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The rapid development of new digital technologies for natural resource management has created a need to design and update governance regimes for effective and transparent generation, sharing and use of digital natural resource data. In this paper, we contribute to this novel area of investigation from the perspective of institutional change. We develop a conceptual framework to analyze how emerging natural resource data governance is shaped by related natural resource governance; complex, multilevel systems of actors, institutions and their interplay. We apply this framework to study forest data governance and its roots in forest governance in Finland and Canada. In Finland, an emphasis on open forest data and the associated legal reform represents the instutionalization of a mixed open data-bioeconomy discourse, pushed by higher-level institutional requirements towards greater openness and shaped by changing actor dynamics in relation to diverse forest values. In Canada, a strong institutional lock-in around public-private partnerships in forest management has engendered an approach that is based on voluntary data sharing agreements and fragmented data management, conforming with the entrenched interests of autonomous sub-national actors and thus extending the path-dependence of forest governance to forest data governance. We conclude by proposing how the framework could be further developed and tested to help explain which factors condition the formation of natural resource data institutions and subsequently the (re-)distribution of benefits they govern. Transparent and efficient data approaches can be enabled only if the analysis of data institutions is given equal attention to the technological development of data solutions. • We studied how emerging forest data governance is shaped by dynamics in forest governance. • Forest data institutions may support path-dependency or renewal of forest governance, depending on context. • Innovative data institutions may enable a dynamic governance continuum from closed to open natural resource data. • Future studies should focus on feedback effects of data governance on natural resource governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential energy demand timing and magnitude are highly impacted by occupants' behaviors and activities. However, acquiring a reliable data source for these activities is a vital challenge, especially on an urban scale. In this context, this paper presents a stochastic bottom-up model for generating electrical loads for residential buildings in Canada. The proposed model is developed to investigate the impact of different household characteristics, appliance stock, and energy behaviors on the timing and magnitude of non-HVAC energy loads at individual or multiple houses. The proposed tool includes four main modules for generating stochastic profiles of occupancy, lighting demand, appliance load, and domestic hot water demand (DWH). The model is calibrated using the Canadian time use survey (TUS), energy use statistics, and appliance ownership surveys. The model is scalable and can be extended to serve various applications by adding new modules and data sources in the future. This paper presents the model development methodology, generated high-resolution load profiles, and validation in comparison with actual measurements. Finally, the model is used for studying the impact of household characteristics on total energy use. Future work will include incorporating this model into a comprehensive agent-based model for designing and testing effective demand response programs. • A stochastic load profile generator is developed for residential buildings. • Canadian TUS data is used to identify common patterns of activity schedules. • Stochastic profiles are developed for occupancy, lighting, appliances, and DWH. • The tool is demonstrated and validated using a case study. • The impact of household characteristics on total energy use is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kraft process is an intensive user of capital, energy, water, and chemicals, and is particularly vulnerable in the present precarious economic situation. Therefore, Canadian Kraft pulp mills offer good potential for improvement, especially if the equipment and unit operations are diagnosed in details by means of specific key performance indicators (KPI). The characterization and performance analysis of equipment is a prerequisite to optimization. A thorough evaluation of the equipment performance must be done to assess the actual vs. the expected performance before proceeding to any kind of energy improvement project. A systematic methodology for equipment performance evaluation through key performance indicators (KPIs) is presented in Part I. New key performance indicators (KPIs) based on dimensional analysis as well as other conventional key performance indicators are used to efficiently analyze and diagnose the causes of inefficiencies of the equipment, and propose adequate remedial actions. The methodology has been applied to an Eastern Canadian Kraft mill and several improvement projects leading to 30% of energy savings are proposed, entailing a low investment cost and a payback of 1.1 a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 had an unprecedented impact on transit demand and usage. Stiff and vigilant hygiene safety requirements changed travellers' mode choice preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, transit modal share is radically impacted. Therefore, quantitative measurements on transit demand impact are urgently needed to facilitate evidence-based policy responses to COVID-19. Thus, we collected 1000 random samples through a web-based survey in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada, on traveler's modal choices behavior during the COIVD-19 pandemic. The paper presents an analysis with this firsthand dataset to understand transit users' behavioral adaptation resulting from the spreading of COVID-19 in 2020. We found that the transit frequency dropped by 21% to 71% for various socioeconomic groups in the GTA during the pandemic. The transit modal share dipped for all trip purposes. For private vehicle owners, around 70% of transit users switched to their private vehicles. More than 60% of those without cars switched to active transport for all travel purposes. Also, ride-hailing services are the second most popular substitution of transit for them. More than 80% of the respondents agreed with all transit safety policies, such as mandatory face-covering listed in the survey. Moreover, a similar proportion of the respondents agreed to return to public transit in the future. Multinomial, nested, and mixed logit models are estimated to capture relationships between modal choices and various factors. We found that the daily number of new COVID-19 cases impacts the choice of transit negatively. However, vaccine availability and mandatory face-covering onboard positively affect travellers' choices of riding transit during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve individual research achievements (IRA), this study investigates which affiliated countries and authors earn the most cited IRAs and whether those types of articles are associated with the number of cited papers on schizophrenia from a leading journal in the field. The Kano model was used for displaying the IRAs. Clusters of medical subject headings (MeSH) were applied to explore the core concepts of a given journal. This study aimed to apply social network analysis (SNA) and an authorship-weighted scheme (AWS) to inspect the association between MeSH terms and IRA. About 2,008 abstracts published between 2012 and 2016 in the journal Schizophrenia Research were downloaded from Pubmed Central using the keyword (Schizophr Res)[Journal] on September 20, 2018. The MeSH terms were clustered by using SNA to separate the core concepts and compare the differences in bibliometric indices (i.e., h, Ag, x and author impact factor or AIF). Visual dashboards were shown on Google Maps. Results indicate that (1) the US, the UK, and Canada earn the highest x-index; (2) the top one author from the US has the highest x-index (= 5.73 with x-core at cited = 16.44 and citable = 2); (3) the article type of schizophrenic psychology shows distinctly higher frequencies than others; and (4) article types are associated with the number of cited papers. Four approaches of the Kano model, SNA, MeSH terms, and AWS can be accommodated to display IRAs, classify article types, and quantify coauthor contributions in the article byline, respectively, and applied to other scientific disciplines in the future, not just in this specific journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The uncertainty of wind power has a significant impact on power load forecasting. • LASSO-QR is presented for power load probability density forecasting considering the wind power. • LASSO and GCV methods are adopted to extract the important explanatory variables. • Two cases of Canada in summer and winter display the performance of proposed method. Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is the foundation of safe and stable operation for power systems. In recent years, large amount of intermittent wind power has integrated into the power system, which significantly increases the uncertainties of power load forecasting. Along with the gradual increase for the proportion of wind power in the power grid, the frequency stability problem attributed to wind power connection attracts increasing attention from various aspects. Fully considering the impact of the wind power factor, a method of probability density forecasting based on Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator-Quantile Regression (LASSO-QR) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the significant explanatory variables are screened out from the historical power load and wind power factors based on LASSO algorithm via generalized cross validation (GCV), and the LASSO-QR model is established. Secondly, in combination with kernel density estimation (KDE) method, short-term power load probability density forecasting based on LASSO-QR is implemented utilizing Epanechnikov kernel function. Thirdly, the paper appraises the exactitude of the prediction interval (PI) in accordance with two criteria, prediction interval coverage probability (PICP) and prediction interval normalized average width (PINAW). Two real datasets from Ontario of Canada in summer and winter, are exploited to validate the LASSO-QR method. Fully considering the impact of wind power factor on the power load, experiment results demonstrate that the LASSO-QR method can construct more accurate PI and obtain more precise probability density forecasting results than quantile regression (QR). Contrastive analysis with the existing state-of-the-art methods further verifies superiority of the method proposed, which reduces the nondeterminacy of the prediction process to avoid large prediction errors and economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate wind speed forecasting ensures the controllability for the wind power system. In this paper, a structure with density-weighted active learning (DWAL)-based model selection strategy from the perspective of meteorological factors is proposed to improve the accuracy and stability for wind speed deterministic and probabilistic forecasting. To improve training efficiency and accelerate the sample selection process, DWAL is employed. The multi-objective flower pollination algorithm is used to combine best models selected from model space with optimal weights for higher accuracy and stability. Except deterministic forecasts, as large-scale wind power generation integrated into power grid, the wind direction should also be forecasted and the estimation of the wind speed and direction uncertainty is vital, offering various aspects of forecasts for risk management. Thus, both deterministic and probabilistic forecasting for the wind speed vector are included in this paper. Eight datasets from Ontario Province, Canada, are utilized to evaluate forecasting performance of the model selection and the proposed structure. Results demonstrated: (a) the proposed structure is suitable for wind speed vector forecasting; (b) the proposed structure obtains more precise and stable forecasting performance; (c) the proposed structure improves the accuracy of deterministic forecasting and provides probabilistic information for wind speed vector forecasting. • Propose a novel forecasting structure based on meteorological analysis. • The model selection is employed. • The multi-objective flower pollination algorithm is used. • Density-weighted active learning algorithm is applied. • Both deterministic forecasting and probabilistic forecasting are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a systematic assessment of artificial lift (AL) methods for a heavy oil development in Kuwait. The main recovery strategies that were being considered for the development consisted of different sequencing of primary production, cyclic steam stimulation and steam flooding, with both vertical and horizontal wells. Initially, Kuwait Oil Company drilled five vertical wells in their heavy oil fields, as a precursor to the full field development planned in the coming years. These five wells represented the first major activity in the formation since the 1980s, when two cyclic steam stimulation pilot tests were conducted. The characteristics of the development and of the associated planned recovery strategies presented several AL challenges that needed to be assessed. This work consisted of an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of various AL systems and a ranking of these systems according to well geometry, oil viscosity, targeted flow rate and the recovery method. The assessment and ranking were mainly based on vendor quoted capabilities, focused wellbore modelling and lessons learned from other heavy oil field cases around the world. While significant experience with rod pumps in cyclic steam stimulation exists in Canada, the lessons learned from that experience needed to be evaluated due to the differences with the Kuwait heavy oil development, such as the requirement to "easily" transition from primary to thermal production and the possible use of metallic stator progressing cavity pumps. This paper provides guidance to other developments around the world in regards to heavy oil AL selection and to how best to apply lessons learned from existing heavy oil developments. • Rod pumps are the most suitable for the given scenarios, but rod hang-up is an issue. • ESPs are least likely suitable, due to head degradation and difficulty of steam injection. • Rod torque and large temperature variation are main challenges for elastomeric PCP. • Low volumetric efficiency and wear/plugging are main challenges for M-PCPs. • ES-PCPs have no benefit for the given scenarios over conventional PCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CanMars Mars sample return (MSR) analogue mission was conducted as a field and operational test for the Mars 2020 sample cache rover mission and was the most realistic known MSR rover analogue mission to-date. A rover — similar in scale to that of rover planned for NASA's Mars 2020 mission — was deployed to a scientifically relevant Mars-analogue sedimentary field site with remote mission operations conducted at the University of Western Ontario, Canada; the mission aim was to inform on best practices and optimal approaches for sample acquisition modeled on the Mars 2020 rover mission. The daily operational procedures of the CanMars Science Team were modeled on those of current missions (i.e., Mars Science Laboratory tactical operations), serving as a study of known operational workflows and as a testbed for new approaches. This paper reports on the operational results of CanMars with best-practice recommendations. CanMars was designed as a Mars 2020 mock mission and thus carried similar science objectives; these included (1) advancing the understanding of the habitability potential of a subaqueous sedimentary environment through identifying, characterizing, and caching drilled samples containing high organic carbon (as a proxy for preserved ancient biosignatures) and (2) advancing the understanding of the history of water at the site. The in situ science investigations needed to address these science objectives were guided by the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group goals. Effective and efficient Science Team operational procedures were developed – and many lessons were documented – through daily tactical planning and science investigations employed to meet the sample acquisition goals. In addition to the documentation of the CanMars operational procedures, this paper provides a brief summary of the science results from CanMars with a focus on recommendations for future analogue missions and planetary sample return flight missions, providing specific value to operational procedures for the Mars 2020 rover mission. • Rover mission operations management, procedures, and workflows were vetted. • We document the complex Science Team interactions relevant to operational workflows. • An intentional operational structure must be employed for optimal use of very limited mission time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A two-stage stochastic model for reverse logistics network design is developed. • The collected volume and the recycling rates at the collection centers are uncertain. • Our model considers joint dynamic supply sources and source separation centers. • A case study targeting waste management in the (*CRD: Construction, Renovation and Demolition) industry is presented. • The benefits of source separation for waste management efficiency is highlighted. This paper presents a two-stage stochastic programming model for reverse logistics network design (RLND) under uncertainty with dynamic supply sources' locations. The primary objective of the optimization model is to maximize the expected profit generated by selling recycled materials to the secondary markets and to make the landfilling option less attractive. In comparison with the state-of-the-art stochastic optimization models in this area, which mainly focus on the expected optimal value, this paper emphasizes the role of source separation of recyclable materials to increase the productivity level at the collection centers (CC). Indeed, the quantity of materials collected from the supply sources and the recycling rates at the CC are the primary sources of uncertainty considered in this study. A Sample Average Approximation (SAA) procedure is developed to solve the stochastic model and perform sensitivity analyses on the number of supply sources, the sample size and the level of uncertainty targeting the random parameters. Managerial implications are discussed through a case study from the demolition industry in the province of Quebec, Canada. Although the use of source separation centers (SSC) improves the network performance in both rural and urban zones, the additional flexibility provided by these platforms reaches its best efficiency in the case of high-density urban areas. Finally, the results suggest significant RLND adjustments that lead to an increase in the average profit by 17.6% and recycle around 29% of additional building materials waste from demolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable innovations are of growing interest to both managers and researchers. Managers want to understand how to develop these innovations. However, researchers have extensively focused on this question by analysing the determinants of sustainable innovation development. The purpose of the study is to address this issue by adopting a process view, which is an underexplored perspective in the literature of sustainable innovation. More precisely, the paper seeks to highlight the temporal and relational dimensions in a sustainable innovation development process by focusing on the following questions: How does sustainable innovation develop through interactions and transformations made by a manager and stakeholders? What are the mechanisms used by the manager to facilitate these interactions and transformations? The actor-network theory offers theoretical (socio-technical analysis) and methodological (socio-technical graph) tools to examine such questions. They are used to understand and track the relative successful development of a hybrid bike by a small and medium-sized enterprise in Canada. The findings reveal managerial mechanisms (playing the role of sustainability translator, defining multivocal obligatory passage points, casting of allies, mobilizing actors-certifiers and -influencers) related to four translation moments (problematization, interessement, enrolment and mobilization) in the sustainable innovation development that led us to consider it as a synchronous process (co-construction and parallel association). The main contributions of the study are: 1) the use of socio-technical analysis to provide an in-depth level of understanding of a sustainable innovation development within an organization; 2) the complete application of the socio-technical graph method to track a manager and stakeholders' interactions and transformations; 3) the identification of managerial practices that contribute to the success of the sustainable innovation development. The paper suggests further research on the dynamic process of different types of sustainable innovation within various organizational contexts. • For the sustainable innovation to become indispensable, the manager should play the role of the sustainability translator. • The manager defines sustainability passage points and establishes appropriation and exchanges relationships with actors. • The manager makes a casting of allies with five roles: producers, evaluators, investors, regulators and promoters. • The manager mobilizes actors-certifiers and actors-influencers of the sustainable innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly expanding market of wind energy, sites in cold climates are becoming popular because of their high wind potential. However, several challenges are associated with energy production in those sites. Such challenges not only include low temperature and high winds, but also multiple icing events. To cope with the negative impacts of icing, wind turbine manufacturers nowadays include ice protection systems (IPS) to their products. It has been observed that the performances of those systems can be greatly influenced by the ambient conditions. In many occasions, under harsh conditions, turbines IPS may not able to prevent ice formation on the blades nor to remove ice that is already formed. Multiple numerical analysis were made on the IPS performance but none of them relies on actual field data. In this paper, the relationship between the turbine stoppage time, wind speed and ambient temperature was studied on a wind farm of over 80 turbines in eastern Canada. The test site is subject to harsh weather and long recovery time and can therefore provide interesting data on icing events. A simplified 1-D heat transfer model of the blades during recovery time has been developed and then compared to the field data. The model was used to generate IPS performance envelopes to delimit, on a temperature vs. wind speed chart, the conditions where the IPS are expected to operate successfully. This analysis showed the importance of having an IPS adapted to the conditions encountered in a given site. To help wind turbine manufacturers design their IPS, a set of distributions of the most relevant meteorological parameters is presented. This set of data has been retrieved using a custom made meteorological conditions monitoring station (MCMS) installed on one of the wind turbines' nacelle. Wind turbine designers, developers and operators can greatly benefit from the data presented in this paper. • Wind speed/temperature distributions of turbine stoppage time retrieved on a wind farm of over 80 turbines during 2 winters. • Thermal model investigating wind turbine hot air IPS efficiency using parameters commonly available. • Statistical distributions of several meteorological measurements, including icing severity and event duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Higher fluoride in drinking water is slow poison with irrecoverable consequences. • The paper discusses the natural factors behind occurrences of high fluorosis globally. • The Global Fluoride Belts are geographically connected and geologically similar with natural factors. • In situ process of fluoride removal techniques, their removal capacity, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Fluorosis is an endemic disease that is now a global challenge. In this review paper we have classified and described the global fluoride belts (GFB) geologically and geographically connecting different countries. A proper map of the global fluoride belts showing the inland connections between each belt is presented. Several natural factors like the rock type, soil, tectonics, hydrogeology and climate of a terrain which are majorly responsible for engrafting higher fluoride in drinking water are described. A detailed uniform description of each belts with respect to geology, geochemistry are discussed. The minor factors like altitude, phosphate mining etc. on fluorosis are also discussed including countries like Canada, Norway etc. which are potentially affected by fluorosis. The correlation of different ions like Cl−, Ca2+, etc; pH, electrical conductivity, TDS etc are compared and reviewed in detailed with respect to different GFB. The genesis and sources of fluoride contamination are also supported by different isotopic evidences. In this article, the in situ methods involving natural minerals and materials which can adsorb fluoride effectively and are being used globally are exhaustively assessed. The methods which are highly sustainable with minimum waste generation and cost effective are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates how the interplay between six organisational elements of public transport systems (conditions) – i.e. integration of planning responsibilities within an authority at the regional/metropolitan level; land-use and transport integration; long-term metropolitan public transport planning; agency over funding; fare integration, and allocation of risks between government and operators - influence two key performance indicators (outcomes) – modal split and cost-recovery. The study focuses on selected metropolitan areas in Europe, Australia, and Canada, and employs Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). QCA can handle multiple explanatory conditions in combination, framing the relationship between conditions and studied outcomes in terms of necessity and sufficiency. The paper reveals three alternative combinations of organisational elements that are sufficient for achieving each outcome, underscoring that modal split and cost-recovery depend on the combined effects of multiple conditions (conjunctural causality), and that different paths can lead to similar results (equifinality). Furthermore, even though both outcomes are linked to higher usage of public transport, findings suggest that each of them might require decision-makers to give attention to different elements. Higher modal split is closely linked to both integration between land-use and transport, and the integration of planning responsibilities within an authority at the regional/metropolitan level. Higher cost-recovery, in turn, requires focus on the way agency over funding and risk allocation strategies shape incentives for savings and/or revenue generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factor V Leiden (FVL) is an inherited autosomal dominant condition that is identified in 20%-50% of patients with venous thromboembolic diseases and 5-8% of the population in Canada. People with FVL are often called hypercoagulable, and have a five-fold increase in the risk of venous thrombosis. There is a low prevalence of FVL among patients with fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) and a higher incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) than PE in patients with FVL. This has been referred to as the FVL paradox in thrombosis. We wished to test whether FVL and normal patients are at the same risk of initial thrombus formation, expect FVL patients present with symptomatic DVT while normal patients do not present, because the small asymptomatic DVT in normal patients embolizes to become an asymptomatic PE. Therefore, to explain why patients with FVL are more likely to present with a DVT rather than a PE we will study DVT stability in FVL mice using a modification of our previously published mouse model of venous thrombus stability. Platelets were fluorescently labeled using CD41 fab fragments conjugated to an Alexa Fluor 488. DVT was induced using a ferric chloride saturated filter paper on the femoral vein of female mice. We chose conditions such that only a small thrombus developed in wild type (WT) mice, and then compared them to thrombi in FVL heterozygous (F5L/+) and FVL homozygous (F5L/L) mice. Intravital videomicroscopy recorded embolic events leaving the thrombus and the thrombus sizes every 10 minutes for 2 hours. Lungs were harvested sectioned and stained for presence of PE. Although thrombus size remained small in WT mice, it significantly increased over time in F5L/+ and F5L/L mice. The number of total and large embolic events, and the percent of thrombus that embolized was significantly decreased in F5L/+ and F5L/L mice compared to WT mice. Previously we have correlated increased large embolic events with increased PE burden. FVL mice had significantly reduced PE burden compared to WT mice. Mice with F5L had higher F1.2 levels than in WT, consistent with increased thrombin generation. This suggests that in noncarriers (reflected by WT), a minor insult initially resulting in a small DVT tends to remain small and asymptomatic, due to the embolization. Alternatively, the same insult in people with FVL (reflected by F5L/L) leads to thrombus growth due to less embolization and thus development of symptomatic DVT, but no PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Statistical Assessment Tool (SAT) Decision Support System (DSS) has been developed to provide a user-friendly data analysis, display and decision support tool for Canada''s federal environmental effects monitoring program for the pulp and paper and mining industries. The target users include industries, consultants, regional EEM coordinators, National EEM Office and scientists involved in EEM-related research. The tool allows the assessment of the effects of effluent from industrial or other sources on fish and benthic populations. Effect endpoints, which are used as indicators of potentially important effluent effects, are measured at effluent-exposed sites and are compared statistically to measures at reference sites, in order to determine if changes have occurred and the magnitude of the changes. The main driver of the EEM-SAT DSS is its rule-based expert system. The results are used in assessing the adequacy of existing regulations for protecting aquatic environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A novel bridge weigh-in-motion method is presented using parametric dynamic bridge-vehicle interaction formulation. • Modal parameters extracted from ambient vibration tests are used to accurately simulate the bridge structures. • The formulation offers superior computational efficiency since it eliminates the need for calibrated finite element models. • The proposed method resulted in accurate estimations even when the vehicle travel path differs from calibrations. • The Proposed method was validated using a full-scale case-study arterial highway bridge in Canada. Dynamic bridge weigh in motion systems use models that can simulate the dynamic behaviour of a bridge subjected to moving traffic. Currently available models use complex and computationally expensive Moving Force Identification (MFI) methods that utilize finite element models to estimate the bridge torsional and transverse dynamic behaviour. This paper presents a novel dynamic parametric BWIM method that utilizes the experimentally estimated modal parameters for simulating the response of a bridge structure to moving loads. The estimated modes of an in-situ structure inherently capture the true bridge behaviour for any generalized geometry, boundary conditions and load position. Therefore, it enables the complex torsional and transverse bending behaviour of the bridge to be captured. In this paper, the mathematical derivation of the analytical model is presented in detail, then model calibration and weighing procedures are outlined, followed by the validation of the proposed method using a full-scale case study arterial highway bridge in the Canadian Province of New Brunswick. The proposed dynamic BWIM method offers a novel solution for the development of real-time BWIM systems that is efficient to calibrate and accurate in vehicle identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People incarcerated in facilities for women and girls face barriers to accessing abortion, including unclear legislation, operational procedures, and distance. While medication abortion could mitigate distance barriers, prison is not a hospitable environment for medication abortion. Considering this limitation, this paper aimed to identify the distance from institutions of incarceration designated for women and girls to procedural abortion facilities in Canada. This study builds on an inventory of the 67 institutions of incarceration designated for women and girls across 13 provinces and territories in Canada, previously created by the authors. Procedural abortion facilities were identified using publicly available directories. Distances were calculated using Google Maps. The closest procedural abortion facility was identified for each institution, as well as the gestational age limit of each facility. Of the 67 institutions, 23 (34%) were located 0 to 10 km from a procedural abortion facility. Fourteen (21%) were located 10.1 to 20 km away. Ten (15%) were located 20.1 to 100 km away. Eleven were located 100.1 to 300 km away (16%). The remaining 9 (13%) were located between 300.1 and 738 km away. Distances ranged from 0.1 to 738 km. The greatest distances were among institutions in northern Canada. This paper identified a large range of distances between institutions of incarceration and procedural abortion facilities in Canada. Physical distance is only one measure of accessibility of abortion services. For incarcerated people, contextual factors including carceral policies and procedures present barriers to care, with significant impact on health equity. Distance between carceral institutions and procedural abortion facilities reduces equitable access to reproductive health services for incarcerated populations. Pregnant people should be protected from imprisonment to ensure reproductive autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research highlights the need for effective lifestyle interventions for men. Hockey Fans in Training (Hockey FIT) was developed as a pragmatic healthy lifestyle program tailored to men with overweight or obesity. This paper overviews the rationale, program details, and design of a recently completed cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Hockey FIT. Participant engagement and baseline characteristics are also described. The RCT evaluated the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of Hockey FIT. Forty-two sites in Canada and the United States were randomized to either the Hockey FIT intervention group or wait-list control group. Participants were men, aged 35–65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2. Hockey FIT is a group-based, off-ice, in-person healthy lifestyle program, including both a 3 - month active phase and a 9-month minimally-supported phase. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, and 12 months. The primary outcome was weight loss at 12 months. The design of the cluster RCT incorporates evaluations of participant health outcomes, program implementation, and broader healthcare system impact. In the RCT, 1397 participants were assessed for eligibility and 997 were enrolled. Most participants heard about the program through social media or hockey team emails. Participants averaged 49 years of age, had BMI values of 35.3 kg/m2, were predominately white, and had varying levels of education. The intended audience for Hockey FIT was recruited successfully, however, targeted recruitment to better engage diverse populations is warranted. This paper affords a useful outline for evaluating future lifestyle interventions tailored to men. This trial was registered on August 17, 2018 with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT03636282). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the perceptions and future imaginaries of a group of union members in Manitoba, Canada, concerning climate change, energy transition, and the roles of unions and workers in climate politics. Based on interviews with 30 rank and file workers carried out through the winter of 2020, the results suggest some starting points for a more active engagement between the labour movement and climate politics—an engagement that is central to climate justice, and that becomes more vital every moment as workers both participate through their waged labour in the production of ecological crisis, and stand to suffer intensely from both climate change and from elite-led energy transitions. • Unionized workers broadly agree with the characterization of "climate emergency." • Participants connect to climate change through expanded spatial and temporal considerations. • There is broad agreement that climate change is a key consideration in unions' protective role. • Union workers' future imaginaries of energy transition do not frequently engage with "system change" narratives. • Union workers characterize transition as something done to, rather than by, workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toponyms contain Indigenous modes of understanding and reflect ecological histories and deep relationships between Indigenous communities, arctic environments, time, and land. Completed toponymic studies are useful for researchers to access; however, they are notoriously difficult to find. Many are completed by community groups and published on their websites, or are completed by government agencies and published as grey literature. An inventory of toponym projects has not existed, and eliciting what has been completed where, with whom, and by whom has required long searches through academic and grey literature. In this paper, we inventory Indigenous toponymy projects in the Canadian North, and document our efforts to produce a publicly accessible index where toponymy projects can be found via maps. New or unknown resources can be added by users. Our purpose, here, is to document the production of this resource and to increase awareness of toponymical resources among communities, researchers, scientists, and other stakeholders. We reflect on knowledge gained through construction of the index and make observations on trends in Inuit toponym research through time. We argue for renewed efforts across arctic sciences to recognize Inuit-environment relationships through reference to place names and the ecological histories they encapsulate, and we provide considerations for future work. • Inventory of Indigenous place names projects in arctic Canada. • Accessibility of knowledge through online interactive map. • Use of ESRI Experience Builder to make toponymy projects publicly searchable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates stakeholder's perspectives about freight congestion in Canada's major metropolitan regions. Interviews with 28 Canadian stakeholders from different sectors are analyzed using Strauss/Corbin extended approach of symbolic interactionism with the objective of producing an explanatory theory to identify barriers to freight in Canada. By integrating emergent categories with a structured framework of theoretical propositions, we are able to offer insights to understand the perceived barriers to goods movement in the Canadian landscape, as well as to detail a framework of interventions to improve freight mobility. In total, 50 themes emerged as barriers to the movement of goods, which were grouped into nine subcategories, and four overarching categories which broadly frame the issues of goods movements as relating to high infrastructure utilization (Infrastructure Demand Outstripping Supply), the cost impacts of diminishing reliability of distribution (Physical Distribution Headwinds Impeding Commerce), rapidly growing regions and ineffective or absent policy support (Urgent Regulatory Encumbrances), and a lack of a robust data collection, analysis, and information sharing framework (Information and Data Management Complexities). These categories were considered in the frame of addressing goods movement barriers and were argued to be influenced by factors of cost, political risk, implement-ability, and maintainability. A framework was developed identifying four high-level interventions: data and knowledge mobilization; public-private collaborative freight evaluations; government funding and political support; and, capacity alterations: improvements and expansions. The key concepts of the framework are to collect and analyze data to inform public-private stakeholder evaluations of policy interventions, with government funding to support both knowledge generation efforts, policy actions and capacity investments. There is a significant need to expand data collection and information sharing, focus infrastructure investments on public transit and intermodal accessibility, and integrated policy development towards transportation and land use planning to address the physical and policy barriers affecting freight mobility and congestion. The emergent theory is contrasted with selected global regions to assess generalizability and the relevance of international perspectives to the Canadian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring of forest ecosystems is significantly affected by the lack of consistent historical data of low-severity (forest partially disturbed) or gradual disturbance (e.g. eastern spruce budworm epidemic). The goal of this paper is to explore the use of a subset of Landsat time series and deep learning models to identify both the type and the year of disturbances, including low-severity and gradual disturbances, in the boreal forest of eastern Canada at the pixel level. Remote sensing data such as the spectral information from Landsat time series are the best available option for large scale observations of disturbances that go back decades. Traditional modeling approaches, like LandTrendr, require substantial handcrafted pre-processing to remove noise and to extract temporal features from the image sequences before using them as input to a classical machine-learning model. Deep-learning models can autonomously discern which features are relevant within the coarse temporal and spectral information from the Landsat annual dense time series. We evaluated the performance of TempCNN and Transformer model in detecting and classifying the type and the year of the forest disturbance using Landsat time series subsequences. Our findings resulted in the generation of four disturbance maps outlining the forest history from 1986 to 2021 within the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Our experimental outcomes demonstrate several significant benefits of employing deep learning models. Firstly, using noisy Landsat time series they achieve comparable accuracy for classifying fire and total harvesting than existing publicly available disturbance maps. Secondly, the use of shorter time series subsequence with deep learning models enables to map adequately different overlapping disturbances occurring in the complete time series. Finally, they increase the number of distinguishable disturbance classes by adding partial harvesting, gradual disturbances, and forest recovery from older events, making them useful approaches for obtaining the first remote sensing-based map for areas affected by the eastern spruce budworm. • TempCNN, Transformer tested on Landsat time series for disturbance classification. • The type and the year of disturbance events were classified with good accuracy. • Deep learning effective for identifying partial and progressive disturbances. • Landsat subsequences extract overlapping disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationships among the important process parameters that impact Post-combustion Carbon Capture (PCC) carbon dioxide (C O 2) separation. A better understanding of the complex relationships among those parameters can support optimization and performance enhancement of the separation process. Being able to precisely predict the process parameters will enable the operator to determine the current state of the process, forecast any potential changes or events, and adjust process parameters to enhance the plant's performance. With the objective of studying the process parameters' correlations in the amine-based PCC process, we modeled the multi-year historical production data of the Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRi) (formerly known as the International Test Center for PCC or ITC) in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, using a Decision Forest approach. The model validation process revealed that the Decision Forest model produced higher predictive accuracy than previous efforts. The Decision Forest models we developed also represent knowledge about the importance of parameters involved in the capture process, and such knowledge is useful for further optimization of the capture process in the future. • Modeling the parameters of the Carbon Capture process with machine learning (ML). • The ML models used Decision Forest with Gradient Boosting and Oblique Split. • The ML models achieved superior predictive accuracy compared to past efforts. • The ML models support interpretability by visualizing weights and prediction paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the response to Canada's worsening overdose crisis driven by a toxic, adulterated drug supply, there has been increased attention to and expansion of drug treatment, options, including injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT). iOAT typically involves the, witnessed daily injection of opioids under healthcare provider supervision. There is a robust, evidence base on iOAT; however, there has been less focus on how people engage with this; treatment outside of clinical trials. This paper examines how people engage with iOAT programs, in expanded treatment settings in Canada, focusing on how the broader socio-structural context, shapes patient subjectivities in treatment. This study draws on critical ethnographic and community-based research approaches, conducted with people accessing four iOAT programs in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside; neighbourhood from May 2018 to November 2019. Data included in-depth baseline and followup, interviews and approximately 50 h of observation fieldwork conducted in one iOAT, program and with a subsample of participants in the surrounding neighbourhood. Analysis, leveraged the concepts of biological citizenship and structural vulnerability. This analysis characterized three narrative frames— regular long-term engagers, pain, patients, and sporadic and short-term engagers —through in-depth case presentations of participants with distinct types of engagement with iOAT programs. Participants within these, narrative frames described a dominant form of iOAT citizenship, an autonomous patient who, regularly engages in treatment and avoids pleasure. However, structural vulnerabilities, including, homelessness and housing instability, entrenched poverty, criminal-legal system engagement, and unmanaged pain, shaped the ability of participants to make claims to this normative model of citizenship. This study examined how structural vulnerabilities impact people's construction and ability to make iOAT citizenship claims. Findings point to the need for changes within and outside of iOAT programs, such as lower threshold treatment models, improved social services (e.g., secure housing), and pain management support. • Biological citizenship used to examine how people engage with iOAT. • Narrative frames used to explore patterns of iOAT engagement. • These served as alternate to iOAT citizenship framed by treatment. • Unmanaged pain, housing instability, and poverty impacted treatment engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal systems installed at intermediate depths (∼1–2 km) in sedimentary basins represent an attractive option to provide low-carbon heat in cold countries, even where the geothermal gradient is low, using either closed- or open loop systems combined with heat pumps. However, the installation of such systems is costly and risky due to the uncertainty associated with the geological, hydrogeological and thermal properties of the targeted unit(s). Additionally, the performance of different types of systems is seldom compared in the literature for a given geological context. This paper presents a numerical approach to readily assess the maximum energy that could be produced by different geothermal systems (a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) and three types of doublets) and compare their performance for preselection purposes. Since deep formations are often poorly characterized, the sensitivity of these systems to the most impactful site properties is evaluated. For each scenario of site properties, the systems were simulated for different operation flow rates. The maximum usable flow rate is determined from simulation results. The flow rate maximizing net energy production is used for the DBHE, while the maximum flow rate ensuring safe injection pressure has been selected for the doublets. The heating power produced per length drilled and system COP are calculated for each simulation and interpolated for the maximum usable flow rate to fairly compare the systems' performance. An illustrative case using the Bécancour area (eastern Canada) highlights that, even if the site stratigraphy and properties have been relatively well characterized previously, uncertainty regarding key properties significantly affects simulation results and, consequently, the choice of the geothermal system to install. Our numerical approach is intended as a decision-making aid in order to properly plan the installation of these expensive systems. [Display omitted] • New method for pre-selecting 1–2 km geothermal systems and assess heating potential. • Compares the DBHE and geothermal doublet performances for various designs. • Includes a sensitivity analysis to permeability, thermal conductivity and heat flux. • Determines the maximum usable flow rate for each system and scenario. • An application demonstrates the need to consider the uncertainty of rock properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly discusses exponential synchronization of nonlinear CDN via intermittent pinning control on T. By using Lyapunov and time scales theory, a novel sufficient condition to guarantee the synchronization of CDNs is obtained. The method of intermittent pinning control is adopted in designing controllers to ensure the realization of synchronization of CDNs. Unlike most existing results, our results are an extension of previous results, integral delay and coupling disturbance are considered in the time-delay nonlinear CDNs. Therefore, our results are less conservative but more persuasive. Moreover, our model can be applied not only to continuous/discrete CDNS, but also to mixed CDNs. Finally, we give numerical simulations to demonstrate the feasibility of our theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suburbanization of poverty has been a concerning trend in many urban regions. While research has described patterns of suburbanization of poverty at regional and neighbourhood levels, there are open questions about how lower-income households have agglomerated in the suburbs in recent history. Is suburban poverty primarily a result of 1) the movement of low-income residents from central to suburban neighbourhoods (e.g., via processes of gentrification and displacement), 2) migration between Census Metropolitan Areas and the immigration of low-income groups to suburbs, or 3) becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs? The objective of this paper is to describe and quantify the propensity of these predominant individual geographic pathways to suburban poverty. We do so via a cluster analysis of census and land use data to define neighbourhoods as either central or suburban, and then link this categorization to a large-scale panel dataset representing 20 % of tax filers in Canada (from 2006 to 2016). These data allow for analyzing different pathways within the context of large Canadian metropolitan areas, specifically to what extent poverty in suburban neighbourhoods stems from intra-urban residential mobility, immigration, and becoming poor in-place. We find that becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs encompasses a greater proportion of suburban poverty than immigration and centre-to-suburb residential mobility combined. Overall, this research expands our understanding of the sources of suburban poverty while also providing pertinent information to aid preventative policy aimed at reducing suburban poverty in Canada. • The largest source of suburban poverty in Canada is from getting poor in place. • Immigrants to Canada face the highest risk of becoming part of the suburban poor. • Migration from more accessible parts of the city represents a small share of suburban poverty growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global call to address climate change and advance sustainable development has created rapid growth in research, investment, and policymaking regarding the renewable energy transition of Indigenous communities. From a rightsholder perspective, Indigenous Peoples' vision of sustainability, autonomy, and sovereignty should guide research on their energy needs. In this paper, we present a multi-method, inductive examination to identify gaps between Indigenous communities' expressed needs and rights, and the questions researchers and policymakers investigate in energy transition research conducted in the context of Indigenous communities located in Canada. We combine a systematic review of the extant literature, a scoping review of the grey literature on off-grid communities by Indigenous and non-Indigenous governments and non-governmental policy bodies, qualitative primary data collected via fieldwork, and an in-depth study of an Indigenous-led renewable energy transition study conducted by Haíɫzaqv Nation's Climate Action Team. We holistically examine these different perspectives and identify emergent themes to recommend ways to bridge the gaps between off-grid renewable energy research and stated Indigenous community priorities. Specifically, we recommend designing equitable research practices, understanding community worldviews, developing holistic research goals, respecting Indigenous data sovereignty, and sharing or co-developing knowledge with communities to align with community priorities closely. • There is a research-practice gap in Indigenous communities' energy transitions. • We used a multi-method inquiry integrating Indigenous and Western approaches. • Renewable energy literature diverges from the Indigenous community vision and goals. • Indigenous research methods can reduce the research-practice gap in high-tech fields. • Community-based approaches can use traditional laws to yield actionable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community renewable energy is increasing globally, but many northern and remote Indigenous communities remain energy insecure. Community appropriate sustainable energy solutions requires more than building renewable energy projects – it requires local socio-technical capacity to design, implement, and maintain renewable energy projects. Yet, notwithstanding advances in renewable energy technology there is limited understanding of the socio-technical capacity of northern and remote Indigenous communities to engage in energy transitions. Based on a review of energy transitions scholarship and northern contexts and informed by a workshop engaging northern and Indigenous community members from Canada and Alaska, this paper presents foundational pillars for assessing the socio-technical capacity needs of communities to pursue and sustain local energy transitions. These pillars are inter-dependent and emphasize the importance of local energy champions and inter-local energy networks to enable innovation and capacity building; community values that articulate immediate and longer-term goals for energy transition, including the social and economic opportunities to be realized by a more sustainable energy system; community knowledge of local energy resources, technologies, and opportunities, and embedded skills to support transitions; and the skills innovation to pursue and manage new energy systems, coupled with youth engagement as future community energy leaders. The proposed framework is intended to support the early stages of community energy transition planning. • Energy transition in remote communities involves more than building new projects. • Socio-technical capacity is critical to renewable energy security in remote off-grid areas. • Seven pillars are proposed to guide local capacity assessment for community energy. • Renewable energy in remote communities means self-sufficiency and self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to develop a two-step model based on administrative (spatial) micro-data to identify the determinants that makes residential transactions resulting in demolition and reconversion. A logistic model is estimated and serves as a major input to build land use maps to identify where such pattern is more likely to occur in future. The empirical analysis is based on a medium city size (Québec City, Canada) using the yearly tax assessment roll spanning a decade (2006–2016). Results support conclusions from previous studies regarding determinants of demolition, with smaller and older homes having a higher probability of facing such a situation. The results also underline the relative importance of local environment and location as a factor that also influences the probability of facing a demolition. The predictive exercise suggests that future reconversion through demolition should occur around concentrated spots within the city. The paper aims at furnishing tools to planners to localize where potential teardowns should occur over space and allows them to anticipate appropriate politics instead of reacting to a given situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry is a fundamental sector of the economy of many countries. However, this sector requires real collaboration and initiatives from stakeholders to reduce its significant consumption of energy and emission of greenhouse gases. Heat exchangers are examples of equipment in pulp mills that are subjected to undesirable and complex phenomena such as evolution of fouling over time, which leads to inefficiency in terms of energy consumption and unplanned shutdowns, resulting in ineffective maintenance strategies and production costs. Therefore, there is a clear need to develop an accurate predictive maintenance tool that helps mill operators avoid such situations. It is necessary for that tool to effectively track the fouling evolution level and, based on it, deploy a reliable prognostics approach to estimate more accurately the time-to-clean of this equipment. This study presents a new hybrid prognostics approach for fouling prediction in heat exchangers. The proposed approach relies on the fusion of information of different prediction horizons to estimate the time-to-clean. Employing long short-term memory, it allows adaptation of long-term predictions by accurate short-term predictions using multiple non-linear auto-regressive exogenous models. This fusion not only captures the changes in degradation trend over time, but also ensures a good accuracy of prognostics results in both the short- and long-term horizons for planning maintenance actions. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was successfully proven on real industrial data collected from a pulp mill heat exchanger located in Canada. • New adaptive prognostic approach based on fusion of short and long-term predictors. • Selection of relevant physical parameters for monitoring of fouling evolution. • Accurate long-term fouling prediction by using short-term predictors. • High accuracy of fouling time-to-clean in a real heat exchanger plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The annual economic burden of chronic homelessness in the U.S. is estimated to be as high as $3.4 billion. The Permanent Supportive Housing with Housing First (Housing First) program, implemented to address the problem, has been shown to be effective. This paper examines the economic cost and benefit of Housing First Programs.Methods: The search of peer-reviewed and gray literature from inception of databases through November 2019 yielded 20 evaluation studies of Housing First Programs, 17 from the U.S. and 3 from Canada. All analyses were conducted from March 2019 through July 2020. Monetary values are reported in 2019 U.S. dollars.Results: Evidence from studies conducted in the U.S. was separated from those conducted in Canada. The median intervention cost per person per year for U.S. studies was $16,479, and for all studies, including those from Canada, it was $16,336. The median total benefit for the U.S. studies was $18,247 per person per year, and it was $17,751 for all studies, including those from Canada. The benefit-to-cost ratio for U.S. studies was 1.80:1, and for all studies, including those from Canada, it was 1.06:1.Discussion: The evidence from this review shows that economic benefits exceed the cost of Housing First Programs in the U.S. There were too few studies to determine cost-benefit in the Canadian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The concept of biographical disruption has now enjoyed nearly 40 years of use in medical sociology. This paper argues that taking an embodied approach to biographical disruption helps to explain the concept's enduring efficacy. Drawing on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and contemporary theories of embodiment inspired by his phenomenology, this paper advances that biographical disruption involves, in the first instance, a disruption to the ability to enact an embodied orientation towards the world. Biographical disruption does not, from this perspective, result from illness as such, but from the ways that illness impinges on one's physical ability to engage with daily life. This paper examines the experiences of solid organ transplant recipients for the purpose of shedding light on the conditions under which biographical disruption arises in experience. The analysis includes interviews with 36 post-operative solid organ transplant recipients (heart, liver, lung, and kidney) living in British Columbia or Ontario, Canada. These participants exhibit a wide range of illness experiences, some of which manifest as biographical disruption and others that do not. Tracing the contours of these experiences, this paper argues that the efficacy of biographical disruption for describing the illness experience depends not only on the illness experience but also, fundamentally, on the content of embodiment prior to the onset of that experience. Highlights • The embodiment perspective improves the efficacy of biographical disruption. • The embodied context of an experience structures the illness experience. • Organ transplant recipients present variable experiences of biographical disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite the proliferation of age-friendly cities in Canada that are intended to support older adults to age well, there are still many inequalities between groups of older adults, particularly, and of concern for this paper, between Indigenous older adults, who experience colonialism's ongoing impacts, and non-Indigenous older adults. A better understanding of factors that inform these inequalities will help in the development of policies and programs that better support Indigenous older adults to age well and, thus, will contribute to ameliorating the inequalities that they face. Using a community-based participatory research approach, informed by a postcolonial theoretical lens, in this paper we addressed the question, "what community-level factors contribute to Indigenous older adults (aged 55 years and over) feeling supported to age well in the city of Ottawa?" We specifically examined this question in relation to the age-friendly communities framework, which guides the City of Ottawa's Older Adult Plan. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and photovoice with 32 First Nations and Inuit older adults revealed that the participants felt both supported and unsupported to age well. More specifically, there were two main areas in which they felt they could be better supported to age well: the social environment and physical environment. There were three subthemes within the social environment theme: responsive health and community support services, respect and recognition, and communication and information. Within the physical environment theme there were four subthemes: transportation, housing, accessibility, and gathering space. The results demonstrate that despite there being similarities in the areas that the participants felt they needed support and the areas on which the Older Adult Plan focuses, if the domains of aging well initiatives do not better account for the impacts of colonialism, it is unlikely that they will be effective in supporting Indigenous older adults' health and well-being. Highlights • Inequalities continue to exist for Indigenous older adults in urban environments. • Impacts of colonialism hinder support for Indigenous older adults in cities. • Physical and social environments contribute to aging well for participants. • Physical environment factors: Housing, transportation, space, and accessibility. • Social environment factors: Health and social services, communication, and respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, we measure the effects of Open Skies Air Services Agreement (OSA) on bilateral passenger flow and service export and import trades for a country. Our service trade data includes 'commercial', 'transportation', 'travel', and 'government' services. Using the Canadian data, a reduced-form gravity-type difference-in-differences (DID) regression is conducted to test the Canada's OSA and the US OSA on Canada's bilateral passenger flow and service trade. A two-stage regression DID regression is conducted to show that OSA affects service trade through its direct effect on bilateral passenger flow. Our estimations strongly suggest that Canada's OSA has positive effect on bilateral passenger flow and service export and import trades, especially for the commercial service trade, while the US OSA has the negative effect. The two-stage regression also suggests bilateral passenger flow contributes to larger service trade volume. OSA has clear lag effects on bilateral passenger flow and service trade. The positive effect of Canada's OSA and negative effect of US OSA all increase over time after the signing. Highlights • This paper measures the effects of OSA on bilateral passenger flow and service trade for a country. • Using the Canadian data, a DID regression is conducted to test the effects of Canada's OSA and the US OSA on passenger flow and service trade. • Canada's OSA has positive effect on bilateral passenger flow and service trades, while the US OSA has the negative effect. • The two-stage regression also suggests bilateral passenger flow contributes to larger service trade volume. • OSA has clear lag effects on bilateral passenger flow and service trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Awareness: develop and evaluate the impact of digital strategies in helping veterans and their families acquire mental health knowledge. • Motivation: increase engagement with mental health literacy initiatives through a documentary performance featuring ex-servicemen and actors. • Action: implement and evaluate a psycho-educational program in partnership with the University of British Columbia, Canada (Balfour et al., 2014). • Synthesize an approach to effective interventions in arts-based practice with returning veterans and their families. The rich history of arts, mental health and military work dates back to the First World War. The article describes an arts-based four-year research project focussed on work with returning military personnel and their families dealing with mental health issues. The Difficult Return , funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery grant, consisted of three distinct interventions: an online mental health awareness campaign; a documentary-play designed to motivate military audience to seek help; and a ten-day intensive psychotherapeutic program utilising enactments. The paper will outline key concepts used, methods, approach and the implications for further research. In the paper, I argue that arts-based mental health projects need to combine multi-disciplinary approaches that embrace complex paradigms, and that a variety of integrated arts approaches may be efficacious in building communities of interest, that in turn can interact, contribute and collaborate together to build good mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Researchers seeking to identify public policies to reduce automobile use have frequently compared characteristics such as population density and freeway provision across metropolitan regions to identify differences, their causes, and their implications for automobile reliance. One frequent comparison has been between metropolitan regions in Canada and the United States given their similar contexts but differing modal shares. However, past studies have produced inconsistent findings with respect to how Canadian and American metropolitan regions can be distinguished with respect to population densities and freeways. In response to methodological concerns with past research, this paper measures population densities and freeways in the 57 North American metropolitan regions with at least one million residents. Two spatial scales (metropolitan region and central core) are used to measure overall density, population-weighted average census tract density, and density of the top 5% of the population. These same spatial scales are also used to measure the absolute and per capita quantities of freeway lanes. The paper provides methodological explanations using Los Angeles and Vancouver as examples. While Canada's metropolitan regions are commonly portrayed as denser and less auto-oriented than their US counterparts, the six largest of Canada's metropolitan regions do not have population higher densities and fewer freeways than all of the 51 largest US metropolitan regions. Indeed, this generalization holds only when individual results are combined to produce national averages, as there are numerous US metropolitan regions that have density and freeways in the same range as Canada's metropolitan regions. The paper discusses some of the differences and recommends approaches for future comparative research into the causes of variation in transport and land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), which can be integrated into the surface of a building (roof or facade), replacing conventional building materials, offer significant contributions to the achievement of net-zero energy buildings. However, fire safety is of vital concern in using BIPV as a construction system in buildings, and it is essential that the application of BIPV as building facades and roofs does not adversely affect the safety of construction products, building occupants and firefighters. As multifunctional products, BIPV modules must satisfy the fire safety requirements of both electrical and building-related sectors. This paper provides a comparison of normative frameworks applicable to BIPV modules in different countries. The comparisons show that IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 are the PV standards used in almost all countries, while the USA and Canada comply with UL1703. Regarding building regulations, the fire safety requirements of BIPV must comply with national/local building regulations. In the countries investigated, each country has fire regulations to guide the fire performance of building elements to which BIPV modules could be applied, including external walls, roofs/skylights, windows and other openings, and ancillary elements/attachments. This report also points out future research directions which would help develop BIPV fire prevention strategies globally. The review of regulations and standards in this paper makes a contribution to the clarification of the performance requirements of fire safety for BIPVs in the investigated countries for BIPVs, which remain barrier to the development of BIPV around the world. Furthermore, the future research directions suggested in this paper will inspire further research in this field. [Display omitted] • BIPV fire hazards include ignition, fire propagation, and hazards to building occupants and rescue operations. • The electrical fire safety requirements of PV modules are based on the same international standards. •The studied countries have different fire safety requirements for building elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the historical stock returns of 10 medicinal cannabis companies for the period between 2015 and 2020, when the legalization of recreational cannabis was debated in Canada. The results of our analysis indicate that the industry was responsive to the announcements of regulatory change that led towards legalization. Furthermore, we compare the performance of cannabis companies to that of similar businesses. The results of the comparative analysis indicate that the performance of the matched pairs is largely correlated over time. Additionally, the pre-legalization performance of cannabis companies was better than their post-legalization performance. Given that cannabis companies did not outperform their matched pair, we can confirm that legalization did not have a significantly positive effect on the industry. We can also infer that, from a stock market perspective, the legalization of recreational cannabis has been unsuccessful thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploitation of fossil fuel sources in the power generation and transportation sector has been a major source of carbon dioxide emissions that contributes to global warming. Replacement of hydrocarbon-based fuel sources with cleaner fuels is imperative for environmental preservation at the global level. In this regard, hydrogen can be used as an effective non-carbonaceous fuel option as well as an energy carrier. Canada is currently one of the economically advanced countries in the world and aims at achieving a net-zero economy by 2050. However, fossil fuels are still largely utilized for both transportation and power generation purposes. Slightly less than a quarter of the total grid power in Canada is supplied through fossil fuel combustion including natural gas, coal, and petroleum. As a matter of fact, Canada, as one of the top ten global producers of hydrogen, exhibits a great potential of achieving the goal of sustainable development. Thus, this paper discusses the current status, challenges, and opportunities offered by the hydrogen sector and its development in the near- and long-term future in Canada. The potential methods of hydrogen production in Canada are described by categorizing them according to the energy and feedstock sources required for their realization. In addition, the status of hydrogen storage and distribution in Canada is also discussed. Various sectors consuming hydrogen as the end-users in Canada are categorized based on hydrogen use as a fuel, a heating source, and an industrial feedstock and are comprehensively discussed. Several challenges and the necessary line-of-actions to establish a hydrogen economy in Canada in the long-term future are also discussed, and a road map for accomplishing the net-zero economy by 2050 is further explained based on achieving certain near-term, mid-term, and long-term goals. Moreover, the job creation opportunities in Canada are discussed by considering numerous critical sectors. [Display omitted] • Overview of Canada's global position with regards to hydrogen production. • Overview of Canada's natural resources and infrastructural potential. • Comprehensive discussion on hydrogen production pathways and end-use in Canada. • Identification of several key challenges to achieve net-zero economy by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report reflections about the scholarly mentoring experiences of undergraduate nursing students (mentees) and faculty members (mentors) involved in an intellectual partnership at a Canadian university. The paper specifically recounts the impacts of the transformative process experienced by 18 mentees and three mentors, based on their in-depth written critical reflections. In this collaborative initiative, the constructivist framework of Shor and Freire, and Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory, served as foundations for all interactions between mentees and mentors, and guided the analysis and interpretation of their written self-reflections. Mentees and mentors were motivated by complementary goals for the intellectual relationships. Their combined contexts, self-reflective, critical dialogue, shared assumptions and ideas worked to ignite a critical awareness of their potential and self in their professional world. Sharing new ways of thinking and points of view stimulated their transformation on various levels –emotional, cognitive, and spiritual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigated how individuals generate, share, and learn safety knowledge. • Members of a culinary and hospitality arts program were interviewed. • Safety knowledge was shared and learned via social and identity mechanisms. • Safety knowledge sharing relied on novices and experienced members interacting. • A deep, collective understanding of what safety meant was labeled "common sense". • Common sense is shared, developed via practice, and enables a professional identity. Introduction: This paper investigates how members of a culinary and hospitality arts program generate, share, and learn safety knowledge via social and identity mechanisms. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 participants of varying roles and experience (i.e., students, culinary instructors, and restaurant chefs) in the culinary and hospitality arts program at a large polytechnic in western Canada. Results: The emergent themes from these interviews indicated that the circulation of safety knowledge relied on the interaction among individuals with various levels of experience, such that those who were more experienced in the culinary arts were able to share safety knowledge with novices, who had less experience. Comparing safety knowledge gleaned from within the school against that gleaned from within the industry highlighted differences between the construction of safety in the two contexts. Notably, many aspects of safety knowledge are not learned in school and those that are may not apply in the industry context. We found that safety knowledge was shared through informal means such as storytelling, a process that allowed members to come to a deep, collective understanding of what safety meant, which they often labeled "common sense." Conclusion: We found that safety knowledge was a currency through which participants achieved legitimacy, generated through continual practical accomplishment of the work in interaction with others. Practical Applications: Our findings provide novel insights into how safety knowledge is shared, and we discuss the implications of these findings for classroom, work-based learning, and other forms of curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping in the Canadian Arctic has a long history, encompassing diverse maritime pursuits, ranging from traditional Inuit subsistence practices to European exploratory expeditions, whaling, and fur trading. The escalating impacts of climate change in the Canadian Arctic have created ample opportunities for Arctic shipping activities related to fishing, cruise tourism, resource (mineral) transportation, research, and government services. Nowadays, the necessity of developing a sustainable economy, the need for environmental protection, and the imperative of reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples present considerable challenges for the Canadian government in regulating Arctic shipping. To comprehend the contemporary issues of Arctic shipping governance, this paper conducts an overview of the history of Arctic shipping activities in Canada and reviews Canada's diverse policies and laws that have been instituted to govern Arctic shipping. Drawing upon the analysis of these policies, the article advocates for a collaborative governance framework to cope with the multifaceted challenges confronting the governance of Arctic shipping in Canada. Such a framework ought to prioritize enhancing cooperation, integrating unilateral and multilateral policies and laws, respecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and involving Inuit in Arctic shipping governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New carbon-sequestration geosystem paradigm proposed for screening CO 2 repositories. • Deposition, burial history 1st-order controls on repository attributes, traps, etc. • Genetic understanding of geology enables property prediction away from data control. • Case-study application to heavily industrialized region of onshore Canada. In this paper, I propose a new geoscience paradigm for evaluating potential carbon-sequestration targets. I introduce the term carbon-sequestration geosystem to study and describe portions of sedimentary basins where all the geologic components necessary for the safe and long-term storage of CO 2 are present. The purpose of this type of analysis, most appropriately applied at a basin-screening stage, is to derive a holistic, genetic, and predictive understanding of the geology – the depositional systems, structural setting and other factors that are direct controls on storage, injectivity, potential for induced seismicity, and other critical factors. To illustrate the concepts, I present a re-evaluation of the geologic carbon-sequestration options in Southern Ontario (Canada) where business and environmental needs, mostly associated with hard-to-abate industries, require urgent action. Legacy wireline-logs, core, and outcrop data are the main data sources available in this onshore setting. The results of this new, independent study are broadly similar to those of previous studies: the Cambrian section, a saline aquifer, is the most likely candidate to be a CO 2 repository. However, the methodology used identified several issues (e.g., stratigraphic heterogeneity, proximity to basement) that will need addressing by targeted data collection and/or analysis before site-selection for a test should be undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Conservation organizations use collaboration and confrontation to achieve goals. • An organization addressing urban bird collisions initially focused on bird rescue. • Soon incorporated data-backed advocacy to make buildings safer for birds. • Successes emerged gradually, and largely from collaboration. • Confrontation occurred indirectly through third parties using their data. To achieve their goals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) frequently interact with public and private stakeholders. Interactions can be generally characterized as falling within a continuum of collaborative to confrontational approaches, with each approach having advantages and disadvantages. A more collaborative approach may lead to opportunities to share data and access funding; however an NGO may risk its goals becoming compromised. Similarly, a more confrontational approach can draw attention to NGO causes and effect change, but may limit opportunities for partnership. This paper considers how a NGO concerned with preventing bird-window collisions has balanced between collaboration and confrontation with municipal government and commercial properties. While this NGO's strategy has been largely collaborative, its experience also demonstrates that confrontational approaches, while less frequent and indirect, also have a role in attaining objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most vastly used protocols to protect services traffic like the web and email is Transport Layer Security (TLS). In 2018 the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized the latest version TLS 1.3, Introduced a significant enhancement in the protocol performance, and presented some new features. One of the new features is zero round trip-time (0-RTT) handshake mode, where the client can send the application data to the server within the handshake messages before the TLS connection is fully established. However, this application data is replayable. The replay attacks in 0-RTT handshake mode have been studied, and several mechanisms are proposed for protection, these proposed mechanisms are not able to prevent replay attacks when the server functionality is provided by a distributed environment such as multiple servers in a cloud computing environment or a CDN. This paper introduces TLS Guard as a new mechanism that extends TLS 1.3 to prevent replay attacks in a distributed environment. We evaluated a prototype TLS Guard implementation in controlled experiments and showed that its effect comes at the cost of some CPU overhead. More importantly, we showed that TLS Guard is scalable and tolerates faults without any required changes on the client side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mixed economies challenge the assumption that people need capitalist labour. • Canadian government is newly invested in incorporating Indigenous wage labour. • Diamond mines target Indigenous workers as marker of "responsible extraction". • The mixed economy resists dispossession by northern extractive capital. Grounded in an analysis of the mixed economy of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, this article examines the contemporary relationship between surplus populations and colonial capitalist accumulation of new spaces. The functioning of the reserve surplus population requires that the unwaged, or under-waged, want, or need, wage labour. Thus, like all capitalist relations, a reserve surplus population is predicated on the separation of workers from their means of subsistence: what Marx calls "primitive" accumulation. Traditionally the home of the Dene and Inuit, and now home to approximately equal parts Indigenous (primarily Dene, Inuit and Métis) and non-Indigenous residents, the NWT mixed economy is a set of social relations that combine subsistence and social reproduction, wherein labour is oriented toward the daily and intergenerational wellbeing of the collective rather than the profit of the individual, with capitalist production. With a focus on the diamond industry, this article traces the shifting Canadian State approach to Indigenous labour in this space across time and the state policies and extractive projects that have both "made" Indigenous labour surplus and rhetorically justified their existence through evocations of regional unemployment and imagined dependency. In so doing, the paper identifies a move from the welfare-state era, wherein the state structured northern Indigenous "dependency", to the neoliberal era, wherein dependency became a problem to be solved through increased Indigenous incorporation into capitalist wage labour. The northern diamond mining industry, responding to both Indigenous demands for land recognition and neoliberal imperatives for lean operations, exemplifies this latter approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Hydro-environmental model developed to model fate and transport of bacteria. • Inverness stormwater pond in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was used to test the model. • Volume of Fluid and sediment transport models improved the simulation of bacteria. • The middle of the pond was found as the optimal location for withdrawal for reuse. • Tree barriers are shown to reduce transport of bacteria toward the optimal location. This paper presents a three-dimensional CFD based hydro-environmental model that simulates fate and transport of bacteria in water bodies. The model numerically solves unsteady incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations on a structured grid. Free-floating and particle-attached bacteria were modelled separately regarding both fate and transport. Therefore, a sediment transport model was integrated into the main model in order to model particle-attached bacteria transport. In addition, Volume of Fluid approach was implemented to capture the water surface movements. Wind effect was also considered in the modelling using shear stress on the water surface. Since stormwater reuse is the source of some public health concerns, a stormwater pond was chosen as the test case for the model. The model was applied to simulate the distribution of bacterial indicator organisms in the Inverness Stormwater Pond in Calgary, Alberta, which is a large T-shaped pond with several inlets and outlets. The bacteria distribution in the pond was simulated for three rain events that occurred in the area. In six locations of the pond the modelled bacteria distribution was compared to collected data using non-dimensional bacteria concentrations. The comparison showed good agreement and indicated that the middle of the pond, close to the surface had the lowest levels of bacteria and thus, was considered the optimal location for withdrawal for reusing pond water. Furthermore, planting a tree barrier on the north bank of the West wing of the pond was shown to mitigate bacteria transport away from the inlets into the pond body and substantially decrease the risk of contamination at the optimal water withdrawal location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]