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A discussion on the environmental impact of the paper and pulp industry, in Canada, is presented. The evaluation of the industry includes the level of production and its effect on the environment.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.03.002 Byline: Aaron A. Elrod (a), Arun S. Malik (b) Abstract: This paper examines the effect of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Cluster Rule on the product-mix decisions of plants in the pulp, paper, and paperboard industries. The Cluster Rule combines regulatory requirements from the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act that are based on plants altering their production processes away from chlorine-based bleaching agents. In addition to, or instead of, altering production processes, plants may plausibly comply with the regulation by reducing output of bleached products or dropping some of these products entirely. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence that plants facing both air and water Cluster Rule regulation (treatment group) are more likely to drop bleached products relative to unbleached products compared to plants facing only air Cluster Rule regulation (control group). Furthermore, we find evidence that plants in the control group alter their product mixes toward bleached products. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Sewanee: The University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA (b) Department of Economics and Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, 2115 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA Article History: Received 27 September 2013 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We thank the Editors and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. We are indebted to Wayne Gray and Ron Shadbegian for their generous support and suggestions. This paper also benefited from suggestions from Tony Yezer, Wally Mullin, Randy Becker, Shawn Klimek, Justin Pierce, Emek Basker, Stephanie Cellini, Paul Carrillo, Elaine Frey, and William Wheeler, as well as many of the researchers at the Center for Economic Studies. Any remaining errors are our own. The research in this paper was conducted while Elrod was a Special Sworn Status researcher at the U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed.

To access, purchase, authenticate, or subscribe to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.03.002 Byline: Aaron A. Elrod [aaelrod@sewanee.edu] (a,*), Arun S. Malik [amalik@gwu.edu] (b) Keywords Environmental regulation; Plant-level product mix; Cluster Rule; Difference-in-differences; Pulp and paper Abstract This paper examines the effect of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Cluster Rule on the product-mix decisions of plants in the pulp, paper, and paperboard industries. The Cluster Rule combines regulatory requirements from the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act that are based on plants altering their production processes away from chlorine-based bleaching agents. In addition to, or instead of, altering production processes, plants may plausibly comply with the regulation by reducing output of bleached products or dropping some of these products entirely. Using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence that plants facing both air and water Cluster Rule regulation (treatment group) are more likely to drop bleached products relative to unbleached products compared to plants facing only air Cluster Rule regulation (control group). Furthermore, we find evidence that plants in the control group alter their product mixes toward bleached products. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Sewanee: The University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA (b) Department of Economics and Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University, 2115 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 27 September 2013; (footnote)[white star] We thank the Editors and three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments. We are indebted to Wayne Gray and Ron Shadbegian for their generous support and suggestions. This paper also benefited from suggestions from Tony Yezer, Wally Mullin, Randy Becker, Shawn Klimek, Justin Pierce, Emek Basker, Stephanie Cellini, Paul Carrillo, Elaine Frey, and William Wheeler, as well as many of the researchers at the Center for Economic Studies. Any remaining errors are our own. The research in this paper was conducted while Elrod was a Special Sworn Status researcher at the U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed.

Keywords EU Emissions trading system; Competitiveness; Carbon emissions; Climate policy Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on carbon emissions and economic performance based on a matching methodology exploiting installation-level inclusion criteria combined with difference-in-differences. Installation-level data from national Polluting Emissions Registries in France, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom point to a reduction in carbon emissions in the order of -10% between 2005 and 2012, in line with existing micro and macro evidence. Meanwhile, firm-level data on the 31 ETS-regulated countries shows that the EU ETS had no significant impact on profits and employment, and led to an increase in regulated firms' revenues and fixed assets. We explore various explanations for these findings. Author Affiliation: (a) OECD, 2 Rue André Pascal, 75016, Paris, France (b) Grantham Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 1 May 2020; Revised 7 November 2022; Accepted 8 November 2022 (footnote)[white star] The paper received funding from the European Commission through the Pagoda programme, grant agreement N[degree]07.0203/2016/746184/SUB/ENV.A2 ('Investigating the links between environmental policies, firm behavior and economic outcomes'). Frank Venmans acknowledges financial rupport from the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, at the London School of Economics, and the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) (ref.ES/R009708/1). Byline: Antoine Dechezleprêtre [Antoine.DECHEZLEPRETRE@oecd.org] (a,*), Daniel Nachtigall [Daniel.NACHTIGALL@oecd.org] (a), Frank Venmans [F.Venmans1@lse.ac.uk] (b)

Keywords Environment; Human capital; Radioactivity; Cognitive skills Abstract This paper examines the effect of long-run exposure to low-dose radiation on cognitive performance. We focus on the fallout from the Chernobyl accident, which increased the level of ground radiation in large parts of Europe. To identify a causal effect, we exploit unexpected rainfall patterns in a critical time window after the disaster as well as the trajectory of the radioactive plume, which determine local fallout but have no plausible direct effect on test scores. Based on geo-coded survey data from Germany, we show that people exposed to higher radiation perform significantly worse in standardized cognitive tests 25 years later. An increase in initial exposure by one standard deviation reduces cognitive test scores by around 5% of a standard deviation. Author Affiliation: (a) University College Dublin, IZA and CReAM, Ireland (b) German Aerospace Center (DLR) and IZA, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 19 July 2021; (footnote)[white star] We would like to thank the Editor, two anonymous referees, as well as Hoyt Bleakley, Leonardo Bursztyn, Deborah Cobb-Clark, Tommaso Colussi, Joan Costa-i-Font, Thomas DeLeire, Olivier Deschenes, Paul Devereux, Jon Guryan, Adam Isen, Ingo Isphording, Ilyana Kuziemko, Shelly Lundberg, Keith Meyers, Nico Pestel and Erik Plug, as well as audiences at numerous conferences and seminars for helpful comments. We are grateful to the team of NEPS, in particular Tobias Koberg, for their invaluable help with the data and their patience, and to Heiko Stüber for help with the data. Nicolas Zimmer and Filippo Ricordi provided outstanding research assistance. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This paper uses data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS): Starting Cohort Adults, doi:10.5157/NEPS:SC6:8.0.0. From 2008 to 2013, NEPS data was collected as part of the Framework Program for the Promotion of Empirical Educational Research funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). As of 2014, the NEPS is carried out by the Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories (LIfBi) at the University of Bamberg in cooperation with a nationwide network. Byline: Benjamin Elsner [benjamin.elsner@ucd.ie] (a,*), Florian Wozny [florian.wozny@dlr.de] (b)

Keywords Biodiversity; CITES; Conservation; Endangered species; Enforcement; International environmental agreements; Wildlife trade Abstract International environmental agreements address global environmental problems such as the decline in biodiversity. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates international trade in wildlife to prevent its decline. Discussions about CITES' effectiveness abound, but evidence is lacking. We combine the largest available panel database on wildlife populations with the history of countries' membership and species' protection under CITES. We find that after more than 20 years of a species' inclusion into CITES, wildlife populations increase by about 66% in countries with thorough enforcement, irrespective of whether trade in the species is only restricted or completely banned under CITES. Our results suggest re-focusing discussions away from whether CITES should partially restrict trade or impose a complete trade ban, and towards better enforcement. More generally, we find that enforcement is crucial for effective international environmental agreements. Author Affiliation: (a) Universitat Jaume I, University of Adelaide, CESifo, and Grup d'investigació en Integració Econòmica, INTECO, Spain (b) Universitat Jaume I, University of Adelaide, and Grup d'investigació en Integració Econòmica, INTECO, Spain * Correspondence to: Department of Economics and Instituto de Economía Internacional, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain. Article History: Received 6 December 2021; (footnote)[white star] A previous version of this manuscript circulated as a 2020 CESifo Working Paper 8757 under the title 'Wildlife Trade Policy and the Decline of Wildlife'. We thank Raul Barreto, Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales, Ralph Bayer, Phill Cassey, Terence Cheng, Firmin Doko Tchatoka, José María García Álvarez-Coque, Juan Herrero-Garcia, Andrea Ichino, Daniel Kachelriess, Umair Khalil, Leslie Martin, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso, Asier Minondo, Cong S. Pham, Celestino Suárez-Burguet, Trang M. Tran, Grahame Webb, Keith Wilson, Giulio Zanella, and seminar participants at the University of Adelaide, the University of Auckland, the Annual Congress of the European Economic Association 2022, the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Annual Summer Conference 2021, the European Winter Meeting of the Econometric Society 2021, the European Trade Study Group 2018 and 2022 conferences, and the Fourth Monash Environmental Economics Workshop for comments and suggestions. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Australian Research Council (DP190103524), from PID2020-114646RB-C42 funded by MCIN-AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (a project from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Spain), and from Plan de Promoción de la Investigación de la Universitat Jaume I (UJI-B2022-36-(22I587)). L. M-R. also acknowledges financial support from the INTECO research group (PROMETEO2018/102). Benedikt Heid also kindly acknowledges financial support by the María Zambrano contract MAZ/2021/04(UP2021-021) financed by the European Union -- NextGenerationEU . The funding sources had no involvement in the writing of this paper nor the decision to submit it for publication. (footnote)1 Address: Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain. Byline: Benedikt Heid [heid@uji.es] (a,1), Laura Márquez-Ramos [lmarquez@uji.es] (b,*)

Keywords Air pollution; Risk preferences; Traffic accidents; Instrumental variable Abstract This paper provides the first evidence showing that air pollution can reduce life-threatening risky behaviors. We study the impact of air pollution on traffic accidents caused by risky driving behaviors, using the universe of accident records and high-resolution air quality data of Taiwan from 2009 to 2015. We find that air pollution significantly decreases accidents with casualties caused by driver violations, and that this effect is nonlinear. In addition, such negative effects are only observed in time when road users can visually assess air pollution levels, suggesting that air quality primarily reduces road users' risky behaviors through visual channels rather than through the respiratory system. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Agricultural Economics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan (b) Department of Finance, National Taiwan University, Taiwan (c) Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan (d) Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 17 March 2022; Revised 4 January 2023; Accepted 17 January 2023 (footnote)[white star] We would like to thank the editor, Dr. Roger H. von Haefen, and the three anonymous referees for their constructive comments and suggestions. We also thank Chia-Wen Chen, Yating Chuang, Ming-Feng Hung, Minghao Li, Feng-An Yang, Kevin Tseng, as well as participants at the AERE 2021 Summer Conference, 2021 Annual Meeting of Taiwan Economic Association, and seminars at Academic Sinica, National Cheng Kung University, National Taiwan Normal University, New Mexico State University, and Tamkang University for valuable comments and discussions. We appreciate the excellent research assistance of Jia-Shen Su. Huang and Shr gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 108-2621-M-039-001 & NSTC 109-2410-H-002-157). The individual traffic accident data can be obtained by filing a request directly with the National Police Agency of Taiwan. Authors can assist those interested in filing the request. The authors have no relevant financial or material interests related to the research described in the paper. Byline: Yau-Huo Shr [yhshr@ntu.edu.tw] (a,*), Wen Hsu [d10723002@ntu.edu.tw] (b,**), Bing-Fang Hwang [bfhwang@mail.cmu.edu.tw] (c), Chau-Ren Jung [crjung@mail.cmu.edu.tw] (d)

Keywords Waste pricing; Causal effect heterogeneity; Machine learning Abstract Using machine learning methods in a quasi-experimental setting, I study the heterogeneous effects of introducing waste prices -- unit prices on household unsorted waste disposal -- on waste demands and municipal costs. Using a unique panel of Italian municipalities with large variation in prices and observables, I show that waste demands are nonlinear. I find evidence of constant elasticities at low prices, and increasing elasticities at high prices driven by income effects and waste habits before policy. The policy reduces waste management costs in all municipalities after three years of adoption, when prices cause significant reductions in total waste. Author Affiliation: University of Innsbruck, Austria DIW Berlin, Germany * Correspondence to: University of Innsbruck, Austria. Article History: Received 25 January 2022; (footnote)1 This paper, partly written at DIW Berlin and ETH Zurich, was previously circulated under the title 'Heterogeneous effects of waste pricing policies'. I thank my advisors Bernd Fitzenberger and Jeffrey Wooldridge for their invaluable advice. I also thank Pio Baake, Lucas Bretschger, Marco Caliendo, Juan Carlos Escanciano, Elia Lapenta, Julien Sauvagnat, Stefan Seifert, Jann Spiess, and Lorenzo Trapani for fruitful discussion. I am grateful for seminar invitations and feedback received from participants of the NBER Environmental & Energy Economics Workshop, LSE Causal Inference Meeting, University Carlos III of Madrid, CREST, Aix-Marseille University, University of Innsbruck, ECB, Bank of Spain, Trinity College Dublin, Mines ParisTech, University of the Balearic Islands, University of Nottingham, University of Barcelona, FBK and University of Trento, LMU Munich, University of Hohenheim, University of Ferrara, Berlin Research Institute for Global Commons and Climate Change, University of St.Gallen, Institute for Employment Research of Nuremberg, DIW Berlin, Berlin Network of Labor Market Research, University of Southern Denmark, University of Potsdam, the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, and the ETH/UZH Seminars in Economics & Data Science. This work did also benefit from presentations in the (2022) Women in Empirical Microeconomics Conference in Chicago, (2021) IAERE Annual Conference (Best Paper Award), ESEM Annual Congress, New York Camp Econometrics, (2020) ES World Congress, EAERE Annual Conference, NERI Workshop in Naples, Causal Machine Learning Workshop in St. Gallen, and (2019) ES Winter Meeting, European Conference of the Society for Benefit--Cost Analysis in Toulouse, EEA Annual Congress, EAERE Annual Conference, IAERE Annual Conference, and EUI Annual Conference. The author declares that she has no relevant or financial interests that relate to the research in this paper. Byline: Marica Valente [marica.valente@uibk.ac.at] (*,1)

Keywords VAT reform; Emission reduction target; Interaction effect; Firm emission reduction strategies; China Abstract Policy interaction is an important way to deal with increasingly complex environmental problems. This paper examines the investment-related tax cuts and the policy interaction with environmental regulation on firms' emission reduction strategies. Taking China's value-added tax (VAT) reform as a quasi-natural experiment and considering the interaction with the emission reduction target policy, our difference-in-differences estimation shows that: the average effect of the VAT reform reduces firms' sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) emission intensity by 16.6%, due to the adoption of emissions reduction strategies in the production processes; the interaction effect between the VAT reform and environmental regulation incentivizes firms to additionally reduce SO.sub.2 emission intensity, due to the adoption of both production processes and end-of-pipe reduction strategies. Our findings are more evident for firms with tight financial constraints. Overall, this paper reveals the micro-mechanisms of how the tax policies incentivize firms to choose emission reduction strategies and highlights the importance of the interaction effects between environmental and non-environmental policies, thus providing implications for the policy mix of environmental regulation and tax-cut incentives to promote pollution reduction and improve business performance. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, China (b) School of Government Audit, Nanjing Audit University, China (c) Institute of Education and Economy Research, Academy of China Open Economy Studies, University of International Business and Economics, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 12 November 2021; Revised 17 October 2022; Accepted 19 October 2022 Byline: Yu Qi [Z0004447@zuel.edu.cn] (a), Jianshun Zhang [snowzjs@163.com] (b,*), Jianwei Chen [chenjianwei@uibe.edu.cn] (c)

Keywords Agglomeration economies; Emission taxes; Emission standards; Firm relocation; Firm entry and exit; Effectiveness of environmental policy Abstract This paper seeks to better understand the persistent environmental problems in urbanizing economies. We examine the effectiveness of environmental policy in an economy with agglomeration economies and endogenous firm relocation and entry/exit. We show that, although environmental regulation is effective in the short run, in the presence of agglomeration economies, spatial relocation of firms in response to environmental regulation can undermine the effectiveness of regulations, rendering them less effective or even ineffective. In fact, we show that regulation might even be counter-productive, i.e., exacerbate environmental problems, at certain stages of development. We present initial empirical evidence in the context of water pollution in China that demonstrates the importance of agglomeration economies in determining the impacts of environmental regulation. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University, 2801 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA (b) Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, Oak Hall, 365 Fairfield Way, Storrs, CT 06269-1063, USA (c) Department of Economics, Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 2 December 2021; Revised 7 October 2022; Accepted 1 November 2022 (footnote)[white star] An early version of this paper was presented as a keynote in the First Annual Conference of the Chinese Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Beijing, China, August 24--26, 2017. We thank seminar participants at the University of Massachusetts, University of Kansas, Iowa State University, Renmin University of China, Xiamen University, Oregon State University, the 2019 AERE Summer Conference at Lake Tahoe, Nevada, and two anonymous referees and Co-Editor Martin Quaas for helpful comments and suggestions. Wang gratefully acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project #72273089). The authors declare no known interests related to this manuscript. Byline: JunJie Wu [junjie_wu@ncsu.edu] (a,*), Kathleen Segerson (b), Chunhua Wang (c)

Keywords Natural-resource discoveries; Regional development; Long-run population growth; Geography; Environmental amenities Abstract We examine how large and localized resource discoveries affect long-run population growth in the United States, and examine how these shocks interact with pre-existing geographic properties of the discovery site. Using a dynamic event study analysis and developing novel, geographically delineated measures of both amenity value and geographic isolation, we find that resource discoveries cause population to grow both in the short and long-run (e.g., fifty years). However, this effect is largely driven by discoveries in unfavorable locations that might struggle to grow in the absence of a resource discovery. More generally, this paper highlights the importance of considering heterogeneous effects of resource shocks and yields insights into the observed spatial distribution of people in the United States. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States of America (b) Department of Agricultural Economics & Economics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States of America (c) Department of Economics and the Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States of America * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 13 May 2021; (footnote)[white star] A previous version of this paper was circulated with the title, 'The long-run effects of resource discoveries and the role of amenity value'. Thanks to Grant Jacobsen, Guy Michaels, and Klaas van't Veld for helpful comments and reactions. Thanks to members of the Department of Economics at the University of Alaska Anchorage, the Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics at Montana State University, the Department of Agricultural Economics at Texas A&M University, the Department of Economics at the University of Alabama, the Department of Economics at the University of Wyoming, the Department of Economics at the University of São Paulo (FEA-USP), participants of the 2017 CU Boulder Environmental Economics Workshop, the 2018 World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, and the 2019 UC Davis Alumni Conference for helpful comments and questions. Authors have no financial or conflicting interests to disclose. All errors are our own. Byline: Kevin Berry [kberry13@alaska.edu] (a), Alexander James [ajames27@alaska.edu] (a,*), Brock Smith [brock.smith1@montana.edu] (b), Brett Watson [bwjordan@alaska.edu] (c)

Keywords Air pollution; Metals; Toxics; Inequality; Early childhood; Education Abstract This paper estimates the effects of exposure to toxic chemicals, and individual airborne metals in particular, in early childhood on school-level standardized test performance a decade later. The analysis links the cohort-level proficiency of primary school students born in the United States in the early 2000s to Toxics Release Inventory exposure, exploiting variation in the timing and magnitude of toxicity risk within public school catchment areas to estimate the impact of early exposure on educational outcomes. Estimates of airborne toxicity, which account for composition, may better correspond to human health risks from air pollution than total fine particulates. One standard deviation higher aggregate airborne toxicity in the catchment area during the year in which most students were born causes cohorts to perform 0.016 standard deviations worse on statewide tests. Finally, airborne chromium is identified as a driver of this effect: a ten percent change in ambient chromium concentrations during the first year of life causes a decrease in standardized test proficiency of 0.01 standard deviations. Author Affiliation: Iowa State University, IA, USA Article History: Received 12 October 2020; (footnote)1 The standardized test score data used in this paper were obtained through a restricted use data license from the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). It has been reviewed by NCES to ensure there are no disclosure risks, and counts of students, schools, and school districts are rounded to the nearest 10 in compliance with their policy. I am grateful for support from University of Wisconsin's Institute for Research on Poverty and Harvard University's Inequality in America Initiative; and comments from Dan Phaneuf, Jason Fletcher, Corbett Grainger, Sarah Johnston, Bill Provencher, Heather Royer, Laura Schechter, Jeff Smith, Adam Theising, Justin Winikoff, seminar participants at the Occasional Workshop, and anonymous referees. Byline: Irene Jacqz [jacqz@iastate.edu] (1)

Keywords Child nutrition; Temperature; Climate change; West Africa Abstract Extreme heat shocks are increasingly linked to poor economic and health outcomes. This paper constructs hour-degree bins of temperature exposure to assess the effects of extreme heat on early child nutrition, a health outcome correlated with educational attainment and income in adulthood. Linking 15 rounds of repeated cross-section data from five West African countries to geo-coded weather data, we find that extreme heat exposure increases the prevalence of both chronic and acute malnutrition. We find that a 2 [degree]C rise in temperature will increase the prevalence of stunting by 7.4 percentage points, reversing the progress made on improving nutrition during our study period. Author Affiliation: Cornell University, United States of America * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 20 May 2021; (footnote)[white star] This paper received financial support from the African Development Bank, Tunisia through the Structural Transformation of African Agriculture and Rural Spaces (STAARS) project led by Chris Barrett at Cornell University. This paper has benefited from presentation at the AERE annual meeting, the AAEA annual meeting, and the University of Michigan's Sustainability and Development conference. We also thank participants at internal seminars at Cornell University for their feedback. Byline: Sylvia Blom [sab433@cornell.edu] (*), Ariel Ortiz-Bobea, John Hoddinott

Keywords Toilets, Violence against women, Open-defecation Abstract This paper examines if in-home access to toilets reduces the risk of violent crimes against women. We use the roll out of the Swachh Bharat Mission, a flagship toilet construction program in India, to ascertain if assaults and rapes of women reduce when access to in-home toilets increases. We bolster our findings through an instrumental variable strategy using political alignment of locally elected representatives in close elections with the national government's political party, post the launch of the program, as an instrument. We find that construction of toilets reduces sexual assaults on women, but do not discern consistent changes in rapes. Our findings for sexual assaults are robust to a variety of controls, specifications, and identification approaches. We address reporting changes as a plausible alternative explanation and present evidence to support the exclusion restriction in our IV strategy. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Virginia, USA (b) University of Dhaka, Bangladesh (c) Ashoka University, India * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 28 May 2021; (footnote)[white star] The authors thank Siqi Yang for excellent research assistance. The paper benefited from the comments received at the ISI growth and development conference 2019 and NEUDC 2020. We thank Nishith Prakash and Soham Sahoo for sharing the dataset on criminality of politicians from India. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Byline: Md Amzad Hossain [mh2vh@virginia.edu] (a,b), Kanika Mahajan [kanika.mahajan@ashoka.edu.in] (c), Sheetal Sekhri [ssekhri@virginia.edu] (a,*)

Keywords Climate change; Electricity demand; Natural gas demand; Heating; Cooling Abstract This paper proposes a simple two-step estimation method (Climate Adaptive Response Estimation - CARE) to estimate sectoral climate damage functions, which account for long-run adaptation. The paper applies this method in the context of residential electricity and natural gas demand for the world's fifth largest economy -- California. The advantage of the proposed method is that it only requires detailed information on intensive margin behavior, yet does not require explicit knowledge of the extensive margin response (e.g., technology adoption). Using almost two billion energy bills, we estimate spatially highly disaggregated intensive margin temperature response functions using daily variation in weather. In a second step, we explain variation in the slopes of the dose response functions across space as a function of summer climate. Using 18 climate models, we simulate future demand by letting households vary consumption along the intensive and extensive margins. We show that failing to account for extensive margin adjustment in electricity demand leads to a significant underestimate of the future impacts on electricity consumption. We further show that reductions in natural gas demand more than offset any climate-driven increases in electricity consumption in this context. Author Affiliation: University of California, Berkeley, United States of America NBER, United States of America * Correspondence to: 207 Giannini Hall #3310, Berkeley, CA, United States of America. Article History: Received 26 July 2021; (footnote)[white star] I thank the California Energy Commission's PIER program for generous funding and PERC's Lone Mountain Fellowship, which provided time to write. This paper is based on the 2012 PIER Report 'Hotspots of climate-driven increases in residential electricity demand: A simulation exercise based on household level billing data for California'. Katrina Jessoe, Joe Shapiro, Guido Franco, Kyle Meng and seminar participants at Stanford University, UC Irvine, Iowa State University, UCSB, UIUC, Lawrence Berkeley Labs, Arizona State University, Resources for the Future, PERC, NBER and the 2017 ASSA Meetings have provided valuable feedback. All remaining errors are the author's. Byline: Maximilian Auffhammer [auffhammer@berkeley.edu] (*)

Keywords Carbon leakage; Carbon pricing; Imperfect competition; International trade; Second best Abstract This paper studies a social planner who chooses countries' carbon prices so as to maximize global welfare. Product markets are characterized by firm heterogeneity, market power, and international trade. Because of the market-power distortion, the planner's optimal policy is second-best. The main insight is that optimal carbon prices may be highly asymmetric: zero in some countries and above the social cost of carbon in countries with relatively dirty production. This result obtains even though a uniform global carbon price is always successful at reducing countries' emissions. Competition policy that mitigates market power may enable stronger climate action. Author Affiliation: Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Article History: Received 17 December 2020; (footnote)1 I am grateful to Joshua Linn (Editor) and two referees for their valuable feedback and to Lassi Ahlvik, Geoffroy Dolphin, Sam Fankhauser, Felix Grey, Chris Harris, Cameron Hepburn, Frank Jotzo and David Newbery for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper and to Bowie Wong for excellent research assistance. All views expressed and any errors are mine. Byline: Robert A. Ritz [rar36@cam.ac.uk] (1)

Keywords Environmental variability; Stock growth uncertainty; Open loop membership; Dynamic membership; Dynamic games Abstract Scientific evidence reveals that renewable resource stock dynamics are subject to uncertainty due to changes in environmental conditions. Despite its critical impacts on management, little is known about the effects of such uncertainty on the formation of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). In this paper, we design a dynamic stock recruitment framework to examine this issue in a common pool setting. We find that stock growth uncertainty critically affects equilibrium behaviors under both open loop membership and dynamic membership. For instance, we delineate conditions under which uncertainty induces full non-cooperation in equilibrium. Strategic behaviors may also shift equilibrium outcomes from full non-cooperation under deterministic conditions to full cooperation under uncertainty when countries anticipate a small environmental variability. Moreover, strategic interactions to extract the resource stock may lead to higher individual payoffs under uncertainty. We also outline the differences in equilibrium responses of membership, harvest, and payoff to mean preserving spreads under both open loop membership and dynamic membership. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Alberta, 8-10 HM Tory Bldg, Canada T6G 2H4 (b) University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6C 4G9 * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 11 March 2020; (footnote)[white star] The paper has benefited from useful comments by the editor in charge of this paper, anonymous referees, participants at the EAERE 2020 annual conference, AERE 2020 annual conference, 96th Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International, University of Alberta, University of Calgary, Oregon State University, Marine Policy Center at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and School of Marine Science and Policy at the University of Delaware. Bruno Nkuiya gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant Number 430-2018-00634). Byline: Kwabena Bediako [bediakob@ualberta.ca] (a), Bruno Nkuiya [nkuiyamb@ualberta.ca] (b,*)

Keywords Valuation; Voting; Referendum; Ecological fallacy; Aggregation bias Abstract Voter preferences and valuation of public goods are often estimated using aggregated votes matched with Census data at the same spatial scale. However, this method may yield biased estimates for two reasons we examine in this paper: using Census data ignores the selection process of who votes, and relying on comparisons between aggregated units makes models susceptible to omitted variable bias. To assess bias, we use both Monte Carlo simulation and a case study regarding a statewide environmental bond referendum for which we have collected aggregate data and individual exit poll data. Our results confirm the two sources of bias and show that aggregate model regression coefficients can be incorrect in magnitude and even sign. We conclude that using aggregate data will likely lead to incorrect assessment of valuation and distributional impacts of public good provision. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA (b) School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, 2101 Van Munching Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA * Corresponding author. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA. Article History: Received 25 March 2021; Revised 5 November 2021; Accepted 5 December 2021 (footnote)[white star] For useful feedback, we thank Christian Vossler, Sarah Jacobson, Todd Guilfoos, Mark Agerton, Soren Anderson, Jesse Burkhardt, Kathy Baylis, Laura Grant, Yusuke Kuwayama, Lucija Muehlenbachs, two anonymous referees, and conference/seminar participants at W4133, RFF, and UC Davis. Author contributions: CL conceived of research, collected data, analyzed data, and wrote paper; SPM collected data and provided feedback. This work was supported by the University of Rhode Island Coastal Institute and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agricultural and Food Research Initiative Competitive Program, Agriculture Economics and Rural Communities, grant number 2015-67024-22937. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Byline: Corey Lang [clang@uri.edu] (a,*), Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz (b)

Keywords Environmental values; New Ecological Paradogm (NEP); Economic preferences; Individual behavior; Environmental donations; Field experiments; Monte Carlo experiments Abstract This paper empirically examines whether environmental values are correlated with economic preferences from behavioral economics and considers possible consequences when independence is assumed. The data for this analysis stem from a large-scale computer-based survey among more than 3700 German citizens. Our indicators for environmental values are based on the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), which is a standard instrument in social and behavioral sciences and increasingly common in economic studies. The econometric analysis with Generalized Poisson regression models reveals strong correlations between two NEP scales and several economic preferences, which are based on established experimental measures. While our variables for altruism (measured in an incentivized dictator game) and positive reciprocity are significantly positively correlated, the indicators for trust and (less robust) negative reciprocity are significantly negatively correlated with the NEP scales, respectively. Only the variables for risk and time preferences (also measured in an incentivized experiment) are not robustly significantly correlated with the NEP scales. These estimation results recommend the additional inclusion of economic preferences in econometric analyses that use a NEP scale as explanatory factor of main interest for environmentally relevant behavior. Based on two empirical examples on stated and revealed environmental donations, it is shown that not considering social preferences, i.e. altruism, trust, and positive and negative reciprocity can lead to strong distortions due to omitted variable biases. The biased estimation of the effect of a NEP scale in this case is additionally illustrated in systematic Monte Carlo experiments with data generation processes from the empirical example with realized environmental donation activities. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Kassel, Institute of Economics, Nora-Platiel-Str. 5, 34109 Kassel, Germany (b) ZEW -- Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany Article History: Received 11 April 2020; Revised 22 June 2021; Accepted 10 August 2021 (footnote)[white star] The work for this paper was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the research project 'The energy transition process between the priorities of regionalization and centralization (ENERGIO)' (grant number 01UN12220B). Byline: Andreas Ziegler [andreas.ziegler@uni-kassel.de] (a,b)

Keywords Endangered Species Act; Northern Spotted Owl; Logging; Labor markets Abstract Environmental policies often draw criticism due to their potential impacts on labor market outcomes. Previous work has studied sector-specific impacts following air quality regulations, or examined overall employment effects of land-use policies. In the case of the protection of the Northern Spotted Owl under the Endangered Species Act in 1990, millions of acres of highly productive federal timberland in the Pacific Northwest and northern California were set aside. Concerns regarding declining employment in the timber industry following the listing are often mentioned as a cautionary tale regarding future listings under the Act. However, disentangling the policy impact from other economic factors affecting employment such as recessions and sector-specific trends is challenging. We use a range of control groups to estimate the impact of the 1990 listing of the Northern Spotted Owl had on labor market outcomes in the Lumber and Wood Products sector. Our set of main results indicate long-run declines in timber industry employment of 13.9% using a regional perspective, 28.1% using a national perspective, and a 9.5% decline in the number of establishments. In the owl habitat range there were 114,600 timber employees in the pre-treatment period; about 1.4% of total employment in those counties. In terms of jobs, the declines represent around 16,000 or 32,000 timber jobs within the Pacific Northwest and northern California. We find heterogeneous effects with areas having larger shares of protected federal timberland experiencing larger declines in employment. Our findings indicate land protection policies may pose significant employment impacts to land-reliant industries. Author Affiliation: (a) National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, MC 1809T, Washington, DC 20460, United States of America (b) University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy, Office 2057, 1307 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 23 April 2020; (footnote)[white star] The authors thank Douglas Almond, Charlie Brown, Geoffrey Heal, Michael Moore, Shahid Naeem, Wolfram Schlenker, Jeffrey Smith, and Robert Willis for their advice and support. We thank Ana Paola Gutiérrez Alegre and Sushant Banjara for providing excellent research assistance. We are grateful for helpful comments made by participants of the Sustainable Development Colloquium, the Occasional Workshop on Environmental and Resource Economics, the Environmental Defense Fund, the PERC Incentives for Wildlife Workshop, the World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, the National Center for Environmental Economics at the U.S. EPA, and the Heartland Environmental & Resource Economics Workshop at Illinois University. All errors are our own. The paper also greatly benefited from comments from editor Lucija Muehlenbachs and two anonymous referees. The authors declare they have no material financial interests related to the research, or conflict of interests to declare of. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago. The views expressed in this article are ours and do not necessarily represent those of the U.S. EPA. Although the research in this paper was partly funded by the U.S. EPA, it has not been subjected to the agency's peer and policy review. No official agency endorsement should be inferred. Byline: Ann E. Ferris [ferris.ann@epa.gov] (a), Eyal G. Frank [eyalfrank@uchicago.edu] (b,*)

Keywords Climate change; Mitigation-adaptation game; International environmental agreements; Paradox of cooperation; Nash-Cournot versus Stackelberg scenario Abstract We analyze the paradox of cooperation, as established by Barrett (1994), and later reiterated by many others, in a more general framework. That is, we show that stable coalitions are either small or if they are large, the potential gains from cooperation are small. First, we argue that the extension to a mitigation-adaptation game is a generalization of Barrett's pure mitigation game. Second, we consider for this extension not only the Nash-Cournot scenario, as in Bayramoglu et al. (2018), but also the Stackelberg scenario. Third, we show generally that if mitigation levels in different countries are strategic substitutes, stable coalitions are larger in the Stackelberg than in the Nash-Cournot scenario. Fourth, this is reversed if mitigation levels are strategic complements, which is possible if the strategic interaction between mitigation and adaptation is sufficiently strong. Fifth, for all possible combination of assumptions, we demonstrate that the paradox of cooperation is robust, except if mitigation and adaptation were strategic complements, which we argue is an assumption not supported by empirical evidence. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria (b) Department of Economics, University of Bath, UK (c) Department of Socioeconomics, Universität Hamburg, Germany (d) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Italy * Corresponding author. Department of Economics, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria. Article History: Received 2 June 2019; Revised 30 March 2021; Accepted 21 April 2021 (footnote)[white star] We would like to thank Prof. Jean-Francois Jacques for very helpful comments on an earlier draft. Moreover, Michael Finus would like to acknowledge that many aspects of this paper have greatly benefitted from discussions with Prof. Santiago Rubio. This version has greatly benefitted from comments by three anonymous reviewers and the editor Prof. Andreas Lange on two previous versions of this paper. Byline: Michael Finus [michael.finus@uni-graz.at] (a,b,*), Francesco Furini [francesco.furini@uni-hamburg.de] (c,d), Anna Viktoria Rohrer [anna.rohrer@uni-graz.at] (a)

Keywords Local pollution; Urban structure; Commuting Abstract This paper investigates the impact of local traffic pollution on the formation of residential and business districts. While firms benefit from local production externalities, households commute to their workplaces with private vehicles and exert a local pollution externality on the residents living along the urban transport networks. The spatial location of firms and residents endogenously results from the trade-off between the production and pollution externalities and the commuting costs. The analysis shows that in monocentric cities the benefits associated with a fall in per-vehicle pollution are absorbed by rents paid to absentee landlords. When a city includes business and residential districts as well as a district mixing both agents, a lower per-vehicle pollution enlarges the residential districts and shifts the business districts closer to the geographical center of the city. The paper finally studies the optimal city structure. The first-best policies that fully internalize the externalities still foster business agglomeration. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden (b) Department of Economics and Management, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg (c) CORE, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium * Corresponding author. Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. Article History: Received 23 May 2020; Revised 11 February 2021; Accepted 2 March 2021 (footnote)[white star] We thank the Associate Editor, Martin Quaas, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on a previous version of this paper. We also thank participants in the 9th European Urban Economics Association Conference, EAERE-ETH Winter School 2020, ITEA 2019, Workshop on International Trade and Urban Economics 2019 (St. Petersburg), 24th EAERE Conference for helpful comments and suggestions. Kyriakopoulou acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Project title: To buy or not to buy. Vehicle demand and policy for sustainable transport). Byline: Efthymia Kyriakopoulou [Efthymia.Kyriakopoulou@slu.se] (a,b,*), Pierre M. Picard [pierre.picard@uni.lu] (b,c)

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.07.007 Byline: Manuel Barron (a), Maximo Torero (b) Abstract: This paper provides the first experimental evidence that household electrification leads to substantial reductions in indoor air pollution. Two years after electricity rollout, we measured overnight fine particulate matter (PM.sub.2.5) concentration, which was on average 66% lower among households that were randomly encouraged to connect to the electrical grid compared to those that were not. As a result, prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children under six was 8-14 percentage points lower in the former group. We find suggestive evidence that these changes are at least partly driven by reductions in kerosene use. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Universidad del Pac?fico, Peru (b) World Bank, United States Article History: Received 27 January 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We have benefited extensively from comments and suggestions by the editor, two anonymous referees, David Zilberman, Max Auffhammer, Ted Miguel, Kirk Smith, Kyle Emerick, Marshall Burke, Meredith Fowlie, Shaun McRae, Nick Lam, Ajay Pillasiretti, Eduardo Nakasone, Francois Gerard, Jeremy Magruder, Catherine Wolfram, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and participants at various seminars at UC Berkeley, as well as IFPRI, PacDev (SFSU), IPWSD (Columbia), and NEUDC (Harvard). We are especially indebted to Victor Agreda and the IFPRI and DIGESTYC field staff for their efforts and insightful feedback. We are thankful to MCC for financial support, and to DIGESTYC, and IFPRI for their support in the implementation of this study. Barron thanks the UC Berkeley Graduate Division for partial funding of his research. This paper was revised while Barron was visiting the Economics Department at UC Santa Cruz. All errors remain our own.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.11.004 Byline: Ariel Ben Yishay (a), Andrew Fraker (b), Raymond Guiteras (c), Giordano Palloni (d), Neil Buddy Shah (b), Stuart Shirrell (e), Paul Wang (b) Abstract: Low willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental quality in developing countries is a key research question in environmental economics. One explanation is that missing credit markets may suppress WTP for environmental improvements that require large up-front investments. We test the impact of microloans on WTP for hygienic latrines via a randomized controlled trial in 30 villages in rural Cambodia. We find that microcredit dramatically raises WTP for improved latrines, with 60% of households in the Financing arm willing to purchase at an unsubsidized price, relative to 25% in the Non-financing arm. Effects on latrine installation are positive but muted by several factors, including a negative peer effect: randomly induced purchases by neighbors reduce a household's probability of installing its own latrine. On methodological grounds, this paper shows that a 'decision-focused evaluation' can be integrated into academic analysis to provide insight into questions of general interest. Author Affiliation: (a) William and Mary, USA (b) IDinsight, USA (c) North Carolina State University, USA (d) IFPRI, USA (e) Yale Law School, USA Article History: Received 25 January 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We received helpful comments from the editor (Fredrik Carlsson), two anonymous referees, Ivan Canay, Maureen Cropper, Doug Miller, Brian Quistorff, Dylan Small and Chris Udry. This paper's pre-analysis plan is posted at the AEA RCT Registry, https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/37. We discuss differences with the pre-specified analysis in . We are grateful to IDinsight (particularly Benjamin Brockman, Eva Ghirmai, and Esther Wang), iDE Cambodia (particularly Karen Genzink, Chris Nicoletti, Ou Savoeun, Matt Seitz, and Toeur Veasna) and VisionFund Cambodia (Preap Piseth and Lim Sotheary) for their collaboration. This research was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through a grant to iDE. Funding for Giordano Palloni was provided by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) led by the International Food Policy Research Institute. Neither the funders nor our implementation partners had any role in the analysis, writing of the paper, or decision to submit for publication. The study protocol was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Health Research, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Cambodia. Code for the randomization inference procedures described in the paper is provided at: http://go.ncsu.edu/rpguiter.RI. We dedicate this paper to the memory of Wallace E. Oates.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.001 Byline: Leonardo R. Corral (a), Maja Schling (b) Abstract: This paper assesses the economic growth impact of shoreline stabilization policy in Small Island Developing States. Concentrating on the Barbadian efforts to stem shoreline retreat, it explores whether investments in shoreline stabilization and beach amenity enhancement have beneficial effects on medium-term economic growth. The analysis relies on the synthetic control method as a way to systematically choose comparison units (beach sites), which allows for precise quantitative inference in small-sample studies. Our results indicate that in the first three years after shoreline stabilization works were completed, local economic effects, as measured by nighttime lights data, are positive and indicate a positive trend. Confidence bounds obtained by a bootstrapping method suggest that the positive trend is robust in the last two years post-treatment. Shoreline stabilization works may therefore not only help preserve fragile ecological conditions, but further lead to sustainable growth in the local economy. Author Affiliation: (a) Inter-American Development Bank, Strategy Development Division, 1300 New York Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20577, United States (b) Inter-American Development Bank, Strategy Development Division, 1300 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20577, United States Article History: Received 24 March 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] The authors would like to thank Naijun Zhou for designing the geographic information system (GIS) dataset used in the analysis, as well as Cassandra Rogers, Janice Cumberbatch and Fabian Hinds for supporting data collection efforts and providing institutional and project specific knowledge. The authors are grateful for the support of the Environment, Rural Development, Environment and Disaster Risk Management Division of the Inter-American Development Bank and the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU) of Barbados in conducting the study, and to participants of the SPD Half-Baked Lunch seminar series for their helpful comments. Finally, we thank Prof. Alberto Abadie and Paul Winters for their useful comments and advice on earlier versions of this paper, as well as two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.002 Byline: Christian Almer (a), J?r?my Laurent-Lucchetti (b), Manuel Oechslin (c)(d) Abstract: It is often purported that unusually dry weather conditions provoke small-scale social conflict -- riots -- by intensifying the competition for water. The present paper explores this hypothesis, using data from Sub-Saharan Africa. We rely on monthly data at the cell level (0.5x0.5 degrees), an approach that is tailored to the short-lived and local nature of the phenomenon. Using a drought index to proxy for weather shocks, we find that a one-standard-deviation fall in the index (signaling drier conditions) raises the likelihood of riots in a given cell and month by 8.3%. We further observe that the effect of unusually dry weather conditions is substantially larger in cells with a lower availability of water resources (such as rivers and lakes), a finding that supports the significance of the competition-for-water mechanism. Author Affiliation: (a) Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany (b) University of Geneva, Department of Economics, Bd du Pont d'Arve 40, 1211 Gen?ve, Switzerland (c) University of Lucerne, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 4466, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland (d) CentER, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Article History: Received 14 January 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] An earlier version of this paper circulated under the title 'Agricultural Shocks and Riots: A Disaggregated Analysis'. We thank two anonymous referees, Nicolas Berman, Mathieu Couttenier, Graham Brown, seminar participants at ETH Zurich, the Graduate Institute, University of Lucerne, the 2014 EAERE Conference as well as Kelsey Jack, the editor, for very helpful comments. Laurent-Lucchetti acknowledges financial support from the FNS grant 100018_172814/1. The usual disclaimer applies.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.08.002 Byline: Prabhat Barnwal (a), Alexander van Geen (b), Jan von der Goltz (c), Chander Kumar Singh (d) Abstract: Access to information about environmental quality may facilitate low-cost preventive measures that protect human health. In this paper, we study the demand for information about environmental quality and the behavioral response to the information provided. With a field experiment conducted in Bihar (India), we estimate the price sensitivity of demand for diagnostic testing of drinking water wells for arsenic of natural origin - a serious threat to the health of tens of millions of villagers across South and Southeast Asia. Demand is substantial but sensitive to price; uptake falls from 68% to 31% of households over our price range (Rs. 10 to Rs. 50). We further assess how households respond to information regarding the contamination level in their wells. About one-third of households with unsafe wells switch to a safer water source. Finally, we demonstrate that households that received adverse test outcomes are more likely to selectively forget test results, and proactively remove evidence of their wells' arsenic status. Article History: Received 28 January 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] The authors are grateful to the Government of Bihar, India for their support, and the International Growth Center for funding this project. We thank Pascaline Dupas, Joe Herriges, Dilip Mukherjee, Cristian Pop-Eleches, and participants at the IGC South Asia Growth Conference 2013 and ACEGD ISI Delhi conference 2016 for their helpful feedback at various stages of this project. We are thankful to two anonymous referees and the co-editor Kelsey Jack for helpful comments. The field work could not have been possible without the excellent support from Shailesh Ojha and other team members. This paper was earlier circulated with the title 'Cost-sharing in environmental health products: Evidence from arsenic testing of drinking-water wells in Bihar, India'. This is Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution number 8136.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.01.001 Byline: David M. Kling (a), James N. Sanchirico (b)(d), Paul L. Fackler (c) Abstract: State variables in many renewable resource management problems, such as the abundance of a fish stock, are imperfectly observed over time. In systems characterized by state uncertainty, decision makers often invest in monitoring to learn about the level of a stock. We develop a stochastic bioeconomic model of marine invasive species management under state uncertainty. The decision maker in our model simultaneously evaluates optimal investment in monitoring and population control. Using a recently-devised method for solving continuous-state Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), we find that the ability to learn through monitoring can alter the role of population control in the optimal policy function, for example by reducing control intensity in favor of monitoring. Optimal monitoring depends on the management context, including in our application lionfish population structure. The rich transient dynamics of our model depend critically on the relationship between the initial conditions for information and invader abundance. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, Oregon, United States (b) Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, United States (c) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, United States (d) University Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington DC, United States Article History: Received 9 September 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We are grateful to our handling editor Professor Linda Nostbakken and two anonymous referees, whose comments and suggestions helped us improve the quality of this research significantly. For helpful feedback on earlier versions of this research, we thank Jay Abolofia, Yong Chen, Doug Larson, John Lynham, Lars Olsen, Mike Springborn, Jim Wilen, and seminar participants at the 2013 ASSA Meeting, UC Davis, University of Connecticut, University of Delaware, University of Maryland, and Oregon State University. Background research for this paper was enhanced by discussions with Lad Akins, Juan Agar, Dominique Lazarre, Catherine MacDonald, Vanessa McDonough, and James Morris Jr. Kling acknowledges generous support from a NOAA Fisheries/ Sea Grant Graduate Fellowship (#NA11OAR4170179). All errors in this paper are the responsibility of the authors.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.12.004 Byline: Alexander James (a), Brock Smith (b) Abstract: Over the past decade the production of tight oil and shale gas significantly increased in the United States. This paper examines how this energy boom has affected regional crime rates throughout the country. We find positive effects on rates of various property and violent crimes in shale-rich counties. In 2013, the cost of the additional crimes in the average treatment county was roughly $2 million. These results are not easily explained by shifts in observed demographics like gender and age. There is however evidence that people with criminal records (registered sex offenders) moved disproportionally to shale-boom towns in North Dakota. We also document a rise in income inequality (a postulated determinant of criminal activity) that coincides with the timing of the energy boom. Policy makers in boom towns should anticipate these crime effects and invest in public infrastructure accordingly. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics and Public Policy, University of Alaska Anchorage, United States (b) Montana State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics Article History: Received 4 August 2015 Article Note: (footnote) [star] A significant amount of this paper was completed while the authors were research fellows at the Center for the Analysis of Resource-Rich Economies at the University of Oxford (OxCarre). We are grateful for helpful comments and feedback we received from participants at the 7th annual OxCarre conference 'Natural Resources and Instability' and members of the Division of Economics & Business at the Colorado School of Mines, the Department of Economics at the University of Hawaii, the University of Oslo Resource Economy Workshop, the Department of Economics & Public Policy at the University of Alaska Anchorage, and the Department of Economics at the University of Colorado at Denver. All errors are our own.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.03.003 Byline: Akio Yamazaki Abstract: This paper examines the employment impact of British Columbia's revenue-neutral carbon tax implemented in 2008. While all industries appear to benefit from the redistributed tax revenues, the most carbon-intensive and trade-sensitive industries see employment fall with the tax, while clean service industries see employment rise. By aggregating across industries I find the BC carbon tax generated, on average, a small but statistically significant 0.74 percent annual increases in employment over the 2007-2013 period. This paper provides initial evidence showing how a revenue-neutral carbon tax may not adversely affect employment. Author Affiliation: University of Calgary, Department of Economics, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4 Article History: Received 29 October 2015 Article Note: (footnote) [star] Previous versions of this paper were circulated under the title 'On the Employment Effects of Climate Policy: The Evidence from Carbon Tax in British Columbia.' I am very grateful to my advisors, Jared C. Carbone and M. Scott Taylor, for their great supervision and invaluable advice. The paper also benefited from extensive discussions with Pamela Campa, Arvind Magesan, Kenneth J. McKenzie, Nicolas Rivers, Brandon Schaufele, Stefan Staubli, and Trevor Tombe. I also thank the editor and two anonymous referees, and seminar participants at CREE Annual Conference 2014, EEPRN 2nd Annual Research Symposium 2014, MEA Annual Meeting 2015, University of Calgary for their very helpful comments. All remaining errors are my own.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.11.005 Byline: R.L. McDonald (a), S.M. Chilton (b), M.W. Jones-Lee (b), H.R.T. Metcalf (b) Abstract: Time discounting is central to the valuation of future health and mortality risks in public sector allocative decision-making, particularly for environmental policies with delayed health impacts. Using a Risk-Risk trade-off survey, we elicit discount rates for fatality risks and establish discounting functional forms on both a sample and an individual level. We find wide variation in implicit discount rates for fatality risk between individuals, as well as between-individual heterogeneity in discounting functional forms. In aggregate, the sample is best characterised by subadditive discounting. Our work has implications for the academic investigation of intertemporal choice involving mortality risks, and potentially for the evaluation of policy options with delayed mortality risk outcomes. A thought experiment cautions against the standard practice of assuming that exponential discounting characterises society's time preferences. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Warwick, UK (b) Newcastle University, UK Article History: Received 29 October 2014 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This paper and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (Contract No. ND2484). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy. The paper was also supported by the Leverhulme Trust [grant number RP2012-V-022].

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.09.005 Byline: Meri Davlasheridze (a), Karen Fisher-Vanden (b), H. Allen Klaiber (c) Abstract: This paper evaluates the relative effectiveness of FEMA expenditures on hurricane induced property losses. We find that spending on FEMA ex-ante mitigation and planning projects leads to greater reductions in property losses than spending on ex-post adaptation programs - specifically, a one percent increase in annual spending on ex-ante risk reduction and warning projects reduces damages by 0.21 percent while a one percent increase in ex-post recovery and clean-up spending reduces damages by 0.12. Although both types of program spending are effective, we find the marginal return from spending on programs that target long-term mitigation and risk management to be almost twice that of spending on ex-post recovery programs. With the predicted increases in the frequency and severity of North Atlantic hurricanes in the future, our findings suggest there are important potential gains that could be realized from the further diversification of FEMA spending across project categories. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University Galveston Campus, OCSB 362 P.O. Box 1675, Galveston, TX 77553-1675, United States (b) Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology and Education, The Pennsylvania State University, 112-E Armsby, University Park, PA 16802, United States (c) Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, 332 Agricultural Administration Building, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States Article History: Received 25 August 2014 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, Integrated Assessment Research Program, Grant no. DE-SC0005171. The authors thank Roger von Haefen and two anonymous referees for helpful comments that significantly improved the paper. The authors are grateful to Jenni Evans, Ian Sue-Wing, James Shortle and Stephan Goetz for their valuable comments and feedback on an earlier version of the manuscript. The authors also thank participants at the AERE and the AAEA 2012 annual conferences, the NAREA 2012 Annual Meeting, the Heartland workshop, and the PSU Energy & Environmental Economics & Policy Seminar Series.'

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.08.003 Byline: Branko Boskovic (a), Linda Nostbakken (b) Abstract: This paper examines the effect that endangered species regulation has on natural resource development. Specifically, we use data from competitive auctions to estimate the effect that land-use regulation protecting endangered caribou in the Canadian province of Alberta has on the price producers pay for the right to extract oil. We exploit a regression discontinuity design to evaluate how prices differ along regulation boundaries that constrain resource development. The auction format and the regulation discontinuity allow us to measure the total cost of the regulation. We find that producers pay 24% less on average for oil leases that are regulated and that the total net present value cost of the regulation exceeds $1.15 billion for leases sold between 2003 and 2012, all of which is borne by the government. In spite of these costs, the populations of endangered caribou remain in widespread decline. Author Affiliation: (a) Alberta School of Business, University of Alberta, 3-23 Business Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R6 (b) Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics, Helleveien 30, 5045 Bergen, Norway Article History: Received 6 March 2015 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We are grateful to Saulo Castro and Faye Wyatt for excellent research assistance. We thank Roger Bivand, Ujjayant Chakravorty, Jevan Cherniwchan, Calvin Clark, Simon J. Dyer, Elston Dzus, Sacha Kapoor, Andrew Leach, Arvind Magesan, Charles Mason, Margaret Slade, Mara Theine, and seminar participants at the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, the 2013 AERE Summer Conference, the 2014 AEA/AERE Meetings, the 2014 CEA Meetings, WCERE 2014, and SURED 2014 for helpful comments. This paper was previously circulated as 'The Costs of Protecting the Wild: Evidence from Auctions for Natural Resource Development.' This research was supported in part by the Western Centre for Economic Research and the Environment Canada Economics and Environmental Policy Research Network.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2016.06.003 Byline: Casey J. Wichman Abstract: Pro-environmental preferences are being used increasingly in environmental policy. In this paper, I consider the role of heterogeneous green preferences for private provision of environmental goods that have both private and public characteristics. Under different assumptions of information available to a regulator, I characterize equilibrium properties of several mechanisms. I find incentive-compatible Nash equilibria that provide socially optimal public goods provision when the regulator can enforce individual consumption contracts, as well as when reported consumption contracts are supplemented with group penalties. Throughout the paper, I ground the exposition with examples of consumer behavior in the context of green electricity programs and goal setting for energy conservation. Author Affiliation: Resources for the Future, 1616 P St NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States Article History: Received 22 April 2015

Keywords Stochastic damages; Abatement; Innovation; Optimal growth; Discounting; Habits; Loss aversion; Carbon budget; Carbon capture and storage Abstract We introduce nine papers on sustainable resource dynamics. In addition, we provide analytical results on the effect of stochastic damages on optimal economic growth, the effects of habits and loss aversion on the cost-benefit discount rate, and the effect of a carbon budget and carbon capture and storage (CCS) on optimal investment in technical change. Author Affiliation: (a) University Paris 1, Paris School of Economics, France (b) Tilburg Sustainability Centre, Tilburg University, Netherlands (footnote)[white star] We thank Reyer Gerlagh, Aart de Zeeuw, Thomas Steger and the authors of the papers in this special issue for their comments. Byline: Katheline Schubert [Katheline.Schubert@univ-paris1.fr] (a), Sjak Smulders [j.a.smulders@uvt.nl] (b)

Keywords Endogenous growth; Environmental policy; Human capital; Inequality; Longevity Abstract This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we account for the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework in which everyone suffers from pollution but health status also depends on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap in which inequality rises steadily, especially when the initial pollution intensity of production is too high. We emphasize that such inequality is in the long run costly for the economy in terms of health and growth. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to address this situation. We show that a stricter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape from the inequality trap while enhancing the long-term growth rate when the initial inequality in human capital is not too large. Author Affiliation: Universite Paris Est, Erudite, UPEC, F-94010, Creteil, France Article History: Received 30 September 2016; Revised 26 February 2018; Accepted 21 April 2018 (footnote)[white star] I would like to thank Editors Till Requate, Katheline Schubert and Sjak Smulders and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. I am also grateful to Alain Ayong le Kama, Hassan Benchekroun, Mouez Fodha, Carine Nourry, Fabien Prieur, Natacha Raffin, Thomas Seegmuller, a referee from the FAERE Working Papers Series and participants in the conferences PET 2015, FAERE 2015, SURED 2016 and EAERE 2016 and the seminars of the Paris School of Economics, EconomiX (Nanterre) and LAMETA (Montpellier). Byline: Karine Constant [karine.constant@u-pec.fr]

Keywords Discounting; Endowment effect; Environmental discount rate; Loss aversion; Reference dependence; Relative prices Abstract There is a considerable body of evidence showing that our preferences exhibit both reference dependence and loss aversion, a.k.a. the endowment effect. In this paper, we consider the implications of the endowment effect for discounting, with a special focus on discounting future improvements in the environment. We show that the endowment effect modifies the discount rate via (i) an instantaneous endowment effect and (ii) a reference-updating effect. Moreover we show that these two effects often combine to dampen the preference to smooth consumption over time. What this implies for discounting future environmental benefits may then depend critically on whether environmental quality is merely a factor of production of material consumption, or whether it is an amenity. On an increasing path of material consumption, dampened consumption smoothing implies a lower discount rate. But on a declining path of environmental quality and where we derive utility directly from environmental quality, it implies a higher discount rate. On non-monotonic paths, loss aversion specifically can give rise to substantial discontinuities in the discount rate. Author Affiliation: (a) ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom (b) Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom (c) Finance Department, Waroque School of Economics and Management, University of Mons, Belgium * Corresponding author. ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom. Article History: Received 8 August 2016; Revised 31 July 2018; Accepted 28 January 2019 (footnote)[white star] This paper has benefited from comments by the editor, two anonymous referees, Elisa Belfiori and participants at SURED 2016 and EAERE 2016. We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the ESRC and the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment. Byline: Simon Dietz [s.dietz@lse.ac.uk] (a,b,*), Frank Venmans (c,a)

Keywords Wind power; Microclimates; Crop yields Abstract This paper considers a novel spillover effect of wind farms - microclimate impacts on neighboring crop yields. Using US county-level crop and wind capacity data, I examine the effects of wind energy development on crop yields, controlling for time-invariant county characteristics and state-level annual shocks. I find robust evidence that counties with increased wind power development have also experienced increased corn and other crop yields, such that an additional 100 MW of wind capacity increases county yields by roughly 1%. At recent prices, this implies a more than $5 dollar per megawatt-hour local benefit, corresponding to several hundred million dollars in annual benefits. Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Colorado Boulder, 256 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Article History: Received 31 August 2018; Revised 14 March 2019; Accepted 3 June 2019 (footnote)[white star] This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant BCS-1413980 (Coupled Human Natural Systems). I am grateful for feedback on earlier versions of this paper from Ed Balistreri, Brian Cadena, Olivier DeschA*nes, Reid Dorsey-Palmateer, KK DuVivier, Martin Heintzelman, Jonathan Hughes, Jennifer King, Corey Lang, Julie Lundquist, Terra McKinnish, Jessica Tomaszewski and seminar participants at UC-Davis, Iowa State, Montana State, Utah State, Front Range Energy Camp, and the WEAI and AERE Summer Meetings, two anonymous reviewers and the editor. There are no conflict of interests to report. Byline: Daniel T. Kaffine [daniel.kaffine@colorado.edu]

Keywords Energy prices; Shadow prices; Employment; Climate policy Highlights * We decompose the regulatory effect into demand, cost, and factor-shift effects. * Net employment does not change when manufacturing sectors only are analyzed. * Significantly positive effects are found when the whole economy is considered. * The positive effects are driven mainly by increases in the positive cost effect. * Using a simple regulation regressor can result in biased estimates. Abstract This paper analyzes the energy price-employment nexus and contributes to the literature by showing that it is important to decompose the regulatory effect into demand, cost, and factor-shift effects. This is done by means of a cross-country multi-sectoral dataset. The results show that both rising energy prices and shadow prices of energy have no significant effect on net employment when the manufacturing sectors only are analyzed. While finding significant variations across countries, the average employment effects become significantly positive once jobs in the economy as a whole are considered. This change is driven mainly by larger positive cost effects, which more than offset the negative demand effects and reductions in the positive factor-shift effects. Moreover, the paper reveals that the often implemented approach of using a simple regulation regressor, instead of decomposing the employment effect, can result in biased estimates. Author Affiliation: HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 26 February 2018; Revised 23 February 2019; Accepted 15 April 2019 Byline: Erik Hille [erik.hille@hhl.de] (*), Patrick Mobius

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2015.04.007 Byline: Frederic Gonand, Pierre-Andre Jouvet Abstract: The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The 'second dividend' modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the 'second dividend' in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the 'second dividend' is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Paris-Dauphine (LEDa-CGEMP), France (b) University of Paris-Nanterre (EconomiX), Climate Economics Chair, France Article History: Received 28 March 2014

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2015.03.004 Byline: Joelle Noailly, Roger Smeets Abstract: In this paper we provide an analysis of directed technical change in the sector of electricity generation. We rely on patent data in fossil-fuel (FF) and renewable energy (REN) technologies for 5471 European firms over the 1978-2006 period. The novelty of our approach is in the focus on firm's heterogeneity in driving technological change. We make a distinction between small specialized firms, which innovate in only one type of technology, and large mixed firms, which innovate in both technologies, to analyse how REN patents can replace FF ones at the sector level both through a shift in innovation activities within existing firms and through firms' entry and exit. We use zero-inflated count data estimation techniques to identify the factors that affect specialized versus mixed firms' patenting behaviour both at the intensive (i.e., levels of innovation) and extensive (i.e., technological entry) margins. We further investigate the implications of our firm-level estimations for reducing the gap between REN and FF innovation at the aggregate level. We establish two key findings: (1) a decrease in the FF-REN technology gap mainly comes about through technological entry of specialized REN firms following an increase in REN market size; (2) increases in FF prices, FF market size, and FF knowledge stocks all increase the technology gap by increasing mixed firms FF innovation rates. An important implication of our results is that policies aimed at increasing REN innovation should focus on helping small firms to start and sustain innovation in the long-run. Author Affiliation: (a) Centre for International Environmental Studies, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, P.O. Box 136, 1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland (b) Rutgers University, 1 Washington Park, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Article History: Received 19 October 2012 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This paper was initiated when both authors were working at the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Keywords Natural disasters; Housing markets; Repeat sales method Abstract This paper studies the impact of hurricanes on housing markets and population turnover using microdata from Florida during 2000--2016. We find that hurricanes cause a temporary increase in home prices and a concurrent decrease in transactions, which together imply a negative transitory shock to the housing supply. Using mortgage application data, we find that incoming homeowners in this period have higher incomes, leading to an overall shift toward wealthier groups. Our findings suggest that market responses to natural disasters can lead to uneven and lasting demographic changes in affected communities, even with a full recovery in physical capital. Author Affiliation: (a) University of California, San Diego, United States of America (b) Resources for the Future, United States of America (c) U.S. Government Accountability Office, United States of America * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 12 April 2022; (footnote)[white star] Data provided by Zillow through the Zillow Transaction and Assessment Dataset (ZTRAX). More information on accessing the data can be found at http://www.zillow.com/ztrax. The results and opinions are those of the authors and do not reflect the position of Zillow Group. We thank Richard Carson, Julie Cullen, and Mark Jacobsen for insightful discussions. We thank Rebecca Fraenkel for initial data extractions. We have also benefited from comments and suggestions by Judd Boomhower, Gordon McCord, and seminar participants at UCSD, Wharton Risk Center, and Camp Resources 2019. All errors are our own. Byline: Joshua Graff Zivin [jgraffzivin@ucsd.edu] (a), Yanjun Liao [yliao@rff.org] (b,*), Yann Panassié [panassiey@gao.gov] (c)

Keywords International trade; Emissions; China Abstract This paper finds that both importing and exporting reduce firm-level emission intensities. We develop a theoretical model in which firms jointly determine the extent of abatement investment as well as whether or not to import intermediate inputs and export final goods. The model demonstrates a complementarity between trading decisions and abatement investment such that trading firms invest more in abatement technology and feature lower emission intensities. Using Chinese firm-level data, we estimate a theory-based regression model with instrument variables to account for the endogeneity issue associated with firms' trading statuses. Our regression results show that both importing and exporting reduce firm-level emission intensities by over 15 percent. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Economics, Drexel University LeBow College of Business, Philadelphia, USA (b) School of Environmental and Natural Resources, and Institute of Ecological Civilization, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China (c) MOE Key Laboratory of Econometrics, the Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China * Corresponding author. School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No. 59, Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100872, PR China. Article History: Received 25 January 2022; (footnote)[white star] We thank Joel Rodrigue, Costas Syropoulos, Yoto Yotov, three anonymous referees and the editor for helpful comments. We are grateful to discussion with seminar participants at Annual Conference of Chinese Economist Society, Drexel University, North America Meeting of the Econometrics Society and Xiamen University. (footnote)1 Zhao acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71773102). Byline: Ohyun Kwon [ok85@drexel.edu] (a), Hao Zhao [haozhao@ruc.edu.cn] (b,*), Min Qiang Zhao [kent_zhao@xmu.edu.cn] (c,1)