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Paper-based analytical device (PAD) has received more and more attention in the field of point-of-care test (POCT) due to its low cost, portability and simple operation. Sensitivity and selectivity are two important aspects in clinical diagnostic analysis. However, low sensitivity of a PAD limits its wider application for POCT. Here we introduced a PAD that can clean and enrich the protein content from salty media with both electric field (E) and pH gradient (double E/pH gradients), with which 100-fold enrichment effect could be achieved within 70 s as demonstrated by fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) from artificial urine media. With post staining of the protein stacking band with bromophenol blue (BPB), selective colorimetric detection of human serum albumin (HSA) was achieved simply with smartphone camera in the clinically significant range of 10–300 mg‧L−1 (R2 = 0.99) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.9 mg‧L−1. Detection of microalbuminuria (MAU) of diabetic patients was demonstrated with this method without difference (ɑ = 0.01) to that by the clinical method (immunoturbidimetry). This work demonstrated the potential of this PAD method in online sample pretreatment and detection of target component from complex physiological samples. Image 1 • Both electric field and pH gradient (E/pH double gradients) can be established and sustained on a paper fluidic channel. • Ampholytic content from salty sample media can be stacked/separated from other types of species. • Proteins from urine can be cumulatively stacked on the double gradient interface without intensive pre-treatment. • Sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of microalbuminuria (MAU) from clinical samples was successfully demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel affinity paper-based electrochemical impedance device (PEID) was first fully developed for cardiovascular risk assessment. Herein, a simple folding PEID comprising a dual screen-printed electrode was fabricated for label-free electrochemical impedance detection. The results demonstrated in a step-wise manner that the phosphocholine-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were highly responsive to the clinically required range of C-reactive protein (CRP) (0.005 – 500 mg L−1; r2 = 0.993) levels with a detection limit (3σ/slope) of 0.001 mg L−1. The optimal binding frequency of CRP–phosphocholine interaction was determined to be 100 Hz. These results implied that our proposed system could be used for simultaneously measuring the CRP levels using a single PEID platform in combination with the specific recognition elements. When assaying two levels of CRP, the overall assay reproducibility for each concentration, expressed as relative standard error of the mean (RSE%; n = 30), was 1.21%. The variation in the measurements between individual electrodes, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was 2.82%. Using 2 measurement sites per device, the proposed sensor provided excellent precision for the simultaneous detection of CRP. Moreover, the RSD for the CRP levels measured on ten independently fabricated paper-based sheets was 2.11%, thereby offering an acceptable fabrication reproducibility. The presented folding PEIDs were used forthe determination of CRP in patient-derived blood samples with minimised bias and excellent correlation with a standard method (n = 15; CUSUM linearity test, p > 0.10), thus permitting the potential application of PEID for assessing cardiovascular risk in individuals. Highlights • A PEID was developed for ultrasensitive label-free EIS detection of hs-CRP. • A simply folding step intended to create a small chamber for electrochemical assay. • A single specific-frequency determination facilitates fast impedance measurements. • An excellent agreement was demonstrated between the PEID and the standard method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been limited studies on the potential use of enzymes for enhancing the dewaterability of biosludge. The mechanisms for such enhancement have not been investigated despite the environmental advantages of using enzymes over synthetic polymers for biosludge conditioning. In order to find enzymes with this potential, a screening of commercially available enzymes was carried out using capillary suction time to assess biosludge dewaterability. The only enzyme that showed dewatering improvements in the screening tests was a lysozyme which reduced the capillary suction time by 36% and increased the cake solids content from 5.6 to 8.9 DS%. Lysozyme aided in the flocculation of particles reducing the polymer demand from 11% to 6%. Active and inactive lysozyme exhibited a similar ability for enhancing sludge dewatering, indicating that the conditioning mechanism of lysozyme is similar to that of a flocculant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration and storage of bioactive reagents is an important and challenging task in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Here, we developed a convenient and universal method to store proteins and preserve their activities in μPADs by using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPs) evolved film. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)–dextran (DEX) double-layer film was formed through dehydration of ATPs. Functional biomolecules were stored in the bottom DEX layer on the basis of the biased partitioning and rehydrated conveniently by simple addition of buffer solution at usage. As a demonstration, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of carcinoembryonic antigen was performed successfully on μPAD integrated with antibodies. Even after 104 days of storage at 4 °C and ambient conditions, the EIA signal just lost less than 10% and 30%, which meet the storage requirements of invitro diagnosis reagents. The ATPs evolved double-layer film has double functions of stabilization and insulation, and provide a high efficiency of biomolecule preservation, thereby promoting the applications of μPADs in POC diagnostic assay. We present a universal and high efficient biomolecules preservation technique using the PEG-DEX ATPs evolved double-layer film for paper based microdevice. [Display omitted] • Antibodies and enzyme were integrated on the paper based microdevice using the ATPs evolved double-layer film. • Signals of μPADs with integrated immuno-reagents were maintained more than 90% after 104 days of storage at 4 °C conditions. • This protein storing method possessed simple operation, high compatibility, and high efficiency in preserving biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dried blood spot samples (DBSS) on filter paper offer several advantages compared to conventional serum/plasma samples: they do not require any phlebotomy or separation of blood by centrifugation; they are less invasive; they allow sample stability and shipment at room temperature; and they pose a negligible risk of infection with blood-borne viruses, such as HIV, HBV and HCV, to those who handle them. Therefore dried blood spot samples (DBSS) on filter paper can be a quick, convenient and inexpensive means of obtaining blood samples for biomarker discovery, disease screening, diagnosis and treatment monitoring in non-hospitalized, public health settings. In this study, we investigated for the first time the potential application of dried blood spot samples (DBSS) in protein expression profiling using antibody array technology. First, optimal conditions for array assay performance using dried blood spot samples (DBSS) was established, including sample elution buffer, elution time, elution temperature and assay blocking buffer. Second, we analyzed dried blood spot samples (DBSS) using three distinct antibody array platforms, including sandwich-based antibody arrays, quantitative antibody arrays and biotin-label-based antibody arrays. In comparison with paired serum samples, detection of circulating proteins in dried blood spot samples (DBSS) correlated well for both low- and high-abundance proteins on all three antibody array platforms. In conclusion, our study strongly indicates the novel application of multiplex antibody array platforms to analyze dried blood spot samples (DBSS) on filter paper represents a viable, cost-effective method for protein profiling, biomarker discovery and disease screening in a large, population-based survey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We studied the aging behaviour of gelatin used to size paper. Thus far, research on the aging of paper has largely ignored the sizing agent. Degradation of the protein was characterised and the impact of paper components, such as cellulose, and aluminium potassium sulphate was evaluated. Whatman No. 1 filter papers sized with two types of gelatins (A and B) were prepared as model samples. Commercially sized modern papers (Arches) were also studied in order to compare laboratory samples with real artist papers. Both types of papers were artificially aged (80 °C, 50% relative humidity for 35 and 94 days). Historic papers were included in the study in order to compare artificially aged with naturally aged gelatin. The aqueous extracts from the papers were characterised by aqueous size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using four PL-Aquagel-OH columns and UV photodiode array detection at 220, 254 and 280 nm. Results showed that gelatin undergoes hydrolysis upon aging, type A gelatin showing a faster degradation rate than type B. The result was an increase in the lower-molar-mass fractions, under 50 000 g mol−1, and especially in a characteristic fraction with a peak molecular mass (Mp) of 14 000 g mol−1. A significant decrease in the extraction yields of α-, β- and γ-chains occurred after aging. This was attributed to crosslinking, leading to the formation of less-soluble polypeptides with very high molar mass (>800 000 g mol−1). Less than 10% alum had no impact on the degradation rate; higher alum contents accelerated hydrolysis reactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A paper-based multi-biocatalyst platform was successfully constructed. • Nanoporous gold with unique properties was used as supporting material. • Three different markers can be integrally detected by the multi-biocatalyst platform. • The reliable detection of L. monocytogenes was successfully realized. As biomarkers for pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes , the detection of gene hly , acetoin, and listeriolysin O (LLO) is of great significance for preventing L. monocytogenes infection and diagnosing Listeriosis. Here, a portable paper-based multi-biocatalyst platform was constructed to identify L. monocytogenes by detecting multiple biomarkers at different levels: gene hly (nucleic acid), acetoin (small molecule metabolite), and LLO (protein). The integrating detections of the three biomarkers were successfully performed by two different modified working electrodes on a single paper-based multi-biocatalyst platform. The sensitive and reliable identification of L. monocytogenes was achieved using the portable paper-based multi-biocatalyst platform with wider detection range (from 1.0 × 104 to 1.0 × 109 CFU mL−1) and lower detection limit (104 CFU mL−1). Additionally, the simpler detection procedure and shorter detection time (2 h) endows the portable platform a better detection performance compared with National Food Safety Standard Method (China-GB 4789.30-2016). Moreover, the results detected by the portable platform in spiked samples were consistent with that obtained by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, indicating a good application potential. These unique characteristics suggest that the portable platform provides a reliable identification method for L. monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we developed a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the on-line isolation of proteins and the electrochemical detection of lead ions (Pb(II)) in urine samples. The patterned filter paper was prepared through the direct printing of microchannel patterns on filter paper using an office laser printer. The paper was modified with protein precipitant and was then coupled with a detachable three-electrode system. Experimental parameters, namely, modification reagents, microchannel length and width, deposition potential, and deposition time, were optimized. Then, the maximum protein concentration under which the device can function was obtained as 300 mg L−1. The linear range was 10–500 μg L−1 with a detection limit of 9 μg L−1. The effectiveness of this device was demonstrated through the quantification of Pb(II) in urine samples and the results agreed with those of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). • A simple electrochemical paper-based microfluidic device was built using laser printer and 3D printer. • The device enables on-line isolation of proteins in urine. • The maximum protein concentration under which the proposed device can function was 300 mg L−1. • Direct electrochemical detection of Pb in urine was achieved with a detection limit of 9 μg L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper described a convenient semiquantitative method for colorimetric detection of protein with self-calibration integrated on the test strip. Hydrophilic paper was employed as microfluidic device for running colorimetric assay, tree-shaped design was developed to ensure uniform microfluidic flow for multiple branches. The approach was validated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) colorimetric detection, and colorimetric results observed by naked eyes were consistent with that from apparatus. The device could be coupled with digital transmission of images for remote monitoring system for diagnosis, food control, and environmental analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Obesity is a global health concern with limited treatment options due to side effects and limited efficacy. Bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from food proteins have shown promise as safe and effective anti-obesity agents by regulating adipocyte differentiation through various signaling pathways. BAPs derived from milk, eggs, fish, and marine sources have been extensively studied for their anti-obesity effects in vitro and in vivo. These peptides can alter gut hormones and appetite to regulate energy balance while decreasing adipogenesis and increasing adipocyte apoptosis. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the studies investigating the potency of BAPs in managing obesity. It focuses on their ability to modulate adipogenesis and regulate appetite and lipid metabolism. Key findings and Conclusions: BAPs derived from various food sources such as milk, eggs, fish, and marine byproducts have the potential to act as anti-obesity agents. These peptides have been shown to be able to regulate adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and appetite control through different mechanisms, making them promising candidates for developing functional foods or nutraceuticals for obesity prevention and management. This paper also highlights the advantages of using BAPs over conventional anti-obesity drugs, such as their safety, natural origin, and lower risk of adverse effects. Further research and development in this field can lead to the identification and utilization of specific BAPs with optimized efficacy and minimal side effects, ultimately contributing to the development of novel anti-obesity therapies. [Display omitted] • Various food proteins as potential source of bioactive peptides is summarized. • Bioactive peptides derived from food is promising anti-obesity agent. • In vitro and in vivo experiment proven an anti-obesity activity through various mechanism. • Food derived bioactive peptides are prospective for development of functional foods or nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel miniaturized high-throughput plasma sample treatment approach is presented. • On-spot protein denturation coupled to microwave-assisted extraction and fluorometric determination of favipiravir is reported. • 100-fold reduction in plasma volume, few amounts of methanol, and negligible waste were achieved. • Incurred sample reanalysis revealed no back conversion of metabolites into analyte. • Excellent greenness, practicality, and analytical functionality were verified. The development of high-throughput sample preparation methods is a key step for upgrading the throughput of classical analytical techniques. In this work, a miniaturized on-spot protein denaturation coupled with microwave-assisted extraction sample treatment method was developed for extraction and subsequent spectrofluorimetric determination of favipiravir (FAV) in human plasma spots. Dried plasma spotting was performed using only 10 µL of plasma on filter paper discs followed by on-spot protein denaturation using 10 µL methanol. Maximum extraction efficiency was achieved using water: methanol (1:1) as extraction solvent with 50 % microwave power for 60 sec. The fluorescence intensity of extracted FAV was measured at 432 nm after excitation at 361 nm. According to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH -M10) guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, spiked plasma samples showed very good linearity between 100 and 1000 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision of the developed method were indicated by mean recovery (%) within 100 ± 15 % for all tested concentrations levels. The obtained results were further compared with a reported protein precipitation method using both F-test and t -test revealing no significant difference between either method. Moreover, the method was successfully applied for FAV determination in real human samples for an incurred sample reanalysis study revealing no metabolite back conversion. The developed method showed superior green performance using analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE) tools compared to a classical protein precipitation method. According to Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and whiteness tools, the developed method outperformed all reported methods for FAV determination in plasma in terms of practicality and analytical functionality. Compared to reported sample treatment methods, this method exhibited excellent analytical performance, increased throughput, hundred-fold reduction of sample volume (10 μL), significant reduction of organic solvent consumption (260 μL methanol) and produced negligible wastes. Thus, it can be adopted for routine work in pharmacokinetics and clinical trial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific ion effects are universal in biology, biochemistry, chemistry and chemical engineering. In a seminal series of papers, Franz Hofmeister, Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Prague was the first to study these effects systematically. His work stands in the scheme of things in importance much as did the work of Mendel to genetics. For over a hundred years Hofmeister effects have not been encompassed by theories of solution or colloid chemistry. It is only recently, the subject of this special issue, that some progress has been made. Hofmeister''s work is much quoted. But practically no one has ever actually read his papers (originals in archaic German). They are model scientific works for their, and indeed for our time. This article gives translations of two of his most important contributions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The accumulation of oxidized proteins in cells and tissues is a feature of a number of age-related diseases and may also occur as a result of the aging process itself. In this article we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular degradation of oxidized proteins directing our attention primarily to information which directly bears on the behavior of intact eukaryotic cells. We summarize new work on the key intracellular degradative machineries, proteasomes and lysosomes and examine evidence implicating an increase in protein hydrophobicity as the primary signal to the proteasome to initiate degradation. The data identifying the proteasome as the main route of degradation of oxidized proteins is examined, as well as recent data investigating changes in proteasome function after exposure of cells to oxidants and the altered catabolism of oxidized proteins in aging cells. Evidence for the cooperation between the lysosomal and proteasomal systems in the degradation of oxidized proteins is discussed. We conclude that the cellular catabolism of oxidized proteins may be a more complex process than it first appeared and suggest key issues that need to be resolved to improve our understanding of this important process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exogenous peroxynitrite has been shown to inhibit or activate platelets according to the concentration added and, at the same time, nitrate platelet proteins. Here, recent evidence is discussed which indicates that nitration of proteins may also occur during normal platelet activation by collagen, by mechanical stimulation during isolation and by exposure to low levels of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, this nitration appears to be transient. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of platelet biology and cell signaling processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It is increasingly apparent that oxidants can play an important role in mediating specific cell responses and expression of genes involved in degenerative pathophysiologic states, such as inflammation. In particular, oxidant-induced activation of the multisubunit nuclear transcription factor, NFκB, has been implicated in the transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes like endothelial cell adhesion glycoproteins. A second emerging concept is the recognition that the oxidant effects in cellular and molecular regulation may be mediated by oxidant-induced loss of cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) balance. This review will provide an overview of our current understanding of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions derived from in vitro studies of endothelial cell monolayers exposed to anoxia/reoxygenation, with specific emphasis on the molecular determinants mediating this inflammatory process and the contribution of reoxygenation-induced cellular redox imbalance to the activation of NFκB and the expression of endothelial surface adhesion molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ferritin is one of the major proteins of iron metabolism. It is almost ubiquitous and tightly regulated by the metal. Biochemical and structural properties of the ferritins are largely conserved from bacteria to man, although the role in the regulation of iron trafficking varies in the different organisms. Recent studies have clarified some of the major aspects of the reaction between iron and ferritin, which results in the formation of the iron core and production of hydrogen peroxide. The characterization of cellular models in which ferritin expression is modulated has shown that the ferroxidase catalytic site on the H-chain has a central role in regulating iron availability. In turn, this has secondary effects on a number of cellular activities, which include proliferation and resistance to oxidative damage. Moreover, the response to apoptotic stimuli is affected by H-ferritin expression. Altered ferritin L-chain expression has been found in at least two types of genetic disorders, although its role in the determination of the pathology has not been fully clarified. The recent discovery of a new ferritin specific for the mitochondria, which is functionally similar to the H-ferritin, opens new perspectives in the study of the relationships between iron, oxidative damage and free radicals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The hypothesis that the rate of oxygen consumption and the ensuing accrual of molecular oxidative damage constitute a fundamental mechanism governing the rate of aging is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) life spans of cold blooded animals and mammals with unstable basal metabolic rate (BMR) are extended and oxidative damage (OxD) is attenuated by an experimental decrease in metabolic rate; (ii) single gene mutations in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans that extend life span almost invariably result in a generalized slowing of physiological activities, albeit via different mechanisms, affecting a decrease in OxD; (iii) caloric restriction decreases body temperature and OxD; and, (iv) results of studies on the effects of transgenic overexpressions of antioxidant enzymes are generally supportive, but quite ambiguous. It is suggested that oxidative damage to proteins plays a crucial role in aging because oxidized proteins lose catalytic function and are preferentially hydrolyzed. It is hypothesized that oxidative damage to specific proteins constitutes one of the mechanisms linking oxidative stress/damage and age-associated losses in physiological functions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The lesions induced by reactive oxygen species in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes include altered bases, abasic (AP) sites, and single-strand breaks, all repaired primarily via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Although the basic BER process (consisting of five sequential steps) could be reconstituted in vitro with only four enzymes, it is now evident that repair of oxidative damage, at least in mammalian cell nuclei, is more complex, and involves a number of additional proteins, including transcription- and replication-associated factors. These proteins may be required in sequential repair steps in concert with other cellular changes, starting with nuclear targeting of the early repair enzymes in response to oxidative stress, facilitation of lesion recognition, and access by chromatin unfolding via histone acetylation, and formation of metastable complexes of repair enzymes and other accessory proteins. Distinct, specific subclasses of protein complexes may be formed for repair of oxidative lesions in the nucleus in transcribed vs. nontranscribed sequences in chromatin, in quiescent vs. cycling cells, and in nascent vs. parental DNA strands in replicating cells. Characterizing the proteins for each repair subpathway, their signaling-dependent modifications and interactions in the nuclear as well as mitochondrial repair complexes, will be a major focus of future research in oxidative damage repair. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A significant body of evidence supports a key role for free radicals in causing cumulative damage to cellular macromolecules, thereby contributing to senescence/aging, and a number of age-related disorders. Proteins are recognized as major targets for oxidative damage (in addition to DNA and lipids) and the accumulation of oxidized proteins has been reported for many experimental aging models, as measured by several markers for protein oxidation. In young and healthy individuals, moderately oxidized soluble cell proteins are selectively and rapidly degraded by the proteasome. However, severely oxidized, cross-linked proteins are poor substrates for degradation and actually inhibit the proteasome. Considerable evidence now indicates that proteasome activity declines during aging, as the protease is progressively inhibited by binding to ever increasing levels of oxidized and cross-linked protein aggregates. Cellular aging probably involves both an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species and a progressive decline in proteasome activity, resulting in the progressive accumulation of oxidatively damaged protein aggregates that eventually contribute to cellular dysfunction and senescence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a large body of evidence implicating oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative damage to proteins has been well established. Although there are a large number of potential oxidative modifications only a few have been systematically studied. The most frequently studied marker of oxidative damage to proteins is protein carbonyl groups. 3-Nitrotyrosine is thought to be a relatively specific marker of oxidative damage mediated by peroxynitrite. Increased concentrations of both protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine have been documented in both normal aging as well as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These findings help to provide a rationale for trials of antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The oxidative modification of proteins by reactive species is implicated in the etiology or progression of a panoply of disorders and diseases. The level of these modified molecules can be quantitated by measurement of the protein carbonyl content, which has been shown to increase in a variety of diseases and processes, notably during aging. For the most part, oxidatively modified proteins are not repaired and must be removed by proteolytic degradation, a process which normally proceeds very efficiently, from microorganisms to mammals. In eukaryotes, removal is usually carried out by the proteosome, which selectively degrades oxidatively modified proteins, whether they be damaged by reactive oxygen species or specifically oxidized by cellular regulatory processes. The molecular deficiencies that cause accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins are not identified, but regardless of cause, the accumulation is likely to disrupt normal cellular function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Net endogenous acid production, reflected in the steady state as net acid excretion (NAE), is implicated in bone loss because it is positively associated with urinary calcium loss. Protein is one of the main sources of dietary acid load, whereas fruit and vegetables provide alkaline potassium salts that counteract the dietary acid load. This study investigated whether a pH paper strip measurement of overnight (i.e., first void) urine would reflect 24-h NAE, measured as excretion rates of titratable acid minus bicarbonate plus ammonium. Methods: Twenty-three subjects collected 24-h urine in two parts: day (∼7 am to 11 pm) and overnight (∼11 pm to 7 am). At first void, subjects recorded pH using paper strips. Subjects recorded intake and 20 subjects provided fasting urine collected from 7 to 9 am. Results: The pH paper strip measurements of first void urine was significantly correlated with 24-h titratable acid minus bicarbonate (r = −0.466, P < 0.025) but not with 24-h NAE. We examined the association of dietary protein, potassium, protein:potassium ratio, and sodium with NAE, with fasting morning urinary calcium excretion, an indirect measurement of bone loss, and with urinary cross-links, a direct measurement of bone resorption. Of these, only sodium intake (measured as 24-h urine excretion) and urine potassium:sodium ratio showed a significant relation (with fasting calcium excretion). Conclusions: We did not find that the first void urine pH by paper strip measurement provided an index of daily net endogenous acid production as reflected in 24-h NAE. In our sample of young adults, daily sodium intake positively correlated with bone resorption, as reflected in fasting urine calcium, whereas daily NAE did not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the past 20 years, the global per capita protein demand has been increasing year by year, and thus the search for sustainable and healthier alternative proteins is the focus of current food research. Yeast proteins are of microbial origin with environmentally friendly advantages. They are high-quality proteins with high bioavailability and are expected to be used as novel alternative proteins for food applications. Although reports on yeast extracts continue to increase, studies on the composition, production methods, and functional properties of yeast proteins lack systematic reviews. In addition, the application of yeast proteins in the food industry has not been summarized previously. This paper reviews the composition of yeast proteins and the approaches for their isolation and extraction, and systematically introduces the functional properties and the wide applications in food fields. Future perspectives for yeast proteins to sustainably and healthily meet the world's growing protein demand are also elucidated. Yeast proteins have great application potential as alternative proteins with a reasonable proportion of amino acid composition. Yeast proteins can be hydrolyzed to produce yeast peptides and can also be used as protein supplements, fining agents, meat extenders, etc. Overcoming the limitations of high nucleic acid content and high cost, and improving the functional properties and sensory acceptability of yeast proteins will greatly promote their market applications. This review will provide ideas and guidance for the research and development of yeast proteins in food applications. Yeast proteins have high nutritional value with an ideal amino acid composition and a wealth of functions and properties. The excellent characteristics allow yeast proteins to be used as sustainable alternative proteins in food applications. [Display omitted] • The compositions and extraction approaches of yeast proteins are overviewed. • The functional properties of yeast proteins are summarized. • The applications of yeast proteins as alternative proteins in food are reviewed. • The strategies to improve the utilization of yeast proteins are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, buckwheat protein colloidal particles (BPCPs) were prepared by heat treatment to stabilize oil-water interface. The results of particle size, surface hydrophobicity and wettability indicated that the prepared BPCPs could be used as novel Pickering emulsifier. The effects of BPCPs concentration, ionic strength and heat treatment on the structure and properties of Pickering emulsions were explored. The microstructure results showed that BPCPs could tightly coated on the surface of oil droplets to form a tight interfacial film, confirming that BPCPs could be used as an effective Pickering-like stabilizer. With the increase of BPCPs concentration, the droplet size of the Pickering emulsion gradually decreased, and the viscoelasticity and storage stability of the emulsion were effectively improved. Different from the effect of ionic strength, heat treatment was beneficial to increasing the viscoelasticity of BPCPs-stabilized Pickering emulsion. The Pickering emulsions exhibited certain flocculation at different temperatures and ionic strengths, while still maintained good solid-like behavior. These results suggest that the structure and properties of BPCPs-stabilized Pickering emulsion could be regulated by changing the ionic strength and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide/protein quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) is advantageous due to its high sensitivity. Traditional absolute peptide quantitation methods rely on making calibration curves using peptide standards or isotope-labelled peptide standards, which are expensive and take time to synthesize. A method which can eliminate the need for using standards would be beneficial. Recently, we developed coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) which can be used to quantify peptides that are oxidizable (e.g., those containing tyrosine or tryptophan), without using peptide standard. The method is based on electrochemical oxidation of peptides followed by MS measurement of the oxidation yield. However, it cannot be directly used to quantify peptides without oxidizable residues. To extend this method for quantifying peptides/proteins in general, in this study, we adopted a derivatization strategy, in which a target peptide is first tagged with an electroactive reagent such as monocarboxymethylene blue NHS ester (MCMB-NHS ester), followed with quantitation by CMS. To illustrate the power of this method, we have analyzed peptides MG and RPPGFSPFR. The quantification error was less than 5%. Using RPPGFSPFR as an example, the quantitation sensitivity of the technique was found to be 0.25 pmol. Furthermore, we also used the strategy to quantify proteins cytochrome C and β-casein with an error of 2–26 %. [Display omitted] • Coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) in combination with derivatization strategy can be used for absolute quantitation of peptides and proteins in general. • Our quantitation method reported in this paper does not require the use of standards or isotope-labelled standards. • Our quantitation method reported in this paper is applicable to peptides that are not electrochemically active. • The derivatization of peptide with methylene blue electrochemical tag allows the oxidation of peptides at a very low potential (0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl), thus providing the method selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parathyroid cancers are rare and difficult to distinguish from benign parathyroid tumours. Prediction of malignancy often relies on intraoperative assessment of invasion. Standard histology is also inadequate; especially in the absence of local invasion, lymph nodal disease and metastasis. The aim of this project was to systematically review published literature on potential bio-markers used for the diagnosis of parathyroid cancer.Methods: Pubmed, Web of Science and Medline databases were searched. Inclusion criteria included English language papers published after 1985 and reporting on biomarkers in human studies of parathyroid cancer and benign disease.Results: 118 relevant papers were appraised; all were observational studies. At least 2 papers studied 8 serum, 4 urine and 27 tissue biomarkers on the diagnosis of parathyroid cancer. Of these, 5 serum and 13 tissue markers have been demonstrated in at least one study to be statistically different in benign and malignant disease. We present a synthesis of data for each biomarker and measures of diagnostic accuracy where possible.Conclusions: Consideration should be given to the use of a panel of biomarkers to review patients with suspected parathyroid cancer. A profile including serum calcium and PTH levels and tissue expression of APC, Parafibromin, PGP9.5, Galectin 3 and Ki67 is proposed. Systematic Review Registration Number - CRD42019127833. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein nanoparticles are promising candidates for the preparation and stabilization of Pickering emulsions. The research and development of protein nanoparticles with different shapes is one of the hotspots in the field of Pickering emulsions because of their significant advantages such as natural sources, non-toxicity, easy extraction, acceptance in food industry, good surface activity, and good emulsion stabilization abilities. This paper firstly reviews the shapes of protein nanoparticles for the stabilization of Pickering emulsion. Secondly, the paper summarizes the preparation methods of protein nanoparticles for the stabilization of Pickering emulsions. Thirdly, the paper discusses the modification of protein nanoparticles with other substances at oil/water interface. Finally, this paper provides a brief summary and outlook of research and development of protein nanoparticle for Pickering emulsions. Until now, the shapes of the applied protein nanoparticles for Pickering emulsions can be classified into six types: undeformable solid spherical nanoparticles, nanofibrils, nanotubes, nanogels, nanocages, and plate-shaped nanoparticles. According the physical and chemical differences of preparation process, the preparation methods of protein nanoparticles for the stabilization of Pickering emulsions can be classified into natural self-assembly, physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. The modification methods of protein nanoparticles with other substances at oil/water interface can be classified into physical mixing and chemical crosslinking. This work can provide basic information on the properties of protein nanoparticle and Pickering emulsions. It can also guide the research and development of protein nanoparticles for the stabilization of Pickering emulsions. • Shapes of protein nanoparticles for Pickering emulsion are reviewed. • Preparation methods of protein nanoparticles for Pickering emulsion are summarized. • Modification of protein nanoparticles at oil/water interface is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commitment to apoptotic cell death occurs at the mitochondria and is regulated by BCL-2 family proteins localized to this organelle. However, BIK, a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, inhibits mitochondrial BCL-2 proteins to promote apoptosis. In a recent paper in the JBC, Osterlund et al. investigated this conundrum. Surprisingly, they discovered that these endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial proteins moved toward each other and met at the contact site between the two organelles, thereby forming a 'bridge to death'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Monosodium glutamate increased the solubility and hydrophilicity of coconut protein. • Monosodium glutamate promoted the digestion of coconut protein by pepsin and trypsin. • Monosodium glutamate inhibited the digestion and absorption of lipids. In this paper, the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on coconut protein (CP) solubility, surface hydrophobicity, emulsification activity, ultraviolet spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated. Meanwhile, the changes in the in vitro digestive properties of coconut milk were also further analyzed. MSG treatment altered the solubility and surface hydrophobicity of CP, thereby improving protein digestibility. Molecular docking showed that CP bound to pepsin and trypsin mainly through hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. And MSG increased the cleavable sites of pepsin and trypsin on CP, thus further improving the protein digestibility. In addition, MSG increased the Na+ concentration in coconut milk, promoted flocculation and aggregation between coconut milk droplets, which prevented the binding of lipase and oil droplets and inhibited lipid digestion. These findings may provide new ideas and insights to improve the digestive properties of plant-based milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice protein is highly nutritious and easy to digest and absorb. Its hydrolyzed peptides have significant effects on lowering blood pressure and cholesterol. First, a detailed and comprehensive explanation of rice protein extraction methods was given, and it was found that the combination of enzymatic and physical methods could improve the extraction rate of rice protein, but it was only suitable for laboratory studies. Second, the methods for improving the functional properties of rice protein were introduced, including physical modification, chemical modification, and enzymatic modification. Enzymatic modification of the solubility of rice protein to improve its functional properties has certain limitations due to the low degree of hydrolysis, the long time required, the low utilization of the enzyme, and the possible undesirable taste of the product. Finally, the development and utilization of rice protein was summarized and the future research direction was suggested. This paper lists the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques, points out the shortcomings of existing extraction techniques, aims to fill the gap in the field of rice protein extraction, and then provides a possible improvement method for the extraction and development of rice protein in the future. • Rice protein has broad development value and utilization prospect. • The combination of enzymes and physical extraction can give the best results. • Enzyme modification can reduce the level of allergens in rice. • The cost of physically modifying the functional properties of rice protein is low. • There are barriers in the market and production of rice protein products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent letter to the editor Prof Khosravi-Darani responded to our paper ''Unravelling mechanisms of protein and lipid oxidation in mayonnaise at multiple length scales". In our work, we observed liposomes in the continuous phase of mayonnaise. In the letter the objection was made that liposomes cannot be formed in a non-aqueous phase which, however, was not argued in our publication. As mayonnaise is an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion and its continuous phase is aqueous, liposomes may be observed in this phase. Therefore, the objection from Prof Khosravi-Darani does not apply to our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review investigates the most recent advances in personalized 3D-printed wound dressings and skin scaffolding. Skin is the largest and most vulnerable organ in the human body. The human body has natural mechanisms to restore damaged skin through several overlapping stages. However, the natural wound healing process can be rendered insufficient due to severe wounds or disturbances in the healing process. Wound dressings are crucial in providing a protective barrier against the external environment, accelerating healing. Although used for many years, conventional wound dressings are neither tailored to individual circumstances nor specific to wound conditions. To address the shortcomings of conventional dressings, skin scaffolding can be used for skin regeneration and wound healing. This review thoroughly investigates polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, Hyaluronic acid (HA)), proteins (e.g., collagen, silk), synthetic polymers (e.g., Polycaprolactone (PCL), Poly lactide- co -glycolic acid (PLGA), Polylactic acid (PLA)), as well as nanocomposites (e.g., silver nano particles and clay materials) for wound healing applications and successfully 3D printed wound dressings. It discusses the importance of combining various biomaterials to enhance their beneficial characteristics and mitigate their drawbacks. Different 3D printing fabrication techniques used in developing personalized wound dressings are reviewed, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. This paper emphasizes the exceptional versatility of 3D printing techniques in advancing wound healing treatments. Finally, the review provides recommendations and future directions for further research in wound dressings. Schematic diagram showing the use of 3D-bioprinter to build skin scaffolds that can be used in clinical applications. Created with BioRender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of cytotoxic rRNA N-glycosylase, which widely exist in higher plants in different taxonomy, including many traditional Chinese medicinal materials and vegetables and fruits. In this paper, the traditional Chinese medicinal plants containing RIPs protein were sorted out, and their pharmacological effects and clinical applications were analyzed. Since many RIPs in traditional Chinese medicine plants exhibit antiviral and antitumor activities and show great clinical application potential, people's interest in these proteins is on the rise. This paper summarizes the possible mechanism of RIPs's anti-virus and anti-tumor effects, and discusses its potential problems and risks, laying a foundation for subsequent research on how to exert its anti-virus and anti-tumor effects. [Display omitted] • Provides a summary of traditional Chinese medicine plants that contain ribosome-inactivating proteins. • Analyzes the application of these traditional medicinal plants containing ribosome-inactivating proteins in traditional Chinese medicine. • Discusses the potential mechanisms of ribosome-inactivating proteins in terms of their antiviral and anti-tumor effects. • Proposes the challenges of these proteins in clinical application, and possible improvement methods were explored. We provide a comprehensive summary of traditional medicinal plants that contain RIPs proteins in these review. It analyzes their pharmacological effects and clinical applications, while also discussing the potential mechanisms of their antiviral and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, the review addresses the possible problems and risks associated with RIPs, establishing a solid foundation for future research on maximizing their antiviral and anti-tumor properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops an operational approach, adapting elements of Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), Technological Innovation System (TIS) and Social Practice Theory (SPT), to examine the influence of key factors driving and hindering the transition to an alternative-protein food system in Singapore. The results of the analysis are that landscape factors such as climate change, food security and COVID-19 are exerting pressure on the food production regime, creating opportunities for alternative-protein niches to break through. Political actors in Singapore respond favourably through establishing the target to produce 30 % of Singapore's food needs locally by 2030. Governmental strategies are targeted at nurturing the niches, protecting them from the selection pressures embedded in the regime. As an agricultural-neutral city-state, local meat producers possess little power to resist. However, governmental strategies exhibit insufficient attention paid to the intersection between regime and consumer practices. Subsequently, regime rules remain largely intact, providing little impetus for local food processing companies or consumers to adopt alternative proteins. Moreover, legitimation bestowed by the political actors is nascent and hence, the strength of the innovation system, while demonstrating huge growth potential, is in its infancy stage. Consequently, the niches are underdeveloped to destabilise the regime or close the gaps in the regime created by landscape factors. Hence, a 'Transformation Pathway' is currently happening as moderate landscape pressure is occurring at a time when niche innovations are underdeveloped with little adjustments observed in the regime. Niches are exhibiting symbiotic relationships with the regime as they are increasingly adopted into the regime. • In Singapore, governmental strategies are targeted at nurturing niches in the food transition. • Moderate landscape pressure is occurring when niche innovations are underdeveloped. • Niches are exhibiting symbiotic relationships with the regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• For the first time the prediction of protein functions is modeled as a graph-transduction game. • The paper offers a newer perspective on the automatic protein function prediction problem. • Exploit at the same time the similarities at the level of proteins and functionalities. • Has better overall performances compared to other state-of-the-art graph-based methods. • Has been massively tested on 5 organisms, 3 ontologies with thousands of classes. Motivated by the observation that network-based methods for the automatic prediction of protein functions can greatly benefit from exploiting both the similarity between proteins and the similarity between functional classes (as encoded, e.g., in the Gene Ontology), in this paper we propose a novel approach to the problem, based on the notion of a "graph transduction game." We envisage a (non-cooperative) game, played over a graph, where the players (graph vertices) represent proteins, the functional classes correspond to the (pure) strategies, and protein- and function-level similarities are combined into a suitable payoff function. Within this formulation, Nash equilibria turn out to provide consistent functional labelings of proteins, and we use classical replicator dynamics from evolutionary game theory to find them. To test the effectiveness of our approach we conducted experiments on five different organisms and three ontologies, and the results obtained show that our method compares favorably with state-of-the-art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prawn allergy is one of the most common food-borne allergies and current prevention is by avoidance. This review paper summarised different methodologies for the extraction, identification and quantification of prawn protein allergens, reported in various research studies. Following extraction, allergenic components have been analysed using well-established methodologies, such as SDS-PAGE, Immunoblotting, ELISA, CD Spectroscopy, HPLC, DBPCFC, SPT etc. Moreover, the preference towards Aptamer-based technique for allergenicity analysis has also been highlighted in this review paper. The summary of these methodologies will provide a reference platform for present and future research directions. Unlabelled Image • Effective separation and visualization of proteins depend on SDS PAGE gel concentrations. • Sandwich ELISA is more precise than indirect and Inhibition ELISA for allergenicity quantification. • Aptamers provides more specific immunogenic reaction for allergens than antibodies. • Allergenic proteins can be isolated by reversed-phase, anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction HPLC methods. • This review paper will provide a better platform for present and future research direction on allergenic prawn proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering and accurately locating drug targets is of great significance for the research and development of new drugs. As a different approach to traditional drug development, the machine learning algorithm is used to predict the drug target by mining the data. Because of its advantages of short time and low cost, it has received more and more attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a novel method for predicting druggable proteins. Firstly, the features of the protein sequence are extracted by combining Chou's pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC), dipeptide composition (DPC) and reduced sequence (RS), getting the 591 dimension of drug target dataset. Then, the feature information of druggable proteins dataset is selected by genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, we use Bagging ensemble learning to improve SVM classifier to get the final prediction model. The predictive accuracy rate reaches 93.78% by using 5-fold cross-validation and compared with other state-of-the-art predictive methods. The results indicate that the method proposed in this paper has a high reference value for the prediction of potential drug targets, which will successfully play a key role in the drug research and development. The source code and all datasets are available at https://github.com/QUST-AIBBDRC/GA-Bagging-SVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is a catabolic process in which a double-membrane organelle, the autophagosome (AP), engulfs cellular components that will be degraded in the lysosomes. ATG8 protein family members participate at various stages of AP formation. The present study compares the capacity to induce lipid-vesicle tethering and fusion of two ATG8 family members, LC3B and LC3C, with model membranes. LC3B is the most thoroughly studied ATG8 protein. It is generally considered as an autophagosomal marker and a canonical representative of the LC3 subfamily. LC3C is less studied, but recent data have reported its implication in various processes, crucial to cellular homeostasis. The results in this paper show that LC3C induces higher levels of tethering and of intervesicular lipid mixing than LC3B. As the N-terminus of LC3C is different from that of the other family members, various mutants of the N-terminal region of both LC3B and LC3C were designed, and their activities compared. It was concluded that the N-terminal region of LC3C was responsible for the enhanced vesicle tethering, membrane perturbation and vesicle-vesicle fusion activities of LC3C as compared to LC3B. The results suggest a specialized function of LC3C in the AP expansion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of food emulsions is the basis for other properties. During their production and processing, emulsions tend to become unstable due to their thermodynamic instability, and it is usually necessary to add emulsifiers and proteins to stabilize emulsions. It becomes crucial to study the intrinsic mechanisms of emulsifiers and proteins and their joint stabilization of food emulsions. This paper summarizes the research on intrinsic mechanisms of food emulsions stabilized by emulsifiers and proteins in recent years. The destabilization and stabilization of emulsions are related to the added surfactants. The properties, type, and concentration of emulsifiers determine the stability of emulsions, and the emulsifiers can be classified into different types (e.g., ionic or nonionic, solid or liquid) according to their properties and sources. The physicochemical properties of proteins (e.g., spatial conformation, hydrophobicity) and the composition of proteins can also determine the stability of emulsions, and emulsions stabilized by emulsifiers and proteins together not only depend on these factors but also have a great relationship with the mutual combination and competition between the two. The instability and stability of emulsions are related to factors such as interfacial interaction forces, the rheological nature of the interface, and the added surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of raw materials from natural sources as substitutes for petrochemical monomers is of high interest in the polymer science, to comply with the increasing social awareness of pollution and environmental regulations. Natural proteins emerge as particularly promising candidates to be combine with synthetic polymers, offering the prospect of enhancing the product sustainability. Nonetheless, protein-based hybrid materials still present some drawbacks such as high susceptibility to water, due to the incorporation of hydrophilic protein and the resulting morphology of hybrid particles. In the present study, we propose a novel approach for synthesizing biphasic hybrid particles with a controlled morphology that tend to optimize the synergy between both phases. Here, protein phase forms the core of hybrid particles, which is surrounded by an acrylic polymer phase. To achieve this particular morphology, a seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization strategy was designed by employing preformed zein-casein bioparticles (BPs) as seed. This paper encompassed a comprehensive exploration of the key variables impacting on both the synthesis of BPs and the subsequent formation of hybrid latex particles. The outcomes of this research not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the synthesis process but also broaden the potential applications of acrylic-protein hybrid films, particularly as coatings. [Display omitted] • Hybrid latex produced by emulsion polymerization using protein bioparticles as seed • Acrylic-protein particles exhibiting a non-equilibrium multi-lobular morphology • Hybrid films with improved water resistance for coating applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-based pH-responsive fluorescent materials have the characteristics of fast response, real-time monitoring, visualisation, and easy forming. Consequently, they have attracted widespread attention in wound healing, sweat monitoring, security and anti-counterfeiting, freshness detection of aquatic products, metal-ion sensing and bioimaging. This paper analyses the preparation principles and characteristics of pH-responsive fluorescent materials based on cellulose, chitosan and proteins. It then outlines the fluorescence properties, environmental response mechanisms and applications of various luminescent materials. Next, the research indicates that amines, N -heterocyclic rings, carboxyl groups and amino plasmonic groups on the fluorescent molecule structure and polymer skeleton appear to change the degree of ionisation under acid or alkali stimulation, which affects the light absorption ability of chromophore electrons, thus producing fluorescence changes in fluorescent materials under different pH stimuli. On this basis, the challenges and growth encountered in the development of proteins and polysaccharides–based pH-responsive fluorescent materials were prospected to provide theoretical references and technical support for constructing pH-responsive fluorescent materials with high stability, high sensitivity, long-lasting pH-response and wide detection range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rare earth element (REE) complexes are often utilized in bioimaging due to their photo- and redox stability, magnetic and optical characteristics, they are also applied for pharmaceutical applications due to their interaction with macromolecules namely proteins. The possible implications induced by REEs through modification in the function or regulatory activity of the proteins trigger a variety of applications for these elements in biomedicine and biotechnology. Lanthanide complexes have particularly been applied as anti-biofilm agents, cancer inhibitors, potential inflammation inhibitors, metabolic elicitors, and helper agents in the cultivation of unculturable strains, drug delivery, tissue engineering, photodynamic, and radiation therapy. This paper overviews emerging applications of REEs in biotechnology, especially in biomedical imaging, tumor diagnosis, and treatment along with their potential toxic effects. Although significant advances in applying REEs have been made, there is a lack of comprehensive studies to identify the potential of all REEs in biotechnology since only four elements, Eu, Ce, Gd, and La, among 17 REEs have been mostly investigated. However, in depth research on ecotoxicology, environmental behavior, and biological functions of REEs in the health and disease status of living organisms is required to fill the vital gaps in our understanding of REEs applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ιonic liquids as resolution-enhancing background electrolyte additives in CE. • Utilization of ionic liquids as capillary coating materials. • CE and CEC analysis of proteins using regular and polymeric ionic liquids. • Ιonic liquid-mediated capillary electrophoresis analysis of carbohydrates. Ionic liquids (ILs), as non-molecular type solvents, possess excellent physical-chemical properties, which make them useful in important separation applications in gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Among a plethora of potential uses of ionic liquids in separation science, capillary electrophoresis can utilize its resolution-enhancing effect in the analysis of proteins and carbohydrates, via the formation of intermolecular interactions, e.g., hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, or electrostatic. ILs and polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) also represent an excellent choice as background electrolyte (BGE) additives for capillary coatings in CE, which is especially important in protein analysis. Another interesting utilization of ILs is the fabrication of monoliths for capillary electrochromatography in which instance the mechanism of retention is based on ion exclusion interactions. Carbohydrates can also be readily analyzed by CE with the help of ionic liquids without the need for an extra derivatization step. One of the future perspectives on the use of ILs is their utilization in the recently emerging biopharmaceutical industry exploiting the increased resolution of proteins and carbohydrates, two of the important components of glycoprotein therapeutics. In this paper, we address the so-far not-reviewed ionic liquid-mediated analysis of proteins and carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis-based techniques also addressing their impact on the separation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish swim bladder (FSB) protein possesses inherent health and nutritional value. Recent studies have shown that its pharmacological, biomedical, and nutritional benefits can be enhanced through extraction, purification and concentration processes. Additionally, research indicates that modifications such as cross-linking, decellularization, doping, glycation, and hydrolysis can further enhance the utility of FSB protein in various applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review on FSB protein products, focusing on modifications, functionalities, bioactivities, and mechanisms uncovered through various techniques, including in vitro , ex vivo , in vivo , and in silico methods. FSB protein and its products exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-aging, and others. While drying FSB to fish maw (FM) remains popular, recent trends, including producing FM-related products, enzymatic hydrolysis, extracting collagen and gelatin, and decellularization are rising. The results indicate the significant potential of FSB protein products as nutraceuticals, biomedicals, and therapeutics to alleviate health concerns. Clinical safety, the fate of ingested and absorbed compounds, nutrient-nutrient interactions, and changes in structure post-absorption are gaps that require further research. [Display omitted] • Fish swim bladder (FSB) proteins exhibit a variety of biological activities. • FSB is consumed fresh or is dried to fish maw. • FSB proteins are used to extract multiple functional and high-value products. • Further research is needed on clinical safety and fate of ingested FSB peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Maximal VFAs and hydrogen yields reached 0.66 g/g-VS and 109 mL/g-VS, respectively. • SCG-derived VFAs offer a potential feedstock for microbial protein production. • Candida maltosa KKU-ARY2, a newly isolated yeast, accumulated protein of 43%. • Recycled solid residue after VFAs separation showed a promising methane production. Recovering nutrients from waste for biological processes aligns with sustainability principles. This study aimed to convert spent coffee grounds (SCG) into valuable products, including fermentable sugars, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), yeast-based single-cell protein and biofuels. Alkaline pretreatment was conducted before enzymatic hydrolysis, in which the pretreated SCG was hydrolyzed with varying enzyme loadings (20–60 filter paper units (FPU)/g-solid) and solid loadings (3–15 % w/v). The hydrolyzed slurry was utilized for VFAs and hydrogen production, yielding high values of 0.66 g/g-volatile solids (VS) and 109 mL/g-VS, respectively, using an enzyme loading of 50 FPU/g-solid and a solid loading of 3 % (w/v). The derived VFAs were used to cultivate a newly isolated yeast, Candida maltosa KKU-ARY2, resulting in an accumulated protein content of 43.7 % and a biomass concentration of 4.6 g/L. This study highlights the conversion of SCG into essential components, emphasizing the benefits of waste utilization through cascade bioprocesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of deep transfer learning methods, supervised methods, and semi-supervised methods in the context of protein fitness prediction, with a focus on small datasets. The analysis includes the exploration of the combination of different data sources to enhance the performance of the models. While deep learning and deep transfer learning methods have shown remarkable performance in situations with abundant data, this study aims to address the more realistic scenario faced by wet lab researchers, where labeled data is often limited. The novelty of this work lies in its examination of deep transfer learning in the context of small datasets and its consideration of semi-supervised methods and multi-view strategies. While previous research has extensively explored deep transfer learning in large dataset scenarios, little attention has been given to its efficacy in small dataset settings or its comparison with semi-supervised approaches. Our findings suggest that deep transfer learning, exemplified by ProteinBERT, shows promising performance in this context compared to the rest of the methods across various evaluation metrics, not only in small dataset contexts but also in large dataset scenarios. This highlights the robustness and versatility of deep transfer learning in protein fitness prediction tasks, even with limited labeled data. The results of this study shed light on the potential of deep transfer learning as a state-of-the-art approach in the field of protein fitness prediction. By leveraging pre-trained models and fine-tuning them on small datasets, researchers can achieve competitive performance surpassing traditional supervised and semi-supervised methods. These findings provide valuable insights for wet lab researchers who face the challenge of limited labeled data, enabling them to make informed decisions when selecting the most effective methodology for their specific protein fitness prediction tasks. Additionally, the study investigated the combination of two different sources of information (encodings) through our enhanced semi-supervised methods, yielding noteworthy results improving their base model and providing valuable insights for further research. The presented analysis contributes to a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of different learning approaches in small dataset scenarios, ultimately aiding in the development of improved protein fitness prediction methods. • Deep transfer learning excels in small dataset protein fitness prediction. • We explore labeled-unlabeled data combination through semi-supervised learning. • We developed enhanced semi-supervised methods for regression and multi-view tasks. • Information combination from different encodings holds potential for future research. • Insights can aid wet lab researchers in selecting protein fitness prediction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GCP and glucose play a synergistic role in preparing the freeze–thaw stable HIPE. • The synergistic effect is related to GCP grafting degree and residual sugar level. • Using GCP reduce the amount of glucose used in preparing freeze–thaw stable HIPE. Nowadays, glycosylated protein seems to be one of the most effective stabilizers for preparing freeze–thaw stabile emulsion; nevertheless, few papers mentioned the relationship between the residual free sugars after the glycosylation reaction and the freeze–thaw stability of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). Herein, glucose was used to prepare glycosylated cod proteins (GCPs). The synergistic effect was related to the grafting degree of GCP, and the amount of glucose added to prepare freeze–thaw stable HIPEs was reduced from 20% to 4% when the grafting degree of GCP increased from 0% to 31.58% (i.e. 12% GCP). This might be due to fewer ice crystals forming in water phase or less destruction of emulsion droplets by ice crystals. The obtained results in this study will allow developing freeze–thaw stable HIPEs or new frozen ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano drug delivery systems offer several benefits, including enhancing drug solubility, regulating drug release, prolonging drug circulation time, and minimized toxicity and side effects. However, upon entering the bloodstream, nanoparticles (NPs) encounter a complex biological environment and get absorbed by various biological components, primarily proteins, leading to the formation of a 'Protein Corona'. The formation of the protein corona is affected by the characteristics of NPs, the physiological environment, and experimental design, which in turn affects of the immunotoxicity, specific recognition, cell uptake, and drug release of NPs. To improve the abundance of a specific protein on NPs, researchers have explored pre-coating, modifying, or wrapping NPs with the cell membrane to reduce protein adsorption. This paper, we have reviewed studies of the protein corona in recent years, summarized the formation and detection methods of the protein corona, the effect of the protein corona composition on the fate of NPs, and the design of new drug delivery systems based on the optimization of protein corona to provide a reference for further study of the protein corona and a theoretical basis for the clinical transformation of NPs. [Display omitted] • Mechanism of protein corona formation • Formation of protein corona affects the fate of nanoparticles in vivo • Using protein corona to facilitate the research of nanodistribution system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erigeron breviscapus is a common medicine of eight ethnic minorities, including Miao, Naxi, and Yi. As early as the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644), Lanmao's Materia Medica of Southern Yunnan (AD 1436) recorded that the medicine is used for the treatment of "Zuo tan you huan." In modern pharmacological research, Erigeron breviscapus injection is the most commonly used preparation in the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by acute cerebral infarction, but its mechanism of action in the treatment of ischemic stroke is not well understood. In this study, a metabonomics study based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was used in investigating the effect of a traditional Chinese medicine preparation Erigeron breviscapus injection on the rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and the affinity of its main components with the targets of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. This study used molecular docking technology to verify the effective binding ability of main effective components of Erigeron breviscapus injection to target proteins related to mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. This study developed a metabonomics method based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS) to evaluate the efficacy and study the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine preparation. With pattern recognition analysis (principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminate analysis) of urinary metabolites, a clear separation of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model group and healthy control group was achieved. Erigeron breviscapus injection can significantly reduce the area of cerebral infarction, improve tissue morphological lesion in rats, and can increase the number of Nissl bodies. It may be a promoting factor by inhibiting hippocampal nerve cell apoptosis and Bax protein expression and by exerting effects against ischemia reperfusion after the induction of apoptosis. Thus, it plays a role in brain protection. Moreover, it can considerably promote the recovery of neurological deficiency signs in advance. Meanwhile, Erigeron breviscapus decreased malondialdehyde content and T-NOS activity. Its curative effect from strong to weak order: low dose > high dose > medium dose. The representative components of Erigeron breviscapus have good affinity with the active sites of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins. Metabolomics found that the potential biomarkers regulated by breviscapine are kynurequinolinic acid, succinylornithine, and leucine proline. It is speculated that it may participate in TRP–kynurequinolinic acid and succinylornithine–urea cycle–NO metabolic pathways. This paper revealed the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways regulated by Erigeron breviscapus. It was speculated that the mechanism is related to its inhibition of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. Erigeron breviscapus could restore the metabolic profiles of the model animals to normal animal levels. The mechanism may be related to the potential biomarkers of quinolinic acid, succinylornithine, and leucine proline and the metabolic pathways involved. However, the exact mechanism by which Erigeron breviscapus inhibits mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis remains to be further explored. [Display omitted] • The metabolic profile of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model rats regulated by Breviscapus injection were revealed. • A new method of metabolomics combined with pharmacodynamics to evaluate the effectiveness of ethnomedicine was explored. • Erigeron breviscapus has high research value. • Erigeron breviscapus is a common medicine of eight ethnic minorities, such as the Miao, Naxi and Yi nationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano drug delivery systems offer several benefits, including enhancing drug solubility, regulating drug release, prolonging drug circulation time, and minimized toxicity and side effects. However, upon entering the bloodstream, nanoparticles (NPs) encounter a complex biological environment and get absorbed by various biological components, primarily proteins, leading to the formation of a 'Protein Corona'. The formation of the protein corona is affected by the characteristics of NPs, the physiological environment, and experimental design, which in turn affects of the immunotoxicity, specific recognition, cell uptake, and drug release of NPs. To improve the abundance of a specific protein on NPs, researchers have explored pre-coating, modifying, or wrapping NPs with the cell membrane to reduce protein adsorption. This paper, we have reviewed studies of the protein corona in recent years, summarized the formation and detection methods of the protein corona, the effect of the protein corona composition on the fate of NPs, and the design of new drug delivery systems based on the optimization of protein corona to provide a reference for further study of the protein corona and a theoretical basis for the clinical transformation of NPs. [Display omitted] • Mechanism of protein corona formation • Formation of protein corona affects the fate of nanoparticles in vivo • Using protein corona to facilitate the research of nanodistribution system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]