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This paper evaluates the regulation of medical practice from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries in two Habsburg cities, Vienna and Osijek, in the light of the spread of medical knowledge and practice from the centre to the periphery of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although both cities were part of the Habsburg Monarchy for much of the early modern period, there were more differences than similarities between them. This may be explained by appealing to a variety of factors, including geographical position, population structure, religion, government type, and professional organisations, all of which contributed to making medical practice very different in the two cities. The divergence occurred in spite of a central agenda for ensuring uniformity of medical practice throughout the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the legislation governing medical practice was the same in both cities, it was more strictly implemented in Vienna than in Osijek. In consequence, Osijek was the setting for some unique patterns of medical practice not to be found in the Habsburg capital. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates the reception of a set of Florentine anatomical wax models on display at the medico-surgical academy Josephinum in late-eighteenth-century Vienna. Celebrated in Florence as tools of public enlightenment, in the Habsburg capital the models were criticised by physicians, who regarded the Josephinum and its surgeons as a threat to their medical authority. The controversy surrounding these models from the empire’s periphery temporarily destabilised the relationship between surgeons and physicians in the Austrian capital. The debate on the utility of the Tuscan anatomical models in Vienna highlights the fact that the centre of the Habsburg empire was by no means medically homogeneous, and that the implementation of reforms could be as difficult to achieve in the capital as in the provinces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper introduces a collection of essays exploring different aspects of the relationship between medical knowledge and administration in the Habsburg Monarchy. The collection brings together a range of perspectives upon the confrontation between programmes for centralised medical bureaucracy emanating from Vienna, and their implementation in a variety of different cultural, linguistic, social and practical circumstances. Such confrontations raise issues about the nature and limits of enlightened universalism, the relationship between knowledge and government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the similarities between the processes of centralisation and the issues addressed by historians of empire. The case of Gerard van Swieten, Catholic Dutch medical practitioner appointed as the chief physician to the Habsburg Imperial family, is used to illustrate some of the main issues involved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the Aurignacian/EUP sites in Eastern Austria and presents preliminary results of an analysis of never-before-published lithics from the well-known site of Willendorf II. Preliminary results of typological and technological analyses (raw material studies, attribute analysis, and refitting) are presented. In comparison to the local late Middle Palaeolithic, to the Bohunician, and to the Szeletian, it indicates clear differences in reduction strategies. Further, the regional sequence in the Middle Danube Area from 45,000 to 30,000 BP is presented, and the various techno-complexes and their relationships are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper the interaction between financial reporting and management control systems is analyzed, with special focus on the development of both disclosure and design of the compensation of the members of the management board. We find that despite some deficits of the National Code of Corporate Governance and deficits in its adoption its principles are functional for management control systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Design floods for a given location at a stream can be estimated by a number of approaches including flood frequency statistics and the design storm method. If applied to the same catchment the two methods often yield quite different results. The aim of this paper is to contribute to understanding the reasons for these differences. A case study is performed for 10 alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, where the 100-year floods are estimated by (a) flood frequency statistics and (b) an event based runoff model. To identify the sources of the differences of the two methods, the 100-year floods are also estimated by (c) Monte Carlo simulations using a continuous runoff model. The results show that, in most catchments, the event based model gives larger flood estimates than flood frequency statistics. The reasons for the differences depend on the catchment characteristics and different rainfall inputs that were applied. For catchments with a high storage capacity the Monte Carlo simulations indicate a step change in the flood frequency curve when a storage threshold is exceeded which is not captured by flood frequency statistics. Flood frequency statistics therefore tends to underestimate the floods in these catchments. For catchments with a low storage capacity or significant surface runoff, no step change occurs, but in three catchments the design storms used were larger than those read from the IDF (intensity duration frequency) curve leading to an overestimation of the design floods. Finally, also the correct representation of flood dominating runoff components was shown to influence design flood results. Geologic information on the catchments was essential for identifying the reasons for the mismatch of the flood estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores national identity in trust and reciprocity at the intra- and international levels by adopting a modified trust game played among groups from Austria and Japan, wherein subjects play the roles of trustor and trustee consecutively without any information feedback. Although the intranational trust levels in both countries are identical, the international trust for Japanese groups is less than that of Austrian groups. On the other hand, the international reciprocity for Japanese groups is greater than that of Austrian groups. Additionally, the Japanese reciprocation level toward Austrians is higher than that toward Japanese. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fuzzy mathematics often starts by taking a piece of classical mathematics and introducing fuzziness to existing mathematical concepts, and then proceeds to a more essential adoption of a fuzzy perspective. This paper explores this progression for two important monads: the powerset monad and its generalizations to fuzzy powerobjects, and the term monad and its generalization to using fuzzy sets of operators. This brings together two lines of research previously discussed at the Linz seminars. The powerset and its fuzzy analogs are important in the development of topology in a fuzzy world and the term monad and its fuzzy analogs are vital in understanding fuzzy computer science. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increasing production and sales figures for electrically powered vehicles affect the medium term value chains of the automotive industry. Due to the importance to the automotive industry for national economies or economic areas, the issue of determining the medium-term effects arises as a result. To this end, a method for the determination and quantification of e-mobility-induced changes has been developed, using Austria as an example. The method presented in this paper has been developed in the course of a study assigned by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth, the Austrian Economic Chambers and Federation of Austrian Industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Austria a new guideline is under development to calculate the separation distance between livestock and residential areas to avoid odour annoyance. On the basis of dispersion model calculations for 6 sites by the Austrian odour dispersion model (AODM) a regression model is developed, using a power function S = a Eb . The power function is defined by four input parameters. The basis of the power function is the odour emission rate E (ouE s−1) in the range between 400 ouE s−1 ≤ E ≤ 24 000 ouE s−1. The factor a and the exponent b of the power function are defined by two meteorological parameters, the relative frequency of the wind direction F, the mean wind velocity W of the wind direction for 10° sectors as well as the odour exceedance probability P of the odour impact criterion. One of the requirements for this empirical model is the aspiration to substitute the complex calculation with a dispersion model by the new empirical model. The empirical model can be used in a paper and pencil mode, which enables an evaluation of a planned livestock building in a simple way. For a more detailed assessment, a dispersion model can be applied with the entire meteorological information (e.g., stability of the atmosphere, wind field models), the geometry of the emission source, a time depending odour emission rate, and the orography of the site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: During recent years a hybrid model has been set up for the operational forecasting of flood discharges in the 6750km2 Tyrolean part of the River Inn catchment in Austria. The catchment can be characterized as a typical alpine area with large variations in altitude. The paper is focused on the error analysis of discharge forecasts of four main tributary catchments simulated with hydrological water balance models. The selected catchments cover an area of 2230km2, where the non-glaciated and glaciated parts are modeled using the semi-distributed HQsim and the distributed model SES, respectively. The forecast errors are evaluated as a function of forecast lead time and forecasted discharge magnitude using 14 events from 2007 to 2010. The observed and forecasted precipitation inputs were obtained under operational conditions. The mean relative bias of the forecasted discharges revealed to be constant with regard to the forecast lead time, varying between 0.2 and 0.25 for the different catchments. The errors as a function of the forecasted discharge magnitude showed large errors at lower values of the forecast hydrographs, where errors decreased significantly at larger discharges being relevant in flood forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates, by means of material flow analysis, the supply management of iron during a historical period of increased demand and induced shortage. The Austrian economy during World War I, when numerous raw materials had to be substituted by secondary sources, is analyzed as an example. The relative abundance of iron in the anthroposphere allowed a 40% increase in annual iron production in 1916 compared to peacetime, made possible by regulation. Almost half of the observed increase resulted from enhanced scrap utilization, covering up to 25% of total demand. By contrast, in peacetime, only 15% of iron consumption was covered by scrap. This sharp increase (from 330,000 to almost 600,000tons/year) was accomplished by establishing authorities and regulations to guarantee sufficient metal supplies to industry and the military. Regulation was limited to pricing and inventories of scrap stocks. Purchase or confiscation of iron goods under civilian possession by the authorities proved unnecessary, while this was not the case for other metals. Although in-use iron stocks were not exploited, a severe shortage of civilian iron goods occurred since almost all iron produced was designated for military use. The historical data illustrate the short-term effectiveness and limits to extensive regulatory measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper presents a transdisciplinary case study which aimed to encourage a vital regional process for building more sustainable structures and regional networks in the future. The case study looks at the industrial city of Steyr which is located in a highly dynamic region in Upper Austria and has to compete with other regional industrial centres and on the global market with internationally acting companies in the automotive sector. For finding local strategies to cope with globally induced pressures and changes several foresight techniques and transdisciplinary approaches have been applied such as interviews, photo elicitation, workshops and scenario building. The transdisciplinary case study is reflected by exploring three major research questions: first, how does transdisciplinarity work in practice, second, what are the benefits and limitations of transdisciplinary research in regional foresight processes and third, how can transdisciplinary research contribute to initiating a long-term process for building sustainable networks and structures in the region. Some answers can be given from the empirical example of Steyr. The case study shows that particularly in regions with a long industrial history and tradition and where existing paradigms cannot easily be overcome, a transdisciplinary procedure provides clear advantages over sole expert solutions. Transdisciplinarity can be the key to get through to the local actors, to develop perfectly fitting strategies for the region and to initiate joint learning and in an ideal situation a long-term change process. New ideas, structures and networks are established which are essential for improving the long-term development of a region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper introduces the so-called ‘Convention-Check’ as a new bottom-up approach of assessing the contribution of large-scale protected areas to the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that are introduced from the top down. The assessment consists of three major sub-sequential parts: the current contribution of a protected area to the implementation of the MEAs, recommendations for improvements and – through an ex-post-evaluation – the impact of the recommendations provided. The Convention-Check is carried out in a total of ten methodical working steps. A very first application of the method is presented based on the example of an Austrian National Park. In this example, a Convention-Check was carried out using five MEAs and was evaluated after two years. The results show that there is great variability regarding the number and intensity of implementation measures already taken by the different levels of governance addressed. Potential reasons and perspectives for the example situation, as well as possibilities for future improvement of the method and its global application on large scale protected areas, are discussed. A significant and causal impact of the Convention-Check towards improved protected area governance is already shown by the Austrian example after two years. The Convention-Check combines different working methods from social as well as natural sciences in a new way. Its innovative approach is designed to overcome deadlocks in the top-down implementation of MEAs by means of bottom-up initiatives out of large scale protected areas, and aims to contribute towards improved global protected area governance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper focuses on evolution of lignite seams (the Pannonian) in the South Moravian Lignite Coalfield (SMLC). It is based on data analysis (seam geometry, ash yield, sulfur content, and lithology) from more than 3300 boreholes and many channel samples. The results show that the Vienna Basin in the Pannonian period gradually developed into a freshwater bay. In the Early Pannonian the sedimentary environment was tectonically calm. The salinity of the sedimentary environment was changing as a consequence of recurring transgressions. The studied area was under the influence of rivers flowing into the region from the west, north, and northeast. In the upper part of zone B (Papp''s classification of the Pannonian sediments), especially in the northern areas of the SMLC, suitable conditions for coal-bearing sedimentation (the Kyjov seam) occurred. Zones C–F were characterized by simple or incomplete cyclic sedimentation processes. The Vienna Basin opened and the subsidence between the Steinberg fault zone and Lužice–Lanžhot fault zone (interconnected with the Polešovice fault zone) took place in the SMLC. At the beginning of zone F the swamp areas suitable for Dubňany seam formation developed in the SMLC. The coal-forming conditions were repeatedly restored. The sedimentary cycles with the coal-bearing deposits occurred also in zone G, however only in the central and southern parts of the SMLC. The increasing thickness of the deposits in zone G and the increasing number of cycles with lignitic layers in the southern part of the SMLC indicate a shift of the suitable conditions for swamps towards the south and into the overlying rocks. A distinct tectonic deformation of the lignite seam in the SMLC started only in the Pliocene, when due to the change of the stress field in the Vienna Basin the rejuvenation of the tectonic zones of the pull-apart system took place towards the NE–SW and NW–SE to NNW–SSE. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Folded Molasse zone of the Northern Alps consists of clastic sedimentary rocks that are usually not considered to be karstifiable. However, large areas within this zone are composed of carbonatic conglomerates. Numerous karst landforms have recently been discovered but are not recorded on official maps and in the literature. Therefore, a research programme was initiated at the Hochgrat site (Austria/Germany) that included geomorphological mapping and characterisation of the karst phenomena. Both fracture-controlled and hydrodynamically-controlled karren were observed on conglomerate outcrops. The predominant karst landforms, dolines, are typically circular, funnel shaped, most often 2 to 9m in diameter, 1 to 6m deep, and frequently act as swallow holes. Poljes that are atypically small (~1ha) occur in either glacial cirques or syncline depressions, are flat floored and lined with sediment and soil, and drain underground via swallow holes. Short caves, springs with marked discharge variations and estavelles are further evidence for karst development. Karstic landforms are widespread in carbonatic conglomerate terrains, but their dimensions are smaller than in typical limestone karst. The practical implications of these findings are also briefly mentioned in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper surveys written and pictorial sources on two examples of severe storms in the Netherlands and in Austria in Early Modern Times. A cultural-historical tool is proposed to investigate the human dimension of the storm consequences. The retrospective analysis of a tornado (1674, Utrecht) and a previously rediscovered hailstorm (1796, Abtenau) illustrate the approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Most commonly, sustainability indicator sets presented as lists do not take into account interactions among indicators in a systematic manner. Vice versa, existing environmental indicator systems do not provide a formalized approach for problem structuring and quantitative decision support. In this paper, techniques for considering indicator relationships are highlighted and a coupled approach between a qualitative and a quantitative method is analysed. Cognitive mapping (CM) is used for structuring indicators and three different causal maps are derived based on established sustainability concepts: (a) criteria and indicators (C&I hierarchy), (b) indicator network, and (c) Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) system. These maps are transferred to the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to allow their application in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). In an application example, Pan-European indicators for sustainable forest management (SFM) are utilized in an ANP-based assessment. The effects of the model structure on the overall evaluation result are demonstrated by means of three reporting periods on Austrian forestry. In a comparative analysis of CM and ANP it is tested whether their measures of indicator significance do correspond. Both centrality in CM and single limited priorities in ANP have been reported to identify key indicators that play an important role in networks. We found out that the correspondence between CM and ANP is the stronger the more rigidly cause-effect relationships are interpreted, which is the case for the DPSIR system of SFM indicators. It is demonstrated that using indicator sets without consideration of the indicator interactions will cause shortcomings for evaluation and assessment procedures in SFM. Given strict and consistent definition of causal indicator relationships, a coupled use of CM and ANP is recommendable for both enhancing the process of problem structuring as well as supporting preference-based evaluation of decision alternatives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This volume builds on presentations made at two thematic sessions on “The Active Tectonics of the Circum-Adriatic Region” at the EGU 2007 and 2008 General Assemblies in Vienna. In both sessions, contributions were invited from workers incorporating structural, geophysical, seismological, remote sensing, geodetic and thermochronological methods to better understand the crustal evolution and ongoing development of one of Europe''s most interesting tectonic regions. The Adriatic region occupies a central position within the geodynamic framework of the Central Mediterranean. It is surrounded by actively deforming belts of diverse character including transpressional, contractional, strike-slip and extensional domains, collectively defining the structurally complex and kinematically varied boundaries of the Adria plate. Because many countries occupy the circum-Adriatic region, international collaborative research into the tectonic activity and associated natural hazards of the region is relevant and important to European society. In this context, the papers presented in this volume provide important new data that bear on various aspects of the active tectonics of the circum-Adriatic region. These contributions typically draw on multidisciplinary structural, geophysical and geochronological datasets to draw new conclusions concerning the spatial and temporal evolution of Adria''s bounding deformation zones, especially the southeastern and southern Italian regions and NE Adriatic region. In this overview, we provide a state-of-the-art summary of different aspects of present-day Adria geodynamics to provide a common background for the individual contributions that follow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Minimum treatment requirements for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) established by Directive 2002/96/EC provide for the removal of specific components containing hazardous substances. To date, no comparative analysis of removal rates has been undertaken. The present paper examines the state of de-pollution of sWEEE in Austrian treatment plants. The mass of selected components removed and the corresponding mass of hazardous substances is compared to estimated values for sWEEE input material. The results obtained reveal that components are only partly removed, featuring a high variation between components and plants assessed. The overall rate of removal ranged from 72% of the estimated value for batteries to 21% of the estimated value for liquid crystal panels. This implies the forwarding of substantial quantities of hazardous substances to mechanical treatment processes, particularly relevant in terms of dispersion of pollutants. Furthermore, easily releasable pollutants, such as Hg from LCD-backlights, Cd from batteries or highly contaminated dust in general, pose substantial health risks for plant workers. Low removal rates of printed circuit boards, batteries and toner cartridges also lead to a reduction in quantities of valuable recyclable materials (precious metals, plastics). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become an important technology in waste management during the last decade. The paper compiles investigations of mechanical biological processes in Austrian MBT plants. Samples from all plants representing different stages of degradation were included in this study. The range of the relevant parameters characterizing the materials and their behavior, e.g. total organic carbon, total nitrogen, respiration activity and gas generation sum, was determined. The evolution of total carbon and nitrogen containing compounds was compared and related to process operation. The respiration activity decreases in most of the plants by about 90% of the initial values whereas the ammonium release is still ongoing at the end of the biological treatment. If the biogenic waste fraction is not separated, it favors humification in MBT materials that is not observed to such extent in MSW. The amount of organic carbon is about 15% dry matter at the end of the biological treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a societal level exergy analysis approach developed to analyse transitions in the way that energy is supplied and contributes to economic growth in the UK, the US, Austria and Japan, throughout the last century. We assess changes in exergy and useful work consumption, energy efficiency and related GDP intensity measures of each economy. The novel data provided elucidate certain characteristics of divergence and commonality in the energy transitions studied. The results indicate that in each country the processes of industrialization, urbanisation and electrification are characterised by a marked increase in exergy and useful work supplies and per capita intensities. There is a common and continuous decrease in the exergy intensity of GDP. Moreover for each country studied the trend of increasing useful work intensity of GDP reversed in the early 1970s coincident with the first oil crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper compares apartments in two residential blocks in Vienna; one passive and the other one low-energy. These blocks were constructed simultaneously in the same location and with comparable building construction features and floor plans. The main difference between the two blocks (other than the higher thermal insulation level in the passive building) lies in the ventilation system: passive buildings deploy controlled ventilation, whereas the low-energy buildings rely mostly on user-operated natural (window) ventilation. We measured indoor environmental conditions (indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration) in two units of each block over a period of five months. Additionally, the buildings were compared in view of operation and embodied energy use, CO2 emissions, and construction costs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Experience of the drawbacks of a globalised and industrialised food system has generated interest in localised food systems. Local food networks are regarded as more sustainable food provision systems since they are assumed to have high levels of social embeddedness and relations of regard. This paper explores the social relations between food actors and how ‘local’ and ‘organic’ are expressed by detailing how actors describe qualities of their intra-network relationships, how they understand ‘local’ and how they are connected within the food system. A study from the province of Lower Austria in Austria, where organic cereals and bread are produced and marketed, serves to illuminate these issues. Actors agreed that geographical closeness contributed to the social closeness they experienced and that social relationships were a strong reason for being in the network. However, the meaning of ‘local’ was elastic depending on where inputs and consumers could be found. Furthermore, despite strong commitment to organic production methods and the local market, actors faced constraints that made them hybrids between organic and conventional, and between locally focused and globally dependent. Thus, the binary thinking along the local-global and organic-conventional divide does not hold. While it is important to not make a causal link between high quality of social relationships and local food networks, the case described here indicates the possibility of such a link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the findings of a quantitative investigation into the major working fields of German, Austrian, and Swiss communication professionals. We build upon previous work done in roles research but follow a grounded approach in using an explorative cluster analysis on a sample of 340 communicators. We identify fives typologies into which the working fields of communication practitioners in these countries can be categorized: Strategists, Public Affairs Officers, Internal Communicators, Investor Relations Officers and Brand Officers. These profiles are distinctively different in terms of education, salary, and career as well as job satisfaction and show the various roles communication practitioners take as well as their integration within organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we introduce analytical three-dimensional (3D) views as a means for effective and comprehensible information delivery, using virtual globes and the third dimension as an additional information carrier. Four case studies are presented, in which information extraction results from very high spatial resolution (VHSR) satellite images were conditioned and aggregated or disaggregated to regular spatial units. The case studies were embedded in the context of: (1) urban life quality assessment (Salzburg/Austria); (2) post-disaster assessment (Harare/Zimbabwe); (3) emergency response (Lukole/Tanzania); and (4) contingency planning (faked crisis scenario/Germany). The results are made available in different virtual globe environments, using the implemented contextual data (such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and auxiliary geodata) as valuable additional context information. Both day-to-day users and high-level decision makers are addressees of this tailored information product. The degree of abstraction required for understanding a complex analytical content is balanced with the ease and appeal by which the context is conveyed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A number of European countries have expanded their screening programme considerably during the last decade. Other countries have, however, not expanded their programme substantially. In this paper, I will compare UK and Austria, two countries representing two ends of the European spectrum. Focussing on the decision-making processes behind the design and expansion of newborn screening, I draw on Sheila Jasanoff''s concept of “civic epistemology” (Jasanoff, S. (2005). Designs on Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.) to investigate how the chosen countries provide information in order to give account for their respective screening policies. In particular, I analyse how key institutions in the UK and Austria use scientific expertise to explain and justify national screening programmes. For this purpose, I compare the material that is made available to the public, including policy documents, scientific studies, medical guidelines, legal regulation, advisory committee reports and public engagement exercises. It was found that the observed differences in the accountability practices are rooted in nationally traditional forms of policy making. However, whether or not these repertoires become indeed realised is a more contingent matter and is often triggered by events which evoke a response from the medical and policy-making actors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Acceptance by citizens seems to be crucial for the future success of an electronic health record (EHR) in Germany and Austria. We analyzed citizens’ knowledge and expectations about the concept and contents of an EHR. We also addressed possible fears and barriers, and we investigated desired EHR functionalities relevant to citizens in the Austrian and German population. Methods: Standardized interviews of a convenience sample of 203 Austrian and 293 German citizens recruited in two metropolises. Results: Up to three-quarter of the interviewed citizens already collect and store medical documents at home, mostly in paper-based form. No respondents had already used an Internet-based personal health record. Between 80% and 90% of respondents were supportive of the idea of an electronic exchange of health-related data between health care providers as core functionality of an EHR. However, many respondents formulated concerns with regard to data protection and data security within an EHR. The EHR functionalities most supported by respondents included the electronic vaccination record, online information on doctors and hospitals, and the administration of appointments and reminders. Conclusion: The results indicate a generally positive attitude towards the EHR. However, the study shows that data protection is an issue for many citizens, and that despite strong media discussion, there are information deficits with regard to the national EHR initiatives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The atrium concept allows the exploitation of daylighting by bringing natural light into the center of the buildings, thus enhancing a more even distribution of daylight. The configuration of interior balconies, however, is determined based on the purpose of the interior space and the use of the building, which may defeat the primary daylighting advantages inherent in the atrium concept. The authors have developed insights regarding the critical daylighting performance factors by evaluating the relative effect of various interior balcony configurations on illumination level and its distribution with different atrium geometries. For these, parametric measurements of illumination level with a scale model of a four-sided atrium building and various interior balcony configurations have been conducted under diffuse sky conditions within the sky simulator at a Texas university. This paper represents the atrium performance results in terms of daylight factor, Well index, balcony Well index, the configuration of interior balcony; and the results are compared with basecase atria without any interior balcony. As expected, Well index and balcony depth are the most significant factors in daylighting performance in atrium spaces with interior balconies. For the position not covered by balcony, adequate illumination can be achieved for circulation regardless of building Well index and balcony depth although it may be that involved well indices are relatively low. On the other hand, light attenuation on the position under balcony floor is up to 70–90%, in particular, when the Well index becomes higher than 1m and balcony floor becomes deeper than 3m. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: European landscapes have been shaped over the centuries by processes related to human land use, which are reflected in regionally distinct landscape patterns. Since landscape pattern has been linked to biodiversity and other ecological values of the landscapes, this paper explores landscape pattern as a tool for ecological sustainability assessments at the regional (Austrian Cultural Landscapes), national (Austria) and European (European Union+Norway, Switzerland) level with focus on agricultural landscapes. A set of landscape metrics served as a basis to assess naturalness and geometrisation of Austrian and European landscapes as a proxy for their sustainability. To achieve an accurate spatially explicit assessment, we applied a spatial reference framework consisting in units that are homogeneous in biophysical and socio-economic contexts, adapted the regional approach for its application at European level, and developed relative sustainability thresholds for the landscape metrics. The analyses revealed that several landscape metrics, particularly the “Number of Shape Characterising Points” showed a high correlation with the degree of naturalness. The sustainability map of Austria based on an ordinal regression model revealed well-known problem regions of ecological sustainability. At the European level, the relative deviation from the average pattern showed clearly the simplification processes in the landscapes. However, a better spatial resolution of land cover data would add to the refinement of pattern analysis in regions and therefore the assessment of sustainability. We recommend the combination of information of different scales for the formulation and implementation of sustainability policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Within the past two decades sustainability has become a key term in emphasizing and understanding relationships between economic progress and the protection of the environment. One key difficulty is in the definition of sustainability indicators based on information at different spatial and temporal scales. In this paper we formalize statistical models for the assessment of sustainability impact indicators using a public data source provided by the Austrian government. Our application example is the Eisenwurzen region in Austria, an old and famous mining area within the Alps. The total area covers 5.743km2 and includes 99 municipalities. In our study we define 15 impact indicators covering economic, social and environmental impacts. For each of the impact indicators we develop response functions using the available public data sources. The results suggest that the available data are an important source for deriving sustainable impact indicators within specific regions. The presented approach may serve as diagnostic tool to provide insights into the regional drivers for assessing sustainability indicators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper employs an Austrian micro-dataset to analyze why inflation perceptions became disconnected from official inflation measures in the course of the euro cash changeover. We find evidence that persons who are more often confronted with prices, who expected price increases and who mentally convert euro prices into old currency prices when making price comparisons have a significantly higher perception of inflation. Furthermore, our results indicate that the latter two factors have a persistent impact. This contributes in explaining why price perceptions have not normalized for several years in some countries. The results suggest that policy measures in countries which are going to introduce the euro should address these issues in order to prevent a similar development as experienced in many euro area countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The contribution of ZAMG to MONAROP consists of special weather forecasts to control the SOCs sampling procedure and of the analysis of the specific transport processes for SOCs, which is still in progress. In this paper, air pollutant transport into the Alps is demonstrated by examples of inorganic pollutants: Measurements of NO x and ozone provide evidence for air pollutant transport by local wind systems (valley and slope winds), especially at low elevated sites of the Alps. In addition, trajectory analyses for the high elevation sites demonstrate the importance of large scale synoptic air pollutant transport. The effects of these transport processes with different spatial and temporal scales are governed by the physical and chemical properties of the particular pollutant. First results for the high alpine MONARPOP stations show that air masses from east Europe influence mostly Sonnblick (Austria), whereas the influence of the Po basin is strongest at Weissfluhjoch (Switzerland). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we present a structurally controlled, deep-seated, gravitational slope deformation, located in the Fusch Valley, Eastern Alps, Austria, which is potentially endangering infrastructure. In the framework of a landslide risk analysis, a danger characterisation of this slope is presented. The characterisation is based on strong geomorphological, geological, and hydrological evidence, on which both a kinematical and a stability model of that slope could be developed. Unlike the majority of case studies where type and position of basal slip surfaces remain unknown, the present models seem capable of delivering characterisations on the classification of the potential slope instability, its spatial extents, and likely physical reasons for its pre and post failure behaviour with high consistency and likelihood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Plastics pipes made of polyethylene (PE) play an outstanding role in gas and water supply. While for modern pipe grades typical lifetimes of 50 years are taken for granted and service times of 100 years are discussed, pipes made of PE with a lower performance have been used for decades. As the repair and rehabilitation of existing pipe systems involve immense costs, the question of their qualitative condition has to be considered. In this paper, four different pipes used in the gas and water distribution in Austria with an age up to 30 years have been investigated. After a morphological and mechanical study, particular attention was paid to material stabilization, which is essential for long-term applications. Fracture mechanics tools have been used to gain information on the resistance to crack initiation and slow crack growth. Furthermore, a fracture mechanics extrapolation procedure has been applied to predict the remaining lifetime of the pipes. The results have indicated that all the pipes investigated are still in a very good condition and are likely to be sufficiently safe to remain in use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to effectively conserve the non-renewable resource phosphorus (P), flows and stocks of P must be known at national, regional and global scales. P is a key non-renewable resource because its use as fertilizer cannot be substituted posing a constraint on the global food production in the long-term. This paper presents a methodology to establish country-wide P balances that emphasises resource use. We develop a material flow analysis (MFA) model that comprises all relevant flows and stocks of P in five subsystems, seven processes and 36 material flows. For quantification, statistical data from economic and agricultural sources as well as available information about P partitioning in natural and anthropogenic processes are used. Special attention is paid to data gaps and uncertainties. The model was tested in two case studies on P management in Turkey and Austria. MFA appears to be a tool well suited for establishing country-wide P balances, provided that national statistics are well-structured and accessible. If a common approach is used for modelling P-flows and stocks, regional and national balances can be compared and linked towards larger scale P balances for an improved management of the resource. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is a powerful and efficient technique to measure spin parameters of satellites equipped with corner cube reflectors. We obtained spin period determination of the satellite AJISAI from SLR data only: 17246 pass-by-pass estimates from standard 1–15Hz SLR data (14/Aug/1986–30/Dec/2008) and 1444 pass-by-pass estimates (9/Oct/2003–30/Dec/2008) from data of the first 2kHz SLR system from Graz, Austria. A continuous history of the slowing down of AJISAI spin is derived from frequency analysis, and corrected for the apparent effects. The apparent corrections, elaborated here, allowed very accurate determination of AJISAI initial spin period: 1.4855±0.0007 [s]. The paper identifies also non-gravitational effects as a source of the periodical changes in the rate of slowing down of the satellite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study the hydrological regime of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pendula) growing on heavy soils in the south east of Austria was analysed. Results from the year 2003 characterised by an extremely hot and dry summer are presented in this paper. Due to the extreme weather conditions the soil water content in August 2003 was very low (0.10–0.25m3 m−3) in the topsoil (0–50cm) with no explicit difference between both tree species. Sap flow was measured in 11 trees of each of both tree species using the heat field deformation (HFD) method. Only the qualitative variability of sap flow was analysed so that data of sap flow per section (SFS) were used. The SFS of the birch trees was about three times higher than that of the spruce trees. In June 2003 the daily SFS of the birch trees averaged 0.87kgcm−1 and of the spruce trees 0.23kgcm−1. Due to the proceeding drought in August 2003 these values were reduced to 0.39kgcm−1 and 0.11kgcm−1, respectively. A comparison of daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) with daily SFS values showed that the transpiration of the trees followed the atmospheric demand in June and in the second half of July. In August 2003 the SFS depended solely on the soil water content. Birch trees began to transpire earlier in the morning and could keep their maximum SFS longer during the midday hours than the spruce trees, when sufficient soil water was available. As the drought stress proceeded, significant differences in the diurnal variations of SFS were detected for both tree species. Most of the investigated birch trees could maintain their common daily SFS dynamic whereas spruce trees showed a different pattern. One part of the spruce trees showed a midday depression of SFS, whereas the others closed their stomata during the whole day. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explores the issue of sustainability at the macro scale employing multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) methods. The incommensurability of values and the essentially multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of sustainability challenge the use of composite measurement indices. This determined the choice of MCDA methods. Austria was chosen as a case study, due to the wide availability of data, especially on indicators of strong sustainability. The structure of the multi-criteria problem comprised the evolution of different sustainability dimensions over time. The process for selecting criteria included a critical assessment of institutional sustainability agendas (UN, EU and Austrian Government) and theoretical recommendations. After an assessment of MCDA methods, the NAIADE method demonstrated the most suitable properties for sustainability assessment. The application of this outranking approach was undertaken in three separate settings: long-term from 1960 to 2003, medium-term, 1970–1995, and short-term, 1995–2003 with varying numbers of criteria. The response of results to the addition of evaluating criteria and periods was tested. The degree of credibility for accepting preference relations was also employed for sensitivity analysis. According to the results of long-term and medium-term assessments, especially in the weak sustainability setting, sustainable progress is taking place in Austria. In the short term, in the stronger sustainability setting and, especially as the number of criteria increases, more incomparable periods appear and trends are less determined. Moreover, it is shown how results crucially depend on the methodological choices. This is one of the first applications of the multi-criteria tools to the dynamic analysis of sustainability at the macro scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) stations measure distance to the satellites equipped with Corner Cube Reflectors (CCRs). These range measurements contain information about spin parameters of the spacecraft. In this paper we present results of spin period determination of two passive satellites from SLR data only: 10years of LAGEOS-1 (10426 values), and 15years of LAGEOS-2 (15580 values). The measurements have been made by standard 10Hz SLR systems and the first 2kHz SLR system from Graz (Austria). The obtained data allowed calculation of the initial spin period of the satellites: 0.61s for LAGEOS-1 and 0.906s for LAGEOS-2. Long time series of the spin period values show that the satellite’s slowing down rate is not constant but is oscillating with a period of 846days for LAGEOS-1 and 578days for LAGEOS-2. The results presented here definitely prove that the SLR is a very efficient technique able to measure spin period of the geodetic satellites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A nanosatellite to investigate the brightness oscillations of massive luminous stars by differential photometry is currently developed by a Canadian/Austrian team within the BRITE (Bright Target Explorer) project. The first Austrian satellite funded by the Austrian Space Program, called TUGSAT-1/BRITE-Austria, builds on the space heritage of the most successful Canadian CanX-2 and MOST missions. The satellite makes use of recent advances in miniaturized attitude determination and control systems. Precision three-axis stabilization by small reaction wheels and a star tracker provides the necessary accuracy for the photometer telescope to the arcminute level. This will provide to the astronomers photometric data of the most massive stars with unprecedented precision; data which cannot be obtained from the ground due to limitations imposed by the terrestrial atmosphere. The paper describes the spacecraft characteristics and the ground infrastructure being established in support of the BRITE mission which will consist of a constellation of up to four nearly identical satellites allowing to carry out long-term observation of stars (magnitude +3.5) not only with respect to brightness variations, but also in different spectrum ranges. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Totes Gebirge is the largest karst massif in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA). This paper focuses on the eastern part, where two major multiphase alpine cave systems (Burgunderschacht Cave System and DÖF–Sonnenleiter Cave System) are described with respect to morphology, hydrology, and sediments. The caves consist of Upper Miocene galleries of (epi)phreatic genesis and younger vadose canyon-shaft systems. Morphometrical analyses were used to determine the relevance of (1) cave levels (horizontal accumulations of galleries), (2) slightly inclined palaeo water tables of speleogenetic phases, (3) initial fissures, and (4) inception horizons on the development of the cave systems. (Epi)phreatic cave conduits developed preferentially along vertical faults and along only a restricted number of bedding planes, which conforms to the inception horizon hypothesis. For at least one of the systems, a development under epiphreatic conditions is certain and a hydrological behaviour in the “filling overflow manner” is likely. Observations in further major cave systems in the Totes Gebirge identify palaeo water tables of speleogenetic phases that show inclinations of 1.5°±1°. Analyses of cave levels reveal distinct peaks for each cave but it is hardly possible to correlate these elevation levels between caves of different parts of the karst massif. Therefore, we conclude that cave levels (strictly horizontal) indicate speleogenetic phases or palaeo water tables respectively, but they cannot be correlated with palaeo base levels or on regional scale. An exact correlation between cave development and palaeo base levels at the surface is only possible with inclined palaeo water tables of speleogenetic phases. For the Totes Gebirge, the inclination directions of the speleogenetic phases imply that palaeo drainage was radial and recharge was autogenic, which is in contrast to observations from other plateaus in the NCA. Differences in fracture properties seem to be the reason for the development of divergent types, according to the Four State Model. A simplified model for cave genesis and surface development in this area since the Upper Miocene is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent archaeological excavations at the Upper Palaeolithic open-air site of Krems-Wachtberg in eastern Austria exposed a late Pleistocene loess sequence. An interdisciplinary sampling strategy was applied to the 8-m high North profile. The extraordinary conservation of a Gravettian living floor with several complex features is discussed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A basin axial-channel belt was largely responsible for the observed distribution of coarse-grained gravity-flow deposits in the Tertiary Puchkirchen and basal Hall formations of the Molasse foreland basin in Upper Austria. Elements of this depositional system, mapped in three-dimensional (3D) seismic-reflection data, include channel-belt thalweg, mass-transport complexes, overbank wedge, overbank lobe, and tributary channel. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the sedimentary processes that were prevalent in the channel-belt complex through the analysis of well data, including drill cores and wireline logs, in conjunction with 3D seismic interpretations. Sedimentation in the 3–6km wide channel belt was commonly focused within smaller channel elements, 1–2km in width. These elements consist of upward fining and thinning gravity-flow deposit successions, which record the waning of flows in the channel setting. Chaotically bedded fine-grained units, including debris-flow deposits, slumped material, and rafted sediment blocks are common in the channel belt locally. Overbank sedimentation, from flows that spilled over the margins of the smaller channel elements, was common within the confines of the axial channel belt (inner levees). A significant amount of fine-grained material overtopped the margin of the axial channel belt, lapping onto the confining basin slopes and ultimately accumulating in upward fining sediment wedges up to 200–300m high. As a result of the piling up of overbank wedges onto basin slopes, they too are characterized by a morphologic expression comparable to that of inner levees. Overbank wedges are incised by tributary channels oriented perpendicular to the axial channel belt, formed through slumping and the focusing of low-density currents that originated from flow-stripping upstream. They were backfilled by thin-bedded turbidities sourced directly from the axial channel belt. Tabular silt beds were deposited from flow-stripping at outer channel meander bends locally, resulting in the deposition of overbank lobes; breaching of the channel belt levee also resulted in the deposition of upward fining and thinning turbidites in overbank settings periodically. Confinement of the depositional system within the narrow foredeep had a profound effect on sediment distribution. Lateral migration of the axial channel belt was limited, and as a result, coarse-grained material stacked nearly vertically for approximately 8myr. Channel-belt avulsion was not possible because of a lack of available space within the foredeep trough. The architecture of overbank units was influenced by marginal basin slopes; accommodation space for sand accumulation in overbank areas was limited and thus, overbank lobes only formed in limited locations. Sedimentation in the basin was also influenced by active Alpine fold-thrust belt structuring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Local and renewable energy communities show a high potential for the efficient use of distributed energy technologies at regional levels according to the Clean Energy Package of the European Union. However, until now there are only limited possibilities to bring such energy communities into reality because of several limitation factors. Challenges are already encountered during the planning phase since a large number of decision variables have to be considered depending on the number and type of community participants and distributed technologies. This paper overcomes these challenges by establishing a mixed-integer linear programming based optimal planning approach for renewable energy communities. A real case study is analyzed by creating an energy community testbed with a leading energy service provider in Austria. The case study considers nine energy community members of a municipality in Austria, distributed photovoltaic systems, energy storage systems, different electricity tariff scenarios and market signals including feed-in tariffs. The key results indicate that renewable energy communities can significantly reduce the total energy costs by 15% and total carbon dioxide emissions by 34% through an optimal selection and operation of the energy technologies. In all the optimization scenarios considered, each community participant can benefit both economically and ecologically. • Novel optimization strategies for renewable energy communities in microgrids. • Advanced mixed-integer linear programming model with 8760-hour time horizon. • A real Austrian case study with nine community participants and six scenarios. • Renewable energy transfer with different tariff scenarios and market signals. • Reduction of community costs by 15% and community carbon emissions by 34%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the legal framework is designed for an established energy regime, innovative solutions for the energy transition often encounter barriers. Since rapid changes in the legal framework may involve uncertainties, testing solutions in the exceptional framework of regulatory sandboxes can be a constructive instrument of innovation policy. Until June 2021, Austrian energy law contains neither an explicit authorisation to grant such exemptions nor custom-made regulatory sandboxes. This paper is the first to investigate the practical need for regulatory sandboxes in Austria (specific fields of experimentation were identified) and elaborate necessary changes for energy law eligibility, taking European law into account. • Until June 2021, sandboxes have not been implemented in Austrian energy regulation. • The legal assessment shows for which solutions the implementation could be possible. • Concrete fields for experimenting in regulatory sandboxes are proposed for implementation. • For broader application, European energy law shall foresee sandboxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The accumulation of natural and artificial radionuclides in humans and domestic animals is of interest in estimating effective doses of exposed humans and to decide whether animal products can be used for nutrition of the population. In this paper we present an investigation of the 137Cs- and 40K-activity levels of the ribs and sternum of a “mountain pasture” cow, born in a highly contaminated region of Styria, Austria, at the time of the radioactive fallout following the Chernobyl accident. This is the first systematic investigation of the variation in activity levels of a contaminated animal. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) assumes that cesium and potassium are homogenously distributed throughout the whole body of an organism. However, the presented results show that there is a non-uniform distribution of 137Cs and 40K in different skeletal bones and their adherent tissues of a dairy cattle. We found that activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40K varied up to a factor 2.5 in different components of the ribs. The minimum values of 137Cs and 40K in the ribs were 29.9 and 21Bqkg−1 fresh mass for trabecular bone in the vertebral half of asternal ribs, and the maximum values 332 and 132Bqkg−1 fresh mass for a mixed sample composed of a cartilaginous tissue layer and parts of the perichondrium, both originating from asternal costal cartilages, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The 2019 EU energy security agenda has led to the concept of solidarity: a coordinated response of Member States to "high-impact, low-probability" events jeopardizing the EU energy supply. At the core of this paper is a modeling analysis of storage as a non-market-based solidarity measure (the so-called strategic storage) considering whether it could be economically desirable to secure gas supply in case of disruption to the EU network. A two-stage stochastic cost minimization gas transport model was developed to study the short-term resilience of the network to supply shocks, such as a natural gas pipeline rupture, and the cost effective system response, in terms of transmission of gas flows, capacity use, and storage utilization in an interconnected gas system, taken the EU as a reference. Relative to a base scenario with no strategic storage, results show that gas import loss up to 80% on multiple different pipelines could lead to a +76% in total costs when no coordinated strategic storage is in place, compared with a −30% in total cost and a −60% in liquefied natural gas cost, when in use, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness achieved with strategic storage in securing energy to the system in emergency. • A new framework extending supply chain resilience methods to the gas network. • A stochastic optimization model assesses strategic storage in response to "high-impact, low-probability" events. • Natural gas strategic storage reliability mitigates supply disruptions. • Strategic storage reduces by 30% natural gas network system costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable electricity generation poses challenges for today's energy system. Since renewable potentials are geographically unevenly distributed, solutions to overcome bottlenecks such as grid congestion are necessary to raise as much renewable potentials as possible. In specific, a part of Austria is characterised with high photovoltaic installation inquiries and low electricity demand. Electricity grids are designed to cope with today's loads, therefore the integration of inquired photovoltaic would overstrain the built infrastructure. In this paper we investigate how power-to-gas can ease this photovoltaic related grid strain. The feed-in of hydrogen into natural gas transmission pipelines and the usage of hydrogen and biogas from local fermentation plants for methanation feeding synthetic natural gas (SNG) into local distribution grid is assessed in various scenarios. Based on the technical assessment results, an economic evaluation of each scenario is performed to determine generation costs of hydrogen or SNG. Depending on the electrolysers location in the electricity grid, the installable photovoltaic power can be increased significantly without causing electricity grid congestion. Costs for hydrogen and SNG vary across each scenario, mainly influenced by CapEx for electrolyser and methanation as well as electricity purchasing costs. • Increasing installed renewable energies power through power-to-gas. • Implementing renewable energy sources. • Power-to-gas as grid relief measure. • Hydrogen and SNG generation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New approach of comparing rainfall and discharge extremes in probabilistic framework. • Extreme rainfall elasticity of floods is higher in dry than in wet catchments. • High elasticities are related to highly skewed distributions of runoff coefficients. The aim of this paper is to explore how rainfall mechanisms and catchment characteristics shape the relationship between rainfall and flood probabilities. We propose a new approach of comparing intensity-duration-frequency statistics of maximum annual rainfall with those of maximum annual streamflow in order to infer the catchment behavior for runoff extremes. We calibrate parsimonious intensity-duration-frequency scaling models to data from 314 rain gauges and 428 stream gauges in Austria, and analyze the spatial patterns of the resulting distributions and model parameters. Results indicate that rainfall extremes tend to be more variable in the dry lowland catchments dominated by convective rainfall than in the mountainous catchments where annual rainfall is higher and rainfall mechanisms are mainly orographic. Flood frequency curves are always steeper than the corresponding rainfall frequency curves with the exception of glaciated catchments. Based on the proposed approach of combined intensity-duration-frequency statistics we analyze elasticities as the percent change of flood discharge for a 1% change in extreme rainfall through comparing rainfall and flood quantiles. In wet catchments, the elasticities tend to unity, i.e. rainfall and flood frequency curves have similar steepness, due to persistently high soil moisture levels. In dry catchments, elasticities are much higher, implying steeper frequency curves of floods than those of rainfall, which is interpreted in terms of more skewed distributions of event runoff coefficients. While regional differences in the elasticities can be attributed to both dominating regional rainfall mechanisms and regional catchment characteristics, our results suggest that catchment characteristics are the dominating controls. With increasing return period, elasticities tend towards unity, which is consistent with various runoff generation concepts. Our findings may be useful for process-based flood frequency extrapolation and climate impact studies, and further studies are encouraged to explore the tail behavior of elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]