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• Immigrant youth are integrating successfully into Canada. • Immigrant youth face systematic and interpersonal discrimination. • More focus is needed on immigrants' cultural and social contributions. • Current research and policy often promote assimilation. • Inclusion and multiculturalism are required for integration. Although there is substantial research examining adult perspectives of immigration and integration, there is notably less data on youth attitudes and experiences. When youth are surveyed, a preliminary review of the existing literature reveals that non-immigrant voices are very rarely included. This systematic literature review (a) identifies the major themes and summarizes the findings of existing research; (b) determines gaps in the existing literature and; (c) proposes recommendations for future integration research, policy, and interventions. Ultimately, this paper finds that integration policy and research in Canada tends to focus on the changes required by immigrant youth but rarely discuss the cultural adaptation and inclusion required by settled Canadians. A paradigm shift in research, settlement practice, and policy is necessary to better reflect the bi-directional cultural exchange and the mutual responsibilities of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northwest coast of North America exhibits highly variable patterns of relative sea-level (RSL) change following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that reflect proximity to the Cordilleran glacial ice loading and local rates of deglaciation. In this paper we present postglacial RSL histories for four coastal zones in a transect across northern Vancouver Island, Canada, derived from multiple proxies (isolation basin cores, geological exposures, archaeological sites, GIS-based landform interpretation), and relate these to the timing of glacial retreat after the LGM. Notably, parts of the west coast of northern Vancouver Island were ice-free by ∼18,200 years ago, earlier than much of the rest of Vancouver Island and the broader region. These four RSL reconstructions demonstrate substantial variation across the north end of Vancouver Island, which we attribute to regional differences in glacial isostatic processes. Additionally, some RSL curves reveal the likely effects of global glacial meltwater pulses. Documenting late Pleistocene and early Holocene coastline change in this region of Vancouver Island is significant for understanding the late Quaternary history of western North America more broadly: the RSL histories help delimit potential refugia and postglacial expansion of plants and animals (including humans) as the ice retreated. • We present four new relative sea level curves for Northern Vancouver Island, Canada. • RSL histories vary from east to west, related to glacio-isostatic processes. • Radiocarbon ages constrain timing of glacial retreat, landscape change. • Some parts of northern Vancouver Island have been ice-free for ∼18,200 years. • Past shoreline positions help understand postglacial expansions of plants/animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permylene™ demonstration system (PDS), a membrane-based pilot unit for olefin/paraffin separation, is designed and fabricated by Imtex Membranes Corp. (Imtex). The PDS, equipped with pilot-scale Permylene™ elements, is capable of treating up to 3 kg/h of olefin/paraffin mixture. The PDS unit is installed in Imtex's testing lab in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Various plant-collected and lab-blended olefin/paraffin mixtures involving ethylene/ethane (C2), propylene/propane (C3), and butene/butane (C4) have been assessed on the unit. This paper is focused on the application of PDS for C3 separation, and a series of remarkable performances that have been achieved by the Permylene™ membrane and PDS unit. Propylene purity of over 98.5 vol% in the permeate/product stream has been reached over a wide range of propylene recovery rates, which could offer significant flexibility to meet various industrial operation conditions. Furthermore, the PDS unit demonstrates its stability and efficiency with 1200 hrs of continuous C3 permeation. Finally, a case study of recovering 90 % of propylene from 15,000 kg/h of C3 is performed to estimate energy consumption in commercial applications. The energy consumption of the Permylene™ process is calculated and compared with that of the distillation process. The result indicates that the energy consumption in PDS is extremely low, equal to only 8 % of that required in distillation. The study undeniably validates Permylene™'s remarkable capability for C3 separation, highlighting its potential as a viable and energy-efficient alternative to traditional distillation. [Display omitted] • The asymmetric membrane and solution replenishing overcome the instability. • This pilot unit is capable of treating up to 3 kg/h of olefin/paraffin mixture. • Propylene purity of 98.5 vol% is reached over a wide range of recovery rates. • Stable performance is shown in 1200 h of continuous C3 permeation. • The energy consumption in PDS equals 8 % of that required in distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on professional socialization focuses on how students adopt and internalize professional identities and values, and assumes that boundary work is essential to learning how best to practice their profession. However, a focus on boundary work in the context of midwifery training - which is embedded in the gendered and hierarchical landscape of maternity care - is lacking. Thus, this article examines how Canadian student-midwives learn to navigate and negotiate interprofessional boundaries. Grounded in a symbolic interactionist approach, it draws on 31 semi-structured qualitative interviews from a mixed-methods national study on midwifery retention, explores how midwifery students make sense of the tensions among midwives, physicians, and nurses, and describes what strategies they utilize when navigating boundaries. Our analysis, based in constructivist grounded theory, revealed that participants learned about interprofessional tensions in clinical placement encounters via direct or indirect interactions with other healthcare professionals, and that strategies to navigate these tensions included educating others about midwifery training and adopting a learner identity. This article proposes that the process of professional socialization enables to reshape professional boundaries and that students are not only learners but also agents of change. These findings may yield practical applications in health education by highlighting opportunities for improving interprofessional collaborations. • Boundary work is part of professional socialization process. • Professional boundaries are ambiguous in midwifery but they are understudied. • This paper examines boundary work among 31 Canadian midwifery students. • The boundaries were clear with physicians but blurred in communication with nurses. • Learning about boundaries, students recreated them but also became agents of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of the carbon stored in frozen peatlands in Canada's Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) depends strongly on water, with wetter conditions favoring long-term storage. Dynamic surface water products generated from historical Landsat data exist to inform surface water trends in the HBL based on binary classifications of land vs water at 30 m spatial resolution. However, the HBL contains many water features smaller than 30 m, including streams and patterned fens that require a sub-pixel mapping approach to fully capture their dynamics. In this paper, we leverage an existing binary dynamic surface water product to generate a spatially and temporally comprehensive Landsat sub-pixel surface water time-series over the HBL. We first generate Landsat Red, NIR and SWIR composites from 1985 to 2021 and evaluate data-driven machine learning and physical models to derive sub-30 m water fractions across the entire mapping domain. Data-driven models were calibrated on 30 m water fractions obtained from 16 of 17 WorldView scene water fraction maps and assessed on the 17th held-out scene in a jackknife validation. Data-driven models were also calibrated by relating scaled Landsat reflectance to water fractions obtained from binary water masks at corresponding scales from 90 to 270 m. Physical models involved simple linear unmixing using a new approach that samples land endmembers in the vicinity of each pixel to represent land reflectance, and a global water endmember sampled beneath permanent water in each image. The assumption of linear scaling was verified at sub-30 m to 270 m resolution for NIR, SWIR and NDVI, which were all highly correlated with water fraction and had no significant differences among water fraction – spectral feature relationships across the full range of scales. Each of 11 different methods and input spectral features were evaluated against WorldView water fractions and ranked based on nine criteria. We found that machine learning using all spectral features including local NIR land endmembers performed best among data-driven approaches, and linear unmixing of the NIR band using local land endmembers performed best among physical. Both best-performing methods were applied to the entire time-series and surface water area trends were calculated and compared with trends obtained from binary water masks. All three methods agree on the direction of surface water change towards wetting, with sub-pixel inter-annual variation agreeing with stream discharge noted in other studies. • Physical and data-driven Landsat water fraction methods tested in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. • Physical methods perform linear unmixing between local land and global water endmembers. • Data-driven methods consist of machine learning calibrated using high-resolution water. • Best methods applied to 1985–2021 Landsat time-series reveal overall wetting trends. • Spatial trends generally suggest drying in bogs and wetting in fens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable construction project cost estimation relies on accurate quantity takeoffs (QTOs), traditionally done with error-prone 2-D drawings, but the emergence of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has improved QTO speed, accuracy, and reliability. However, the quality of BIM models can influence quantity accuracy, an aspect often overlooked in research on automating QTO with BIM. This paper develops an integrated framework to automatically extract and visualize construction quantities from BIM models. The system includes a Quantity Precision Check (QPC) module for automating more accurate QTO outputs. These outputs are then automatically transferred to an external database and visualized through a user-friendly dashboard on the Microsoft Power BI platform. This dashboard allows for comparisons between 2-D and BIM quantities and helps track changes in quantities over time due to design changes. The system was successfully validated in an infrastructure construction project in Canada, where it identified a 39% inconsistency in wall elements' material quantities and reduced steel quantity by 10% due to design changes. Overall, the system offers a speedy, reliable, and efficient tool for construction estimators, site managers, and cost control teams to provide accurate quantities to the procurement team and make swift decisions in response to design change impacts on construction costs. • This study introduces an automated QPC/QTO system for architectural and structural BIM models. • A QPC/QTO system workflow was developed to automatically calculate their quantities and check their accuracy in the BIM model. • The Data Extraction and Analysis Module was developed to automatically calculate, and check the accuracy of the quantities of each category. • The Data Visualization Module was developed to visualize the final QTO results and inconsistencies in BIM parameters after each update. • The system can be used as a fast and reliable tool for construction estimators to provide accurate quantities to the procurement team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses cutbacks to a post-secondary funding program for Indigenous peoples in Canada to understand how changes in the costs of higher education affect the educational attainment and labour market outcomes of Indigenous groups. I exploit exogenous variation in exposure to student aid across cohorts and ethnicities to show that increasing the costs of post-secondary education not only affects post-secondary attainment but can also lead to a sizable decrease in high school graduation rates. After reductions in targeted student aid in the late 1980s, high school graduation rates declined by five percentage points on Indian reserves. I suggest that this finding is consistent with a model of human capital acquisition in which the return to a high school degree is low. In this framework, some students complete high school in order to attend a post-secondary institution. When post-secondary education is no longer affordable, some students may no longer find it worthwhile to complete high school. In the long-run, the program cutbacks had lasting adverse effects on labour supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electoral success of populist movements in recent years has encouraged parties and politicians to incorporate populist themes increasingly into their discourse. While Canada has not been immune to these trends, populism has enjoyed relatively little electoral success in modern Canadian politics. A new People's Party fielded candidates in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections but failed to win any seats in Parliament. Some populist themes such as nativism or authoritarianism have not rewarded their proponents in Canadian elections. Another dimension, distrust of elites, politicians and the media, is more present in Canadian public opinion today, and was a part of past populist movements such as Social Credit or Reform. In this paper, we examine the structure and correlates of populist attitudes held by Canadians, utilizing data from the 2019 and 2021 Canadian Election Studies. In conclusion, we consider the potential for a populist political party or leader to enjoy electoral success in the Canada of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is entwined with gender relations. While there is emerging research on how gender relations intersect with socio-cultural practices and norms to produce gender-based violence in WASH, little is known about how these gender relations are intimately produced, reproduced and embodied in place. Drawing insights from feminist political ecology and gendered geographies of power, this paper uses retrospective narratives of Ghanaian migrants in Canada to advance this scholarship in three significant ways. First, the findings demonstrate how gender relations in WASH produce everyday vulnerabilities differently among women and men. Second, they highlight the complex ways women bargain with patriarchal structures to ensure their safety in WASH spaces. Finally, the findings show how gender relations and roles in WASH transform in transnational spaces in which gendered WASH roles and responsibilities are blurred. The findings draw policy attention to the interconnectedness of WASH and gender equality and the need for policy and practice change to advance gender equity in WASH. • Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) security is entwined with gender relations. • Gender relations intersect with socio-cultural practices and norms to (re)produce gender-based violence in WASH. • Women bargain with patriarchal structures to ensure their safety in WASH spaces. • Gender relations and roles in WASH are reconstituted across space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001 the United States Border Patrol's Detroit Sector has grown from 38 agents to 411–the fastest rate of growth of any Border Patrol jurisdiction in the United States (CBP, 2016). Through ethnographic observation, semi-structured interviews and the examination of a growing archive of internal US Border Patrol data obtained via the US Freedom of Information Act, this paper examines the everyday discourses of ‘threat’ and ‘suspicion’ that inform routine enforcement practices by Detroit Sector personnel as they police the US/Canada frontier. It finds that both ‘threat’ and ‘suspicion’ are narrated expressly according to geographic factors of origin, location and direction of travel, scrutinizing bodies and persons that, as an outcome, are said to appear “out of place.” At the same time, according to the Border Patrol's daily apprehension logs, enforcement activity disproportionately concentrates on Latinx residents across divisions of citizenship and immigration status, affecting peoples' everyday ability to circulate through urban and suburban space free from scrutiny, surveillance and the possibility of state violence. To theorize the site and stakes of these outcomes, the paper borrows Stuesse and Coleman’s (2014) concept of “automobility” and develops this as an explicitly racial and racializing concept, one that affords an intersectional reading of state violence based on its distributional impacts on peoples' autonomy and control over their conditions of everyday social reproduction. This, then, suggests a need for greater dialogue between literature on immigration enforcement and those concerned expressly with geographies of racial confinement, policing, dispossession and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurisdictions around the world are responding the to potential of smart grids in different ways. This paper employs a multi-level perspective approach to socio-technological transitions to examine why the Canadian province of Ontario has seen a relatively smooth transition of smart meter technologies from the niche to regime levels as compared with other Canadian provinces, and other jurisdictions in the United States, European Union, and Australia. The paper also examines the reasons for Ontario's advanced legislative and policy framework around Smart Grid development, relative to those of other provinces. The complex institutional landscape around electricity that has emerged in Ontario since the break-up of the province's monopoly utility Ontario Hydro in the late 1990s emerges as a significant factor in both outcomes. The role of the province's municipally-owned LDCs spell out "local distribution companies (LDCs) as the primary agents for smart meter deployment, as opposed to a dominant vertically integrated utility, appears to have had an important mediating effect on public opposition to smart meters. With respect to Smart Grid policy, the diversity of high capacity institutional actors that now define the province's electricity policy landscape has facilitated the emergence of several interagency policy development niches. In a manner consistent with the concept of technological niches in the socio-technical transitions literature, the interagency status of these policy niches has shielded them from the regime level selective pressures that would likely have existed in a more unified institutional structure, and empowered new policy ideas to move from the niche to regime levels. These outcomes have significant implications for the understanding of socio-technological transitions, particularly around the role of institutional complexity in the emergence of niches for technology and policy development purposes and in niche to regime level transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodological factors are often acknowledged for their impact on the urban sustainability assessment outcomes. The significance of this impact, however, divides those who assign it great importance; to the point of compromising any attempt at sustainability benchmarking using indicators, from those who regard it as having a relatively limited role. In this paper, we aim to contribute to this debate by assessing how methodological choices could influence the variation in the outcomes of indicator-based urban sustainability benchmarking. The paper starts with a literature review outlining the evolution of the approaches adopted since the pioneering experiences in the ‘90s to show a convergence in indicators and data over time. Subsequently, by using the data of the 25 most populous cities in Quebec, we empirically analyse the sensitivity of the cities’ sustainability scores to 18 combinations of estimation techniques, and observe consistency within the outcomes while maintaining general patterns regardless of the approach used. The results suggest that methodological choices play a limited role in the urban sustainability assessment outcomes. Thus, other determinants beyond the evaluation methods are most likely involved and therefore should be a major focus in future research agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada's cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept is supported by federal and provincial government legislative ethanol mandates as well as enabling science and innovation policies for technology development to support the economic and sustainable production of cellulosic ethanol and co-products from Canada's abundant supply of lignocellulosic agricultural and forestry biomass. In particular, the development of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation technologies is regarded as a critical integrating step for the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol biorefinery business concepts. These critical steps are necessitated by the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass comprising carbohydrate polymers and lignin which constrains the ability of enzymes to convert these polymers into fermentable sugars without expensive and highly capital intensive pretreatment processes. This paper reviews science and innovation efforts by Canadian researchers in finding solutions to these constraints, in particular the development of hydrolysis and fermentation technologies. This paper also highlights the role of multi-institutional science and innovation collaborative approaches for advancing Canada's cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept further downstream. While highlighting Canada's scientific progress, this review also outlines technology commercialization lags between basic research and full scale commercialization of a Canadian cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept. Although this paper focuses on the near-term goal of cellulosic ethanol production, it nevertheless recognizes that ethanol is only the first step in the longer-term goal aimed at a full integrated bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and a wide range of value-added biochemicals and biomaterials, consistent with the cellulosic biorefinery concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the geopolitics of the Aamjiwnaang First Nation's reserve, situated in a toxic petrochemical complex known as Canada's ‘Chemical Valley.’ While this reserve holds the perilous title of worst air-pollution in the country, research exploring the profound impacts that this toxic environment has on Indigenous communities remains limited and tends to resort to simplistic framings. In this paper we suggest that Michel Foucault's concept of the ‘heterotopia’ is a helpful prism through which to view Aamjiwnaang in more complex, political terms. We also suggest, however, that this prism has a limited scope when it comes to exposing intimate experiences of global toxins. Drawing on a feminist geopolitics, we seek to stretch Foucault's heterotopic approach in order to show how the reserve is intimately colonized and contaminated by Canada's chemical production. Vitally, our approach gleans insight into the everyday ways that Aamjiwnaang is governed by and also disrupts colonial configurations. Moreover, our paper illuminates how a feminist heterotopic approach can re-orient research towards a deepened understanding of Indigenous-led modes of environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a discrete set of issues pertaining to the constitution of addiction in law. Based on qualitative interviews undertaken with lawyers in Australia and Canada, I examine how addiction figures in lawyers' daily practice. Drawing on ideas from science and technology studies scholars Sheila Jasanoff, Michael Lynch and Bruno Latour, and building on recent research I undertook on legal addiction veridiction, I explore the constitution of addiction 'facts' in law. I examine how and when lawyers claim to make decisions about addiction in the course of their legal practice. Lawyers report playing a central role in the making of decisions about addiction, at multiple stages of the legal process including: before taking cases on, while running cases in court, and while negotiating and/or settling cases. I argue that these decisions can be properly described as 'quasi-expert' determinations with important parallels to scientific, technological and medical claims often made in legal settings by more conventional 'expert witnesses'. I call these 'quasi-expert' decisions because they are decisions of the kind that might be assumed to be the purview of scientific or medical experts and because they have tangible implications for clients. Lawyers uniquely constitute addiction in unique ways, drawing on a combination of factors, including their own experience with and observations about addiction, the experiences of family members who have experienced alcohol and other drug problems, relevant legal concepts and frameworks, popular and scientific claims about addiction, emotions and values, including the gender politics of alcohol and other drug addiction. These addiction 'facts' can have a range of material and discursive effects, including potentially adverse implications for people characterised as 'addicts'. I conclude the paper with a discussion of some implications of these practices, and with reflections on how we might address these issues in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer has not been an explicit priority of Canada's international health and development agenda, but it is key to realising the country's Sustainable Development Goal commitments. Multiple converging political, health, and social forces could now drive support for a more integrated Canadian approach to global cancer control. Success will depend on the extent to which Canadian leaders and institutions can build consensus as a community and agree to work together. Collaboration should include agreement on the framing and prioritisation of the core issues, building a broad coalition base, aligning with priorities of international partners, and on a governance structure that reflects the principles of equity, diversity, and inclusion. This Series paper will discuss global cancer control within Canada's global health agenda, how Canada can address its history of colonisation and present-day disparities in its global work, and the challenges and opportunities of creating a Canadian global cancer control network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing variability of the illicit drug market has imposed serious health risks for people who use drugs (PWUD), particularly due to the increasing co-occurrence of opioids and etizolam (or other benzodiazepines) in some jurisdictions. A miniature mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with paper capillary spray ionization was evaluated for its ability to quantify fentanyl, fluorofentanyl, carfentanil, and etizolam in illicit drug samples. Prior to testing actual drug samples, inter- and intra-day reproducibility, calibration linearity, and analytical sensitivity were assessed. The development of a continuous spray solvent delivery system improved MS/MS quantitation by prolonging ionization stability. A simple, rapid and quantitative tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and employed for the analysis of real-world illicit drug samples provided by PWUD at a harm reduction site in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Limits of detection ranged from 0.001 to 0.24% w/w of illicit analyte in the original solid drug samples. Target analytes were detected and quantified via the miniature MS system for samples where conventional on-site drug checking technologies were not always effective. These promising results demonstrate the potential role for miniature mass spectrometer systems for on-site drug checking services that can be both sensitive to trace, toxic levels as well as adaptable/selective for new drug threats as they appear in the illicit drug supply. [Display omitted] • The increased variability of the illicit drug market has imposed serious health risks for people who use drugs (PWUD). • A rapid & quantitative miniature MS method was developed and employed for the analysis of real-world illicit drug samples. • Target analytes were quantified via miniature MS, where other on-site drug checking technologies were not always effective. • Miniature MS systems for on-site drug checking services are sensitive, adaptable and selective for new drug threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Groundwater level prediction for a long period of time is considered in this paper. • We proposed a graph-based machine learning using which the spatial relationships are taken into account. • Our results indicate that spatial correlations are helpful when one deals with geospatial data. • The proposed method is compared with standard techniques. Accurate prediction of groundwater level (GWL) over a period of time is of great importance for groundwater resources management. Machine learning techniques due to their great performance have recently been used for this problem. Previous methods, however, did not consider the spatial relationships between wells due to the difficulty to handle unstructured well location data. In this paper, a graph neural network (GNN) is used to forecast groundwater dynamics where it can represent each well as a node in the graph. The spatial information is, thus, extracted from an interconnected network using graph convolution layers with a self-adaptive adjacency matrix. The temporal features of the sequence are obtained by gated temporal convolutional networks. The model was applied and evaluated for wells in the southwest area of British Colombia in Canada using data about 11 years (2010–2020). The proposed model performs better in terms of all the defined evaluation metrics, when compared with two baseline models: long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRU). Moreover, when the spatial dependencies are completely unknown, the model can still learn them from the data and obtain comparable performance. Furthermore, the proposed model has a high efficiency since it can simultaneously model GWL change for all monitoring wells in the system. We also demonstrated that the spatial dependencies between each well could be intuitively interpreted from the learned adjacency matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents ten lessons that I learned in designing rates for electricity over four decades. It is based on designing, reviewing and evaluating rates in multiple jurisdictions around the globe. The rates I helped designed spanned a wide cross section including inclining block rates, time-of-use rates and dynamic pricing rates. The paper reflects my experience as an expert witness in nearly seventy rate cases in the US and Canada. It is also based on I learned from my appearances before government agencies, legislative bodies and regulatory bodies on six continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turning movements are one of the key inputs required for several traffic studies. Several methods have been developed to measure them. However, present techniques have high operational or capital costs, which motivate researchers to develop new techniques to estimate turning movements. However, there is neither a flexible technique available to make best use of different available information types, nor a framework that supports deciding additional data to achieve a target accuracy. This paper proposes a new methodology using all available data to identify the subspace containing all solutions and determine its centroid; thus, providing the most realistic and non-extreme solution. In addition, a framework, including scenarios with different data combinations, is developed with capability to evaluate the proposed solution and then locate further measurements to achieve the target accuracy. The framework is validated using a considerable set of intersections at Edmonton city, Canada. The results show that the proposed framework can achieve the target accuracy with minimum field measurements saving time, effort and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A student's accuracy on drug calculation tests may be influenced by maths anxiety, which can impede one's ability to understand and complete mathematic problems. It is important for healthcare students to overcome this barrier when calculating drug dosages in order to avoid administering the incorrect dose to a patient when in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maths anxiety on healthcare students' ability to accurately calculate drug dosages by performing a scoping review of the existing literature. This review utilised a six-stage methodology using the following databases; CINAHL, Embase, Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Trip database ( http://www.tripdatabase.com/ ) and Grey Literature report ( http://www.greylit.org/ ). After an initial title/abstract review of relevant papers, and then full text review of the remaining papers, six articles were selected for inclusion in this study. Of the six articles included, there were three experimental studies, two quantitative studies and one mixed method study. All studies addressed nursing students and the presence of maths anxiety. No relevant studies from other disciplines were identified in the existing literature. Three studies took place in the U.S, the remainder in Canada, Australia and United Kingdom. Upon analysis of these studies, four factors including maths anxiety were identified as having an influence on a student's drug dosage calculation abilities. Ultimately, the results from this review suggest more research is required in nursing and other relevant healthcare disciplines regarding the effects of maths anxiety on drug dosage calculations. This additional knowledge will be important to further inform development of strategies to decrease the potentially serious effects of errors in drug dosage calculation to patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how arborists negotiate their work environment, including the pressures of policies, the labour market, technologies, government regulations and lack thereof, and the non-human agencies with which they are confronted. The political climate surrounding urban forestry in Southern Ontario influences and governs operations and physical labour. There are many (f)actors and conditions (both external and internal) surrounding fieldwork in urban forestry and that these affect work and personal lives. The questions guiding this paper include: (a) How do various political and labour conditions impact arborists’ sense of pride, independence and skill? ; (b) What are the social and labour divisions within the culture of arboriculture? ; and (c) What is the lived experience of urban forest workers, their employment, and what is it like to be a frontline worker ? This paper provides a closer look at licensing, work conditions, subcultures and social dynamics in urban arboriculture. Using accounts from semi-structured interviews with arborists across Southern Ontario and by examining field arborists’ activities, relationships with co-workers and working conditions through participant observation and ethnographic field notes, I explore and reveal how arborists feel about their working environment and the labour processes and people who oversee and surround them. Findings reveal that despite dehumanizing (f)actors within the field, there are elements of resistance and negotiation, and potential for an alternative future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health research is a key focus area at the Canadian Light Source (CLS). From 2017 through 2019, researchers from across Canada have made impressive use of the capabilities of CLS beamlines to collect data and advance many challenging projects. These researchers published more than 200 health-related papers and deposited more than 400 structure coordinates in the Protein Data Bank during this period. The summaries presented in this review highlight a representative selection of this research, covering a range of health issues including; cystic fibrosis, hearing loss, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, malaria, cancer, and the role of the microbiome. Advances in the development of new antibiotics and other novel pharmaceuticals are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traffic congestion has a greater negative effect on females' life and work-life balance satisfaction. • Females appear to pay a price off their wages, in order to avoid traffic congestion. • The policy implications are discussed. At equal distance, the impedance created by traffic congestion strongly affects the duration of commute. Extant literature indicates that commute impedance negatively affects wellbeing, distinctly from the distance and the duration of commute. These negative effects are reported to be larger for women. Consequently, workers, especially females, must be willing to accept lower wages if reaching the job location entails fewer traffic congestions and accommodates a speedier commute. Using the Canadian General Social Survey of 2015 and the Census of 2016, the present paper assesses the wellbeing and wage consequences of commute impedance on men and women who drive to work. The study first demonstrates that the negative impact of commute impedance on wellbeing is greater for women. Second, consistent with the greater negative effect of traffic congestion on their wellbeing, women appear to pay a price off their wages, in order to avoid commute impedance. The policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of social distancing measures deployed by transit agencies in the United States and Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses how specific operators across the two countries have implemented changes. Challenges and impacts on their operations are also provided. Social distancing is one of the community mitigation measures traditionally implemented during influenza pandemics and the novel coronavirus pandemic. Research has shown that social distancing is effective in containing the spread of disease. This is applicable to the current situation with the novel coronavirus, given the lack of effective vaccines and treatments in the United States and Canada in the first eight months of the pandemic. Moreover, social distancing is particularly useful in settings where community transmission is substantial. Directives for social distancing were issued in several states and public transit operators were charged with how to provide for physical distance of six feet between passengers on their property including physical infrastructure such as station buildings and rolling infrastructure (rolling stock) including trains, subway cars and buses. Operational changes were also required due to physical distancing, e.g. adding train cars to provide for opportunities to physically distance on the train. Examples of some measures discussed in this research includes taping off every other seat on buses, increasing the total length of trains by adding cars, separating bus drivers from passengers with plastic sheeting, rear door boarding, etc. This research also analyzes long-term impacts for transit operators and challenges to encourage passengers to return to public transit after lockdown requirements ordered by government officials are lifted. A section on the policies that are being explored by government to continue to sustain public transportation is also included. • We review the interventions deployed by public transit operators to comply with social distancing measures. • We explore operational changes recommended to facilitate physical distancing. • We analyze the impacts for transit operators and challenges for passengers to return to public transit post pandemic. • We discuss the challenges for transit to return to pre-pandemic conditions and some solutions explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy goat kid rearing is the foundation of future milk production, yet little is known on this topic. References available to producers are limited, making it more difficult for dairy goat farms to reach their full production potential. This review paper aimed to identify the current recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices for intensive production systems and to assess whether the different recommendations were based on scientific literature. Recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices, from birth to weaning inclusively, were presented and compared between countries under similar intensive production systems, including Canada, the United States, and France. The different areas of rearing investigated included kidding management, colostrum management, liquid and solid feeding, health management, disbudding, housing, weaning, and growth monitoring. Gaps in the literature were identified in all areas except for disbudding. More research on the topic of goat kid raising practices would be beneficial to refine and validate current recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly contagious COVID-19 virus spread across the world in a matter of months, beginning in the second half of 2019 and being declared a global pandemic by March, 2020. To limit its continued spread, large parts of economies around the world were shut down, including in Canada and the USA. These actions resulted in levels of unemployment and contractions in GDP not seen since the Great Depression. Superimposed on these truly extraordinary events have been global supply challenges which manifested themselves in an inability of governments to procure critical medical equipment, which exacerbated the health care crisis, increased protectionist sentiments, and led to new protectionist legalisation across many countries. Furthermore, the COVID-19 shock will reinforce trends that were already present globally to shorten supply chains and slow FDI growth, serving as an important tipping point that should encourage governments to consider policies to mitigate the impact of such changes on host economies. This paper considers how these economic, financial, and legislative developments will likely impact FDI patterns for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic signals function in intrasexual mating competition in a wide variety of species, including humans. The low voice pitch of human males has been proposed to represent an honest signal of formidability. Although voice pitch in men affects perceptions of size and dominance, it is relatively weakly associated with objective measures of formidability such as body size and strength. As a result, some authors have argued that low male voice pitch is not a valid signal of formidability but is deceptive and salient only because it hijacks a tendency to perceive lower frequency sounds as emanating from larger sources. In this paper, we consider theoretical and empirical issues associated with this perceptual exploitation hypothesis and ask whether male voice pitch transmits information about formidability. We utilize mediation models to investigate whether male voice pitch is an honest signal of formidability in data collected from university students in the U.S. (n = 231 male speakers, 565 male raters) and Canada (n = 74 male speakers, 108 female raters, 65 male raters). In both data sets, male voice pitch mediated the relationship between objective (measured by height) and perceived formidability. Collectively, these results indicate that men's voice pitch transmits information about formidability from signaler to receiver. • We tested whether men's voice pitch signals formidability in two samples. • Listeners could accurately assess formidability from men's voices. • Male speakers' voice pitch mediated listeners' ability to assess formidability. • Mediation by voice pitch was independent of resonant (formant) frequencies. • Men's voice pitch appears to honestly signal formidability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) were introduced in the language of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2011–2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity as a mechanism to formally recognize the contributions that areas beyond traditional protected areas can make to the effective, long-term, in-situ conservation of biodiversity. Since the international conservation community agreed to a definition of OECMs in 2018, various Parties to the CBD have begun designating these areas and they are now being reported in global and national protected and conserved area databases. Using examples from Canada, this perspective details how the designation of some OECMs is circumventing the use of established and well-known decision support tools that work to uphold conservation standards, and why these designations may result in negligible gains for biodiversity. The perspective also details how labeling OECMs as "marine refuges" and "conserved areas" is misleading and can misinform the public on conservation success. To avoid the loss of biodiversity in 'paper parks' and eroding public trust in the institutions charged with effectively conserving biodiversity, the paper concludes by underscoring the need for new tools to evaluate the effectiveness of OECMs and new measures to hold countries accountable to protected and conserved area targets in the CBD so that their original intent is not further compromised in the post-2020 era of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada is endowed with abundant lignocellulosic biomass from agriculture and forestry. These sources provide a foundation for the development of Canada's cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept which is supported by government renewable energy policy initiatives. However, the chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass comprising carbohydrate polymers and lignin makes the structure recalcitrant to deconstruction, thereby constraining the ability of enzymes to convert these polymers into fermentable sugars without expensive and highly capital intensive pretreatment processes. The challenges are further compounded by the diversity of lignocellulosic biomass available in Canada, which typically necessitates commercial pretreatment pathways optimized for each feedstock type. In turn, these conditions constrain the development of viable business models for the commercialization of Canada's cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept. In order to address these challenges, Canadian researchers have continued to undertake research to develop pretreatment technologies applicable to several Canadian lignocellulosic biomass sources. The objective of this paper is to review contributions by Canadian researchers vis-à-vis the development of bioconversion pretreatment technologies needed to advance the commercialization of Canada's cellulosic biorefinery concept. These pretreatment technologies include physical, physico-chemical, biological, and processes that combine these methods. This paper also highlights the role of multi- institutional science and innovation collaborative approaches for advancing Canada's cellulosic ethanol biorefinery concept further downstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the total organic carbon (TOC) from well logs is an important step in formation evaluation of shale reservoirs. The ΔlogR model is one of the most commonly used methods in determining the TOC of the source rocks. Wang et al. (2016) made three revisions on ΔlogR model to enhance the prediction accuracy, one of which is to use a changeable slope of log 10 R t versus porosity logs to replace a fixed value. Based on the original ΔlogR model and Wang's revision, we propose an improved model for a better TOC estimation in this paper. Specifically, the approximate linear baseline is replaced by a theoretical one. Under this condition, both the slope and resistivity and porosity log values of the baselined rocks vary from depth to depth. The determination of theoretical baseline is presented, and the varied baseline log values are obtained by a simple mathematical technique. In addition to the shale play of Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, two study areas of Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin in China, were used to assess the applications of the proposed model and its improvement over the original model. The analysis and discussions presented in this paper indicate that the improved model offers more reliable results in shale plays with large lithological variations. Also, the TOC content of the three study areas was estimated using the proposed model. The results showed that the TOC values estimated from well logs and core analysis are in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2015, a new Liberal Government came to power in Canada, elected on a platform that included legalization and regulation of cannabis for recreational purposes. Their legislation, based on recommendations from a Federal Task Force on Marijuana Legalization and Regulation, is due in early April 2017.Methods: This commentary utilizes Canadian Federal policy papers, previous literature, and internal and international agreements to examine two key areas critical to the development of a nationwide regulated market for cannabis in Canada; the need to overcome restrictions to legalizing cannabis in United Nations' drug control treaties, and the unique challenges that non-medical cannabis creates for navigating interprovincial trade policies in Canada.Results: Irrespective of UN conventions that appear to prohibit legalization of cannabis the Government is preparing to bring forward legislation as this article goes to print. At the same time significant squabbles impede the selling of even beer and wine inter-provincially in Canada. This paper identifies the challenges facing Canadian legalization efforts, but also shows how the legalization legislation may provide opportunities to engender significant change beyond the simple legalization of a specific drug.Conclusion: This commentary does not argue for any specific course of action for Canada, but rather explores the nuance of legalization absent from the declaration in the Liberal party platform. The paper argues that Canada's efforts may hasten the dismantling of the UN drug control structure, and provide renewed opportunities for intern-provincial trade in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars assert that Indigenous peoples across the globe suffer a disproportionate burden of mental illness. Research indicates that colonialism and its associated processes are important determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health internationally. In Canada, despite an abundance of health research documenting inequalities in morbidity and mortality rates for Indigenous peoples, relatively little research has focused on mental health. This paper provides a critical scoping review of the literature related to Indigenous mental health in Canada. We searched eleven databases and two Indigenous health-focused journals for research related to mental health, Indigenous peoples, and Canada, for the years 2006–2016. Over two hundred papers are included in the review and coded according to research theme, population group, and geography. Results demonstrate that the literature is overwhelmingly concerned with issues related to colonialism in mental health services and the prevalence and causes of mental illness among Indigenous peoples in Canada, but with several significant gaps. Mental health research related to Indigenous peoples in Canada overemphasizes suicide and problematic substance use; a more critical use of the concepts of colonialism and historical trauma is advised; and several population groups are underrepresented in research, including Métis peoples and urban or off-reserve Indigenous peoples. The findings are useful in an international context by providing a starting point for discussions, dialogue, and further study regarding mental health research for Indigenous peoples around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political scientists have recently noted that we live in an “age of apologies”, in which there is a surge of government apologies for certain wrongs. In Canada, there have been at least 10 major apologies since the late 1980s. This paper reviews these apologies, and the ways they articulate with multiculturalism as a state policy. While these apologies are often considered separately, and in political terms, in this paper I argue that it is important to consider them together. To do so helps illuminate some of the political economic dynamics shaping the rise in apologies and why and how this rise in apologies is co-extensive with significant neoliberal transformations in the Canadian state, and of Canadian ways of understanding diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper builds upon the analyses presented in three companion papers using data from the 2003 and 2008 cycles of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS-2003 and CIS-2008) and the Ontario Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (OCANDS) to examine disproportionality and disparity of child welfare involvement for Asian-Canadian children involved in the child welfare system. Methods This study used CIS-2008 data adjusted by Census child population data to examine rates per 1000 and three disparity indexes (population-based disparity index [PDI], decision-based disparity index [DDI], and maltreatment-based disparity index [MDI]) to determine the representation of child maltreatment investigations for Asian-Canadian versus White-Canadian children involved in the child welfare system. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the odds of case closure for substantiated child maltreatment investigations, and whether Asian ethnicity remained significant while controlling for child demographics and household composition, case characteristics, and clinical concerns. Results This study found that Asian-Canadian children were underrepresented in the child welfare system compared to White-Canadian children (13.9 per 1000 Asian children in the Canadian population vs. 36.1 per 1000 White children in the Canadian population). Child welfare involvement for Asian-Canadian children are almost 2 times more likely to close after an investigation than White-Canadian children. The three disparity indexes (PDI, DDI, MDI) showed substantially different results with respect to the representation of child maltreatment investigations involving Asian-Canadian versus White-Canadian children for physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional maltreatment, and exposure to domestic violence. Conclusions Disproportionality and disparity are complex phenomena. The variation in results derived from different methods of calculating representation suggests the need for greater clarity and consistency in the definitions and methodology in examining racial disparity in child welfare research. Some methodological considerations for future child welfare research with Asian-Canadian populations were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Members of the healthcare team must access and share patient information to coordinate interprofessional collaborative practice (ICP). Although some evidence suggests that electronic health records (EHRs) contribute to in-team communication breakdowns, EHRs are still widely hailed as tools that support ICP. If EHRs are expected to promote ICP, researchers must be able to longitudinally study the impact of EHRs on ICP across communication types, users, and physical locations.Objective: This paper presents a data collection and analysis tool, named the Map of the Clinical Interprofessional Communication Spaces (MCICS), which supports examining how EHRs impact ICP over time, and across communication types, users, and physical locations.Methods: The tool's development evolved during a large prospective longitudinal study conducted at a Canadian pediatric academic tertiary-care hospital. This two-phased study [i.e., pre-implementation (phase 1) and post implementation (phase 2)] of an EHR employed a constructivist grounded theory approach and triangulated data collection strategies (i.e., non-participant observations, interviews, think-alouds, and document analysis). The MCICS was created through a five-step process: (i) preliminary structural development based on the use of the paper-based chart (phase 1); (ii) confirmatory review and modification process (phase 1); (iii) ongoing data collection and analysis facilitated by the map (phase 1); (iv) data collection and modification of map based on impact of EHR (phase 2); and (v) confirmatory review and modification process (phase 2).Results: Creating and using the MCICS enabled our research team to locate, observe, and analyze the impact of the EHR on ICP, (a) across oral, electronic, and paper communications, (b) through a patient's passage across different units in the hospital, (c) across the duration of the patient's stay in hospital, and (d) across multiple healthcare providers. By using the MCICS, we captured a comprehensive, detailed picture of the clinical milieu in which the EHR was implemented, and of the intended and unintended consequences of the EHR's deployment. The map supported our observations and analysis of ICP communication spaces, and of the role of the patient chart in these spaces.Conclusions: If EHRs are expected to help resolve ICP challenges, it is important that researchers be able to longitudinally assess the impact of EHRs on ICP across multiple modes of communication, users, and physical locations. Mapping the clinical communication spaces can help EHR designers, clinicians, educators and researchers understand these spaces, appreciate their complexity, and navigate their way towards effective use of EHRs as means for supporting ICP. We propose that the MCICS can be used "as is" in other academic tertiary-care pediatric hospitals, and can be tailored for use in other healthcare institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CSI-SVQR is proposed for wind power probability density forecasting. • Cubic spline interpolation is used to reduce the noisy of wind power data. • The optimal CWC criterion is used to acquire the best PIs. • The SSE of mode criterion is used to acquire the best point forecasting results. • Wilcoxon test verifies that CSI improves the accuracy of forecasting methods. Accurate forecasting of wind power plays an important role in an effective and reliable power system. However, the fact of non-schedulability and fluctuation of wind power significantly increases the uncertainty of power systems. The output power of a wind farm is usually mixed with uncertainties, which reduce the effectiveness and accuracy of wind power forecasting. In order to handle the uncertainty of wind power, this paper first proposes to conduct outlier detection and reconstruct data before the prediction. Then, a wind power probability density forecasting method is proposed, based on cubic spline interpolation and support vector quantile regression (CSI-SVQR), which can better estimate the whole wind power probability density curve. However, the probability density prediction method can not acquire the optimal point prediction and interval prediction results at the same time. In order to analyze the uncertainty of wind power, the present study considers the prediction results from the perspective of probabilistic point prediction and interval prediction respectively. Three sets of real-world wind power data from Canada and China are used to validate the CSI-SVQR method. The results show that the proposed method not only efficiently eliminates the outliers of wind power but also provides the probability density function, offering a complete description of wind power generation fluctuation. Furthermore, more accurate point prediction and prediction interval (PI) can be obtained compared to existing methods. Wilcoxon signed rank test is used to verify that CSI can improve the performance of forecasting methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic risk factors, low cognitive function and history of depression are known risk factors for future depressive episodes. This paper aims to evaluate the potential interactions between these factors on the risk of a major depressive episodes in middle-age.Methods: Baseline and follow-up data from a population-based study of Quebec, Canada were used. The sample consisted of 1788 adults between 40 and 69 years of age without diabetes. Cognitive function and metabolic risk factors were assessed at baseline. Three cognitive domains were assessed: processing speed, episodic memory and executive function. History of depression was assessed five years later by a clinical interview. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate interactions between individual metabolic factors, low cognitive function, and depression history.Results: Participants with a comorbidity of at least one metabolic factor, history of depression and low cognitive function had the highest risk of experiencing a depressive episode in middle age. The highest risk was observed in individuals with abdominal obesity, low cognitive function, and a history of depression (OR= 8.66, 95% CI 3.83-19.59). The risks for those with abdominal obesity only, depression history only, and low cognitive function were 1.20 (95%CI 0.71-2.02), 3.10 (95%CI 1.81-5.24), and 1.39 (95%CI 0.72-2.67), respectively.Limitations: Depression was only assessed at follow-up.Conclusion: Metabolic risk factors comorbid with low cognitive function in middle-aged individuals with a history of depression were associated with an increased risk of a future depressive episode. This study highlights the importance of screening for metabolic and cognitive comorbidities in patients with a history of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults are at high risk from influenza and its complications, and are therefore an important population for prevention efforts. In Canada, public health efforts targeting influenza are multi-pronged and include vaccination programs as well as surveillance which informs the national surveillance reporting platform FluWatch run by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Recommendations regarding use of vaccines are made nationally by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and by the Comité sur l'immunisation du Québec in Quebec, while vaccination programs are planned and delivered at the provincial/territorial level as opposed to as a harmonized national immunization program. NACI performs rigorous targeted literature reviews to inform their statements, and recommendations also vary by whether they apply on Individual (pertaining to decisions for individual patients) vs. Programmatic (informing policy decisions for implementation of publicly funded vaccination programs) levels. This unique context results in inter-provincial variation in vaccine schedules and funded vaccine products. In this paper, the importance of influenza vaccination for older adults is discussed; to provide insights from the Canadian context, the evolution of NACI evidence reviews and recommendations on influenza vaccination is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic technologies are increasingly implemented in airport premises. In certain conditions of sun path, the glare from solar photovoltaic modules may the reduce visibility of pilots and air traffic controllers. Despite the threat to aviation safety with solar installations in airport, only a few countries have framed regulation on glare impact. The paper attempts to study the various factors affecting the occurrence of glare from solar PV array in Airport. The main objective is to review the approaches and metrics for assessing the glare impact from the solar photovoltaic array. In addition, the work summarises the glare guidelines existing in USA, Canada and European nations. The main factors that influence the glare occurrence are suns position, tilt angle, Surface texture, color and location of PV module. It was concluded that the existing glare assessment approaches are of limited practical use in the worldwide scenario. Though there are several limitations with the existing glare indices, the Ho et al metrics is reasonably a good indicator for glare assessment in airport solar PV installations. Guidelines formulated by Federal Aviation Administration, (FAA), USA is good enough to be used as guideline for glare impact assessment in other countries. It is envisaged that this work will assist the research communities for the development of the globally acceptable glare assessment and metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a governance approach to managing the multitude of pressures currently being exerted on marine ecosystems. A key component to this approach is acknowledgement that stakeholder engagement is essential for success. During the planning phase of the Marine Plan Partnership (MaPP) initiative, the Partners (the B.C. provincial and 18 First Nations governments) employed, what was termed, an advisory approach to engagement. This advisory approach committed the Partners to engage meaningfully with stakeholders and the public, consider their feedback, work towards balanced solutions, and incorporate what was found to be agreeable. However, it did not require a consensus among participants in order for advice to be accepted or acted upon. Planning occurred over a three-year period in four sub-regions encompassing 102,000 square kilometers of coastal and marine waters on the North Pacific Coast of Canada. Engagement spanned more than 10 sectors of special interest and 22 coastal communities throughout the planning area and included interested members of the general public. Upon plan completion, there was broad stakeholder support for the final sub-regional plans and the Regional Action Framework. The purpose of this paper is to describe from the MaPP governance partners' perspective, the components of the MaPP advisory-based stakeholder engagement policy and key lessons learned about the factors contributing to the success of its approach. The paper draws upon analysis of MaPP Partner discussions and reflections during and after the planning process, and includes the results of an internal evaluation of stakeholder engagement by independent consultants who surveyed the MaPP team, stakeholders, and the public. • Extensive stakeholder and public engagement during development of marine plans. • Engagement successful through funding, inclusivity, accountability, and capacity. • Inclusion of stakeholder and public advice into the marine plans. • Engagement methodology has led to stakeholder and public by-in of plans. • Stakeholder engagement has been carried forward to implementation phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of several months in 2018, more than 240 people were arrested in Burnaby, BC, Canada for disrupting the expansion of the Trans Mountain Pipeline. While those arrested shared a willingness to defy Canadian law in opposition to this pipeline development, the police applied differing degrees of force and violence while making these arrests. Informed by interviews with land defenders and engagements on the frontlines of this conflict, this paper considers what these discrepancies in police tactics teach us about logics of settler colonial law, authority, and violence. We do so by engaging in a discussion of the foundational paradox of the state – that its constitutional law is unlawfully constituted – and by presenting the politics of recognition as a strategy employed by the settler colonial state in its attempts to reconcile the contradiction between the state's claims to legal authority and its own unlawful foundations. However, whereas recognition and reconciliation are often presented in contrast to earlier more violent eras of colonial governance, we argue that colonial recognition is a logic of state violence which determines how, and against whom, state violence is distributed. When assertions of Indigenous jurisdiction take unrecognized or deviant forms, the state ultimately resorts to violence to remove these competing claims to legal authority. Moreover, we argue that police violence against Indigenous peoples asserting "sovereignty on the ground" should not be understood as merely a matter of law enforcement – rather, this is a productive form of violence through which the legal authority of the state is actively established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroecology and food sovereignty have gained a significant foothold in the Global South; however, in the Global North, there are significant challenges hindering the adoption of these concepts. Drawing on participants' insights following an Agroecology Field School and Research Summit held in Ontario, Canada in 2018, this paper presents the context for agroecology's potential expansion in this country. We argue that three key dimensions must be addressed in order for the concept to be advanced: 1) Engagement in food system governance; 2) Building networks of solidarity between academics, activists, and food producers/harvesters; and 3) Realization of Indigenous food sovereignty. • Politics remain one of the most significant challenges facing agroecology in Canada. • Agroecology can strengthen food governance at community and government levels. • Agroecology requires solidarity between academics, organizers, and food producers. • Agroecology must address historical and ongoing injustices facing Indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of the nationality and strength of friendships on self-reported levels of satisfaction among international students attending a mid-sized university in Canada. Satisfaction scales capture a variety of dimensions of the international study experience, including cultural, educational and social aspects. We find evidence that international students with a larger proportion of host-national friends (Canadians) enjoy greater cultural and social satisfaction and surprisingly the vast majority of the positive effect comes from having a greater proportion of host-nationals in the weakest friendships, suggesting the importance of weak ties. Furthermore, international students with a greater proportion of co-national friends (from the same country as the respondent) report lower levels of cultural and social satisfaction and, again, most of the effect comes from the weakest relationships. We do not find evidence of a relationship between friendship patterns and educational satisfaction. This paper advances the growing body of work on the instrumental value of weak ties in social relationships but also their significance in structuring social experiences, particularly satisfaction and wellbeing. We recommend further research to better understand the processes through which newcomers make new friends in new locations, and the consequences of these social networks in the broader integration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Applying a justice in transitions framework to the case study of the Energy Futures Lab. • Operationalizing concepts of environmental justice in transitions projects. • Recommendations for researchers and practitioners for transitions projects. While the concept of 'just transitions' has become more and more prominent in academic and popular discussions of sustainability transition, these conceptions are often framed in purely economic terms, and focus on the economic impact on communities, regions, and nation-states. We argue that a broader conception of justice in transitions, and in particular energy transitions, is required. Questions such as who will win and who will lose as society transitions to more sustainable future, who decides what the transition will look like, how are those historically excluded from decision making recognized, and how are the interests of non-humans and future generations included are important to answer in order to ensure that concepts of justice are included in transitions processes. Answering these questions is critical in "ensuring that system transitions are not only more sustainable, but also more just" (Williams and Doyon, 2019, p. 144). In this paper, we apply the justice and system transition framework (Williams and Doyon, 2019) to the Energy Futures Lab (EFL). We find that while the EFL has made great strides towards justice in transition, the EFL is also a demonstration of the challenges of incorporating justice such as addressing issues of power dynamics and conceptions of diversity and inclusion. We also find that the justice and system transitions framework proves to be a valuable tool in assessing justice in transitions projects. Going beyond the common 'just transition' approach that focuses on distributive justice gives a richer conception of justice and ensures that procedural and recognition approaches are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three indicators (GDP, PCDIIP-rh and Total Population) are selected in this paper to study the effect of sample length on forecasting validity of FGM(1,1). It has passed the test, such as development coefficient, mean relative error within the sample, and ratio of mean square error. The above three sets of indicators are proved to be suitable for FGM(1,1) to make predictions. The results of the study indicate that the forecasting of 4–6 sample lengths is the most appropriate. The MAPE of 5 sample length is better than sample lengths 4 or 6. The conclusion of this study is verified by taking the oil production of India and Canada as examples. On this basis, the sample length 5 is selected to predict the average annual concentration of PM 2.5 from 2019 to 2021 in Xingtai. The forecasting results show that the PM 2.5 in Xingtai will decline in the next three years, but it will not reach the national level 2 concentration limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief article presents a biographical sketch of Friedrich (Fritz) Grein, a Canadian quantum chemist who has had a long scientific career of more than 65 years. His first scientific paper was published in 1958 and his most recent one was published this year (2023). [Display omitted] • Biography. • Distinguished quantum chemist. • Exceptionally long career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Presentations to emergency departments (EDs) and patient acuity continue to increase. Whilst strategies to deliver safe patient care in the ED are evolving, emergency nurses need to be well educated through specialist qualifications to enable delivery of advanced patient care. This paper presents a comparative analysis of available international practice and competency standards for nurses graduating from emergency nursing courses in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Methods CINAHL, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and Embase were searched for papers, published in English, using the terms: ‘emergency’, ‘accident and emergency’, ‘nursing’, ‘competency’, ‘practice standards’, ‘scope of practice’, ‘regulation’, and ‘specialist standards’. Secondary sources from relevant reference lists and professional websites were also searched. Results The standards from the five countries were common across five domains: clinical expertise, communication, teamwork, resources and environment, and legal. None of the standards were specific to the emergency nursing graduate, and there was variability in the level of expertise required for which the standards apply. Conclusions The available practice standards demonstrated some commonality. Consideration of the utility of a universal framework for informing the development of emergency nursing practice standards and emergency nursing curriculum for nurses wishing to specialise is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper uses the Taxonomy of Everyday Self-management Strategies (TEDSS) to provide insight and understanding into the complex and interdependent self-management strategies people with neurological conditions use to manage everyday life.Methods: As part of a national Canadian study, structured telephone interviews were conducted monthly for eleven months, with 117 people living with one or more neurological conditions. Answers to five open-ended questions were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. A total of 7236 statements were analyzed.Results: Findings are presented in two overarching patterns: 1) self-management pervades all aspects of life, and 2) self-management is a chain of decisions and behaviours. Participants emphasized management of daily activities and social relationships as important to maintaining meaning in their lives.Conclusion: Managing everyday life with a neurological condition includes a wide range of diverse strategies that often interact and complement each other. Some people need to intentionally manage every aspect of everyday life.Practice Implications: For people living with neurological conditions, there is a need for health providers and systems to go beyond standard advice for self-management. Self-management support is best tailored to each individual, their life context and the realities of their illness trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]