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This opinion paper emphasizes the often overlooked but significant issue of animal waste (AW) pollution on beaches, encompassing waste from domestic pets, livestock, wildlife, avians, aquatic animals, zoo animals, and insects. Animal waste pollution affects beach environments, leading to nutrient loading, chemical contamination, and pathogen transmission. Furthermore, this type of pollution degrades water quality, impacting tourism and local economies. This paper proposes four categories of AW based on its source and impact, offering a coastal management perspective. Similarly, a comprehensive approach to addressing AW pollution on beaches is presented, with a focus on removal, education, prevention, mitigation, and behavioral change. Strategies are customized to different beach typologies, considering user demographics, accessibility, and environmental sensitivity. The information presented here highlights the necessity for effective management and mitigation of AW pollution on beaches, show up the interdependence of ecological health, public well-being, and economic vitality in coastal areas. Practices such as dog walking, animal rides, and animal races contribute notably to animal waste (AW) pollution. [Display omitted] • Animal waste (AW) is a significant but often overlooked source of pollution on beaches. • AW influences environmental, public health, ecology, and socioeconomic aspects. • Four categories of AW based on their source and impact. • Environmental, geographical, and weather factors influence AW distribution. • A comprehensive management approach encompassing five key areas is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Animal manures in China contain high levels of antimicrobials due to overuse in CAFOs. • Manure-based fertilizers are a major source of antimicrobials and AMR in farmlands. • China tried but failed to limit the contents of antimicrobials in organic fertilizers. • Stopping overuse of antimicrobials is the ultimate solution to reduce their residues. • Concerted measures are recommended to reduce antimicrobial use in CAFOs and curb AMR. Direct application of animal waste on farmlands was banned in China recently, rendering organic fertilizer production a sound solution for disposing of animal manures and recycling their materials and nutrients. Due to the overuse of antimicrobials in livestock and poultry farms, manure-based organic fertilizers often contain elevated residues of antimicrobials and abundant antimicrobial resistance genes. Land application of such products has caused significant concerns on the environmental pollution of antimicrobials, and the transmission and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a major global health challenge. China's recent attempt to restrict the contents of antimicrobial residues in organic fertilizers encountered strong resistance from the industry as it would hinder the utilization of animal manures as a raw material. Reducing and even eliminating the use of antimicrobials in animal farms is the ultimate solution to the challenge of manure disposal posed by the elevated levels of antimicrobial residues and AMR. Phasing out the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials, developing substitutes of antimicrobials, enhancing animal welfare in farms, promoting diversification of animal farms, and developing antimicrobial removal and disinfection technologies for animal waste are recommended to improve the veterinary antimicrobial stewardship and manure management in China's animal agriculture. These concerted measures would enhance the sustainability of crop and animal farming systems in China and mitigate the impact of antimicrobials and AMR to agro-environmental quality and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper designs a biogas power plant that runs on anaerobically digested (AD) animal waste and integrated with a micro turbine and permanent magnet synchronous generator to generate renewable power. Cow dung, poultry manure, and swine have been explored as potential feedstocks for AD, and the various subprocesses are investigated at discrete temperature intervals that cover both the mesophilic and thermophilic temperature ranges (30 °C–50 °C). The biodegradability of animal wastes, retention time, loading rate, and the size of the reactor influence the overall biogas yield. Methane production from cow dung increased from 131.4 L/d at 30 °C to 171.12 L/d at 50 °C in 15 days. Whereas the methane output from poultry manure, and swine at 50 °C were 278.4 L/d and 284.5 L/d respectively. Moreover, a methane recovery efficiency of 75 % and a purge efficiency of 97 % were attained through pressure swing adsorption (PSA). Furthermore, the system is maintained at 25 kW at steady-state conditions, attaining saturation for a torque value of 7.77 p.u. In a dynamic setting, the load is varied for a range of 25 kW–40 kW, and stable sinusoidal waveforms are generated as outputs that indicate the system's ability to withstand load variations. • Microturbine biogas plant uses anaerobically digested animal manure for power. • The system has been tested for both steady-state and transient modes of operation. • PSA for biogas purification and storage has been formulated in the plant design. • The energetics of anaerobic digestion and sub-processes have been characterized. • Methane recovery and purge efficiency are found to be 75 % and 97 % respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam explosion (SE) technology has been widely used to treat lignocellulosic materials for a long time. However, the investigation regarding SE applied for animal waste treatment is limited. With an increase in the demand for and consumption of meat, the annual production of various animal by-products, such as animal keratinous waste and bone waste, is also increasing in slaughterhouses. Therefore, a green method for disposing of these by-products is needed. In this article, the current SE devices, together with their characteristics and applications in wool, feather, hoof, and animal bone, are reviewed systematically. Different SE conditions result in the production of varying final products, from which keratin and other constituents (protein, lipid, or carbohydrate) can be extracted. Additionally, under proper conditions, SE can induce the liquefaction of animal wastes, such as porcine hoof shells, bovine bone, and even the whole chicken carcass. The advantages and limitations of the SE technology employed for treating animal waste were analyzed. Simultaneously, the reasons SE is used to treat animal keratin and bone wastes were also discussed. This review highlights the potential application of SE technology in efficiently liquefying animal wastes for bio-safety disposal and cleaner production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pachnoda sinuata bioconverts cattle dung into high-value fertilizer products. • Richness of beneficial bacteria in frass fertilizer increased by 2.5-folds. • P. sinuata larvae reduced manure-borne antibiotic resistance genes in14 days. • Abundance of mobile genetic elements was reduced within a 14-day timeframe. • P. sinuata is excellent candidate for bioremediation of animal waste. Bioconversion of livestock wastes using insect larvae represents an emerging and effective strategy for waste management. However, knowledge on the role of the garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuata L.) in waste recycling and influence on the diversity of microbial community in frass fertilizer is limited. Here, we determined whether and to what extent the conversion of cattle dung into insect frass fertilizer by P. sinuata influences the frass' microbial community and its associated antibiotic resistance genes abundance. Pachnoda sinuata larvae were used to valorise cattle dung into frass fertilizer; samples were collected weekly to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi, and antibiotic resistant genes using molecular tools. Results revealed that bioconversion of cattle dung by P. sinuata larvae significantly increased the richness of beneficial bacteria in the frass fertilizer by 2.5-folds within 28 days, but fungal richness did not vary during the study. Treatment of cattle dung with P. sinuata larvae caused 2 – 3-folds decrease in the genes conferring resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, diaminopyrimidine, multidrug, sulfonamide and tetracycline within 14 days. Furthermore, the recycling cattle dung using considerably reduced the abundance of mobile genetic elements known to play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between organisms. This study highlights the efficiency of saprohytic insects in recycling animal manure and suppressing manure-borne pathogens in the organic fertilizer products, opening new market opportunities for innovative and safe bio-based products and achieving efficient resource utilization in a circular and green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The implementation of waste to energy technology such as the production of biogas from animal waste has been considered as one of the best means to achieve sustainable energy development goals in many developing countries including Indonesia. In the past several years, the rapid increment in the number of animal husbandries in Indonesia could potentially provide a considerable amount of feedstock for the generation of biogas. Therefore, this article is aimed at highlighting the potential application of waste to energy technology via the production of biogas from animal waste as an alternative source of power generation in Indonesia. Here, Indonesia's energy mix and several issues regarding waste management is comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, this article also discusses the current status in Indonesia's energy generation from new and renewable resources, especially from waste. Hence, several key technologies on how to utilize waste for power generation are presented. Based on the analyses, numerous opportunities could be explored in terms of turning animal waste to energy by biogas production in Indonesia. It is estimated that about 9597.4 Mm3/year of biogas could potentially be generated from animal waste in Indonesia. This large amount of biogas production could be utilized to generate electric power up to 1.7 × 106 KWh/year. Finally, this paper also highlights several main challenges faced in the implementation of large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Current issues in Indonesia's high-energy demand and waste management. • Recent development in waste to energy technologies in Indonesia. • Biogas production from organic waste as a promising renewable energy source. • The potential of biogas from animal waste for electricity generation in Indonesia. • Future prospects and challenges for large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional reliance on plastic as the principal packaging material for food poses important problems in the context of promoting sustainable development objectives, particularly SDG-12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Despite its cost-effectiveness and durability, research suggests that the non-biodegradable nature of plastic, stemming from robust carbon bonds in condensation polymerization and the use of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol in polyethylene terephthalate production, contributes to plastic debris accumulation in ecosystems, harming wildlife. Utilizing animal byproducts, like feathers, feet, skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons, rich in proteins such as whey, keratin, and gelatin, offers potential for creating sustainable packaging films. This study assesses not just the environmental impact of plastic but also aligns with broader objectives like responsible consumption, production, and the promotion of a circular economy. This review investigates the distinct properties such as transparency, tensile strength, water/gas barrier properties, low cost, biodegradability and low toxicity, etc of waste proteins produced from animal industry wastes. These proteins, possessing essential functional groups and amide linkages, efficiently interact with various composites. Furthermore, they exhibit notable characteristics such as antioxidant and antibacterial activity, transparency, and exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities. The investigation highlights the films' potential to serve as a viable replacement for petroleum-based plastics, adding to the overarching objective of responsible use and production. This review supports the feasibility of composite materials with properties like transparency, tensile strength, antibacterial, and antioxidant features, akin to traditional plastic films. By using cost-effective organic waste proteins, these films offer an environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum-based plastics. The transformative potential lies in utilizing affordable organic waste proteins for eco-friendly packaging films, replacing conventional plastics, and endorsing sustainable alternatives aligned with responsible consumption and production practices. Challenges include raw material compatibility, strength attainment, source variability, and energy-intensive protein purification. Future studies are vital to refining purification techniques and ensuring economic viability. Embracing sustainable packaging enhances well-being and environmental health, aligning with responsible consumption. • Waste from animal industries could be a cost-effective approach for manufacturers. • High strength and antibacterial properties enhanced with specific filler inclusion. • Replacement of petroleum-based plastics with organic protein from different sources. • Suitable for conventional food packaging with high biodegradability after use. • Inconsequential concerns about migration and toxicity and environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas is a practical way of recycling bio-wastes that can be utilized as a fuel for co-generation of electricity and heat. Livestock and agriculture-based resources have considerable potential for bio-power generation mainly due to their comparatively low cost. However, the contribution of agricultural residues has been neglected within this context in Iran. This study aims to assess Iran's potentials in bio-power generation from both animal and agriculture-based resources to provide an accurate/realistic estimate of the resource availability. The studied energy crops were wheat, rice, barley, maize, potato, apple, grape, alfalfa and other industrial crops including sugar cane and sugar beet. The total amount of agricultural waste is assessed to be 24.3 million tones that can be considered potential feedstock to produce 6,542 million m3 of biogas, 2,443 million liters of bio-butanol, and 2,082 million m3 of bio-hydrogen. In addition, the biogas potential from livestock and slaughter wastes is estimated to be 11,523.84 and 16,026 million m3/year, respectively. The findings indicated that there is considerable potential for bio-power generation in Iran. The analysis estimated that Iran's total potential for bio-power generation from these organic matters was around 62,808 × 106 kWhyear−1, accounting for 27% of the total electricity consumption in the country. The greenhouse gas emission mitigation from bio-based electricity generation would be about 4,096 thousand tons of CO 2 -eq/year, which account for up to 0.6% of Iran's annual greenhouse gas emissions. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first report assessing the emission inventory and emission allocation of CO 2 from both livestock manure and the open burning of crop residues in Iran. This paper provides valuable insights and information for policy-makers to formulate long-term energy policy by taking advantage of these bio-wastes in Iran as a case study. Image 103442 • Agricultural & livestock wastes production in Iran was assessed. • Bio-power generation potential in Iran was reviewed. • Approximately 62 TWh of bio-power can be obtained from these renewable wastes. • The greenhouse gas emission mitigation was estimated to be 4000 ktons of CO 2 eq/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The characteristics of food waste and animal waste were demonstrated. • OLR, [Na+], and [NH 4 +] shaped substrate properties and affected microbial community. • Microbial community was statistically (PERMANOVA, ANOSIM) differed by substrate type. • The core microorganisms were 21 bacterial genera and four methanogen species. Abstract Five mesophilic full-scale anaerobic digesters treating food waste (FW-digester), animal waste (AW-digester), and co-substrate of food waste and animal waste (CO-digesters) were monitored identify bacterial and archaeal communities and to quantify the effect of substrate characteristics on them, and to identify 'core' microorganism. The substrate characteristics and microbial communities of the FW-digester, AW-digester, and CO-digesters were statistically different. Organic concentration and [Na+] were identified as major variations that effect microbial community. Methanogen community was more diverse in AW-digester than in FW-digester. Methanogen community in CO-digester was as diverse as in AW-digester, and the most dominant species was Methanoculleus bourgensis same as in FW-digester. Twenty-one bacterial genera and four methanogen species were found in all digesters as a consequence of their metabolic versatility to degrade organic and inhibitor compounds. The results implied that these core microorganisms may contribute to maintaining a stable microbial ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biochar has the potential to improve animal waste composting process. • It can extend the thermophilic phase and lower pH. • It can also reduce NH 3 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions. • Feedstock and pyrolysis conditions affect the performance of biochar. • More studies that focus on biochar use in animal mortality composting are needed. The animal production industry in the United States is currently undergoing a phase of growth; however, such growth brings certain challenges. One of the most prominent concerns in this regard is the increasing amounts of animal waste produced as a natural consequence of stock population growth. For decades, composting, including that of manure and animal mortalities, has been utilized to manage animal waste. Recently, in an effort to enhance the composting process, biochar has been proposed for use as a compost amendment, and over the last few years, an increasing number of papers on composting with biochar have been published. However, although there have been a few review papers that have summarized the literature regarding biochar use in composting, none of these has focused on animal waste composting. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to critically analyze the role of biochar in livestock and poultry waste composting, identify gaps in our current knowledge, and propose future research directions. On the basis of the studies analyzed, biochar has the potential to improve animal waste composting processes at application rates of 5–10%. Biochar can extend the thermophilic phase of the composting process, lower the pH of compost material, prevent leachate formation, and reduce ammonia, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions. Given that the feedstock used to produce biochar and the pyrolysis conditions employed in its production affect the performance of biochar, it is important to report the physicochemical properties of the biochars used to enable comparison of the results of different studies. Moreover, there is a need for further research to gain a better understanding of the impact of biochar regarding the elimination of antibiotic-resistant genes and animal mortality composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal manure waste is considered as an environmental challenge especially in farming areas mainly because of gaseous emission and water pollution. Among all the pollutants emitted from manure waste, ammonia is of greatest concern as it could contribute to formation of aerosols in the air and could hardly be controlled by traditional disposal methods like landfill or composting. On the other hand, manure waste is also a renewable source for energy production. In this work, an environmental friendly animal waste disposal process with combined ammonia recovery and energy production was proposed and investigated both experimentally and economically. Lab-scale feasibility study results showed that 70% of ammonia in the manure waste could be converted to struvite as fertilizer, while solid manure waste was successfully gasified in a 10 kW downdraft fixed-bed gasifier producing syngas with the higher heating value of 4.9 MJ/(N m 3 ). Based on experimental results, economic study for the system was carried out using a cost-benefit analysis to investigate the financial feasibility based on a Singapore case study. In addition, for comparison, schemes of gasification without ammonia removal and incineration were also studied for manure waste disposal. The results showed that the proposed gasification-based manure waste treatment process integrated with ammonia recovery was most financially viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Injection pressure varied from 180 bar to 240 bar. • Two types of nanoparticles, Ce 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , were dispersed in 20 % biodiesel blends at a concentration of 50 ppm. • Increasing engine load and injection pressure improved BTE levels, with Ce 2 O 3 blend reporting the highest BTE. • Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles were found to be more effective than TiO 2 in reducing emissions. The current study investigated the effect of varying injection pressure on a diesel engine fueled with waste animal fats oil. The injection pressure varied from 180 bar to 240 bar, and parameters such as engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were determined. In addition to the biodiesel blends, two types of nanoparticles, Ce 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , were studied. A series of tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine. Both nanoparticles were dispersed in the biodiesel blends at a concentration of 50 ppm. The results indicated that increasing the engine load and injection pressure improved the brake thermal efficiency levels. The use of Ce 2 O 3 along with the blend reported the highest BTE due to its oxygen content during combustion. Higher injection pressure improved spray characteristics and combustion stability, resulting in better combustion efficiency. However, excessive pressure rise can lead to combustion instability and higher emissions. Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles were found to be more effective than TiO2 in reducing the emission of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and soot. Meanwhile, increasing injection pressure can help mitigate hydrocarbon formation and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, while Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles promote a more efficient combustion process. The blend with 20 % biodiesel and 50 ppm of Ce 2 O 3 at 240 bar reported the lowest emissions. On the other hand, 20 % biodiesel with 50 ppm of TiO 2 at 240 bar showed the lowest smoke opacity emissions. The study concludes that Ce 2 O 3 nanoparticles and increased injection pressure hold promise in reducing emissions and improving combustion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technological solution was developed to process slaughter waste and farm manure and transform them into organic and mineral fertilizers. It has been shown that the formation of an enclosure on a goose farm from nitrogen-binding substances (brown coal, a mixture of brown coal with magnesite, used ash substrate) has a positive effect on reducing nitrogen emissions, even to about 80%. The presented solution is in line with ecological trends and ensures comprehensive management of agri-food waste. It reduces the loss of valuable nutrients from renewable sources, increases the efficiency of fertilizers and reduces the environmental nuisance of poultry farms. Organic-mineral fertilizers made from slaughterhouse waste and poultry manure were as effective as expensive commercial mineral fertilizers. New fertilizers helped to obtain a yield similar to the groups fertilized with mineral fertilizers: 11 t per ha for maize (grain), 0.8 t per ha for mustard (seed), 10 kg per 1 m2 of radish (all), and 18.5 kg per 1 m2 of beet (whole) while reducing production costs thanks to the use of waste materials. [Display omitted] • Waste from poultry farms and slaughterhouses pose a threat to the environment. • Forming a goose run from nitrogen-binding substrates reduces nitrogen emission. • Used sulfuric acid acts as a sanitizing agent for the substrate with poultry manure. • Valorization of animal waste into fertilizer is an alternative to thermal treatment. • Fertilizers from the production of animal waste may replace expensive mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing compost derived from waste offers an alternative nutrients source to cultivate microalgae for biofuel production. This is because compost is a low-cost nutrients source which contains high amount of nutrient composition that suitable for microalgae cultivation. Thus, in the present work, plant-based compost and animal waste-based compost were used to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris . The results shows that C. vulgaris favoured to grow at the following condition: 50 ml amount of goat waste-based compost, under pH of 9, and illuminated continuously for 15 days using fluorescent light. Based on these cultivation conditions, 30% of lipid was successfully extracted from the dried microalgae biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of anaerobic biotransformation in thermophilic mode (55 °C) of agricultural waste was carried out. It has been established that organic wastes (wheat distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure) have a great potential for producing biogas with a high content of methane and carbon dioxide with a low content of impurities. Biogas can be recommended as a raw material for hydrogen production. With the ratio of components in the composition of the mixed substrate of distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure - 6: 3: 1 for 21–29 days of anaerobic digestion, the best indicators of the efficiency of methanogenesis for methane (61–63%) and biogas (70–73%) were provided, the share of methane in composition of biogas was 61%. With the biotransformation of alone vinasse, the nitrogen mineralization efficiency (58–67%) was lower than when using a mixture of organic waste (63–69%). From the point of view of obtaining the maximum amount of biogas, it is advisable to add a carbonate buffer or limestone flour (9% wt.) to the substrate to shift the pH of the working solution towards slightly alkaline values. From the point of view of the accumulation of free phosphates in the final solution, the use of a carbonate buffer is more preferable. The anaerobically treated solid sludge remaining after biogas production, as well as liquid effluents (anaerobically treated effluents) can be considered as potential organic and biogenic fertilizers or their components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen production from biomass is an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. This paper presents potential green hydrogen production from available biomass resources, including agricultural crops and livestock waste in Kazakhstan in 14 regions. The study explores the potential of biomass-to-hydrogen production in Kazakhstan, including the availability and quality of biomass resources and environmental sustainability. The gasification process is chosen as the most efficient technology for biomass resource consumption to obtain green hydrogen. This is the first study in Kazakhstan contributes assessment of the geographic distribution of available biomass resources in the country. The total amount of green hydrogen production from agricultural waste is 432 tonnes/km2/year. Turkestan, Kyzylorda, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and North Kazakhstan are listed as regions with the highest green hydrogen production potential with an annual 122.2, 71, 57.6, 35.3, 29, and 28.5 tonnes/km2/year, respectively. Annual green hydrogen production from livestock waste is 5262 × 10−6 tonnes/km2/year which equals to 856 tonnes/year. The top three three regions with H 2 production are Turkestan, Almaty and East Kazakhstan regions with 208, 112.5, and 93 tonnes/year, respectively. The results provide a perspective contribution for different regions to the sustainable energy future and carbon neutrality in the country. • Estimation of H 2 production potential from biomass resources in Kazakhstan. • Gasification technology appears as the most promising alternative for H 2 production. • First study in Kazakhstan assesses the geographic distribution of available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion of renewable feedstocks has been known as a prospective technology for the production of clean energy in the form of biogas. Biogas is a sustainable energy carrier which is mainly composed of methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (35–40%). Among the raw substances, organic matters obtained from farm animal waste are pivotal sources for biogas production. In recent years, the number of animal husbandry has drastically grown in Malaysia. Accordingly, a large amount of animal waste including manure, blood and rumen content are produced which provide a tremendous source of biogas generation. This paper presents biogas potential from the organic waste obtained from the farm animals and slaughterhouses in Malaysia. The findings of this study indicated that biogas potential of 4589.49 million m 3 year − 1 could be produced from animal waste in Malaysia in 2012 which could provide an electricity generation of 8.27×10 9 kWh year −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban farms, particularly those utilizing vertical space and hydroponics, have the potential to address many challenges of the existing food system. The use of organic inputs in hydroponics can conserve dwindling non-renewable resources and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer production and use. The study compared plant growth using organic liquid fertilizer (OLF) from insect and chicken waste in a two-step aerobic bioreactor. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants were grown with an inorganic fertilizer control and a novel OLF at two separate locations. In the first part of the study, plant yield, nutrient uptake and tissue elemental composition were used to validate the functional equivalency of OLF versus inorganic fertilizer. The second part of the study used these results to conduct a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify GHG mitigation potential of the novel OLF. N-mass balance showed a liquid nitrogen conversion rate ∼40% for the bioreaction. Solid output from the bioreaction contained approximately 35% of the initial N. N-gaseous loss was approximately 25% of total N-input. Because the nature of gaseous N-loss was unknown, LCA modeled different scenarios varying the percent of gaseous N-loss as N 2 O, as it is the only nitrogen-based gas with appreciable global warming potential. Models showed that N 2 O leakage during bioreaction must be below 5% of total N-input for OLF to mitigate GHG emissions associated with fertilizer usage in urban hydroponic production. Further studies should focus on direct quantification and characterization of gaseous N-loss during this type of bioreaction. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of organic liquid fertilizer (OLF) derived from insect waste for use in hydroponic systems provides the same yield as an inorganic control. • OLF could reduce of the greenhouse gas (GHG) of urban food production, as shown by a life-cycle assessment (LCA). • Quantifying N balances and estimating nitrous oxide (N 2 O) loss are crucial for reducing GHGs emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Enterococci with optrA increased in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion. • IS 1216E in plasmid plays key role in horizontal transfer of optrA. • Chromosomal optrA linked to Tn 554 spread vertically in dominate E. faecalis ST631. • Hyper-thermophilic anaerobic pretreatment reduced plasmid-borne optrA in enterococci. The extensive use of florfenicol in poultry industry results in the emergence of optrA gene, which also confers resistance to clinically important antibiotic linezolid. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic environments, and removal of optrA in enterococci in mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic digestion systems, and a hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) anaerobic pretreatment system for chicken waste. A total of 331 enterococci were isolated and analyzed for antibiotic resistance against linezolid and florfenicol. The optrA gene was frequently detected in enterococci from chicken waste (42.7%) and effluents from mesophilic (72%) and thermophilic (56.8%) reactors, but rarely detected in the hyper-thermophilic (5.8%) effluent. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that optrA -carrying Enterococcus faecalis sequence type (ST) 368 and ST631 were the dominant clones in chicken waste, and they remained dominant in mesophilic and thermophilic effluents, respectively. The plasmid-borne IS 1216E - fexA - optrA - erm (A)-IS 1216E was the core genetic element for optrA in ST368, whereas chromosomal Tn 554 - fexA - optrA was the key one in ST631. IS 1216E might play a key role in horizontal transfer of optrA due to its presence in different clones. Hyper-thermophilic pretreatment removed enterococci with plasmid-borne IS 1216E - fexA - optrA - erm (A)-IS 1216E. A hyper-thermophilic pretreatment is recommended for chicken waste to mitigate dissemination of optrA from animal waste to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biogas of animal waste could be used in distributed electricity generation. • Developing an MILP model for planning animal waste-to-energy supply chain. • Considering multi-period conditions for multiple suppliers. • Optimizing the capacity levels of collection and production centers. • Applying the proposed model in a real case study in Iran. The need for clean energy and fossil fuel depletion are the reasons behind the increasing tendency to utilize renewable energy resources. Biogas as the final product of anaerobic fermentation of some sources including animal waste, could be used in distributed electricity generation. This paper presents a mixed linear programming model for designing and planning of electricity production supply chain from animal manure. The proposed model determines the optimum locations for establishing facilities, optimum capacity level, and material flow throughout the supply chain. Multiple suppliers, collection centers and production centers, and multi-period conditions are considered in the proposed model. The proposed model is applied in a real case of Iran including all its 30 provinces for 10 years planning horizon. The achieved results confirm the capability of the proposed model in efficient design of electricity production chain network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Natural diets commonly exploited by the flies are animal manures including production from the poultry and livestock facilities. The larvae of the common filth flies such as Musca domestica and Sarcophaga dux are known as voracious feeders and may thus be used to convert manures into non-polluted residue. This study was conducted to observe the impact on flies' growth rate and capability of the larvae to process animal manures using chicken, goat and cow manures. One hundred newly hatched larvae of M. domestica and S. dux were introduced separately into 150 g manures under laboratory conditions. The initial wet mass and larvae length were recorded while mortality rate and dry mass were measured after the larvae were placed into the manures. The results showed that the manure types give significant effects ( p <.05) on the growth of M. domestica and S. dux larvae. Cow manures and chicken manures contributed the highest growth for M. domestica and S. dux respectively. This result confirmed by the mean increment in wet mass and larvae length. In contrast, M. domestica greatly reduced 59.9 ± 4% chicken manures while 25.0 ± 1.8% goat manures reduced by S. dux. The potential of M. domestica and S. dux larvae to reduce animal waste products were further discussed in this study. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Different manure types give significant effects on growth of M. domestica and S. dux larvae. • M. domestica greatly reduced chicken manures (59.9 ± 4%) while S. dux greatly reduced goat manures (25.0 ± 1.8%). • Both M. domestica and S. dux have the highest percentage of mortality rate in goat manure. • Bioconversion by various fly species contribute to a variety level of waste degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins from agricultural and livestock wastes are rapidly emerging as potential alternatives for non-biodegradable PVA sizes due to their excellent film-forming ability, amphiphilic, biodegradable, low cost and low carbon footprint. However, brittleness of protein-based films that failed to be directly used as textile sizing to protect yarns during high-speed weaving limits their practical applications. Different methodologies to modify protein-based materials to impart excellent properties are highly desired to be better used in textile sizing. Therefore, in this review, recent advances in the various modification methods of proteins and its applications in textile sizing have been focused. The categories, structure, methodology and characterization of modified-protein are fully covered. This review provides an overview of recent research advances on different protein-based textile sizing agents and promotes the development of a new generation of multifunctional bio-based materials from biological renewable resources and sustainability of the textile industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic and sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in livestock farming is and has been, a common practice worldwide. These bioactive organic compounds have short retention period and partial uptake into the animal system. The uptake effects of this pharmaceutics, with plants as the primary focus, has not been reviewed so far. This review addresses three main concerns 1) the extensive use of veterinary antibiotics in livestock farming, 2) disposal of animal waste containing active biosolids and 3) effects of veterinary antibiotics in plants. Depending upon the plant species and the antibiotic used, the response can be phytotoxic, hormetic as well as mutational. Additionally, the physiological interactions that make the uptake of these compounds relatively easy have also been discussed. High water solubility, longer half-lives, and continued introduction make them relatively persistent in the environment. Lastly, some prevention measures that can help limit their impact on the environment have been reviewed. There are three methods of control: treatment of animal manure before field application, an alternative bio-agent for disease treatment and a well targeted legalized use of antibiotics. Limiting the movement of these biosolids in the environment can be a challenge because of their varying physiological interactions. Electron irradiation and supervised inoculation of beneficial microorganisms can be effective remediation strategies. Thus, extensive future research should be focused in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of animal products has witnessed a significant increase over the years, leading to a growing need for industries to adopt strict waste control measures to mitigate environmental impacts. The disposal of animal waste in landfill can result in diverse and potentially hazardous decomposition by-products. Animal by-products, derived from meat, poultry, seafood and fish industries, offer a substantial raw material source for collagen and gelatin production due to their high protein content. Collagen, being a major protein component of animal tissues, represents an abundant resource that finds application in various chemical and material industries. The demand for collagen-based products continues to grow, yet the availability of primary material remains limited and insufficient to meet projected needs. Consequently, repurposing waste materials that contain collagen provides an opportunity to meet this need while at the same time minimizing the amount of waste that is dumped. This review examines the potential to extract value from the collagen content present in animal-derived waste and by-products. It provides a systematic evaluation of different species groups and discusses various approaches for processing and fabricating repurposed collagen. This review specifically focuses on collagen-based research, encompassing an examination of its physical and chemical properties, as well as the potential for chemical modifications. We have detailed how the research and knowledge built on collagen structure and function will drive the new initiatives that will lead to the development of new products and opportunities in the future. Additionally, it highlights emerging approaches for extracting high-quality protein from waste and discusses efforts to fabricate collagen-based materials leading to the development of new and original products within the chemical, biomedical and physical science-based industries. Waste from food processing is a significant issue for the environment. Animal waste is often protein rich, and so provides a source for the extraction and purification of collagen. This collagen can be fabricated into many different formats and these can be used in a wide range of added value applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to its low cost there has been increased attention on Animal Waste Fats (AWFs) as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Advanced microwave technology has also been reported by many researchers to enhance the transesterification in biodiesel production. However, esterification of free fatty acids in the feedstock reported here has not attracted so much attention. AWFs come with its challenges namely, high free fatty acid (FFA) content and high water content. This study utilizes AWFs (tallow) containing very large amount of FFA; (25 wt%, 18 wt%, and 9.4 wt% FFA/AWFs) as feedstock for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. A simple thermal pre-treatment technique followed microwave assisted esterification with methanol (MeOH) was conducted in a batch process to reduce the FFA content to as low as 1 wt% FFA, which is then suitable for the alkaline transesterification process. The pre-treatment of AWFs at 88 °C to first reduce water and decrease viscosity, followed by an operating microwave power of 70 W producing a power density 1.147 mW/m3, achieved a 15% increase in reduction of FFA over 30 W microwave power and conventional thermal method. Under optimum conditions, using 2.0 wt.wt% sulphuric acid catalyst/AWFs and 1:6 M ratio AWF/MeOH, the FFA conversion of 93 wt % was achieved. The results indicated that the pre-treatment and microwave application provided a faster route to high FFA reduction of AWFs during esterification process. The proposed technology is promising for the potential scale up industrial application. Image 101152 • Successful in converting animal waste fats with large amount of FFA ≥ 20 wt% as feedstock for biodiesel production. • Esterification reaction assisted with microwave power reduced FFA contents from 51.5 mg/KOH to 3.0 mg/KOH. • 5–16% increase in FFA reduction achieved with microwave setup over conventional setup at 73 °C. • Microwave reduces esterification reaction time by reducing FFA to >60% in the first 60 min of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of surface and ground water by animal waste residues is a major environmental problem in the United States. Legislation has been designed to protect water quality, but its effectiveness has been limited. The paper argues that the legislation has not adjusted to recent changes in the structure of livestock production systems, in particular contract farming and industrialization of agriculture. The paper proposes policy reforms that increase liability of large agribusiness firms, also known as integrators, for the negative environmental side effects caused by their producers’ livestock operations. The reforms should also extend the liability to all participants in animal production and consumption activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the experimental research conducted on an industrial scale and directed at stabilizing the process of the thermal destruction of biomass in the form of animal post-slaughter waste and dead animals. During the realization of the combustion process with the participation of oxygen from 6 to 17% the interaction between such gas products of the process of thermal destruction as SO2 and HCl was analyzed. The results of the experiment clearly indicate that the concentration of SO2 in flue gas is dependent on the participation of O2 in the process of combustion. Hydroxyapatites in the high temperature atmosphere were decomposed, among others, to CaO and P2O5. Particles of CaO, in largely oxidizing atmosphere, carried in the stream of exhaust gases bonded SO2. When the participation of O2 oscillates around 16 to 17%, the concentration of SO2 is close to zero. However, at the same time there are no clear premises concerning the influence that the participation of O2 has on the concentration of HCl. The results in the form of the dependence HCl → f(O2) only suggest that the concentration of HCl in outlet gases decreases for large participation of oxygen of more than 13%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The massive production and extensive use of fossil-based non-biodegradable plastics are leading to their environmental accumulation and ultimately cause health threats to animals, humans, and the biosphere in general. The problem can be overcome by developing eco-friendly ways for producing plastics-like biopolymers from waste residues such as of agricultural origin. This will solve two currently prevailing social issues: waste management and the efficient production of a biopolymer that is environmentally benign, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The current study assesses the environmental impact of biopolymer (PHA) manufacturing, starting from slaughterhouse waste as raw material. The Material Input Per Service Unit methodology (MIPS) is used to examine the sustainability of the PHA production process. In addition, the impact of shifting from business-as-usual energy provision (i.e., electricity from distribution grid network and heat provision from natural gas) to alternative renewable energy sources is also evaluated. As a major outcome, it is shown that the abiotic material contribution for PHA production process is almost double for using hard coal as an energy source than the petro-plastic low-density-poly(ethene) (LPDE), which PHA shall ultimately replace. Likewise, abiotic material contribution is 43 % and 7 % higher when using the electricity from the European electricity mix (EU-27 mix) and biogas, respectively, than in the case of LDPE production. However, PHA production based on wind power for energy provision has 12 % lower abiotic material input than LDPE. Furthermore, the water input decreases when moving from the EU-27 mix to wind power. The reduction in water consumption for various electricity provision resources amounts to 20 % for the EU-27 mix, 25 % for hard coal, 71 % for wind, and 70 % for biogas. As the main conclusion, it is demonstrated that using wind farm electricity to generate PHA is the most environmentally friendly choice. Biogas is the second-best choice, although it requires additional abiotic material input. • Assessment of environmental impact of biopolymer (PHA) manufacturing. • Conversion of waste and surplus materials towards value-added bioproducts. • Environmental analysis using Material Input Per Service Unit (MIPS) methodology. • Comparative analysis of PHA with the fossil-based competitor LDPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study Hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) and Silica (SiO 2) based scaffold was successfully fabricated for the first time by effective utilizing various waste such as animal waste bone (AWB) and rice husk (RH) as a source of HAp and SiO 2 respectively. Scaffold development involved simple steps comprising of segregation of waste materials followed by sample preparation through die compaction and sintering (1000 °C and 1300 °C). Advanced characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR were employed to study the properties of the waste materials as well as the developed composite scaffold. The presence of silica from RH combines with the HAp during high temperature sintering and initiates the phenomenon of phase transformation of HAp to TCP along with the formation of a glassy phase. The extent of phase transformation increases as the wt% of RH increases. XRD analysis revealed the development of different phases. SEM microstructure shows that the addition of silica restricts the grain growth and supports the formation of crystalline glassy phase termed as Si-TCP. FTIR results confirmed the presence of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl groups in the sintered samples. The porosity of the scaffold was in the range of 34–61% and the compressive strength was up to 4.1 MPa. The SEM images of scaffold dipped in simulated body fluid (SBF) shows formation of apatite layer throughout the surface. The bioactivity of the scaffold was highly influenced by the addition of silica in the HAp matrix. The apatite forming ability of the developed porous was much greater than that of pure HAp for the same incubation period. The obtained properties of the developed scaffold are comparable to that of natural bone. Thus the present work creates an opportunity to use AWB for the development of composite for tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary products from food and leather industries are regarded as animal wastes. Conversion of these animal wastes into fuels represents an energy recovery solution not only because of their good combustion properties, but also from the viewpoint of supply stability. A tannery factory usually processes 60–70 t/month of crude leathers, resulting in 12–15 t/month of waste. Fats, which can be used as the input fuel for diesel engines (in crude state or as biodiesel), represent 10% of this animal waste, while the rest are proteins that can be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Herein, we analyse two approaches to the use of animal waste from tanneries: as fuel for diesel engines and for biogas generation for heat production. Diesel fuelling and fuelling by animal wastes are compared in terms of the engine performance and pollutant emissions. The effects of animal waste usage on the pollutant emissions level, exhaust gas temperature, indicated mean effective pressure, maximum pressure, and engine efficiency are analysed. The energy recovery technologies for animal waste, which are analysed in this work, can be easily implemented and can simultaneously solve the problem posed by animal wastes by using them as an alternative to fossil fuels. Animal fats can be considered an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engines without major constructive modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, TG-GC-MS was used to study the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters of the atypical biomass such as traditional Chinese medicine residues, livestock and poultry wastes, fungus planting sticks, bagasse and the typical biomass such as bark. It was found that the activation energies of the five kinds of biomass were significantly different. The activation energies of the mixed kinds of traditional Chinese medicine residues and livestock and poultry waste were lower. The mixed biomasses could reduce the initial pyrolysis temperature and accelerate the pyrolysis speed. The water released in the whole process of the atypical biomasses mass loss process. There were two peaks of HR at ∼78 °C and ∼367 °C respectively. The second peak value is significantly higher than the first one, and the peak intensity is 2.44 times of woody biomasses. The peak intensities of non-condensible gas during the atypical biomass pyrolysis are CO + C 2 H 4 > CO 2 > H 2 > CH 4. The proportion of CO + C 2 H 4 pyrolysised by HR is 39.45%, the H 2 is 16.47%, and the CH 4 is 5.17%. [Display omitted] • The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic parameters are researched by TG-GC-MS. • Three stages of five kinds of biomass weight loss were analyzed. • The activation energies of atypical biomasses were differ significantly. • The release characteristics of pyrolytic gases were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorous and Nitrogen are key nutrients for plants growth, usually supplemented by in the form of fertilizers. Therefore, management and utilization of these compounds in a sustainable manner for agriculture is of importance to serve the rising global demand of food. One way is to valorize agricultural wastes in many different ways like anaerobic digestion, struvite production and so on to maximize nutrient recovery and reduce wastage. Struvite recovery is one of the green marketing tools in the fertilizer industry, given the high amount of agriculture and livestock wastes produced. While struvite can be produced from a wide range of wastewater, this article provides an overview about struvite with an emphasis about its production from anaerobic digestates, manure and livestock wastewater and its prospective as a source of fertilizer. Furthermore, discussions about integration with anaerobic digestion, cost benefits and post application plant yields are reviewed to show its practicality and commercial potential. Despite constraints, struvite production promotes circular bioeconomic, sustainable process with a high nutrient recovery and this review will aid to take decisions in implementing this method in the near future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead of many experimental studies made for the suitability of biodiesel for use in diesel engine, it has become easier to determine by fewer experiments with the development of computer applications. In this research, it was aimed to determine the optimum ratio of animal waste fat biodiesel (AWFBD) and the corresponding engine responses by using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, a comparison was made with test results to evaluate the performance of ANN and RSM. According to the regression results obtained from RSM, absolute fraction of variance (R2) values greater than 0.95 emerged for all answers. Correlation coefficient (R) values obtained from ANN were found to be higher than 0.97. The developed ANN model was able to predict engine responses with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the range of 3.787–10.730%. MAPE values for RSM were obtained between 2.004 and 11.461%. Combined desirability factor obtained from RSM was found as 0.72288% and optimum engine parameters were found as 22% AWFBD ratio and 1350-Watt engine load. In addition, according to the verification test between the optimum results and the prediction results, it was concluded that there is a good agreement with a maximum error rate of 3.863%. • CI Engine characteristics study on animal waste fat biodiesel. • Development of RSM regression and optimization model. • ANN based prediction model development. • Optimized results are 22% biodiesel ratio and 1350-Watt load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to examine the applicability of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process to three kinds of low BOD/N ratio wastewaters from animal waste treatment processes in batch mode. A rapid decrease of and was observed during incubation with wastewaters from AS and UASB/trickling filter and their corresponding control artificial wastewaters. This nitrogen removal resulted from the anammox reaction, because the ratio of removed and was close to the theoretical ratio of the anammox reaction. Comparison of the inorganic nitrogen removal rate of the actual wastewater and that of control artificial wastewater showed that these two kinds of wastewater were very suitable for anammox treatment. Incubation with wastewater from RW did not show a clear anammox reaction; however, diluting it by half enabled the reaction, suggesting the presence of an inhibitory factor. This study showed that the three kinds of wastewater from animal waste treatment processes were suitable for anammox treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper focuses on the benefits of an efficient use of animal waste from the standpoint of curbing the rise of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. An effective use of animal waste resources might provide a partial, but still important, contribution in reducing net CO2 emissions. In particular: the fulfilment of nutrient requirements of crop plants growing in non-limiting conditions and thus sequestering CO2 at their potential level; the chance of diminishing the use of fossil energy, and related CO2 emissions, required for manufacturing industrial fertilizers; the possibility of enhancing carbon sequestration in agricultural soils by the application of farmyard manure. The future success of agriculture in providing these ecosystem services can only be achieved with a changed social awareness of the links between sustainable land use and global environmental change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• ZrO 2 and MWCNT nanoparticles were examined in the diesel engine. • 5 L/min hydrogen effects on the biodiesel blends were determined via performance, combustion and emission characteristics. • Slaughterhouse waste proven to be promising substitute for fossil fuel. • CO, HC and smoke levels are reduced significantly. However, there is positive effects in NOx. In recent years many approaches were carried out in converting the waste into energy. In addition, effective research was also conducted on the nanoparticles in the diesel engine along with biodiesel blends to compensate for the higher viscosity rate, and lower calorific value. Typically adding the nanoparticles to the biodiesel enhances the rate of combustion which leads to less emissions indeed. In this study, the slaughter house waste has been used to produce biodiesel. In order to increase the energy content in the biodiesel, the nanoparticles ZrO 2 and MWCNT were dispersed at the concentration of 50 ppm. Both nanoparticles showed promising potential in increasing the BTE owing to its oxygen content and valence transformation. In addition to above, hydrogen was added via air inlet to enhance the combustion further. Adding the hydrogen to the diesel, decreases the cumulative carbon content involved in the combustion process. Experiments were conducted for the sample diesel and 20 % biodiesel blends under the presence of ZrO 2 and MWCNT nanoparticles at different brake power varying from 0.8 kW to 3.2 kW respectively. In addition to above, the test blends were included with hydrogen gas at the flow rate of 5 L per minute. The performance of the engine was increased at higher brake power. Among the different blends, 20 % blends with hydrogen reported maximum brake thermal efficiency of 10.6 % higher than diesel. On the contrary, the consumption of fuel increased by 7.8 %. With regard to emissions, adding the hydrogen increases the NOx levels due to higher cylinder temperatures and heat release rates. However, the concentration of HC, CO and smoke were reduced due to the influence of nanoparticles and hydrogen content in the biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The variables influencing corrosion of three metals (galvanised steel, stainless steel, brass) usable for a manure nutrient probe were examined, identifying the best material for field applications. The nutrients in 18 liquid manures were then estimated through the voltage drop between the terminals of a prototype probe. Response Surface Modelling gave the regression functions relating each investigated response only to the statistically-significant factors. After 168h in the manure, it was determined that: stainless steel was the most suitable material for very close electrodes (mass: −1.8% at 15mm), brass can be used with any inter-electrode distance (mass: −13.0% maximum at 35mm). The prototype probe gave reliable estimates (R 2 ⩾0.744) of N tot, N amm, P tot, K tot when dry matter and temperature were also accounted for in the regression analysis. Not considering dry matter but just electronically-detectable quantities (temperature, voltage drop), the estimates were only reliable (R 2 ⩾0.656) above 20°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]