to this modification. The pathologist can have the challenge to make a rapid diagnosis of these infections, which can take the mask at the clinical and/or histological level of non-infectious diseases. Even if the ancillary methods which have been established several decades ago are still used for doing or confirming the diagnosis of certain invasive mycoses, new technological approaches should soon been of great help for the pathologists in routine clinical practice for making this diagnosis. Here are described the current and future ancillary methods which can be use in a pathology laboratory to support the pathologist for deep mycoses diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report synthesis and multifunctional properties of in-situ-synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) applied to organic weaved cotton fabric. The TiO 2 NPs, synthesized through a green and sustainable process by using mulberry leaves as a green precursor, were characterized to ensure their stability and efficacy for textile applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphological changes on the fabric's surface after TiO 2 NP treatment, confirming the presence of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the anatase crystalline phase of the TiO 2 NPs, with an average crystallite size of 28.34 nm. Zeta potential measurements indicated the stability of the TiO 2 NPs, with a highly negative value of −18.2 mV, suggesting even coating by plant phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy further validated the chemical interactions between TiO 2 NPs and the fabric. The TiO 2 NP-treated fabric displayed excellent color properties, UV protection (UPF 195.68 ± 11.44), and antibacterial activity, albeit less potent than commercial antibiotics. The colorfastness results demonstrated resistance to washing, rubbing, and light exposure, meeting industry standards. Hence, the eco-friendly synthesis of TiO 2 NPs using mulberry leaves as a green precursor demonstrates a sustainable approach to enhance the multifunctional properties of organic cotton fabric, presenting a promising avenue for the development of environmentally conscious textiles with improved coloration, UV protection, and antibacterial features, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable materials in diverse applications. • TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized using mulberry leaves extractions. • TiO 2 nanoparticles characterized for stability, efficacy in textiles application. • Functionalized fabric offers coloration, UV protection, & antibacterial properties. • Colorfastness meets industry standards against washing, rubbing, and light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyeing and antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabrics is generally achieved in two steps, generating significant energy consumption. In this study, we report a short process and energy-efficient dyeing process. The colour-functional cotton fabric was prepared by in-situ formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the surface of cotton fabric with natural madder dye, which effectively solved the problem of bacterial proliferation on the surface of cotton fabric and low colour fastness of cotton dyed with natural dye. The surface microstructure and dyeing properties of mordant dyed, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) crosslinked dyed, and AgNPs/EGDE crosslinked dyed cotton fabrics were compared. The Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis indicated the formation and particle size distribution of AgNPs, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed chemical interactions between fabrics, cross-linkers, and madder dyes. Using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the morphology and surface characteristics of the fabrics before and after dyeing were investigated to reveal the chemical state of AgNPs and the deposition of AgNPs on the fabric surface. The dyeing properties of two silver-doped dyed fabrics were evaluated. The mordant dyed, and AgNPs/EGDE crosslinked dyed cotton fabrics obtained excellent dyeing effects with 9.1 and 8.2 colour depth values (K/S), respectively. The rubbing and washing fastness was about levels 4–5, and the levelness was acceptable. In addition, two kinds of silver-doped dyed fabrics had an excellent inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and the antibacterial rate was still above 95% after 40 washing cycles. The UV protection factor (UPF) of the three dyed fabrics reached 50 +. This silver nanoparticle one-bath finishing technology generally provides an ideal efficiency and safe, practical application for cotton fabric colouring and functionalization technology. • Madder dye was used to restore AgNPs on the surface of the cotton fabric in one bath. • Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether was used as a crosslinking agent. • The dyeing properties of the two silver-doped dyed cotton fabrics were excellent. • The antibacterial rate of silver-doped samples were 95% after 40 washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunning, or sunbathing, is a behavior observed in diverse birds from at least 50 taxonomic families. While sunning, birds exhibit signs of heat stress, notably panting, indicating a risk of overheating. Given that even modest increases in brain temperature can impair brain function, sunning birds may have mechanisms that selectively cool the brain. Sunning birds could cool the brain using active physiological mechanisms (e.g., an ophthalmic rete or sleeping) or passive adaptations, such as light-colored plumage over the cranium. White-capped noddies are tropical seabirds that sunbathe in direct sunlight on cloudless days. Using infrared thermography on wild birds, we found that the white cap is 20 °C cooler than that of the black back while sunning. A deceased bird showed the same thermal profile, indicating that this difference arises from dichromatic coloration and not underlying physiology. Thus, the white cap may extend the duration of time noddies can sunbathe and keep the brain cool, near core body temperature, while allowing the rest of the body to heat up, perhaps to displace or kill parasites. • White-capped noddies sunbathe in direct sunlight. • Their white cap remains 20 °C cooler than the plumage over their black back. • The cap might keep the brain cooler, and allow the birds to sun longer, than would otherwise be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A systematic study on ultrasonic dyeing of PAN nanofibers is presented. • PAN nanofibers were successfully dyed with disperse dyes at mild acidic conditions. • Optimized dyeing temperature and time were 80 °C and one hour. • US dyeing doesn't alter structure of PAN nanofibers while improves tensile strength. Abstract We present our research on dyeability of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers following ultrasonic dyeing method. Although PAN has been extensively utilized in textile apparel, sportswear, upholstery and home furnishing, however, coloration of PAN nanofibers has not yet been reported. PAN is a compact fiber while the nanofiber structure makes it more difficult to color PAN nanofibers. PAN is generally dyed with basic dyes and dyeing is carried out in acidic conditions, while the dyeing process takes about two hours at boiling temperature. A systematic study on dyeability of PAN nanofibers will extend its use in textile apparel industry. Thus, we used ultrasonic energy and first time conducted our research on dyeability of electrospun PAN nanofibers using disperse dyes. Dyeing process parameters such as dyeing time, temperatures and concentrations of dyes were optimized. Ultrasonic dyeing of PAN nanofibers was compared with its conventional dyeing as well. Affect of ultrasonic dyeing on the morphology, chemical state, crystallographic structure and mechanical strength of PAN nanofibers has been studied. PAN nanofiber samples were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD and tensile strength tests. The results revealed 80 °C and 60 min as optimum temperature and time for ultrasonic dyeing of PAN nanofibers. The ultrasonic dyeing does not affect morphology, chemical and crystalline structure of the PAN nanofibers while it improves their mechanical strength. Our research suggests dyeability of PAN nanofibers with disperse dyes by ultrasonic method and their subsequent use in textile apparels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Light and appropriate temperature increase anthocyanin content in harvested grapes. • Red- to purple-skinned accessions are suitable for increasing anthocyanins by our method. • Optimal temperature range increases anthocyanins without a decline in fruit quality. • Light and appropriate temperature increase the expression of anthocyanin-related genes. Abstract Grape skin color is important because consumers generally prefer well pigmented grapes, and the high marketability of these fruit is important for farmers. Poor coloration, caused mainly by high temperatures during maturation, is a common problem. We investigated the effect of 7- to 9-day light irradiation and temperature treatment at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C on anthocyanin accumulation in harvested berries of grape accessions. Anthocyanin accumulation of berries, mainly in red- to purple-skinned accessions, could be increased by combining postharvest light irradiation (white light + UV light, or blue LED light) with 15–25 °C treatments. Our data suggest that the optimal temperature (15–20 °C) improves anthocyanin accumulation without a decline in titratable acidity and berry weight. The coordinated induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis–related genes under these conditions might explain the accumulation of anthocyanins. These findings will help us to develop techniques for stable production of well colored grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wax treatment delayed the peel coloration in postharvest mandarin. • RNA-seq revealed multiple pathways involved in wax delayed peel coloration. • Wax treatment reduced yellow carotenoids and related gene expression in peel. • The decline of ABA in wax treatment was coupled with down-regulation of NCED. Wax coating is a widely used method to delay fruit maturation, especially for postharvest citrus fruit. Although treatment of citrus fruits with wax delays the color change process, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of SP-1 commercial wax on the peel coloration of postharvest Miyagawa Wase (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit. Results showed that wax treatment retarded the coloration of citrus fruit. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that multiple genes involved in cell wall, photosynthetic light reaction, lipid metabolism, primary metabolism and secondary metabolisms were differentially expressed after wax treatment. Specifically, genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis including phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb), β-carotene hydroxylase (CHY), violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) , xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) were all down-regulated after wax treatment. Correspondingly, the contents of total carotenoid, violaxanthin (two isomers, tran- and cis-), β, β -xanthophylls (β -cryptoxanthin and antheraxanthin), luteoxanthin, lutein and abscisic acid (ABA) in wax-treated peels were all decreased. Collectively, our results suggest that SP-1 commercial wax can delay citrus fruit coloration by retarding the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway thus providing basis for future studies on the possible effects of waxing on the coloration of a wide range of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic pigments have received considerable attention due to their color brilliance and thermal stability, which results in beautiful visual effects and desirable specific functions. Herein, we demonstrated a strategy for the coloration of cotton fabrics coloring with inorganic pigments using a transient high-temperature coloration method. The uniform color, excellent brilliance, and satisfactory fastness were given to the cotton fabrics after the coloration process. The cotton fabrics could be also colored by a mixture of various inorganic pigments. Meanwhile, the colored cotton fabrics exhibited improved heat conduction compared with the control sample, showing an increase in surface temperature by 2 °C. The heating conduction rate of cotton colored using inorganic pigments was also superior to the raw cotton fabric. Therefore, the proposed transient high-temperature coloration technology using inorganic pigments may be a potential industrialization method to improve coloration and functional properties in cotton applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was used to catalyze the polymerization of catechol under high-pressure homogenization for the green coloration of textile substrates. The oxidation reactions were conducted using different forms of laccase, namely native laccase, PEGylated laccase and PEGylated laccase immobilized onto an epoxy resin. The three enzyme forms were deposited inside a polyester fabric bag during the experiments. The amount of polymer obtained was similar when using the three enzyme forms and its dispersion in water/DMSO mixture lead to powder particles of about 30–60 nm. The immobilized and PEGylated enzymes lead to poly(catechol) with 13 and 10 units, respectively, while the native form gave rise to shorter polymers (DP = 8). We have shown that the oxidation of catechol conducted under high-pressure homogenization can be an efficient methodology for the in situ coloration of textiles. The polymers produced by this methodology stained strongly the textile container, revealing this experimental set-up as a promising greener coloration/coating methodology involving milder conditions than the normally used in textile processes. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Laccase-assisted polymerization of catechol by high-pressure homogenization. • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bag as enzyme container. • Green coloration of PET fabric with enzymatically produced poly(catechol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ synthesis of Ag/AgX nanoparticles (NPs) onto viscose fibers adds new functionalities and broadens their applications. In this study, Ag/AgX (X = Cl, I) NPs were in situ synthesized onto viscose fibers to impart brilliant colors, UV-protection, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and photocatalytic properties. The AgX NPs were deposited on the fibers by ultrasonic irradiation, while Ag-NPs were formed by photoreduction of excess Ag + ions under UV irradiation. The Ag/AgX NPs-loaded onto viscose fibers endowed with pale yellow for Ag/AgI and pale purple/violet for Ag/AgCl. The colored viscose fibers showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), and Candida Albican . The Ag/AgX/viscose fiber also showed excellent photocatalytic and self-cleaning activity toward degradation of methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements and upgraded human choices have opened scientific ways to utilize ecofriendly and never ending natural resources. Natural dyeing compounds extracted from plants, well known for various biological activities, are playing significant role for the growing demands of textile industrial and healthcare sectors. Marigold ( Tagetes erecta ), a multipurpose plant, is utilized for wool functionalization; coloration, UV protection and antioxidant finishing. Carotenoid compounds of marigold aqueous extract produced natural yellow shades on wool fabric of good color and fastness properties. Obtained color palettes were broadened with the application of metallic salt mordants. UV protection ability of dyed wool fabric was assessed in terms of UPF (UV protection factor) and UV transmittance values in ultra-violet region (UV-A and UV-B). More adsorbed dye compounds on wool accordingly increased the activity from 6.85 to 50+ in terms of UPF values and much lowered UV transmittance (less than 5%). Application of mordants enhanced dye adsorption via increased active sites through coordination bonding and improved activity simultaneously. UV radiations hazardous effect is also associated with oxidative stress by free radicals production. Carotenoids abstract peroxy free radicals, and extended conjugation in their chemical structure makes a stable entity (carbon centered free radical) via resonance stabilization. Dye concentration and metallic mordants positively affected antioxidant activity owing to more compounds adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swimming crab , Portunus trituberculatus , is one of the most popular marine crustaceans in China, and there is a significant potential to expand their aquaculture and improve nutritional value. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary astaxanthin (AX) levels on the growth, shell pigmentation, antioxidant function and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab. Five diets were formulated to supply five levels of AX (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/ kg). Juvenile crabs (31.65 ± 0.06 g) were fed these experimental diets for 56 days. The growth performance and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by dietary AX supplementation. Dietary AX supplementation enhanced the redness (a*) of cooked crabs, whereas the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were less affected. The AX concentrations of the whole body, shell and hepatopancreas showed a linear increase with increasing dietary AX levels. The redness (a*) of the shell generally correlated with whole body and shell AX concentrations. AX supplementation reduced oxidative stress and increased whole body n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) concentrations, thus improving the nutritional value of the product and animal health. Improved coloration, an increase in nutritional value and antioxidant status suggests that diet containing 30–60 mg/kg AX was optimal for this crab species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coloration of fruit peel in red pear is influenced by light. However, the various responses to light among different varieties are still unstudied. In this study, the different light-response patterns of 27 pear cultivars under artificial light conditions were observed. The results revealed three types of coloration patterns: type-I cultivars showed no coloration; type-II cultivars showed significant coloration; and type-III cultivars showed faint coloration. Cultivars ‘Mantianhong’, ‘Fojianxi’, ‘Yunhongli 1′, and ‘Starkrimson’ were chosen as representative for further analysis of anthocyanin content and components as well as gene expression related to color. Four anthocyanin components were detected in different cultivars when exposed to artificial light and natural light, and the difference in anthocyanin content led to different colored phenotypes, with a similar response under different light conditions. The expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes indicated that ANS and UFGT were decisive genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis for red-skinned pears, and the varying expression of these genes led to coloration differences observed between light-response patterns. The expression patterns of transcription factors indicated that the MYB10 , bHLH33, and WD40 genes are involved in differential regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration patterns between light-response patterns. The expression of light-responsive genes indicated that the expressions of HY5 , PhyA , COP1 , DET1, and PIF3 genes are involved in the differential regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration patterns between light-response patterns. The results provide an important reference for studying the molecular mechanism of light response and coloration in red pear and lay the foundation for future studies on red pear coloration research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate a synergetic role of water and oxygen in the degradation of permanent paper in archiving climate, accelerated ageing in three different conditions was conducted: humid air, humid nitrogen and dry air. This allowed to decouple acid-catalysed hydrolysis versus oxidation of cellulose. After ensuring the reliability of the ageing experiment, the degradation state of the paper was assessed. Various techniques (size exclusion chromatography, pH extraction, alkaline reserve, paper colour and water content) were used. It appeared that the cellulose scission rate of the Canson® permanent paper was reduced compared to the Whatman No. 40 acidic cotton paper used as reference, but not in the same proportion for all the ageing conditions. This was attributed to a lower acidification, inhibiting acid-catalysed hydrolysis, due to the presence of the alkaline reserve. The degradation mechanisms are the same for both papers, which exhibited a similar chemical and physical degradation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the first spectroscopic data describing the processes responsible for the temporary blue-green coloration that forms during the hydration of various materials containing Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) under anoxic conditions. UV-visible-near infrared Diffuse Reflectance (DR) spectra demonstrate a striking similarity of the coloring center forming during the curing of a broad range of GGBS-bearing materials (pure GGBS with different compositions, mix Portland cement/GGBS (30/70), concrete and mortar). All spectra are similar to those of polysulfide complexes contained in the interlayer spacing of a synthetic green-colored hydrated calcium aluminate phase (AFm). This “greening effect” demonstrates a progressive oxidation of sulfide-based compounds initially contained in these materials during curing of GGBS bearing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red color of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis , which is largely dependent on the presence of carotenoid pigments (predominantly astaxanthin), is an important attribute affecting its consumer acceptability and market value. The green algae Haematococcus pluvialis , rich in natural astaxanthin, is considered to be an important feed additive for crustacean coloration. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of H . pluvialis powder on coloration, ovarian development and antioxidation capacity of adult female E . sinensis . Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of H . pluvialis cell powder. Therefore, there were four treatments (defined as T1–T4), and each treatment had three replicate tanks (12 females tank − 1 ). The results showed that dietary H . pluvialis powder had no significant effects on survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) ( P > 0.05). The redness ( a* ) of ovaries and carapace as well as the contents of total carotenoid and astaxanthin in ovaries, hepatopancreas and carapace increased significantly with increasing dietary H . pluvialis powder, while a decreasing trend was found for the lightness ( L* ) and yellowness ( b* ) of ovaries ( P < 0.05); the highest and the lowest a* and b* of hepatopancreas were found for T3 and T1, respectively ( P < 0.05). For antioxidant and immune parameters, T3 had the highest levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), peroxidase (POD), hemocyanin (Hc) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) in the serum, while there was a significant decrease for the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum, as well as in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), MDA and acid phosphatase (ACP) in hepatopancreas ( P < 0.05). Dietary H . pluvialis powder had significant effects on the contents of moisture and crude protein in ovaries and muscle as well as hepatopancreatic ash level. In conclusion, dietary H . pluvialis powder had no significant effect on ovarian development, but enhanced coloration, antioxidation capacity and improved protein content in ovaries and muscle of female E . sinensis . These results suggested the appropriate level of dietary natural astaxanthin in feed was approximately 60 mg kg − 1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown and green are the most commonly imitated colors in prey animals because both colors occur in a range of habitats. Many researchers have evaluated survival with respect to background color matching, but the pigment cell mechanisms underlying such coloration are not known. Dorsal coloration of East Asian Takydromus lizards has shifted from green to brown or from brown to green on multiple occasions during the diversification of the genus, thus giving us an opportunity to examine the cellular mechanisms of background color matching. Brown and green skin were found to differ with respect to the morphological characteristics of iridophores, with different thicknesses of the reflecting platelets and the cytoplasmic spacing between platelets, despite a shared vertical arrangement of pigment cells, i.e., xanthophores in the upper layer, iridophores in the middle layer, and melanophores at the bottom of the dermal layer, among the different Takydromus lizards. Iridophores of brown skin reflected longer wavelengths of light than those of green skin, which may be attributed to the thicker platelets and longer distances between platelets in brown skin. We discuss the potential role of genetic and intracellular mechanisms explaining the thickness and orientation of the light-reflecting platelets of iridophores in Takydromus lizards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity of dyes' colors to the surrounding environment causes lower durability and stability of color, which reflects the importance of durable finishing treatment. Current technique offered antimicrobial/durable finishing of viscose fibers through direct formation of AuNPs inside fibers macromolecules without using any external agents. By using the reducing properties of cellulose in viscose, Au +3 was reduced to AuNPs and CHO/OH of cellulose subsequently were oxidized to COOH. For comparison, two different media were used; aqueous and alkaline. Increasing the reactivity and accessibility of cellulose macromolecules in alkali leaded to enlargement of the reduction process and more incorporation of AuNPs. Size of AuNPs inside fiber was recorded to be in range of 22–112 nm and 14–100 nm, in case of using aqueous and alkaline medium, respectively. Structure and properties of fibers were not changed by treatment according to XRD and ATR-FTIR data. The treated fibers were acquired durable violet color by the action of LSPR for AuNPs and darker color obtained using higher Au +3 concentration. The treated fibers exhibited good inhibition against different pathogenic microbes including bacteria and fungi. One-pot, quite simple, inexpensive, green and industrial viable are the significant advantages of the current technique for viscose finishing (pigmentation and antimicrobial action). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current approach, the microwave heating and polyol method are applied for first time to facilitate silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in-situ incorporated into viscose fibers. The Ag NPs gave a distinctive color as well as multifunctional properties to viscose fibers. The Ag + ions in the viscose fiber surfaces are reduced to Ag NPs with ethylene glycol as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizing agent. This takes less period and energy than that consumed during the conventional heating method (exo-situ incorporated). The silver nanoparticles were examined through UV–Vis spectrum of the residual solutions and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ag NPs incorporated viscose fiber surfaces were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements. The effects of silver nanoparticles on the multifunctional properties of the fibers including coloration, antibacterial activity and catalytic properties were evaluated. The overall results point out that, the Ag NPs incorporated viscose fibers exhibited excellent color fastness as well as good antibacterial and catalytic properties. In straightforward, the procedure adopted for fabricating these multifunctional viscose fibers is environmental friendly beside time and energy-saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In higher plants, COP1 (Constitutively Photomorphogenic 1) acts as a central regulator of light-signaling networks and globally conditions the target proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, the function of COP1-interacting proteins in light-regulated fruit coloration and development remains unknown in Solanaceous plants. Here, a COP1-interacting protein-encoding gene, SmCIP7 , expressed specifically in the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit, was isolated. Gene-specific silencing of SmCIP7 using RNA interference (RNAi) significantly altered fruit coloration, fruit size, flesh browning, and seed yield. SmCIP7 -RNAi fruits showed evident repression of the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophyll, indicating functional similarities between SmCIP7 and AtCIP7. However, the reduced fruit size and seed yield indicated SmCIP7 had evolved a distinctly new function. With the comprehensive application of HPLC-MS, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, Y2H, BiFC, LCI, and dual-luciferase reporter system (DLR™), it was found that SmCIP7, a COP1 interactive protein in light signaling promoted anthocyanin accumulation, probably by regulating the transcription of SmTT8. Additionally, the drastic up-regulation of SmYABBY1 , a homologous gene of SlFAS , might account for the strongly retarded fruit growth in SmCIP7 -RNAi eggplant. Altogether, this study proved that SmCIP7 is an essential regulatory gene to modulate fruit coloration and development, serving as a key gene locus in eggplant molecular breeding. • Silencing of SmCIP7 notably altered the coloration, size, flesh browning, and seed yield of eggplant fruit. • SmCIP7 promotes anthocyanin accumulation by regulating the transcription of SmTT8. • SmCIP7 promotes eggplant fruit growth by regulating the transcription of SmYABBY1. • The repressed metabolic flux towards anthocyanin enhanced chlorogenic acid accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple (Pr) mutant cauliflower has a bright color and high nutritional value. During postharvest storage, purple cauliflower fades in color and gradually develops a pungent flavor, which directly affects its commercial value. In this study, six anthocyanin-related metabolites were identified in postharvest Pr mutants via metabolomic analyses. Gene–metabolite association analysis revealed that 6-gingerol was the main component responsible for the pungent flavor of the Pr mutant, and that this compound was a component of the stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis pathways. The pungent flavor was correlated with the expression level of caffeoyl coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT). In vitro experiments confirmed that the transcription factor (TF) BoMYB2 specifically binds to the BoCCoAOMT promoter through the MBS site. Additionally, transient expression analysis confirmed that BoMYB2 negatively regulates BoCCoAOMT transcription and promotes 6-gingerol accumulation, thereby influencing flavor formation in the Pr mutant. Our findings reveal the key genes and TF for the flavor-related transcriptional regulatory mechanism of postharvest Pr mutant cauliflower, and provide a valuable basis for developing postharvest preservation technology for commercial crops. • Pungency in postharvest Pr mutant is associated with stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol. • Transcriptional level of BoCCoAOMT indirectly affects 6-gingerol accumulation. • BoMYB2 is a transcriptional repressor of pungency flavor formation. • Cyanidins unique to red cauliflower are identified for the first time in Pr mutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an exciting new development in thin films which enables innovative reversible color change in the film when touched by a metal without any external excitation, i.e. voltage, temperature, light, etc. The thin film structure is simpler than that of electrochromic materials, requiring only a nanocomposite of a conducting polymer and a gel electrolyte deposited on a transparent conductive substrate (TO, ITO, FTO, etc.) These smart nanocomposite thin films, we can call TouchChromic, can be used in windows (i.e., opaque to transparent) and in a number of other applications such as rear view mirrors in vehicles, IR sensors, toys, and camouflage for the military and defense sectors. The color change and color contrast depend on the type of film, its thickness and composition of the electrolyte. For aqueous acidic electrolytes, a molality of less than 0.01 was found to be most effective. The addition of an oxidizer (i.e. ammonium persulfate) in the electrolytic solution increased the speed of color change. The color change occurs only when specific metals touch the electrolyte. Detailed experimental and theoretical results are presented in this paper to explain the behavior of the chromic film in terms of the pH of the electrolyte, work functions (Fermi levels) of corresponding layers (transparent substrate, conductive polymer, electrolyte and metal) and the energy band diagram of the composite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The melanocortin pathway plays a central role for the diversification and convergence of color patterns. • Distinct coloration phenotypes are often controlled by specific and independently acting genetic modules. • Recent work reveals agrp2 as the genetic basis of horizontal stripe patterns in cichlid fishes. • Regulatory evolution of agrp2 drives the repeated evolution of cichlid stripe patterns. Color patterns are a fascinating organismal feature and play key roles in several fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes. They give important insights into the process of phenotypic divergence. Color patterns also provide striking examples of convergence, the independent evolution of phenotypic similarities. In the era of genome sequencing and editing it is now increasingly possible to study divergence and convergence from a molecular perspective. Recent work in cichlid fishes suggests independent genetic changes at the same genomic locus as the cause for the parallel losses and gains of stripe color patterns. Together with evidence from other animal groups, a picture emerges whereby independent mutations at genomic hotspots associate with both the divergent and convergent evolution of genetically and physiologically distinct color pattern phenotypes such as stripe patterns and countershading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-functionalization of textile to protect against environmental factors and/or add fashionable characters is newly an enjoyable and interested field. One of the most challenges faces such process, is functionalization of natural and synthetic fabrics using the same technique/method. The current study focused on utilization of one applicable technique to functionalize both of natural and synthetic fabrics including linen, silk, nylon and PET. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were in-situ deposited onto fabrics using sodium citrate as reducing agent. Fabrics macromolecules were stabilized the produced AgNPs which were inserted in fabric structure. Functions of the treated fabrics were tested against coloration and UV transmission radiation. The maximum and lowest Ag contents on fabrics were recorded for silk (12.05 g/kg) and nylon (2.65 g/kg), respectively. Except PET, fabrics macromolecules could be shared in the reduction process of Ag ions. Under electron microscope, crystalline – cupic AgNPs was seen on silk surface, while, agglomerated particles were formed on PET surface. Fabrics were acquired yellowish color with good fastness after AgNPs incorporation. UV transmission radiation through fabrics was reduced for all fabrics after treatment and PET showed highest UPF of 30.4. AgNPs-fabrics exhibited antimicrobial properties and followed the order of silk > linen > nylon > PET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coloration textile in supercritical carbon dioxide with water free has become more and more important and meaningful recently due to its Ecofriendly and environmentally friendly advantages. However, the lacks of special dyes for this waterless coloration technology are limiting its application in industry, especially for the shortage of disperse reactive dyes for natural fibers. Therefore, in this work, three special disperse reactive dyes involving diazo parent structures and reactive groups of dichlorotriazine were successfully synthesized and then applied at the first time for waterless coloration of wool fabric with supercritical carbon dioxide. Moreover, a safer and Ecofriendly method was developed for synthesis of the disperse reactive dyes by diazotizing of the alkalescent arylamine of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline in the presence of a safer and milder acid of hydrochloric acid rather than concentrated sulfuric acid, in an environmentally friendly media of polyethylene glycol 200 mixed with water. The obtained dyes were successfully characterized and confirmed from chemical structure and color characteristics by Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the application results reveal that good coloration behaviors and characteristics, commercially satisfactory leveling property and color fastness were achieved with the synthesized disperse reactive dyes on wool fabric in supercritical carbon dioxide media. All results indicate that the supposed method is essentially useful for developing special disperse reactive dyes with safe and Ecofriendly characteristics, and the obtained disperse reactive dyes are potentially hopeful for waterless coloration of wool with supercritical carbon dioxide media instead of conventional wet-chemical processes for cleaner production in wool industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized in situ onto leather, silk and cotton fabrics by three different modules, including green, chemical, and a composite of green and chemical synthesis. Green synthesis was employed using Ginkgo biloba Linn leaf powder extract and HAuCl 4 with the fabrics, and chemical synthesis was done with KBH 4 and HAuCl 4 . For composite synthesis, G. biloba extract and KBH 4 were used to color and embed AuNPs in the fabrics. The colored fabrics were tested for color coordination and fastness properties. To validate the green synthesis of AuNPs, various instrumental techniques were used including UV–Vis spectrophotometry, HR-TEM, FTIR, and XRD. The chemical and composite methods reduce Au + onto leather, silk and cotton fabrics upon heating, and alkaline conditions are required for bonding to fibers; these conditions are not used in the green synthesis protocol. FE-SEM image revealed the binding nature of the AuNPs to the fabrics. The AuNPs that were synthesized in situ on the fabrics were tested against a skin pathogen, Brevibacterium linens using LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability testing. This study represents an initial route for coloring and bio-functionalization of various fabrics with green technologies, and, accordingly, should open new avenues for innovation in the textile and garment sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niobium oxide thin layers made by the anodization process showed coloration owing to thin film interference. The reflection spectra depended on both the applied voltage and incident light angle. Large color differences were observed at incident light angles between 5° and 70°, when the applied voltage was over 60 V. In this study, we explored the cause of these results using ellipsometry and goniophotometry to understand the transition of optical constants and the reflection spectra with applied voltage. Finally, we concluded that the coloration of the reflection spectra, which included only a first-order interference peak, exhibits a smaller change because the first order interference peak has a wider half value width than higher order interference peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, functional clothes are employed for human body protection in addition to be fashionable clothes. Hence functionalization of clothes increases the attention of scientists and business. In the current study, poly-functional cotton fabric was carried out by instantly deposition of AgNPs using two solventless techniques namely; sorption and padding. Sorption technique was exhibited extremely high efficiency than padding one by ca. 10 times. By using the same concentrations of AgNO 3 , Ag content was ranged 69.3–6094.8 mg/kg and 33.8–609.3 mg/kg for sorption and padding, respectively. After AgNPs deposition, fabrics color was turned to gray-reddish yellow. By applying 5912.3 mg Ag/kg fabric, bacterial reduction and UPF value were reached 99% and 12.59. Bacterial reduction and UPF were lessened to 90% and 10.19 after 20 washings. These findings proved that the direct AgNPs deposition into cotton using solventless/sorption technique is applicable in manufacturing of antibacterial/UV resistant fabrics with acquired decorative color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of coloration of cotton fabrics with nano chitosan is proposed. Nano chitosan were prepared using crab shell chitin nanofibers through alkaline deacetylation process. Average nano fiber diameters of nano chitosan were 18 nm to 35 nm and the lengths were in the range of 0.2–1.3 μm according to the atomic force microscope study. The degree of deacetylation of the material was found to be 97.3%. The prepared nano chitosan dyed using acid blue 25 (2-anthraquinonesulfonic acid) and used as the coloration agent for cotton fibers. Simple wet immersion method was used to color the cotton fabrics by nano chitosan dispersion followed by acid vapor treatment. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope study of the treated cotton fiber revealed that the nano chitosan were consistently deposited on the cotton fiber surface and transformed in to a thin polymer layer upon the acid vapor treatment. The color strength of the dyed fabrics could be changed by changing the concentration of dyed nano chitosan dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Magnesium application increases the fruit yield of navel orange by 27.87%. • Appropriate magnesium increases pulp sugar content, particularly sucrose. • Magnesium application promotes the peel coloration of navel orange. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is a major factor limiting citrus production. Here, we performed Mg treatments (0, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g MgO plant−1) on 15-year-old navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) trees to investigate the effect of Mg application on fruit yield and quality. Mg application obviously enhanced the fruit yield of navel orange, particularly at the dose of 150 g MgO plant−1, which significantly improved the fruit yield by 27.87% in 2019 and by 17.89% in 2020 compared with the control. At the fruit color turning stage, Mg application increased the sucrose content in the pulp, especially at the doses of 150 and 200 g MgO plant−1, which significantly increased the sucrose content by 20.38–29.85% and 7.01–7.36% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Moreover, application of Mg fertilizer significantly decreased the Chl a and total Chl contents in the peel, as well as increased the peel brightness and chroma, accelerated fruit ripening. Furthermore, the pulp sucrose content was negatively correlated with Chl a and total Chl in the peel. Overall, we proposed a recommended amount of Mg fertilization (142 to 177 g MgO plant−1) for high yield and good quality of navel orange fruit. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litchi is popular around the world for its attractive appearance, exotic flavor and rich nutrition, but the pericarp becomes brown rapidly after harvest, which greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. Both metabolites and gene expression were profiled on a large scale in litchi pericarp at four typical color stages covering from preharvest to postharvest. Through a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach, 731 metabolites were identified, of which 385 were differentially metabolized. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was enriched based on the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) among the four stages. In addition, six common types of anthocyanins were identified, among which cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were dominant. Surprisingly, the highest accumulation of metabolites, including flavonoids and anthocyanins, was detected at the green stage, and the abundance of metabolites was positively correlated with the expression of structural and regulatory genes related to their biosynthesis. Among the differentially metabolized phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) was more accumulated at the turning and brown stages than at the green and red stages. Epicatechin and procyanidin B 2 accumulated greatly from the green to red stages, while their relative contents were reduced by 91.51 % and 64.39 %, respectively, at the brown stage compared to the red stage, indicating their pivotal roles in litchi pericarp browning. In summary, the significant decrease in flavonoid content may be the main cause of brown color formation. This study provides an important foundation for future studies on browning prevention and better utilization of litchi pericarp. • Metabolites and genes expression in litchi at four color stages were profiled. • Flavonoids including anthocyanins contributed mostly to litchi pericarp color. • Epicatechin and procyanidin B2 decreased by 91.51 % and 64.39 % at the brown stage. • Hypothesis of color transition with relation to flavonoids was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile waste is a fast-growing challenge and a large quantity of used textile ends up in landfills and incineration plants, which can pollute the environment through the production of toxic substances and greenhouse gases. This work explores the utilization of waste wool in a circular context by mechanically transforming it into wool powder for reusing as sustainable additives for textile functionalization. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to understand the performance of fabrics coated with wool powder in adsorbing ammonia and formaldehyde based on monitoring their dynamic adsorption behavior using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the application of dyed wool powders as eco-friendly colorants for surface modification of textiles was explored and the performance of the colored powders in gas adsorption was investigated. Compared with ordinary wool fibers, the prepared powders possessed increased surface area, higher surface energy and a more heterogeneous surface. These properties made wool powder an ideal candidate for gas adsorption applications. The adsorption efficiencies of 66% and 62% were achieved in removing ammonia and formaldehyde by coated fabrics, respectively, which are significantly higher than the performance of ordinary wool fibers. Furthermore, the coated polyester fabrics showed an excellent cycling performance for both ammonia and formaldehyde (recovery yield up to 68.1%). The reuse of waste wool for functional modification of fabrics not only extends the practical applications of waste resources, but also alleviates the negative effect of textile disposal on the environment. [Display omitted] • Wool powder (WP) from dyed wool waste via a circular process can be served as gas adsorbents and biocolorants. • The increased gas adsorption property of WP is attributed to the exposed binding sites and increased surface areas. • Coating with WP endows polyester fabrics with vivid color and an excellent cycling deodorizing performance. • This method provides a new strategy of circular economy for reducing the negative impacts of textile waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcriptome comparison was performed to identify genes expressed in skin, muscle and tails of mono-color (Red, Blue, Black, White and Yellow), bi-color (Cambodian) and multi-color (Marble) varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. In total, 163,140 unigenes covering 26.348 Gb were found. Of these, 93,899 (57.55 %) unigenes significantly matched at least one database. In total, 5039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found where 2415 genes (47.93 %) showed higher expression and 2624 genes (52.07 %) showed lower expression for all pairwise comparisons. DEGs between paired color varieties were 133–443. Of these, 38–220 genes were more highly expressed while 37–280 genes were more lowly expressed relative to the compared varieties. A total of 897 sequences (148 genes) significantly matched pigmentation-related genes of Danio rerio (E -value < 1e-06). Of these, 19 DEGs were identified. Examples are tyrosinase-related protein 1a (BsTyrp1a), epidermal growth factor receptor (BsEgfr) and neurofibronin 1a (BsNf1a). Moreover, 711,123 SNPs were identified and 1365 of these were located in pigmentation-related genes. Interestingly, an A > C 474 SNP in the gene BsTrpm7 and an indel (position 3571) in the BsItgb1a gene were found only in Cambodian. A C > T 2520 SNP in BsFzd4 and 10 of 11 SNPs in BsTyrp1a were found only in Black. Different expression levels (P < 0.05) were found for tyrosinase (BsTyr), BsTyrp1a , BsNf1a and BsEgf1 among skin, body muscle and tails of the same variety and among the same tissues of different varieties (Red, Green, Blue, Black, Cambodian and Multi-colors, N = 5 each). • Genes expressed in different varieties of Betta splendens were examined. • In total, 5039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. • 897 sequences (148 genes) matched pigmentation genes of Danio rerio. • 711,123 SNPs were identified and 1365 SNPs were located in pigmentation genes. • Expression of BsTyr , BsTyrp1a , BsNf1a and BsEgf1 in different varieties was different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red crabapple is a rare type of fruit in the malus family that is important for apple breeding because it contains large amounts of anthocyanins/flavonoids. However, the molecular mechanism underlying anthocyanin/flavonoid accumulation in the red peels and flesh of the fruits has not been fully explored. Here, we analyzed flavonoid accumulation and the transcript levels of the main structural genes and transcription factors in fruits under sun-exposed and shaded conditions in two crabapple varieties with different coloration characteristics. Our results show that varietal differences in the flavonoid pathway mainly affect the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavanols. Shading treatment induced a significant decrease in the concentration of anthocyanins but increased the levels of flavanols. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis shows that the transcript levels of the primary structural genes, except for McF3 ′ H and McANR , were higher in the ever-fleshed fruits than in the white-fleshed fruits. Additionally, several MYB TFs have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of the coloration patterns in response to shading. Data analysis indicated that changes in the flavonoid accumulation were associated with the transcription of the structural genes regulated by MYB transcription factors, providing new insights into horticultural plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctional natural fabrics as colored, antibacterial and UV-protective fabrics were effectively prepared by in-situ incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) into the fabric matrix. Cotton and wool fabrics were used as natural fabrics and trisodium citrate was utilized as reductant for Ag + and stabilizer for Ag NPs. The formation of Ag NPs in the residual solutions was confirmed by UV/Vis spectra. Ag NPs on fabrics were shown by scanning electron microscopy and their size was in range of 20–90 nm and 70–150 nm for cotton and wool fabrics, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the stabilization action of citrate. As a result of surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs, colored fabrics were produced with good fastness properties. Functional properties of treated fabrics indicate that, the in-situ incorporation of Ag NPs into fabric matrix was simultaneously imparted multifunctional properties (colorant, antibacterial action and UV-protection) into natural fabrics concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical cotton is usually used to clean skin, pack wounds and in other surgical tasks. Such important usages make imparting the antibacterial property to medical cotton is so essential research. The current research focuses on functionalization of medical cotton by direct incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in two-step process namely, pre-alkalization followed by sorption. Decorative color and antibacterial action were accomplished for medical cotton after in situ incorporation of AgNPs without using any other external reducing agent. AgNPs were produced due to the reduction action of alcoholic and aldehydic groups of cotton's skeletal blocks. Cotton fibers were acquired a decorative color attributed to surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. The treated cotton was characterized by using electron microscope. Results showed that Ag 0 with size distribution of 0–160 nm was formed in the cotton fibers and their size majority (70%) was less than 80 nm. The reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 was confirmed by measuring the carboxylic and aldehydic contents. The treated cotton exhibited excellent antibacterial action at low silver contents. The absorbency of cotton was not affected by treatment. The produced medical cotton could be used to safe cleaning of wounds without getting any microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Red facial coloration is an important social cue in many primate species, including humans. In such species, the vasodilatory effects of estradiol may cause red facial coloration to change systematically during females’ ovarian cycle. Although increased red facial coloration during estrus has been observed in female mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) and rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ), evidence linking primate facial color changes directly to changes in measured estradiol is lacking. Addressing this issue, we used a longitudinal design to demonstrate that red facial coloration tracks within-subject changes in women's estradiol, but not within-subject changes in women's progesterone or estradiol-to-progesterone ratio. Moreover, the relationship between estradiol and facial redness was observed in two independent samples of women ( N = 50 and N = 65). Our results suggest that changes in facial coloration may provide cues of women's fertility and present the first evidence for a direct link between estradiol and female facial redness in a primate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langatate (LGT) crystals of La 3 Ga 5.5 Ta 0 · 5 O 14 composition of diameter 50 mm were grown from the melt by Czochralski technique. Using (1–2 wt %) Ga 2 O 3 excess in the starting charge and growing crystal in mixture argon (0.1–1%O 2) gas atmosphere are a good condition to crystallize LGT under stationary stable regime. The LGT crystals grown along Z-axis exhibit strong faceting. The grown crystals were exempt of inclusions, cracks and secondary phases. The presence of oxygen in the growth chamber is necessary to limit gallium oxide evaporation and strongly affect the crystals coloration and the transmission spectra in the range (200–500 nm). The electrical resistivity is sensitive to the oxygen content in the growth environment. • Under stationary stable regime, large LGT (f=50 mm) crystals were grown from the melt by Czochralski technique. • The Ga 2 O 3 losses from the melt and high oxygen concentration (≥1%) in the growth chamber are source of defects. • Crystals coloration is strongly affected by the amount of oxygen in the growth environment. • The transmission spectra and the electrical resistivity depend on the oxygen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]