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Male lower urinary tract dysfunction represents a common problem in the community. Physicians should approach these patients based on the best available evidence. This summary provides the up-to-date recommendations for the evaluation and the management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, often bothersome, and have multifactorial aetiology. To present a summary of the 2023 version of the European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of male LUTS. A structured literature search from 1966 to 2021 selected the articles with the highest certainty evidence. The Delphi technique consensus approach was used to develop the recommendations. The assessment of men with LUTS should be practical. A careful medical history and physical examination are essential. Validated symptom scores, urine test, uroflowmetry, and postvoid urine residual, as well as frequency-volume charts for patients with nocturia or predominately storage symptoms should be used. Prostate-specific antigen should be ordered if a diagnosis of prostate cancer changes the treatment plan. Urodynamics should be performed for selected patients. Men with mild symptoms are candidates for watchful waiting. Behavioural modification should be offered to men with LUTS prior to, or concurrent with, treatment. The choice of medical treatment depends on the assessment findings, predominant type of symptoms, ability of the treatment to change the findings, and the expectations to be met in terms of the speed of onset, efficacy, side effects, and disease progression. Surgery is reserved for men with absolute indications, and for patients who fail or prefer not to receive medical therapy. Surgical management has been divided into five sections: resection, enucleation, vaporisation, and alternative ablative and nonablative techniques. The choice of surgical technique depends on patient's characteristics, expectations, and preferences; surgeon's expertise; and availability of modalities. The guidelines provide an evidence-based approach for the management of male LUTS. A clinical assessment should identify the cause(s) of symptoms and define the clinical profile and patient's expectations. The treatment should aim to ameliorate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A simple and user-friendly diagnostics to detect the hypervirulent K. pneumoniae. • CRISPR-assisted point-of-need tool that stands worthy of the ASSURED criteria. • Species-specific detection of solely the test-strains of K. pneumoniae. • No cross-reactivity observed when tested on different genera besides the test strains. • Instrument-free readout to extend the reach of the technology to remote locations. Klebsiella pneumoniae , a prevalent healthcare-associated pathogen, poses a significant challenge to diagnosis and treatment due to its virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The demand for more efficient, precise and accessible diagnostic methods is imperative, as current approaches are labor-intensive and resource-dependent. In this study, a CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-based diagnostic tool for rapid detection of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae infections was proposed. We integrated recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) coupled with a lateral flow assay and Cas13a (CRISPR associated protein 13a) to target the housekeeping rpoB gene for species-specific detection and the capsular polysaccharide regulating gene rmpA for identification of hypervirulent strains of K. pneumoniae. Tested on 18 K. pneumoniae strains, the devised tool successfully detected hypervirulent strains K. pneumoniae M59 and K. pneumoniae KP109 showing presence of rmpA. This study allows to develop an instrument-free platform for routine diagnosis of K. pneumoniae from serum, urine, and saliva samples that would empower healthcare personnel to facilitate proper and timely treatment of infections caused by the K. pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their portability, versatility for supporting multiple assay formats, and potential for resulting in low-cost assays, paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are an increasingly popular format as a platform for the development of point-of-care tests. However, very few PADs have been translated successfully to their intended environments outside of academic settings. Often overlooked as a factor that inhibits translation, usability is a vital characteristic of any successful point-of-care test. Recent advancements in PAD design have demonstrated improved usability by simplifying various aspects of user operation, including sample collection, sample processing, device operation, detection, and readout/interpretation. Field testing at various stages of device design can offer critical feedback about device usability, especially when it involves the proposed end-user or other stakeholders. By highlighting advances in usability, we aim to encourage thoughtful and rigorous design at the academic prototyping stage to address one outstanding hurdle that limits the number of PADs that make it from the benchtop to the point-of-care. Image 1 • Paper-based devices have potential for use at the point-of-care. • Devices that are user-friendly are more likely to be translated to the field. • Additional user steps create additional opportunities for user error. • We discuss ways to streamline user operation of paper-based devices. • We highlight three case studies for devices deployed successfully to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The severity and cost of wound infections strongly demands for simple and fast methods for wound infection determination. Point-of-care testing devices play a crucial role in order to achieve a fast diagnosis and early treatment. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme, detected in fluids of infected wounds has been postulated as a suitable biomarker for wound diagnostics. Here we present a new system for MPO detection, based on enzyme-catalysed oxidative synthesis of a dye that can be incorporated into paper-based point of care devices. Visual MPO detection has been achieved through the use of phenylenediamine, a common colourless hair dye precursor. MPO oxidation of these compounds yielded bright coloured products distinguishable from the colour of the wound environment. Immobilisation of the MPO substrates on paper strips was achieved through in situ interaction of the oxidised coloured product with branched polyethyleneimine. The colour reaction of the immobilized substrates, detectable by naked eye, responds to the MPO levels present in infected wound fluids revealing an easy system for incorporation of MPO detection in paper based diagnostic devices. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • A new sensitive MPO detection method for wound infection diagnose. • Fast visual detection of MPO levels corresponding to infected wounds avoiding haemoglobin cross-reaction. • A new detection method easily transferable to paper-based point of care diagnostic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on immediate effects of pulsed laser operating at 532 nm and fluences below 2.5 J cm–2 on soiled cellulose. The degree of polymerisation was determined viscometrically, while diffuse reflectance FTIR was used to gain insight into the changes in the chemical composition. Although no detectable immediate changes were observed after treatment of paper with laser beam at 532 nm, the irradiation of paper containing carbonaceous dirt resulted in significant discoloration of the treated substrate. The possible reasons for the extensive formation of yellow chromophores are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri, previously known as divergent Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages, have been recently established as novel, difficult-to-delimit, coagulase-positive species within the S. aureus complex. Methicillin-resistant strains of S. argenteus are known from Australia and the UK. Knowledge of their epidemiology, medical significance and transmission risk is limited and partly contradictory, hampering definitive recommendations. There is mounting evidence that the pathogenicity of S. argenteus is similar to that of 'classical' S. aureus , while as yet no S. schweitzeri infections have been reported. To provide decision support on whether and how to distinguish and report both species. PubMed, searched for S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri. This position paper reviews the main characteristics of both species and draws conclusions for microbiological diagnostics and surveillance as well as infection prevention and control measures. We propose not distinguishing within the S. aureus complex for routine reporting purposes until there is evidence that pathogenicity or clinical outcome differ markedly between the different species. Primarily for research purposes, suitably equipped laboratories are encouraged to differentiate between S. argenteus and S. schweitzeri. Caution is urged if these novel species are explicitly reported. In such cases, a specific comment should be added (i.e. 'member of the S.aureus complex') to prevent confusion with less- or non-pathogenic staphylococci. Prioritizing aspects of patient safety, methicillin-resistant isolates should be handled as recommended for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In these cases, the clinician responsible should be directly contacted and informed by the diagnosing microbiological laboratory, as they would be for MRSA. Research is warranted to clarify the epidemiology, clinical impact and implications for infection control of such isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates a stand-alone power source that integrates a paper-based hydrogen fuel cell with a customized chemical heater that produces hydrogen in-situ upon the addition of a liquid. The presented approach operates by capillary action and takes advantage of the hydrogen released as a by-product of an exothermic reaction used in point-of-care diagnostics. The paper-based fuel cell produces a maximum power of 25.8 mW (103.2 mW cm −2 ), which is suitable for powering a diversity of electrical devices such as commercially available digital pregnancy tests and glucometers. While device shape and dimensions can be customized, here it is shown that the fuel cell can be designed in a compact form factor and footprint comparable to a lateral flow test while providing a remarkable power output. This approach holds great promise for powering portable diagnostics, as the generated electric power could enable device functionalities required for advanced assays, such as device timing, actuation, and signal quantification. Part of the same liquid sample that is to be analyzed (urine, saliva, water, etc) could be used to trigger the hydrogen generation and start the fuel cell operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria elimination is a major goal to be reached in the next decade. Significant progress were made in the past, and the prevalence decreased in many areas while the positive trend stalled in the last years. The exact number of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium parasites is unknown since this population is not detected by conventional diagnosis methods and participate in the maintenance of transmission. Molecular methods to detect low parasitemia are not available at point-of-care in low-income countries of malaria endemic areas. Adaptation of molecular methods such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA may provide effective tools but it required simplification of DNA detection. Square waves voltammetry, easily imbedded in small device such as cell phone, was largely described for DNA detection but support for reaction was an issue to address. Here we used an efficient functionalization method of paper-based material to facilitate the interactions between isothermal amplification product and methylene blue for easy-to-use DNA detection. The proof-of-concept of qualitative detection of very low parasitemia from malaria infected patients using newly chemically treated paper for square waves voltammetry was obtained with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and a limit-of-detection of 0.1 parasite. μL−1 corresponding to a parasitemia of 0.000002%. [Display omitted] • Asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium parasites participate in the maintenance of malaria transmission. • Molecular methods to detect low parasitemia are not available at point-of-care in malaria endemic areas. • Detection of Plasmodium DNA using square waves voltammetry and methylene blue required innovative paper functionalization. • The proof-of-concept of low parasitemia diagnosis using chemically grafted paper for square waves voltammetry was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is predominantly composed of cellulose fibers that have an inherent ability to wick fluids by capillary action; it provides an interesting diagnostic platform that is inexpensive, easily obtained, and eco-friendly. Paper has been used in various types of biologically relevant applications including paper-based molecular assays, paper-based ELISA (P-ELISA), paper-based nucleic acid assays, and paper-based cell assays. Based on recent successes with the use of paper as a platform, we contend that paper is not only very suitable for diagnostics but could provide a more advantageous platform than current plastics-based platforms for drug discovery, and would be useful for accomplishing in vitro pre-compound screening steps while offering a possible solution to several economic obstacles inherent in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry using paper spray is utilized for rapid discrimination of Candida species without sample preparation. The experiment is based on characteristic lipid profiles and is an extension to a procedure used for the discrimination of bacteria. Candida colonies were smeared onto filter paper pre-cut to a sharp tip, subsequently wetted with solvent and held at high potential. Charged droplets released by field emission were sucked into the mass spectrometer inlet and mass spectra were recorded. Eight closely related Candida species with clinical relevance and known phylogeny were investigated. Numerical data fusion of the positive and negative ion mass spectra and multivariate statistics (principal component analysis, followed by linear discriminant analysis) allowed species level discrimination with a prediction rate of ca. 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Non-invasive and Invasive Body-fluids. • Frugal detection systems. • Colorimetric, Fluorimetric, SERS, Electro-chemical, Electrophoresis. • Electro-kinetics, Aptamers and body-fluid heterogeneity. Paper has been used for testing analytes since the advent of litmus paper. Also, the rapid growth of the human population in isolated areas of the world have engendered demand for testing and diagnostic methods that are not only easy to transport, but also have a low cost of fabrication and rapid results. Hormones are crucial biomarkers which can be used to detect certain physiological conditions. These hormones, present in non-invasive and invasive body fluids, hold major potential for detection using paper-based devices. This review paper aims to highlight the advancements in the creation of paper-based microfluidic devices to detect hormones in different body fluids. It exhaustively explains the current methods of detection for hormones in various body fluids like sweat, saliva and serum using paper-based microfluidic devices and the role of these devices in the future in terms of rapid detection, low cost, and ease of transport. By demonstrating the mechanisms of these devices, this paper shows a promising unconventional avenue for efficient hormone detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A fabrication method for carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors on paper is proposed and provides a repeatable and well-controlled method for constructing a functional paper-based analytical device. The proposed method is based on vacuum filtration process with a metal mask covering on a filter paper for the definition of the sensor dimension. The length, width, and thickness of the CNT-based sensors are readily controlled by the metal mask and the weight of the CNT powder used during the filtration process, respectively. Homogeneous deposition of CNTs with well-defined dimensions on paper can be achieved. The CNT-based sensors showed linear I–V response and their resistances can be designed from 0.3 to 4.6kΩ based on their dimensions. Moreover, the CNT-based sensor on paper has been demonstrated on the detection of the pH value of the analyte solution. It showed the CNT is sensitive to the chemical molecules and the CNT-based sensor is a possible candidate for chemical and biosensors. Thus, electrical bio-assays on paper-based microfluidics can be realized to develop low cost, sensitive, and specific diagnostic devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Review of paper-based microfluidics. • Overview of current methods of fabrication. • Applications as diagnostic devices. • Limitations and opportunities. Paper-based microfluidics is the branch of microfluidics involving devices made out of paper, or other porous membranes, that wick fluids by capillary action. Paper-based microfluidic devices have several advantages over conventional microfluidic devices including simpler fabrication, lower cost, easier disposal, and the ability to operate without pumps or other supporting equipment. The most common application of paper-based microfluidic devices is in the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices, which could eliminate the need for costly and time-consuming laboratory-based analytical procedures. This review provides an overview of current methods of fabricating paper-based microfluidic devices, examples of applications of these devices, a discussion of their current limitations, and an outlook on their future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on the use of a local acrylate-based negative photo-polymer deposition technique for the fabrication of 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (3D-μPADs) where the sample flows in both the lateral and vertical directions through multiple stacked layers of porous materials. A simple and inexpensive manufacturing method was used, which is based on the local deposition of a photo-polymer (deposition speed 30 mm/s) on a porous cellulose paper substrate followed by the subsequent exposure (scanning speed 30 mm/s) to a laser source (fibre coupled continuous wave at 405 nm with maximum power of 60 mW), to stack four layers of cellulose paper and make 3D multilayer μPADs. With this technique, we provide a pathway to eliminate the limitations that other reported methods have during the fabrication of μPADs such as the need for multiple sophisticated alignments between adjoining layers and the use of additional tools to ensure adequate contact between the layers. In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of our four-layer 3D-μPAD for simultaneous detection of three analytes, namely BSA, glucose, nitrite spiked in artificial urine and also the pH of the tested sample, through single step colorimetric assays with the limit of detection found at 0.4 mg/mL for BSA, 14.5 μg/mL for glucose and 2.5 μg/mL for nitrite. Our 3D-μPAD fabrication methodology can also be adapted in more complex analytical assays where multiple steps are needed for applications in point-of-care diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics provides the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases which is essential and critical for improving the general public health in resource-limited settings. POC platforms offer many advantages for detection of various pathogens including portability, automation, speed, cost, and efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent trends for POC diagnostics of infectious diseases with focus on portable platforms. We review here the present status of POC platforms, emphasizing in period of the past three years, then extrapolate their advance into the future applications for diagnosis of infectious pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Original Partial Discharge Echo (PDE) measurement methodology is presented. • Extension of PDE potential refers to the detection and extraction of echo attributes. • Measurement methodology can be applied to various high-voltage objects and insulation systems. • Experimental results showed dependence of gaseous inclusion surface conditions on the echo pattern. • Results extend the insight into PD – especially with a focus on diagnostic applications. In this article, an original measurement methodology is presented for insight into the partial discharge (PD) mechanism − being one of the key indicators of high-voltage insulation system integrity. This approach is based on riveting measurements of PD echo (PDE) that are acquired by applying a chopped sequence. The new extension of PDE potential, presented in this paper, refers to the detection and extraction of echo attributes, providing an additional quantitative assessment of the insulation condition. In this way a noninvasive insight into source of defect can be provided, which is not possible by conventional PD measurements. Hence, intension and future development direction of this method is to provide insulation deterioration imaging. The detection of echo discharges occurs during the voltage-less time break between consecutive periods of excitation voltage, therefore the further advantage of PDE is higher immunity to excitation-driven disturbances. The whole measurement sequence can be subdivided in to AC and DC parts. The measurement methodology can be applied to various high-voltage objects and insulation systems. As an example, measurement results obtained on polymeric material that contained an embedded defect are presented. A comparison of PD echo effects on both untreated and aged specimens revealed the dependence of gaseous inclusion surface conditions on the echo pattern. Presented new measurement methodology allowed for extraction and evaluation of PD echo time constant, which yielded distinct values in the cases of new and aged specimens. The echo discharges were attributed to the mechanisms in the dielectric that started in the voltage-less part after the transition point. These effects represent the interplay between the remnant electric field and the decay of the electric field that was accumulated from the previous PDs. The aim of this paper was to show advanced PD measurement approach to investigate the effects of an internal embedded electrical insulation defect on an externally measurable indicator. The paper also presents an attempt to extract additional information from phase-resolved PD images. In this context, further research is needed to provide directions toward a measurement technique and a potential future diagnostic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in miniaturization, nanotechnology, and microfluidics, along with developments in cloud-connected point-of-care (POC) diagnostics technologies are pushing the frontiers of POC devices toward low-cost, user-friendly, and enhanced sensitivity molecular-level diagnostics. The combination of various bio-sensing platforms within smartphone-integrated electronic readers provides accurate on-site and on-time diagnostics based on various types of chemical and biological targets. Further, 3D printing technology shows a huge potential toward fabrication and improving the performance of POC devices. Integration of skin-like flexible sensors with wireless communication technology creates a unique opportunity for continuous, real-time monitoring of patients for both preventative healthcare and during disease outbreaks. Here, we review recent developments and advances in POC technologies and describe how these advances enhance the performance of POC platforms. Also, this review describes challenges, directions, and future trends on application of emerging technologies in POC diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We report a deep-learning-based model for quality classification of HJT solar cells as well as anomalies detection in electroluminescent images. • The model is designed to be trained in a semi-supervised manner on imbalanced data containing small part of annotated relevant images with defects. • The performance of model was proved with on-plant collected dataset consisting of 68 748 electroluminescent images as well as ELPV dataset. Efficient defect detection in solar cell manufacturing is crucial for stable green energy technology manufacturing. This paper presents a deep-learning-based automatic detection model SeMaCNN for classification and anomaly detection of electroluminescent images for solar cell quality evaluation. The core of the model is an anomaly detection algorithm based on Mahalanobis distance that can be trained in a semi-supervised manner on imbalanced data with a small number of digital electroluminescence images with relevant defects. This is particularly valuable for prompt model integration into the industrial landscape. The model has been trained with the dataset collected at the manufacturing plant consisting of 68 748 electroluminescent images of heterojunction solar cells with a busbar grid. Our model achieves the accuracy of 92.5%, F1 score 95.8%, recall 94.8%, and precision 96.9% within the validation subset consisting of 1049 manually annotated images. The model was also tested on the open ELPV dataset and demonstrates stable performance with accuracy 94.6% and F1 score 91.1%. The SeMaCNN model demonstrates a good balance between its performance and computational complexity, which make it applicable for integrating into quality control systems of solar cell manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To know the health status of hydrogen fuel cell, some diagnostics methods are proposed based on the historical status data of the hydrogen fuel cell. As multiple factors would cause the fuel cell problem, feature selection would be necessary during the diagnostics. In this paper, the author tried to apply an enhanced PCA algorithm to generate the proper features. Based on these features, a random forest algorithm is constructed for predicting the health status based on the history data. In this paper, we explore all aspects of hydrogen fuel cell sensor data, and extract several features by performing statistical analysis. We propose an efficient and accurate model for hydrogen fuel cell diagnostics. This model supports pipeline operations from feature selection to final result prediction. Besides, the model can also show which factor is essential for the health status of hydrogen fuel cell. • Pipeline operations from feature selection to result prediction are proposed. • An enhanced PCA algorithm is used for selecting the features. • Results showed that our method could improve the accuracy for diagnostics. • The proposed method could also be easily applied and reused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of biochips with AI opened up new possibilities and is expected to revolutionize smart healthcare tools within the next five years. The combination of miniaturized, multi-functional, rapid, high-throughput sample processing and sensing capabilities of biochips, with the computational data processing and predictive power of AI, allows medical professionals to collect and analyze vast amounts of data quickly and efficiently, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses and prognostic evaluations. Biochips, as smart healthcare devices, offer continuous monitoring of patient symptoms. Integrated virtual assistants have the potential to send predictive feedback to users and healthcare practitioners, paving the way for personalized and predictive medicine. This review explores the current state-of-the-art biochip technologies including gene-chips, organ-on-a-chips, and neural implants, and the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of AI-assisted biochips in medical practices such as cancer, diabetes, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. Choosing the appropriate AI model for a specific biomedical application, and possible solutions to the current challenges are explored. Surveying advances in machine learning models for biochip functionality, this paper offers a review of biochips for the future of biomedicine, an essential guide for keeping up with trends in healthcare, while inspiring cross-disciplinary collaboration among biomedical engineering, medicine, and machine learning fields. [Display omitted] • Biochips are key for diagnosis, drug delivery, disease modeling, and neurostimulation. • AI-assisted biochip technology offers advances in novel diagnostics and therapeutics. • Useful in cancer, diabetes, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. • Predictive analytics in AI-biochips shed light on predictive and precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusion reactors are complex systems of interconnected parts, many of which rely on novel technologies. Understanding the patterns of connectivity is essential for many design aspects: assessing technical risks, leveraging modularity, preventing rework and enabling functional integration. The enabling design artefact is the system's architecture, its conceptual model of functions, components and interfaces. In this paper, we present two architecture modelling and analysis methods based on Dependency Structure Matrices (DSM). Firstly, the bottom-up method builds an architecture model from decentralized documentation of all ITER diagnostics and their interfaces. The DSM highlights a modular system topology, integration challenges and opportunities for managing complexity. The limitations of this method, however, motivate the development of a top-down alternative. The top-down method is suited for early-stage design definition, therefore generating valuable insights throughout the development lifecycle. The architecture model serves as a central storage of design information, from which viewpoints can be automatically generated: DSMs, functional flow diagrams, cabling diagrams, interface reports and requirements propagation tables. This model-based information paradigm drastically improves design quality, project planning, change management and stakeholder communication. The top-down method is demonstrated for the Visible Spectroscopy Reference System, one of ITER's first diagnostics, but promises a more widespread application. • A modelling method to define the multi-level components, functions and interfaces of fusion devices. • Automatically generated design documents that improve communication with multidisciplinary stakeholders. • Recommendations for the organization and management of sets of diagnostic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The nanophotonic field has advanced to be used as a method to detect infectious diseases. • Multiplex nanophotonic diagnostics enable rapid and simultaneous detection of viral pathogens. • High sensitivity and specificity of multiplex nanophotonic diagnostics enable real-time identification of viruses without the need for nucleic acid amplification. • Photonic diagnostics such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI), can be developed as point-of-care diagnostic tools and used as procedures for treating viral diseases. The field of nanophotonics has advanced and can be utilized as a method to detect different infectious diseases. The introduction of multiplex nanophotonic diagnostics has enabled the speedy and simultaneous detection of viral infections and specific biomarkers. The quick reaction times, high sensitivity, and specificity of multiplex nanophotonic diagnostics enable real-time identification of viruses without the need for nucleic acid amplification. This review presents an overview of nanophotonic tools used to identify diseases and particular biomarkers. The paper also examines possible research areas for the development of unique, cutting-edge multiplex nanophotonic diagnostics capable of concurrently detecting various diseases or biomarkers/biomolecules. Furthermore, it discusses barriers to further advancement and offers insight into anticipated trends. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Development of the ITER bolometer camera for measurement of the radiation emitted by the plasma. • The system has to guarantee reliable measurements within an environment characterized by high neutron flux and temperatures exceeding 200 °C. • This paper describes a possible procedure for a structural analysis of the bolometer camera body. • The results of the structural analysis regarding the camera housing structural integrity are presented and discussed here. The ITER bolometer provides an absolutely calibrated measurement of the radiation emitted by the plasma, which is a part of the total energy balance. The development is especially challenging because of the extreme environmental conditions within the vacuum vessel (VV) during plasma operation. The bolometer has to guarantee reliable measurements within an environment characterized by high neutron flux as well as temperatures exceeding 200 °C. In addition to the thermal loads, the bolometer body is exposed to the mechanical loads caused by electromagnetic forces during transient events of plasma disruption. This paper describes a possible procedure for a structural analysis of the bolometer camera body. To examine all-important structural properties of the bolometer body, a multiple nonlinear finite element model based on a CAD conceptual design has been generated. Subsequently, a transient mechanical analysis has been performed using the finite element code ANSYS. A general electromagnetic model, taking into account the contribution of all structural parts and electromagnetic loading starting with the DINA code, generated the input for the analysis. From the wide range of DINA results, the worst-case load scenario has been chosen. The results of the structural analysis regarding the camera housing structural integrity are presented and discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to review recent progress in detection and quantification of hydroperoxides, and to understand their reaction kinetics in combustion environments. Hydroperoxides, characterized by an OOH group, are ubiquitous in the atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (∼300 K), and in the liquid and gas phase oxidation of fuel components at elevated temperatures (∼400–1000 K). They are responsible for two-stage fuel ignition in internal combustion engines and they play an important role in the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. The introduction outlines the importance of hydroperoxide chemistry in combustion reaction processes. In addition to this main topic, the role of hydroperoxides in atmospheric and liquid phase oxidation chemistry is also introduced, for a more general perspective. The second part of this paper briefly reviews the mechanistic insights of hydroperoxide chemistry in combustion systems, including experimental detection of these reactive species before 2010. Since that time significant progress has been made by advanced diagnostic techniques like tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry and infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The third chapter of this work summarizes progress in gas phase oxidation experiments to measure hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, olefinic hydroperoxides, ketohydroperoxides, and more complex hydroperoxides that include as many as five oxygen atoms. The fourth section details recent advances in understanding the combustion chemistry of hydroperoxides, involving the formation of carboxylic acids and diones, as well as the development of oxidation models that include a third O 2 addition reaction mechanism. Finally, challenges are discussed, and perspectives are offered regarding the future of accurately measuring molecule-specific hydroperoxide concentrations and understanding their respective reaction kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Methodology for multidimensional analysis of nonstationary signals is proposed. • Estimators as representations of time, frequency and TFR measures is calculated. • Influence of the shock absorber defects on safety and comfort is discussed. Abstract The paper presents novel methodology for multidimensional analysis of strongly nonstationary signals. This methodology contained the identification of working cycles, dedicated signal processing methods for each of identified segments of signal as time, frequency and TFR distributions of each signal segments. It allows to observe influence of increase of defects based on narrow and precise resonances windows. At the final stage of the signal processing the multidimensional estimators as representations of time, frequency and TFR measures are identified. The paper presents result of investigation conducted on real passenger car. It presents results for the signal processing of unsprung and sprung mass of suspension system separately. This approach allows to evaluate the properties of suspension and influence of the shock absorber defects on safety and comfort of the driving. The obtained results show a very good separation properties of multidimensional estimators for different kind of defects. Thus it can be considered as diagnostics method for condition monitoring of vehicle's suspension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for new methods of determining the degree of stress of steel structures and the methods of detecting early phases of defect development are still proceeding. These allows to enhance the safety of use of machines and construction structures. The paper presents the description of a measuring apparatus, the method of measurements and the results of the research carried out at test beds with a focus of acquiring new sources of information regarding the technical condition of construction materials. In the long run, such information could prove useful for the diagnosis of objects made of various types of materials that have magnetic properties. Authors points out the basic problems encountered while searching for diagnostic information in magnetic signal, which comes from the complexity of stress effective magnetization. The proper model of magnetization was introduced which leads to original method which based on the special measurement and on dedicated processing of obtained signals. Relevant experiment was performed which concerned a two-dimensional measurement and analysis of own magnetic field of a construction steel sample for three various degrees of effort. The key point was to identify and separate reversible and irreversible magnetomechanical effects according to proposed method. The results proofs of existence of detail diagnostic information which is possible to discover. The results of the research lead to improvement of the existing measuring approach for passive magnetic methods and reduce the risk of omissions of diagnostically valuable diagnostic information. This paper ends with a summary of the obtained results while focusing in particular on the utility value of the approach for the purpose of diagnosis and its further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Review of freeze-dried cell-free (FD-CF) systems. • FD-CF applications in sensing and portable biomanufacturing. • Challenges and opportunities ahead for the field. Abstract Cell-free synthetic biology is an exciting and new branch in the field of synthetic biology. Based on in vitro transcription and translation systems, this application-focused domain builds on decades of cell-free biochemistry and protein expression to operate synthetic gene networks outside of cellular environments. This has brought new and perhaps even unexpected advantages. Chief among these is the ability to operate genetically encoded tools in a sterile and abiotic format. Recent work has extended this advantage by freeze-drying these cell-free systems into dried pellets or embedded paper-based reactions. Taken together, these new ideas have solved the longstanding challenge of how to deploy poised synthetic gene networks in a biosafe mode outside of the laboratory. There is significant excitement in the potential of this newfound venue and the community has begun to extend proof-of-concept demonstrations in important and creative ways. Here I explore these new efforts and provide my thoughts on the challenges and opportunities ahead for freeze-dried, cell-free synthetic biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ITER will be the first fusion device able to maintain fusion for long periods of time and therefore suitable to test integrated technologies, materials, and physics regimes necessary for the commercial production of fusion-based electricity. Therefore, ITER provides a harsh radiation environment that represents an important challenge for diagnostic systems located in various regions inside the tokamak, in particular the first wall, divertor areas, and ports, but as well ex-vessel areas, where radiation levels are also significantly high for some electronic components. The radiation induced effects in functional materials have been identified and studied in the past in the fusion and fission community. These effects comprise nuclear heating, changes in physical and mechanical properties due to transmutation and displacement damage, radiation induced conductivity (RIC) or radiation induced electrical degradation (RIED) effects on insulators, radiation induced absorption (RIA) for optical materials, radio luminescence observed in fibers and windows, etc. This paper summarizes the current status of the functional material selection for ITER diagnostic systems and the expected radiation conditions in the areas where they are located. Additional testing will be required for some materials and assemblies, such as bolometers and magnetic coils. Special attention is paid to the tests required for qualification of safety important components, such as diagnostic window assemblies and vacuum feedthroughs. Finally, as one of the best ways to reduce the impact of radiation in materials is to develop a proper shielding strategy, some of the shielding options envisaged for ITER are presented and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the frequency response, from a few Hz to a few MHz, is now commonly used in the transformer industry for the condition assessment of transformer windings and has demonstrated its sensitivity for detecting various mechanical and electrical failure modes. The present generally applied practice for interpretation is visual comparison of frequency responses, either with a previous measurement on the same or an identical unit, or between the phases of a three-phase transformer. Examples of curve comparison for typical mechanical and electrical failure modes have previously been published in CIGRE and IEEE guides. Over the last 15 years, numerous technical papers have been published regarding the interpretation of the results in an aim to make it more objective and quantitative. In 2016, CIGRE initiated a new working group titled “Objective interpretation methodology for the condition assessment of transformer windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)”. This paper, written on behalf of the new working group, reviews the basics of FRA interpretation and summarizes the state-of-the-art regarding the potential methods that can be applied to achieve a more objective and quantitative interpretation of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Electromagnetic analysis procedure of the ITER (upper and equatorial) port mounted bolometer cameras • Main aim of the analysis is the evaluation of the electromagnetic forces caused by changing magnetic fields. • Investigate the worst load case per bolometer camera type and position. • Lorentz-forces resulting from the interaction of these eddy currents with the main magnetic field are deduced. This paper describes the electromagnetic analysis procedure of the ITER (upper and equatorial) port mounted bolometer cameras. The main aim of the analysis beside the evaluation of the electromagnetic forces caused by changing magnetic fields is to find out the worst load case scenario for a particular bolometer camera. For this purpose, a wide range of load case scenarios has been analyzed. The output from 2D axisymmetric code DINA is used as input to a general electromagnetic model of a 20° sector of the ITER structure, taking into account the contribution of all structural parts, in order to calculate eddy currents induced inside the bolometer components. The surrounding structure of the bolometer camera housing was modeled with particular precision in order to take the electromagnetic contributions of these parts into account as precisely as possible. To investigate the worst load case per camera type and position six representative disruption scenarios are analyzed. In a second step, the Lorentz-forces resulting from the interaction of these eddy currents with the main magnetic field are deduced. They are an essential input for the structural assessment of the camera housing. This paper discus in detail EM analysis procedures used in case of port-mounted bolometer cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable and accessible diagnostic tools in resource-limited settings remains an urgent need to improve global public health. Due to the low-cost, accessibility, simplicity and portability, paper- and thread-based microfluidics have gained significant attention in the development of diagnostic devices over the past few years. Compared to paper, microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) are superior in many aspects, such as greater mechanical strength, better flexibility, and superior practicability for modification under wet conditions. This review is focused on driving forces (wicking action, gravitational force and electrophoretic force) for fluid transport on threads, detection techniques (colourimetric detection, electrochemical detection, electrochemiluminescence detection, fluorescence detection, spectrometry-based detection, etc.) and applications (biological diagnostics, immunoassays, wearable devices, health monitoring, food and environmental safety, etc.) in μTADs. The fabrication techniques, readout equipment, advantages, drawbacks, and applications of each detection method are summarized. The most important challenges and perspectives are discussed for further advances and improvements of μTADs. [Display omitted] • Latest advances in the development of thread-based analytical devices. • A focused review on detection options for on-thread analysis. • Analytical applications of thread-based analytical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main function of the ITER Erosion Deposition Monitor is to observe the erosion/deposition status of divertor vertical targets as well as the topology change and surface damage that may occur due to the plasma-wall interaction at these vertical targets. The main function of the optical box of this diagnostic system, which is mounted under the divertor dome of one of the divertor cassettes, is to provide a stiff base and multi-functional shielding for the optical components located inside of it. Since the optical box under the divertor dome is in a harsh environment, under high plasma, nuclear and EM loads, it becomes one of the critical parts of the optical system. The design challenges involve the tight space between the surrounding parts, the manufacturing of the complex cooling channels, the optical tolerances and adequate heat transfer between the different components. To produce a robust design and fulfill all the requirements, the optical box went through several design iterations and simulation stages. This paper outlines the challenges and the results of the development of the mechanical design of the components of the optical box of the Erosion Deposition Monitor, EDM , diagnostic system. The EDM is an optical diagnostic system whose accuracy depends on the integrity of the mechanical parts. This paper describes the challenges of the development of the optical box itself, the mirror supports and the shutters. We present design solutions for key components that decrease the temperature of the optical box and its internal parts. These components are the cooling channels, which have been integrated into the walls to increase the cooling of the box, and the redesigned mirror supports, which have better heat transfer between the water-cooled walls and the mirrors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase induction motors are used in the industry commonly. Induction motors are not expensive, so it is a reason to use them. Diagnostics of faults is very important. It prevents financial loss and unplanned downtimes causes by faults. In this paper the authors described fault diagnostic techniques of the single-phase induction motor. Presented techniques were based on the analysis of thermal images of electric motor. The authors measured and analysed 3 states of the single-phase induction motor. In this paper an original method of the feature extraction of thermal images called MoASoS (Method of Area Selection of States) was presented. The proposed method - MoASoS and an image histogram were used to form feature vectors. Classification of the obtained vectors was performed by NN (Nearest Neighbour classifier) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The described fault diagnostic techniques are useful for reliability of the single-phase induction motors and other rotating electrical machines such as: three-phase induction motors, synchronous motors, DC motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in limited resource settings (LRS), which are common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Accurate referrals can reduce the devastating impact of pneumonia, especially in LRS. Discriminating pneumonia from other respiratory conditions based only on symptoms is a major challenge. Machine learning has shown promise in overcoming the diagnostic difficulties of pneumonia (i.e., low specificity of symptoms, lack of accessible diagnostic tests and varied clinical presentation). Many scientific papers are now focusing on deep-learning methods applied to clinical images, which is unaffordable for initial patient referral in LMICs. The current study used a dataset of 4500 patients (1500 patients affected by bronchitis, 3000 by pneumonia) from a middle-income country, containing information on subject population characteristics, symptoms and laboratory test results. Manual feature selection was performed, focusing on clinical symptoms that are easily measurable in LRS and in community settings. Three common machine learning methods were tested and compared: logistic regression; decision tree and support vector machine. Models were developed through a holdout process of training-validation and testing. We focused on six clinically relevant, easily interpreted patient symptoms as best indicators for pneumonia. Our final model was a decision tree, achieving an AUC of 93%, with the advantage of being fully intelligible and easily interpreted. The performance achieved suggested that intelligible machine learning models can enhance symptom-based referral of pneumonia in LRS and in community settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Social and biophysical indicators can be integrated for river basin diagnostics. • Indicator condition, target and influence provides strategic management synergies. • Indicator networks are constructed from influence scoring by stakeholder groups. • Indicator networks inform enabling pathways for stakeholder engagement. • Collaborative engagement broadens perspectives for better environmental outcomes. River basin governance has become increasingly challenged in many river basins around the world. At heart is the poor understanding of governance performance and its interaction with biophysical restoration targets. This paper aims to improve the Murray-Darling Basin governance for better environmental outcomes by understanding the interactions between governance performance indicators and biophysical indicators. A diagnostic framework consisting of social indicators (Collaboration , Leadership , Institutions and Learning) and biophysical indicators (River Flows , Water Quality , Biodiversity and Species Recovery) was used to estimate condition and target for each indicator from a range of stakeholder groups representing different interests and perspectives. In addition, stakeholders also measured synergistic effects of indicator progress towards target on other indicators using strength of indicator interaction scores. A network analysis of indicator condition and interaction scores was used to determine a composite enabling pathway to suggest stakeholder contributing roles to polycentric governance. Leadership and its role in regulation, compliance and operating rules is a recurring challenge mentioned by multiple stakeholder groups, requiring clarification of roles and subsidiarity decision-making through enhanced collaboration and institutional reform. The enabling pathway proposes collaborative learning by assigning co-implementation priorities based on diagnostics rather than stakeholder specific identified key challenges. This novel approach offers a tangible way for developing sectorised stakeholder engagement strategies where participation is conceived as active collaboration towards decision-making and co-implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular tumors in prepubertal boys account for 1–2% of all solid pediatric tumors. They have a lower incidence, a different histologic distribution and are more often benign compared to testicular tumors in the adolescent and adult group. This fundamental difference should also lead to a different approach and treatment. To provide a guideline for diagnosis and treatment options in prepubertal boys with a testicular mass. A structured literature search and review for testicular tumors in prepubertal boys was performed. All English abstracts up to the end of 2019 were screened, and relevant papers were obtained to create the guideline. A painless scrotal mass is the most common clinical presentation. For evaluation, high resolution ultrasound has a detection rate of almost 100%, alpha-fetoprotein is a tumor marker, however, is age dependent. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was not a tumor marker for testis tumors in prepubertal boys. Based on a summary of the literature on prepubertal testis tumors, the 2021 EAU guidelines on Pediatric Urology recommend a partial orchiectomy as the primary approach in tumors with a favorable preoperative ultrasound diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey about several works in the field of predictive maintenance for hydroelectric power plants related to Assets Performance Management systems. It discusses about how to make a system study to better understand the structure of the Hydropower Plants and its components and how to define the most significant items to the maintenance. Also, it presents predictive maintenance techniques in terms of failure detection, diagnosis and prognostics. The research shows that data-driven methods are increasingly used by Hydropower Plants. With the recent development of artificial intelligence methods, it is possible to discover unknown patterns in sensor data and learn existing relationships in the data that may not be easy for a human to discover. In this way, some hybrid methods, which mix concepts such as the transformation of time series data into the frequency domain, statistical modeling and machine learning, are being developed to perform the tasks of APM systems. The work also shows the possibility of developing methods focusing on reinforcement learning or explainable artificial intelligence for the industrial sector. Such advances can count as a contribution to the innovative nature of the electricity sector, which tends to become increasingly sustainable in order to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by production. • APM systems are being used in combination with SCADA and ERP in Hydropower Plants. • Condition and Reliability based maintenance are base for developing APM systems. • Combining statistical modeling and machine learning methods in FDD for HPP is a trend. • There is a lack of artificial intelligence models focused on explainability for HPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a novel self-powered approach totally independent from any external energy source. We have developed a self-powered paper-based immunosensor that generates energy in the presence of the biomarker in the sample. In particular, the device – which has been labeled as Immuno-Battery – makes use of magnesium as anode and the widely employed HRP-labeled antibody as cathodic catalyst to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) presence in artificial samples. Feasibility of self-powered sensing is proved by submitting the immuno-battery to a resistive load. In this regime, the sensor provides operation voltages above 1.55 V and maximum power densities from 40 to 571 μW cm−2 that allow for future implementation of an electronic readout circuit. We have demonstrated that sensitivity of the system is not compromised by the self-powered mode operation, as the LOD value delivered by our battery (20 ± 2 ng mL−1) is compliant with LOD values reported for protein detection in paper-based electrochemical immunoassays with chronoamperometric methods. Moreover, as a case study, a LOD of 269 ± 39 ng mL−1 is obtained for CRP detection, in accordance with available commercial high-sensitivity CRP detection kits. This proof-of-concept opens the path towards the development of digital diagnostic devices in a sustainable and affordable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon representative case studies, the paper illustrates importance of management, maintenance and reconstruction of steel footbridges. Particularly inspection importance for timely discovering imperfections, potentially reducing safety and load carrying capacity are illustrated at effected investigations of actually common structural systems. The paper presents a summary of the findings and conclusions from diagnostic of seven steel footbridges. Focus is paid on the corrosion of structural steel and its influence on overall condition of footbridge structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on new methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells diagnostics, which would allow increasing the reliability and stability of fuel cell operation. The paper considers the possibility to improve the diagnostic system used for fuel cell robustness check. Wavelet analysis as a diagnostic tool is introduced, and it is proven that this type of instrument allows acquiring a higher quality of early-stage problem diagnostics in comparison to existing methods. The suggested system assesses the possibility of determining the changes in the fuel cell operating mode on the basis of the analysis of its electrical fluctuations. Both theoretical and practical implications of the suggested diagnostics method are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper dwells upon the possibility of using adaptive algorithms based on fuzzy logic in vibration diagnostic systems. An urgent task of improving diagnostic systems by increasing diagnostic reliability with minimal costs for their testing is given in the paper. The authors prove fuzzy logic rules to be necessary for diagnostic tasks. There are functions of vibration acceleration values at various shaft rotation frequencies. An example of vibration diagnostic and monitoring system operation using fuzzy logic is given. The authors prove that using fuzzy logic-based algorithms allows moving forward to the next stage in vibration diagnostic system development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the nuclear analyses of the ITER Equatorial Port Visible/Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System (VIS/IR WAVS). This instrument comprises of viewing systems in the 4 Equatorial Ports (EP) 3, 9, 12 and 17. The main mission of this diagnostic is to support the operation of the tokamak by providing visible and infrared viewing and temperature data of the first wall to protect it from damage. Its design is driven by both the tokamak severe environment and the high performances required for machine protection. New nuclear studies have been carried out for the development of the diagnostic and for test purposes under ITER-like irradiation conditions in order to choose the most appropriate materials for the optical components. Thus, three neutronic analyses have been carried out: the first in order to verify if silver could be used as a covering material for the optical components in different location of the Interspace area; the second in order to establish the irradiation time required in a Co-60 gamma facility (at CIEMAT) for testing purposes of the sapphire vacuum window; and the third to give more detailed specifications for the irradiation campaigns under gamma (in the Co-60 facility) and neutrons (at SCK·CEN BR2 reactor), about the time required to achieve the same dose than the one accumulated in ITER at the end-of-life (EOL) in the different components of the Port Area for the materials proposed as substrate and coatings. The neutronic and activation calculations have been performed using the Monte Carlo code MCNP5, the activation code ACAB and the cross section libraries FENDL 2.1 and EAF-2007. The description of the simulations and their results are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and require appropriate diagnostic evaluation, management and follow-up. To provide a summary of the updated European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on Pediatric Urology, which were first published in 2015 in European Urology. A structured literature review was performed of new publications between 2015 and 2020 for UTIs in children. The guideline was updated accordingly with relevant new literature. The occurrence of a UTI can be the first indication of anatomical abnormalities in the urinary tract, especially in patients with a febrile UTI. The basic diagnostic evaluation should include sufficient investigations to exclude urinary tract abnormalities, but should also be as minimally invasive as possible. In recent years, more risk factors have been identified to predict the presence of these anatomical anomalies, such as a non-E. Coli infection, high grade fever and ultrasound abnormalities. When these risk factors are factored into the diagnostic work-up, some invasive investigations can be omitted in a larger group of children. In addition to the treatment of active UTIs, it is also essential to prevent recurrent UTIs and consequent renal scarring. With the increase of antimicrobial resistance good antibiotic stewardship is needed. In addition, alternative preventative measures such as dietary supplements, bladder and bowel management and antibiotic prophylaxis could decrease the incidence of recurrent UTI. This paper is a summary of the updated 2021 EAU guidelines on Pediatric Urology. It provides practical considerations and flowcharts for the management and diagnostic evaluation of UTIs in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diagnostic approach to evaluate the health state of District heating Networks (DHNs). • Detection and identification of leakages, anomalous heat and pressure losses. • Detection and identification of single and multiple faults. • Validation of the diagnostic approach that correctly detects and identifies all implanted faults. District Heating Networks (DHNs) are composed of numerous pipes that can be threatened by faults that affect DHN operation and management. Thus, reliable diagnostic methodologies are essential to identify DHN health state and hinder DHN malfunctioning and performance deterioration. To this purpose, a novel diagnostic approach that couples a DHN simulation model with an optimization algorithm for detecting and identifying both thermal and hydraulic faults, i.e., water leakages, anomalous heat and pressure losses, is presented in this paper. In the current paper, the novel diagnostic approach is challenged at evaluating the health state of the DHN of the campus of the University of Parma, where different faults are artificially implanted, by using a digital twin of the DHN. The faulty datasets account for both single and multiple faults, as well as different fault types and causes. The novel diagnostic approach proves to correctly detect and identify all simulated faults, by also correctly estimating their magnitude even in the most challenging scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly presents the results of neutronics analysis performed in support for the design development of the ITER diagnostics cabling system including its cable looms. The cable looms are distributed all around the ITER device and attached to the inner wall of the Vacuum Vessel (VV) and under the divertor cassettes. The results include distributions of neutronics characteristics calculated with the MCNP5 3D Monte Carlo code assuming ITER operation with 0.54 Full Power Years on 500 MW fusion power of DT neutron source defined in the standard ITER B-lite neutronics model. Neutron and photon fluxes, neutron energy group fluences, nuclear heating, neutron damage, and neutron-induced transmutation of the cable looms’ materials have been analyzed in this paper. This work provides data for more comprehensive integral analysis of the cabling system with consideration of thermo-mechanical, electromagnetic, and structural aspects. The temperature gradients along the cable looms and nuclear transmutation of copper could result in formation of thermocouples due to the Radiation-Induced Thermoelectric Sensitivity (RITES) effect, which should be reduced in order to enhance the performance of the magnetic sensors. Therefore, reliable thermal contact should be established in the places of attachments of cable looms to the VV inner wall and the divertor cassette body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prolong a lifetime of the ITER first diagnostic mirrors some protective shutters can be engaged. A concept of an elastic shutter that operates frictionless in vacuum has been studied at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. Under actuation two shutter arms (∼2 m long) bend laterally between two pairs of limiting bumpers thus shielding the optical aperture or opening it for measurements. To increase the shutter efficiency the transition time between its open and closed states can be minimized. This demands a fast shutter that operates in fractions of a second and exhibit essentially dynamic behavior, like impacts with the bumpers that cause the shutter arms’ bouncing and oscillations. The paper presents numerical studies of the shutter dynamic behavior using the explicit and implicit 3D FE transient structural modeling. Simple 1D analytical model was developed to predict the shutter impact kinetic energy that mostly determines its further dynamic response. The structure sensitivity to different parameters was studied and ways for its optimization were laid down. A parametric shutter mockup with easily changeable mechanical characteristics was manufactured. A test program aimed for further shutter optimization, basing on the analysis performed and engaging powerful capabilities of the parametric shutter mockup is discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating anodic antigen (CAA) testing is a powerful, increasingly-used tool for diagnosis of active schistosome infection. We sought to determine the feasibility and reliability of measuring CAA in blood spots collected on Whatman 903 protein saver cards, which are the predominant filter papers used worldwide for dried blood spot (DBS) research and clinical care. CAA was eluted from blood spots collected from 19 individuals onto Whatman 903 cards in Mwanza, Tanzania, and the assay was optimized to achieve CAA ratios comparable to those obtained from the spots’ corresponding serum samples. The optimized assay was then used to determine the correlation of serum samples ( n = 16) with DBS from cards that had been stored for 8 years at ambient temperature. Using a DBS volume equivalent to approximately four times the quantity of serum, CAA testing in DBS had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 79% compared to CAA testing in serum. CAA testing was reliable in samples eluted from Whatman 903 cards that had been stored for 8 years at ambient temperature. The overall kappa coefficient was 0.53 (standard error 0.17, p < 0.001). We conclude that CAA can be reliably and accurately measured in DBS collected onto the filter paper that is most commonly used for clinical care and research, and that can be stored from prolonged periods of time. This finding opens new avenues for future work among more than 700 million individuals living in areas worldwide in which schistosomes are endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we review hybrid approaches for fault detection and fault diagnosis (FDD) that combine data-driven analysis with physics-based and knowledge-based models to overcome a lack of data and to increase the FDD accuracy. We categorize these hybrid approaches according to the steps of an extended common workflow for FDD. This gives practitioners indications of which kind of hybrid FDD approach they can use in their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Heavy-tailedness is not formally considered for time series of counts. • The paper is the first attempt for modelling heavy-tailedness. • The proposed INAR model can capture other common features of dependent counts. • The considered model outperforms other models. • Numbers of cases, NSF fundings and transactions are analyzed, respectively. Count data frequently exhibit overdispersion, zero inflation and even heavy-tailedness (the tail probabilities are non-negligible or decrease very slowly) in practical applications. Many models have been proposed for modelling count data with overdispersion and zero inflation, but heavy-tailedness is less considered. The proposed model, a new integer-valued autoregressive process with generalized Poisson-inverse Gaussian innovations, is capable of capturing these features. The generalized Poisson-inverse Gaussian family is very flexible, which includes Poisson distribution, Poisson inverse Gaussian distribution, discrete stable distribution and so on. Stationarity and ergodicity of this model are investigated and the expressions of marginal mean and variance are provided. Conditional maximum likelihood is used for estimating the parameters, and consistency and asymptotic normality for the estimators are presented. Further, we consider the h -step forecast and diagnostics for the proposed model. The proposed model is applied to three real data examples. In the first example, we consider the monthly number of cases of Polio, which validates that the proposed model can take into account count data with excessive zeros. Then, we illustrate the use of the proposed model through an application to the numbers of National Science Foundation fundings. Finally, we apply the proposed model to the numbers of transactions in 5-min intervals for the stock traded at Empire District Electric Company. The second and third examples show that the proposed model has a good performance in modelling heavy-tailed count data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faults during machining processes generate negative impacts on productivity, product quality and scrap rate. In recent years, the research of leveraging deep learning algorithms for developing fault diagnostics approaches has been actively conducted. However, the approaches have not been widely adopted by industries yet due to their inadaptability in addressing varying working conditions throughout machining process lifecycles. To overcome the limitation, this paper presents a novel deep transfer learning enabled adaptive diagnostics approach. In the approach, firstly, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is designed to perform diagnostics on machining processes. Then, a transfer learning strategy is incorporated into the CNN to enhance the approach's adaptability for different machining conditions via the following steps: (1) Input datasets from machining conditions are optimally aligned to facilitate cross-domain data reuse; and (2) Weights of the trained CNN are regularized to minimize feature distribution mismatches to implement domain transfer learning. Based on the steps, the CNN can be adaptively applied across the conditions, and thereby re-training processes for the CNN from scratch can be alleviated. The developed approach was validated and benchmarked based on different parameters and settings. In the experiments, comparative results indicate that the approach achieved 94% in accuracy, which was significantly higher than other approaches without transfer learning mechanisms. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]