Access to toilets and violence against women

Keywords Toilets, Violence against women, Open-defecation Abstract This paper examines if in-home access to toilets reduces the risk of violent crimes against women. We use the roll out of the Swachh Bharat Mission, a flagship toilet construction program in India, to ascertain if assaults and rapes of women reduce when access to in-home toilets increases. We bolster our findings through an instrumental variable strategy using political alignment of locally elected representatives in close elections with the national government's political party, post the launch of the program, as an instrument. We find that construction of toilets reduces sexual assaults on women, but do not discern consistent changes in rapes. Our findings for sexual assaults are robust to a variety of controls, specifications, and identification approaches. We address reporting changes as a plausible alternative explanation and present evidence to support the exclusion restriction in our IV strategy. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Virginia, USA (b) University of Dhaka, Bangladesh (c) Ashoka University, India * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 28 May 2021; (footnote)[white star] The authors thank Siqi Yang for excellent research assistance. The paper benefited from the comments received at the ISI growth and development conference 2019 and NEUDC 2020. We thank Nishith Prakash and Soham Sahoo for sharing the dataset on criminality of politicians from India. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Byline: Md Amzad Hossain [mh2vh@virginia.edu] (a,b), Kanika Mahajan [kanika.mahajan@ashoka.edu.in] (c), Sheetal Sekhri [ssekhri@virginia.edu] (a,*)