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Male lower urinary tract dysfunction represents a common problem in the community. Physicians should approach these patients based on the best available evidence. This summary provides the up-to-date recommendations for the evaluation and the management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, often bothersome, and have multifactorial aetiology. To present a summary of the 2023 version of the European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of male LUTS. A structured literature search from 1966 to 2021 selected the articles with the highest certainty evidence. The Delphi technique consensus approach was used to develop the recommendations. The assessment of men with LUTS should be practical. A careful medical history and physical examination are essential. Validated symptom scores, urine test, uroflowmetry, and postvoid urine residual, as well as frequency-volume charts for patients with nocturia or predominately storage symptoms should be used. Prostate-specific antigen should be ordered if a diagnosis of prostate cancer changes the treatment plan. Urodynamics should be performed for selected patients. Men with mild symptoms are candidates for watchful waiting. Behavioural modification should be offered to men with LUTS prior to, or concurrent with, treatment. The choice of medical treatment depends on the assessment findings, predominant type of symptoms, ability of the treatment to change the findings, and the expectations to be met in terms of the speed of onset, efficacy, side effects, and disease progression. Surgery is reserved for men with absolute indications, and for patients who fail or prefer not to receive medical therapy. Surgical management has been divided into five sections: resection, enucleation, vaporisation, and alternative ablative and nonablative techniques. The choice of surgical technique depends on patient's characteristics, expectations, and preferences; surgeon's expertise; and availability of modalities. The guidelines provide an evidence-based approach for the management of male LUTS. A clinical assessment should identify the cause(s) of symptoms and define the clinical profile and patient's expectations. The treatment should aim to ameliorate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on no benefits for home-based rehabilitation for people with inoperable lung cancer over usual care.

This paper presents an evidence informed rationale for focussing on harmful gambling products and industry practices in public health messaging through the example of a recent innovation called 'Odds Are: They Win'. 'Odds Are: They Win' was initially developed through coproduction involving public health professionals and people with lived experience of gambling harms and implemented across a city-region area. A review of relevant evidence was undertaken, upon which the research team reflected to draw out the implications of 'Odds Are: They Win' for gambling harms messaging. Evidence is mounting that safer gambling campaigns framed in terms of individual responsibility are ineffective and can generate stigma. 'Odds Are: They Win' presents an alternative focus that is not anti-gambling but raises awareness of industry manipulation of the situational and structural context of gambling. This is in-keeping with historical lessons from the stop smoking field and emerging research in critical health literacy. The latter highlights the potential of education on the social and commercial determinants of health to stimulate behaviour change and collective action. 'Odds Are: They Win' is a potentially disruptive innovation for the gambling harms field. Research is required to robustly evaluate this intervention across diverse criteria, target audiences, and delivery settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the co-design and development process of an evidence-informed e -training program (Sit-Stand e -Guide) to support the safe and optimal use of sit-stand workstations from ergonomics and behavioural change perspectives. Using an instructional system design process, supported by a participatory design approach, data was collected through three workshops with workplace consumers (staff [n = 5] and managers [n = 5]), and subject matter experts (n = 5). Content and learning activities were developed based on behaviour change principles and optimal pedagogy. Key topics identified for the e -training were sedentary behaviour and health; workstation set-up; and strategies for behaviour change. Learning activities (scenarios and reflection) to enhance knowledge retention and skills implementation and an interactive one-page guide on completion were included in the e -training. The relevance and usefulness of the training prototype were reviewed through one-to-one think-aloud sessions with the workshop consumers (n = 5) and external health and safety professionals (n = 5) receiving positive feedback. The Sit-Stand e -Guide is readily available for workplace implementation and evaluation. This paper serves as a practical guide for future training development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy utilization of biomass has attracted great interests. To decrease ash-related issues during straw gasification and mitigate sludge environmental pollution, the influences of three sludges [aluminum plant sludge (APS), paper-making sludge (PMS), and municipal waste-water sludge (MWS)] on the ash fusion behaviors of wheat straw (WS) and their variation mechanisms under reducing atmosphere were investigated. The ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of mixed WS increased following APS > PMS > WMS when they were equal. The ratio of bridging-oxygen bonds and nonbridging-oxygen bonds of WS mixture decreased more obviously with APS addition than that of MWS, causing the WS-APS mixture AFT increased more quickly than that of WS-MWS. The formations of high melting-point (MP) KAlSiO 4 , MgAl 2 O 4 and their increasing contents by APS addition resulted in the AFT increased obviously; the increase in relative high MP Ca 3 MgSi 2 O 8 caused the AFT increase moderately with increasing PMS percentage; with MWS addition, the increasing CaMgSiO 4 content led to a slow increase in the AFTs. The variations in liquid-phase content in the WS mixtures based on FactSage calculation were also explained the AFT variations. • Three sludge all made the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of wheat straw mixture increase. • The increase followed sludge of aluminum plant (APS), paper-making, municipal sewage (MS). • NBO/BO ratio decreasing degree with APS or WMS addition explained AFT variation difference. • Formations of high melting point aluminum- or calcium-mineral caused the AFT increase. • Variations in mineral composition and liquid-phase content illustrated the AFT change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral science offers several ideas about what it takes to get people to vaccinate. Colleagues and I previously reviewed the evidence for these propositions and put forward what has become known as the Increasing Vaccination Model. To make the model more accessible to practitioners, the current paper summarizes the main insights from the earlier work. First, observational studies show clearly that thoughts and feelings are correlated with vaccine uptake. Such constructs include perceived risk of harm from infectious disease and confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy. However, interventions have not generally shown that changing thoughts and feelings increases vaccine uptake. Second, social processes are promising in observational studies. Such constructs include social norms, altruism, and sharing through social media. More research is needed in this promising area before it will be possible to conclude whether social processes are effective intervention targets. Third, interventions that directly change behavior—without trying to change what people think or feel or their social experience—are reliably effective ways to increase vaccine uptake. Such interventions include reminders, defaults, and vaccine requirements. Finally, the most potent intervention for increasing vaccine uptake is a health care provider recommendation, but it is still unclear whether such recommendations are effective because they increase confidence, set a social norm, or reflect a direct behavior change technique. The paper ends by describing use of the model by a World Health Organization working group as it considers opportunities to address low vaccination uptake globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigates the impact of simple behavioural modifications on crowd evacuation efficiency. • Significant improvements in evacuation efficiency through behavioural interventions. • Influencing exit choice adaptation resulted in higher efficiency gains compared to exit choice. • Partial adoption of beneficial strategies can still enhance evacuation outcomes. • Poor strategies can have more detrimental effects than the benefits of good strategies. Crowded environments are inherently vulnerable to a range of risks, including earthquakes, fires, violent attacks, and terrorism. In such scenarios, every second counts in an evacuation, as it can significantly impact the number of lives saved. This paper introduces a novel approach to optimising crowd evacuation processes, focusing on behavioural modification rather than traditional methods such as mathematical optimisation models or architectural adjustments. We propose that by altering the behaviours of individuals within a crowd, overall system efficiency can be enhanced from within. We explore the effects of imparting simple, easily understandable strategies or instructions to individuals that can improve evacuation efficiency. The current work concentrates on how modifications in individual decision-making— namely, exit-choice and exit-choice-changing behaviour — can influence evacuation dynamics. We present the results of six major evacuation experiments, encompassing nearly 100 experimental scenarios and repetitions, which specifically investigate the effect of influencing exit choice and adaptation in exit-choice behaviour. The investigation revolves around three core questions: (a) the impact of effective strategies (b) the potential consequences of detrimental strategies, indicative of common misconceptions or poor advice, and (c) the influence of varying levels of strategy adoption, examining how system efficiency changes as more individuals embrace either beneficial or harmful strategies. The findings indicate that behavioural modification can substantially influence evacuation efficiency. Interestingly, the negative impact of poor strategies outweighs the benefits of effective ones. With respect to beneficial strategies, a significant increase in efficiency is observed at initial and intermediate levels of strategy adoption/uptake, suggesting that complete compliance is not necessary to enhance overall system performance. The benefit of influencing decision adaptation behaviour is considerably more tangible than influencing exit choice behaviour. These insights establish a novel perspective in evacuation safety. They lay a foundational framework for developing targeted public education and training programs based on empirical evidence. They highlight the importance of awareness and self-regulation among crowds, showcasing their potential to significantly increase both efficiency and safety in evacuation scenarios, potentially saving lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undesirable companion dog behaviours negatively impact the lives of both owners and dogs. Therefore, it is imperative that behaviour modification interventions are researched to establish effectiveness. Counterconditioning is commonly recommended for modification of a broad range of undesirable dog behaviours, however, to date, no comprehensive review has investigated the effectiveness of this technique. This study aimed to evaluate the existing literature on counterconditioning interventions for dog behaviour modification, adopting broad inclusion criteria. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 12 peer-reviewed papers and 2 dissertations were identified. A review of these 14 studies found that there were discrepancies in the definitions and applications of counterconditioning-based interventions. These discrepancies were based on the contingency with which dogs received reinforcement and could be categorised into classical and operant counterconditioning methodologies. The majority of the studies resulted in positive outcomes, particularly when addressing undesirable kennel behaviours and aggressive behaviours towards other dogs or household visitors. However, separation-related behaviours were found to be more resistant to change. Furthermore, heterogeneity in intervention techniques, reliance on expert implementation or instruction, and small sample sizes, limit the generalisability of the results. Our review confirms the effectiveness of counterconditioning in reducing undesirable dog behaviours, however it is essential that future studies clearly detail all aspects of the intervention, such that methodologies can be accurately understood, applied, and compared. Future research should also focus on increasing sample sizes and including physiological measures of stress of participating dogs. • Research investigating counterconditioning for dog behaviour modification was reviewed. • There was marked variation in the definitions and applications of counterconditioning. • These applications can be categorised as classical or operant counterconditioning. • Heterogeneity in interventions makes conclusions on effectiveness of techniques difficult. • Semantic clarity is essential in further dog behavioural intervention research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adopting a healthy behavior implies a multitude of challenges for individuals. • Unfortunately, medical advice and prescriptions do not guarantee lifestyle changes. • Gynecologists do not possess sufficient expertise in behavioral modification. • Health psychologists specialize in helping people modify health-related behaviors. • Gynecologists can work in alliance with health psychologists to enrich women's health. Adopting healthy behaviors is a multifaceted and complex process that poses significant challenges for individuals. Despite awareness of the detrimental effects of certain behaviors on health, many individuals continue to engage in risky practices. Traditional medical advice and prescriptions, while well intentioned, often fall short in fostering lasting lifestyle changes. Although individuals may also have good intentions, solely relying on doctor's counsel does not ensure successful lifestyle adjustments. One primary reason for this limitation is the lack of specialized expertise in behavioral modification among gynecologists and healthcare providers. Health psychologists are specialized professionals capable of effectively guiding and assisting individuals in modifying health-related behaviors. Their expertise in behavior change strategies and psychological interventions proves invaluable in empowering individuals to embrace healthier lifestyles and contributes to people's well-being. This paper emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts between medical professionals, such as gynecologists, and health psychologists to promote healthy behaviors among peri- and postmenopausal women and enhance women's health. By forging integrative alliances, they can develop comprehensive and tailored interventions. By bridging the gap between medical advice and behavior modification, this collaborative effort has the potential to ensure a more effective intervention process. This holistic approach not only addresses women's specific health needs but also fosters sustainable behavior change when promoting healthy behaviors among middle-aged women. The ultimate goal of such a synergy is to improve women's health outcomes and contribute to a healthier society overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper articulates a case for prioritizing prevention of violence against children (VAC) at schools in resource poor environments of developing countries. The first section makes a broad case for why it is important to focus on schools as an entry point for preventing VAC. The second section discusses how the whole school approaches prevalent in developed nations such as Positive Behavioral Intervention Support (PBIS) can be adapted and contextualized for resource poor environments. The paper delineates between school climate and the operational culture of a school and discusses why practical approaches tend to address the latter. The final section of the paper discusses an evidence-based example of such an approach; the Good School Toolkit for preventing VAC at schools in resource poor environments. The paper concludes by articulating strategic considerations to bear in mind when designing such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Reviews the current status of the behavior system for sexual learning. • In addition to reviewing research with quail (which was the focus of prior paper), in this treatment research with rats is also incorporated into the characterization of the behavior system. • Unlike prior papers which dealt primarily with sexual learning in males, in this review we also discuss in detail sexual learning in females. • For the first time the characterization of the sexual learning system includes detailed information on how learning facilitates fertilization and reproductive success. • Although much progress has been made in characterizing the sexual learning system, we include an extensive section discussing areas for future research. • A new perspective on how sexual learning can contribute to evolutionary change is included. Abstract In this paper we review and update evidence relevant to formulating a behavior system for sexual learning. We emphasize behavioral rather than neurobiological evidence and mechanisms. Our analysis focuses on three types of responses or response modes: general search, focal search, and consummatory or copulatory behavior. We consider how these response modes are influenced by three categories of stimuli: spatially distributed contextual cues, arbitrary localized stimuli, and species-typical cues provided by the sexual partner. We characterize behavior control by these types of stimuli before and after various Pavlovian conditioning procedures in which the unconditioned stimulus is provided by copulation with a sexual partner. The results document extensive Pavlovian modifications of sexual behavior. These conditioning effects reflect new conditioned responses that come to be elicited by various categories of stimuli. In addition, the conditioning of contextual cues and localized stimuli facilitate sexual responding to species-typical cues. Thus, learning experiences enhance how the species-typical cues of a sexual partner stimulate sexual behavior. These modulatory conditioning effects not only produce significant behavioral changes but also increase rates of fertilization of eggs and numbers of offspring produced. These latter findings suggest that sexual learning can lead to differential reproductive success, which in turn can contribute to evolutionary change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among adolescents, interpersonal trauma has been associated with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and impairments across multiple domains of functioning (e.g., Derosa, Amaya-Jackson & Layne, 2013; Ford, Courtois, Steele, van der Hart, & Nijenhuis, 2005; van der Kolk, 2005). Such difficulties can include high-risk behaviors such as active suicidality (Middlebrooks & Audage, 2008) and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI; Hu, Taylor, Li, & Glauert, 2017). While there have been many advances in the treatment of trauma, treatment dropout for adolescents seeking trauma-informed treatment is predicted by diagnostic comorbidity and complexity (Sprang et al., 2013), as well as the number of traumatic events endorsed (Wamser-Nanney & Steinzor, 2016). Many traumatized adolescents with high-risk behaviors are referred to Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT-A). However, DBT-A does not yet include a specific, evidence-based protocol for treating PTSD, without which treatment gains may not be sustained for traumatized adolescents (Harned, Korslund, & Linehan, 2014). While Prolonged Exposure (PE) is indicated as the gold-standard treatment for PTSD and has proven effective for adolescents (PE-A; Foa, McLean, Capaldi, & Rosenfield, 2013), it has not yet been validated with adolescents who are actively suicidal. However, PE has successfully been integrated within DBT for adults with co-occurring Borderline Personality Disorder and PTSD (e.g., DBT-PE; Harned et al., 2014). Based upon this model, the current paper proposes the integration of DBT-A and PE-A to treat adolescents with interpersonal trauma who also present with high-risk behaviors. The paper discusses anticipated complications related to adapting this model for adolescents and provides direction for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviour, practices and culture constitute a powerful human factor in the energy system; in particular the interactions between technologies, practices and norms lock individuals in to certain patterns of (often inefficient) energy use. Consequently, behaviour change has gained traction amongst policymakers as a key area of intervention given the impact energy-related behaviours have on climate change. Given the increasing emphasis within policy perspectives in the European Union, it is surprising that a gap in understanding of the success factors of behaviour change initiatives remains. This paper addresses this gap by identifying and characterising behaviour change initiatives across five European countries (the UK, Ireland, France, Italy, and Spain). The paper provides insights into the success factors and commonly encountered barriers to behaviour change initiatives. Initiatives are classified into 6 broad categories (community-based interventions; information and awareness based interventions; eco-districts; show-case events; energy switching; and smart-technology focused interventions). The results suggest that there are significant knowledge gaps between what is known to work to engage individuals in behavioural change and what is currently being applied in practice. An over-reliance on education and awareness-raising projects is evident, illustrating that such projects do not sufficiently aim for sustained behavioural changes. A dearth of projects incorporating fiscal measures, regulations or legislation to drive behaviour change reflects reluctance on behalf of decision-makers to engage widely with diverse approaches to foster lifestyle change. This paper contributes understandings of the different models and delivery tools employed to change energy-related behaviours; insights into the critical success factors that underpin best practice and the barriers to action; and a ‘what works in practice’ overview of the meaningful approaches to change behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical thinking is a higher order mental function influenced by social factors and performed within a social context. The aim of this paper is to suggest guidelines for critical thinking education on the grounds of social psychological theories of behavior change. Based on reviews of literature on the Reasoned Action Approach (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2011), and Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986), this paper suggests that educators should direct learners’ attention to concrete and good models of critical thinking as well as their positive consequences through various sources. Guiding learners to be mindful about social pressures and their own personal biases that inhibit critical thinking should also facilitate critical thinking in actual circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encouraging people to self-incentivize (i.e., to reward themselves in the future if they are successful in changing their behavior) or self-reward (i.e., prompt people to reward themselves once they have successfully changed their behavior) are techniques that are frequently embedded within complex behavior change interventions. However, it is not clear whether self-incentives or self-rewards per se are effective at bringing about behavior change. Nine databases were searched alongside manual searching of systematic reviews and online research registers. One thousand four hundred papers were retrieved, spanning a range of behaviors, though the majority of included papers were in the domain of "health psychology". Ten studies matched the inclusion criteria for self-incentive but no studies were retrieved for self-reward. The present systematic review and meta-analysis is therefore the first to evaluate the unique effect of self-incentives on behavior change. Effect sizes were retrieved from 7 of the 10 studies. Analysis of the 7 studies produced a very small pooled effect size for self-incentives (k = 7, N = 1,161), which was statistically significant, d+ = 0.17, CI [0.06, 0.29]. The weak effect size and dearth of studies raises the question of why self-incentivizing is such a widely employed component of behavior change interventions. The present research opens up a new field of inquiry to establish: (a) whether or not self-incentivizing and self-rewarding are effective behavior change techniques, (b) whether self-incentives and self-rewards need to be deployed alongside other behavior change techniques, and, (c) when and for whom self-incentives and self-rewards could support effective behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large-scale transition of food consumption in high-income countries is required to mitigate adverse impacts on the climate and the environment. To further understand which actions can contribute to triggering societal tipping in sustainability transitions empirical observations and a closer link to existing theories is urgently needed. We integrate renowned models of behavior change, food consumption, and marketing into the framework of positive tipping points in sustainability transitions using an empirical analysis of four case studies from Denmark. The proposed framework specifies enabling conditions, interventions, and reinforcing feedback. The case studies suggest that the factors identified from existing consumer-oriented theoretical frameworks can lead to societal tipping points. Also, the transition to sustainable food consumption requires not only engagement from all groups of actors—business/industry, policy, civil society, and consumers—but also pooling and aligning the available resources to trigger a societal tipping point. The case studies provide interesting examples of how influential single players can scale up system change. The paper concludes with a critical reflection of tipping points in sustainability transitions of the food system. • Transition research benefits from insights on consumers' behavioral drivers. • A mix of interventions is needed to accelerate the transition of the food system. • Level of policy commitment determines the speed of the transition. • A radical step by a large retail chain will likely cause positive cascading effects. • Strong formalized networks foster vertical and horizontal cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Brief interventions delivered by doctors and other healthcare practitioners might be meaningfully enhanced by understanding what individual experiences might lead patients to cut down. The aim of the current paper was to explore the experiences that might lead people to reduce their alcohol consumption and to compare these findings between respondents from 21 different countries.Methods: Global Drug Survey is an online cross sectional, opportunistic anonymous survey. This paper includes 72,209 respondents from 21 counties with over 250 respondents (60.8% male).Results: Almost a third (32.9%) of participants reported that they would like to drink less alcohol over the next 12months, and a third thought their GP would tell them to cut down if they were honest about their drinking. The primary experiences that were rated as most likely to lead to a change in behaviour were related to physical health, sexual assault and having to seek emergency medical treatment. Respondents from Germany were more likely to select embarrassment as a motivation to reduce drinking than those from other counties. Females were more likely to report indicate motivations related to sexual regret, sexual assault or seeking treatment. Older participants and those in the low risk audit category were more likely to report embarrassment or forgetfulness as potential motivation for change.Conclusion: Understanding the different motivations that may lead individuals to change their drinking behaviours can be used to inform targeted brief interventions and targeted public health guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Communication errors have a negative impact on patient safety. It is therefore essential that healthcare professionals have the skills and confidence to speak up assertively when patient safety is at risk. Although the facilitators to and barriers of assertive communication have been the subject of previous reviews, evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions designed to enhance assertive communication is lacking. Thus, this paper reports the findings from a systematic review of the effectiveness of assertiveness communication training programs for healthcare professionals and students. Objective The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesise the best available quantitative evidence in relation to the effectiveness of assertiveness communication training programs for healthcare professionals and students on levels of assertiveness, communication competence and impact on clinicians’ behaviours and patient safety. Data sources The databases included: CINAHL, Cochrane library, EMBASE, Informit health collection, MEDLINE, ProQuest nursing and allied health, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. The search for unpublished studies included: MedNar, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. Studies published in English from 2001 until 2016 inclusive were considered. Study eligibility criteria The review included original quantitative research that evaluated (a) any type of independent assertiveness communication training program; and (b) programs with assertiveness training included as a core component of team skills or communication training for healthcare professionals and students, regardless of healthcare setting and level of qualification of participants. Study appraisal and synthesis methods Studies selected based on eligibility criteria were assessed for methodological quality and the data were extracted by two independent researchers using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal and data extraction tools. Results Eleven papers were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. Eight papers from the USA, Australia, Ireland, and Taiwan were included in the review. Conclusions Interventions to improve assertive communication were reported to be effective to some degree with all targeted groups except experienced anaesthesiologists. Face-to-face and multimethod programs, support from leaders, teamwork skills training and communication techniques adapted from the aviation industry were identified as appropriate approaches for optimising the effectiveness of assertiveness communication training programs. Behavioural change as the result of assertiveness interventions was evaluated by observer-based rating scales during simulation, whilst self-perceived knowledge and attitudes were evaluated using validated scales. Future research should consider evaluation of sustained effect on behaviour change and patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, risk management strategies to minimize total damage due to COVID-19 are proposed. Total damage includes direct and indirect damage by infection and regulation respectively. The regulation of people's activities involves trade-offs between direct and indirect damage; thus, risk management should consider them. In implementing risk management strategies, the government must engage in risk communication to change people's behavior. Furthermore, the expansion of medical capacity is also necessary for risk management. The theoretical mechanisms of how medical capacity expansion reduces optimal total damage due to COVID-19 and the optimal level of regulation is described. • A risk management strategy to minimize total damage due to COVID-19 is proposed. • Regulation of people's activities involves trade-offs between direct damage by infection and indirect damage by regulation. • Risk communication for behavioral change is indispensable in risk management. • Expanding medical capacity is necessary for risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal travel planning (PTP) is generally regarded as an effective approach to voluntary travel behavior change in the domain of transportation research. However, this view has recently been challenged by findings from another research domain, public health research, reporting little or no effect of PTP-based interventions. We argue that these conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of PTP-based measures are due to different understandings of which research designs should be used: Transportation research tends to be based on large-scale quasi-experimental designs whereas public health research tends to favor experimental designs such as randomized control trials (RCTs). Consequently, we argue, the discrepancy may at least partly be resolved by a more nuanced position on what empirical evidence really matters when evaluating if an intervention is effective or not. In the empirical part of the paper, we meta-analytically re-analyze ten quasi-experimental PTP evaluation studies and report an experimental RCT-based study testing the effectiveness of a PTP strategy implemented in a major German city. Including all information in one meta-analytical synthesis yields a standardized effect size estimate of Cohen’s h = 0.12, documenting a small but reliable effect of PTP interventions. When implementing a PTP like one of those analyzed in this paper, in other words, we can expect an average reduction of the car modal split share of about 5 percentage points. We close by discussing the implications of our results for future PTP evaluation studies and the dispute about what kind of empirical evidence really matters when evaluating the effectiveness of PTP measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a global health issue that affects 2.1 billion people worldwide and has an economic impact of approximately $2 trillion. It is a disease that can make the aging process worse by impairing physical function, which can lead to people becoming more frail and immobile. Nevertheless, it is envisioned that technology can be used to aid in motivating behavioural changes to combat this preventable condition. The ubiquitous presence of wearable and mobile devices has enabled a continual stream of quantifiable data (e.g. physiological signals) to be collected about ourselves. This data can then be used to monitor physical activity to aid in self-reflection and motivation to alter behaviour. However, such information is susceptible to noise interference, which makes processing and extracting knowledge from such data challenging. This paper posits our approach that collects and processes physiological data that has been collected from tri-axial accelerometers and a heart-rate monitor, to detect physical activity. Furthermore, an end-user use case application has also been proposed that integrates these findings into a smartwatch visualization. This provides a method of visualising the results to the user so that they are able to gain an overview of their activity. The goal of the paper has been to evaluate the performance of supervised machine learning in distinguishing physical activity. This has been achieved by (i) focusing on wearable sensors to collect data and using our methodology to process this raw lifelogging data so that features can be extracted/selected. (ii) Undertaking an evaluation between ten supervised learning classifiers to determine their accuracy in detecting human activity. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, this evaluation has been performed across a baseline method and two other methods. (iii) Undertaking an evaluation of the processing time of the approach and the smartwatch battery and network cost analysis between transferring data from the smartwatch to the phone. The results of the classifier evaluations indicate that our approach shows an improvement on existing studies, with accuracies of up to 99% and sensitivities of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make better use of the available transport options, travel behaviour change programmes have been introduced to educate travellers about non-car modes. They aim to encourage people to use public transport, cycling and walking more often, in order to produce a better balanced transport system. Nevertheless, the private motor vehicle is here to stay. It is the most appropriate mode for some trips, albeit not necessarily all those for which it is currently used. However, research shows that motorists who have their erroneous expectations of public transport corrected are more likely to use it thereafter, than those who do not. This suggests that to maximise the use of modes other than the car, motorists need up to date knowledge and experience of them. Travel behaviour change programmes encourage people to expand their experience of the non-car modes but are designed to correct the overuse of cars rather than prevent it. In this paper, the phrase ‘travel competence’ is used to describe the abilities which will allow travellers to make informed choices amongst all the available modes. This will discourage initial excessive use of the car. The paper then discusses the advantages of travel competence, the role that government and transport operators have in enhancing travel competence and minimising the skills required to use any mode. The possibility of utilising the level of travel competence required to use a transport system as a measure of its quality is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) counselling research has mainly focused on identifying which behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are delivered by a counsellor. Less is known about how BCTs are received by clients. State Space Grids (SSGs) is a dynamic system method that can be used to study counsellor-client interactions by examining frequencies, durations and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt. In this methods paper, we show how SSG methods can be pragmatically used to characterize counsellor-client interactions during a PA behavioural support intervention for adults with disabilities. Methods were demonstrated through a secondary analysis of data from adults with spinal cord injury (age: 45.79 ± 13.63; females: n = 5; males: n = 9) who received PA counselling. Transcripts of 30 audio-recorded counselling sessions (total duration: ∼8.3 h) were double-coded for BCT delivery and receipt statements using a reliable coding method (>84% agreement) and analyzed in two different ways using SSGs methods. Applying the SSG analyses to our data demonstrated that frequencies, durations, and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt varied largely within and between dyads. Across all sessions, the counsellor and client spent on average 32–34% of their time on talking about BCTs related to goals and planning, ∼29% of their time talking about other BCTs (e.g., self-belief, support strategies), and the remaining 27–29% of their time talking about other topics (not BCT-specific). This paper showed how dynamic system methods can be pragmatically used to characterize counsellor-client interactions and illustrate the variability of how BCTs are delivered by a counsellor and received by clients in a PA behavioural support intervention. We demonstrated that SSGs methods can facilitate the examination of frequencies, durations and sequences of BCT delivery and receipt can help advance our understanding of PA behavioural support for adults with and without disabilities. • First using State Space Grids in exercise counselling in clients with disabilities. • Demonstration of how behaviour change techniques are delivered and received. • Show how State Space Grids may advance science and practice of exercise counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper analyzes a unique data set that details the daily advertisements on Information, Education and Communication (IEC) material to avert heat stroke mortality in different media used by the state government of Odisha, India and the actual daily heat-wave mortalities in the state over a period of eight years. The paper then investigates the relative effectiveness of the different media in reducing mortality econometrically. The government adopted awareness generation as an adaptation strategy for heat waves in the year 2003 and intensified the use of public media from 2007 when multiple newspapers and radio and television channels were used for dissemination. I analyze the district-level daily death occurrences due to heat stroke using both linear and non-linear econometric models. Media used on the same day or on previous days are represented in the models by grouping them as either print, audio or video media. The data used is a daily panel data set consisting of only summer days (15th March–20th June) for the years 2005–12 for each of the 30 districts of the state. The estimated models account for the gap in data and the multidimensional nature of the panel (days, months, years). The results show the repeated use of video media to be the most effective in reducing deaths followed by newspapers and radio. The paper’s novel contribution is the use of secondary data to evaluate media and compare media effect of public health communication strategies in a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is one in a series developed through a process of expert consensus to provide an overview of questions of current importance in research into engagement with digital behavior change interventions, identifying guidance based on research to date and priority topics for future research. The first part of this paper critically reflects on current approaches to conceptualizing and measuring engagement. Next, issues relevant to promoting effective engagement are discussed, including how best to tailor to individual needs and combine digital and human support. A key conclusion with regard to conceptualizing engagement is that it is important to understand the relationship between engagement with the digital intervention and the desired behavior change. This paper argues that it may be more valuable to establish and promote "effective engagement," rather than simply more engagement, with "effective engagement" defined empirically as sufficient engagement with the intervention to achieve intended outcomes. Appraisal of the value and limitations of methods of assessing different aspects of engagement highlights the need to identify valid and efficient combinations of measures to develop and test multidimensional models of engagement. The final section of the paper reflects on how interventions can be designed to fit the user and their specific needs and context. Despite many unresolved questions posed by novel and rapidly changing technologies, there is widespread consensus that successful intervention design demands a user-centered and iterative approach to development, using mixed methods and in-depth qualitative research to progressively refine the intervention to meet user requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Games-based Learning (GBL) has developed a reputation with educationalists it is perceived as a potentially engaging form of supplementary learning that could enhance the educational process and has been used at all levels of education including primary, secondary and tertiary education. Despite this recognition and utilisation there is still a lack of empirical evidence supporting GBL as an approach. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review performed from 2000 to 2013 specifically looking at quality empirical studies associated with the application of GBL in Primary Education (PE) categorising studies into: behavioural change, affective and motivational outcomes, perceptual and cognitive skills and knowledge acquisition and content understanding. This paper presents a synthesis of these high quality studies associated with GBL. The studies showed that GBL have been used to teach a variety of subjects to children and young people in PE with mathematics, science, language and social studies being the most popular. However, the analysis shows that more Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) studies should be performed comparing GBL to traditional teaching approaches to ascertain if GBL is a useful, viable teaching approach at PE level; there is a distinct lack of longitudinal studies and further longitudinal studies are required; further studies are required looking at whether there are pedagogical benefits of using 2D or 3D games at PE level to assess if 3D immersive games are indeed necessary; further studies are also required to perform comparisons between single and collaborative play and to identify the pedagogical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-management support is person-centred care reinforcing patient autonomy. • Avoid strong clinician control and help patients developing self-efficacy. • Let patients' value-based goals and shared decisions guide management. • Help patients make sense of symptoms and reframe unhelpful perspectives. Use supervised exercises as a tool to practice problem-solving skills A paradigm shift away from clinician-led management of people with chronic disorders to people playing a key role in their own care has been advocated. At the same time, good health is recognised as the ability to adapt to changing life circumstances and to self-manage. Under this paradigm, successful management of persistent back pain is not mainly about clinicians diagnosing and curing patients, but rather about a partnership where clinicians help individuals live good lives despite back pain. In this paper, we discuss why there is a need for clinicians to engage in supporting self-management for people with persistent back pain and which actions clinicians can take to integrate self-management support in their care for people with back pain. People with low back pain (LBP) self-manage their pain most of the time. Therefore, clinicians and health systems should empower them to do it well and provide knowledge and skills to make good decisions related to LBP and general health. Self-management does not mean that people are alone and without health care, rather it empowers people to know when to consult for diagnostic assessment, symptom relief, or advice. A shift in health care paradigm and clinicians' roles is not only challenging for individual clinicians, it requires organisational support in clinical settings and health systems. Currently, there is no clear evidence showing how exactly LBP self-management is most effectively supported in clinical practice, but core elements have been identified that involve working with cognitions related to pain, behaviour change, and patient autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the ash fusion temperature (AFT) modification of high calcium Huolinhe lignite (HLH) with the addition of high aluminum Datong coal (DTC) and their corresponding mechanisms were investigated by an AFT tester, X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectrometer, and FactSage software. The AFTs of HLH mixtures increased gradually with the increasing DTC mass ratio due to their corresponding decrease in the total basic oxide content of CaO, MgO, Fe 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, and K 2 O. The formations and content increases of high melting-point minerals (anorthite, cordierite, and mullite), the gradual decrease in the ratios of no bridging-oxide bond/bridging-oxide bond (NBO/BO), and an increase in the R (R = (Q3 + Q2)/(Q1 + Q0)) value resulted in the increases in the AFT and ash viscosity. Considering the variations in the characteristics of AFT and ash viscosity, the 40.0–50.0 % DTC mass ratio might be suitable for HLH entrained-flow bed (EFB) gasification. The combination of AFT measurement and ash viscosity predication using FactSage provided a simple method to determine whether ash characteristics of coal were suitable for EFB gasification. • Huolinhe coal ash fusion temperature (AFT) increased gradually with Datong coal (DTC) addition. • Generations of anorthite and mullite and their content increase caused the increases in the AFTs. • Viscosity-temperature variation of Huolinhe coal mixtures was predicted with adding DTC shares. • The rising R (R = (Q3 + Q2)/(Q1 + Q0)) value resulted in the AFT and ash viscosity increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restriction of potentially lethal means during periods of high risk has been identified as one of the more promising suicide prevention strategies. The purpose of this paper is to introduce clinicians to means restriction counseling and to describe a Motivational Interviewing (MI) based approach for use with ambivalent or challenging patients. This paper examines empirical support behind legislative efforts for means restriction along with the limitations. It explains the need for means restriction counseling with adults and requisite challenges. For patients who are reluctant, it describes an MI-based approach to means restriction counseling and provides a case example. By the end of the paper, readers should be aware of the potential importance of means restriction counseling and the possible use of an MI-based approach with challenging patients. Means restriction counseling is a promising clinical intervention for suicidal patients and research on MI-based and other approaches is sorely needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder associated with poor functional outcomes and high utilization of behavioral health services. Contingency management strategies are one of the four primary change procedures in DBT. This paper provides an overview of the use of contingency management strategies in DBT with a particular focus on how adjunctive treatments can be utilized as a reinforcer for positive behavior change. We focus specifically on two adjunctive DBT treatments with evidence of efficacy, including the DBT Prolonged Exposure protocol (DBT PE), which targets PTSD, and DBT–Accepting the Challenges of Exiting the System (DBT-ACES), which targets getting off of psychiatric disability by obtaining and maintaining employment. This paper describes how contingency management strategies are used to help clients make the changes necessary to become eligible to receive these adjunctive treatments, as well as the process of clarifying and managing contingencies to maintain and increase adaptive behaviors as these treatments are implemented. Considerations for how DBT therapists and larger health systems can apply contingency management strategies to enhance behavioral capabilities in the treatment of individuals with BPD are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Beliefs are an important target for the management of musculoskeletal pain. • Behavioural learning is key to elicit and disconfirm unhelpful beliefs. • We propose key principles to guide clinicians in promoting behavioural change. • A case illustrates the role beliefs have on musculoskeletal pain management. Beliefs about the body and pain play a powerful role in behavioural and emotional responses to musculoskeletal pain. What a person believes and how they respond to their musculoskeletal pain can influence how disabled they will be by pain. Importantly, beliefs are modifiable and are therefore considered an important target for the treatment of pain-related disability. Clinical guidelines recommend addressing unhelpful beliefs as the first line of treatment in all patients presenting with musculoskeletal pain. However, many clinicians hold unhelpful beliefs themselves; while others feel ill-equipped to explore and target the beliefs driving unhelpful responses to pain. As a result, clinicians may reinforce unhelpful beliefs, behaviours and resultant disability among the patients they treat. To assist clinicians, in Part 1 of this paper we discuss what beliefs are; how they are formed; the impact they can have on a person's behaviour, emotional responses and outcomes of musculoskeletal pain. In Part 2, we discuss how we can address beliefs in clinical practice. A clinical case is used to illustrate the critical role that beliefs can have on a person's journey from pain and disability to recovery. We encourage clinicians to exercise self-reflection to explore their own beliefs and better understand their biases, which may influence their management of patients with musculoskeletal pain. We suggest actions that may benefit their practice, and we propose key principles to guide a process of behavioural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effects of basalt fibers lengths on the consolidation of reconstituted soils were studied. • The variation of the amount of stabilizing agents to fiber-reinforced soil was investigated. • The availability of chemical compounds from pozzolanic reactions was established. • Prediction equations for compressive index based on the experimental data were formulated. • The most suitable and high-strength smart material with improved properties was identified. The development of reinforcement techniques in soils with various fibers has been a common practice since the early days. Recently, fibers and materials considered waste are being used to develop sustainable solutions in designing new soil reinforcing and stabilizing materials. In this paper, an investigation has been carried out to evaluate the dimensional influence of basalt fiber on the compressibility and swelling of soils stabilized with rice husk ash (RHA) and cement. Incorporating a nominal dosage of basalt fibers into the soil–cement-RHA composite produces a strong composite with smart material properties. Specimen containing expansive clay soil, basalt fibers (lengths 3 mm, 6 mm, 12 mm), RHA (5%, 10%, and 15%), and cement (3%), in their specified combinations, were prepared and tested. The influence of fiber length and variation of RHA-cement content was quantified using the consolidation curves (compression curves and normalized compression curves), compression index, and swelling index, which provided a detailed behavioral modification upon consolidation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were also used to examine the reconstituted soil structure and chemical components. It is demonstrated that a reconstituted clay soil combination of 12 mm basalt fibers, 5% RHA, and 3% cement, enhanced the ultimate yield pressures and the resistance to excessive swelling. This paper emphasized the projected responses during the loading and unloading phases on the specimen and discussed the consolidation characteristics of the newly reconstituted soil composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognized challenges in promoting long-term physical activity maintenance may be due to inconsistencies in the conceptualization and operationalization of behavior maintenance terminology in physical activity research. The overall goal of this paper is to propose a framework and agenda for the development of a common set of terms, definitions, and measures for physical activity maintenance concepts that can be widely tested and evaluated. To initiate this effort, this paper (1) provides an overview of conceptual and operational definitions of physical activity maintenance used in the empirical literature, (2) evaluates whether behavior maintenance terms used in addiction science can be translated to physical activity, (3) recommends research directions for developing consensus definitions of physical activity maintenance, and (4) proposes a conceptual model of physical activity maintenance with inflection points that require operational definitions to be decided upon through consensus efforts in the field. Consensus over the conceptualization and operationalization of physical activity maintenance is needed to draw conclusions regarding which policies and programs are best able to promote long-term behavior change. • Long-term maintenance of physical activity is necessary for disease prevention. • There is some disagreement over the conceptual definition of physical activity maintenance. • The field has yet to adopt a common set of operational definitions for physical activity maintenance. • Operational definitions may not translate from addiction science to physical activity. • Consensus over physical activity maintenance is needed to develop effective interventions and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluate interventions to prepare preceptors for their role in undergraduate health student clinical education. Preceptor training and development are crucial to quality clinical learning experiences for undergraduate health students. The efficacy of education interventions designed for preceptors and use of reliable, valid outcome measures are unclear. A systematic literature review informed by PRISMA Guidelines. Major databases CINAHL, Medline and Google Scholar were searched between January 2010 and November 2021. 1253 articles were initially retrieved. Removal of duplicates and screening by title, abstract and keywords yielded 156 papers. Twenty-one papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were assessed using an adapted 'Critical Appraisal Checklist for Reports of Educational Interventions' and the New World Kirkpatrick Model. Most interventions were developed for the nursing profession and evaluated using pre-post-test (86%) or post-test only (5%). Two studies were considered high quality. Most studies (81%) reported positive short-term impact on preceptor knowledge, skills, attitudes and confidence. Two thirds (62%) of included studies measured preceptor behaviour change. No study measured impact related to quality of health care. Small sample sizes limited inferential analyses. Psychometric testing of tools to measure preceptor outcomes was inconsistent and validity and reliability were not reported in most studies. Structure and content of interventions were diverse and lacked rigour in outcome measurement. Most interventions demonstrated some positive impact on preceptor development. Objective measures determining longer term impact or how enhanced preceptor development translated into quality clinical student learning support was lacking. Future research should consider how best to measure the impact of educational interventions on broader outcomes such as quality of client care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) allow individuals to see, hear, and feel digital stimuli as if they were in the physical world. Two studies tested the power of embodied experiences within IVEs by comparing the effects of cutting a virtual tree against reading a print description or watching a video depiction of the tree-cutting process to encourage paper conservation. Experiment 1 found that IVEs led participants to consume 20% less paper than participants who read a print description of tree cutting. Experiment 2 demonstrated that IVEs elicited greater self-reported internal environmental locus of control and self-reported environmental behaviors than print and video messages one week following the virtual experience. Moreover, internal environmental locus of control served as a mediator, driving environmental behaviors. We discuss the implications of using embodied experiences for behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on conformity bias, a kind of bounded rationality of humans, and addresses the two fundamental questions: How does the bias affect decision making by large population from a control theoretic viewpoint, and how can we lead the biased decision makers to a desired state? We approach these issues based on the notion of passivity. To this end, we first formulate two population dynamics with conformity biases. The models are then analyzed based on so-called δ -passivity, where it is revealed that the conformity biases work to break passivity of decision makers. Based on the passivity perspective, we propose mechanisms so as to lead decision makers to a desired population state. Furthermore, we analyze convergence properties of the designed mechanisms while revealing conditions for guaranteeing stable inducements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a 12-min video-recorded interaction among a patient (KN) in a disordered state of consciousness (DOC) and a speech language pathologist clinician (CL) that takes place in a medical rehabilitation setting. The video is a demonstration of how caregivers could use a clinical assessment to observe their loved one's behavior to communicate potential behavioral changes to healthcare professionals. The purpose of this paper is to make visible the communication practices used by participants that may not be obvious to researchers, medical rehabilitation practitioners, and clinical assessment developers. We use phenomenological, linguistic and conversation analytic approaches to analyze the interaction. We found that KN demonstrates multiple conversational competencies, some (but not all) of which are acknowledged by CL, and most of which are not directly addressed by the assessment scoring criteria. For example, KN demonstrates conversational competency by responding non-verbally to CL's prompts from the assessment protocol and following along with the unspoken rules of discourse. He does this primarily through gaze, which broadcasts the focus of his attention and actively signals his participation in the conversation. Though KN does not always respond correctly to CL's questions, he nevertheless demonstrates implicit conversational competencies during turns of talk such as returning to 'neutral' position which signals the completion of a turn of talk. KN's conversational competencies may be missed by CL and the assessment protocol but we argue that they are important in understanding KN's capacity. Our analyses show that competency is not simply a performance by one person who appropriately and correctly responds to a series of questions in a prescribed time frame. Competence is a collaborative achievement among participants, co-produced in situ , and influenced by linguistic and cultural habits of talk and epistemic norms that privilege clinical knowledge and expertise. • Competency is a collaborative achievement grounded on participants' conversational strategies. • Analytic pluralism allows for analyses using multiple perspectives. • Clinical assessments have unacknowledged epistemic privilege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we expand on the newly devised sociological concept of pandemic practices that emerged during the COVID-19 outbreak by applying it to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The analytical heuristic of pandemic practices distinguishes between four kinds of practices: (i) primary practices that encompass the public's direct response to the pandemic, (ii) responsive practices that encompass altered routines and social interactions, (iii) adaptive practices that encompass more elusive organisational and legal legacies and (iv) meta-practices that produce particular narratives about the pandemic dynamics that might lead to lasting socio-cultural behavioural changes. In this paper we probe further into the notion of meta-practices. The results show that the prolonged nature of the HIV/AIDS pandemic combined with the widespread stigmatisation of vulnerable groups has led to distinct social practices that fragment along socio-economic lines both internally in countries but also between high-income and low-income countries. As the COVID-19 pandemic becomes increasingly endemic, lessons learned from HIV/AIDS expose the dangers of similar fragmentations where parts of the population return to normal but where many others continue to suffer not only from adverse health outcomes but also social exclusion and stigmatisation. Thus, we argue that attention to pandemic practices, and how they produce and reinforce underlying socio-economic vulnerabilities would strengthen long-term pandemic responses. • We theorize HIV/AIDS as totalising (like COVID-19) but as more unevenly experienced as such. • This paper expands on the newly devised sociological concept of 'pandemic practices'. • Our expansion centre on the precedents pandemics set and their competition for salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: This paper describes goal setting components used for behavior change specific to diet and physical activity in community-based interventions targeting overweight and obese adults. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted. Studies were evaluated using the S.T.A.R.T. (Specificity, Timing, Acquisition, Rewards and feedback, and Tools) criteria which were developed for the purposes of this paper in order to elucidate which intervention features elicit optimal health behavior outcomes. Results: Eighteen studies were included. Based on the S.T.A.R.T. criteria, it was determined that developing specific goals that are in close proximity, involve the participant in acquisition, and incorporate regular feedback, are common features in this context. Conclusion: Goal setting can be useful for effecting health behavior changes in this population. However, as different intervention components were often implemented concurrently (e.g., education sessions, self-monitoring records), it was not possible to ascertain which were responsible for positive changes independently. Practice implications: Goal setting shows promise as a tool that can be incorporated into weight reduction programs by health care professionals and researchers. Studies are warranted to identify the specific mechanisms through which individuals with overweight or obesity can apply the S.T.A.R.T. criteria with respect to goal setting for the purposes of weight loss. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Explaining pain to patients who survived cancer should be individually tailored. • Take the patient's pain beliefs, cognitions, pain memories, social factors and dominant pain mechanism into account. • Explaining pain implies teaching patients about the underlying biopsychosocial mechanisms of pain. • Pain neuroscience education is a potential solution to improve pain outcome in cancer survivors, but should never be a stand-alone treatment. • Pain neuroscience education should precede interventions such as graded activity, exercise therapy, stress management, sleep management and dietary advice. Pain is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptom following cancer treatment. This paper entails a practical guide for clinicians willing to apply pain neuroscience education (PNE) in this specific population, or clinical researchers willing to examine the effects of PNE in patients suffering from pain following cancer. Patient-specific information (i.e. beliefs, cognitions, pain memories, social factors) as well as identification of the dominant pain mechanism are needed to tailor the education to the specific needs and beliefs of the patient. Therapists require an in-depth understanding of pain mechanisms, the skills to explain to their patients various pain mechanisms, specific communication skills (e.g. Socratic-style dialogof education) and experience with current evidence-based biopsychosocially-driven pain management strategies for successful implementation of PNE in the clinic. Rather than purely focusing on the biomedical characteristics of pain following cancer (e.g., tissue damage due to past cancer treatment), PNE implies teaching patients about the underlying biopsychosocial mechanisms of pain. Its application is backed-up by mounting evidence supporting the effectiveness of PNE in non-cancer pain populations, and a pilot study in patients having pain following cancer. PNE is a potential solution to improve pain outcome in cancer survivors. Further research using sufficiently powered and well-designed randomized clinical trials should be conducted to examine the potential of PNE in patients having pain following cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networking sites (SNSs) are central to social interaction and information sharing in the digital age. However, consuming social information on SNSs invites social upward comparisons with highly socially desirable profile representations, which easily elicits envy in users and leads to unfavorable behaviors on SNSs. This in turn can erode the subjective well-being of users and the sustainability of the SNS platform. Therefore, this paper seeks to develop a better theoretical understanding of how users respond to envy on SNSs. We review literature on envy in offline interactions to derive three behavioral strategies to reduce envy, which we then transfer to the SNS context (self-enhancement, gossiping, and discontinuous intention). Further, we propose a research model and examine how culture, specifically individualism-collectivism, affects the relationship between envy on an SNS and the three strategies. We empirically test the variance-based structural equation model through survey data collected of Facebook users from Germany and Hong Kong. Our findings provide first insights into the link between envy on SNSs, related behavioral strategies and the moderating role of individualism for self-enhancement. • Envy on SNSs is associated with three types of behavioral strategies to reduce envy. • Behaviors to reduce envy on SNSs are self-enhancement, gossiping, discontinuous use. • Culture moderates the relationship between envy on an SNS and self-enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Providing a new methodology for personal level unsafe behavior identification, assessment and modification. • A bright new view for the intrusion behavior differences in terms of gender and age. • An original research and application of intrusion big data in construction safety management. Abstract Intrusion, which is the unauthorized entry to hazardous areas on a construction site, is one of the most serious rule-breaking behaviors. It has received limited research attention since existing manual safety observations cannot effectively capture large and complex intrusion related information. This paper explores how age and gender impact on various forms of intrusion behaviors on construction site. Location tracking technology combined with BIM (Building Information Modeling) was applied to identify and record intrusion behaviors of 147 construction workers over a 4 month period. The results, empirically tested by ANOVA, show that age and gender have significant interactive effects on both intrusion frequency and duration. The analysis further indicates that male site workers were more intrusive-prone than females. For both genders, middle-aged workers had significantly higher intrusion frequency than younger and older workers. Further, young workers had the lowest intrusion frequency and duration. Finally, the corresponding reasons for intrusions and the responsive management methods were sourced from interviews, including the influence of male hyper-masculine norms in construction and the implementation of targeted training for high risk individuals. The findings in this study also provide support and key insight into the use of location tracking technology for intrusion management and safety improvement in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The benefit of reviewing personal feedback to students' learning of clinical communication skills is well researched. Less is known about the factors that related to students' engagement in reviewing non-compulsory online feedback, and ways to motivate their behavioural engagement. In this paper, we reported two studies in which medical students completed assessed clinical video conferencing consultations with human simulated patients via an online training platform that also provided automated and human feedback for students. In Study 1, three days after the consultation, an email with different instructional styles (autonomy-supportive, controlling or control) was sent to different groups reminding students to review their feedback. In Study 2, up to three repetitions of the same, either autonomy-supportive or controlling, emails were sent to students. Results of Study 1 revealed that students who reviewed feedback before receiving emails achieved higher assessment results and reported higher degree of autonomy to participate in the training program than the remaining students. However, the different instructional styles of the single email in this study did not significantly influence the students' engagement differently. Study 2 results revealed that students who received controlling emails displayed higher engagement than students who received autonomy-supportive emails. Findings suggested that multiple factors might influence students' engagement in reviewing their online feedback, and this study provided evidences of the effects of using emails to motivate students to review the feedback. Highlights • Students showing higher engagement achieved higher assessment results. • More highly engaged students demonstrated more autonomy in their learning. • Multiple controlling instructional emails had greatest impact on students' engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Introducing behavioural evolution representing progressive changes in activities. • Inspecting the trends in multiple activities to identify behavioural evolution. • Generating a composite indicator representing changes in behavioural patterns. • Summarise the progressive changes to identify normal and abnormal behaviours. Abstract Activities of daily living (ADL) or activities of daily working (ADW) may be affected by changes in a person's health or well-being. Measuring progressive changes in one activity or multiple activities is representative of behavioural variations. By inspecting the trends in multiple activities, it is possible to identify and predict human behavioural changes. We refer to the trends in people's behaviour as behavioural evolution. In this paper, we propose a novel indicator to measure the progressive changes representing a participant's behavioural evolution. The proposed indicator presents activities as a holistic measure, which first combine multi-activities and then measure the progressive changes in the combined activities for each single day. Real data sets were collected from a wireless sensor network and used to examine our proposed technique. As part of this process, we were able to quantify progressive changes for individual and aggregated activities. Our experimental results demonstrated that: (1) the proposed approach can identify and distinguish normal and abnormal behaviours; (2) large data sets gathered from sensors in an intelligent environment represented in various time series can be visualised in a simple and more understandable format; (3) identifying trends in ADLs or ADWs is a relevant means of sharing information with carers or supervisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Gamification is dramatically transforming how behaviour change interventions are delivered in fields as diverse as health, physical activity, education, information studies and marketing. Most studies see gamification as a way of introducing gameful design (e.g., competition and social activity) into behavioural interventions. Gamification is often tied to using new digital technologies, especially smartphone apps and, although these might be enabling, there is no theoretical underpinning for making this a necessary condition. In comparison to other sectors, the design of gameful interventions in transport is under developed. Interventions that have or are introducing gamified designs include road safety and travel demand management initiatives and these have been shown to be more ongoingly successful than strategies which do not employ gameful designs. This paper explores gamification in the context of transport with the aim of proposing a framework for the design and implementation of gameful designs, providing a synthesis and critical appraisal of current practice. The proposed framework is underpinned by theoretical discussion and illustrated by case studies that have implemented some elements of gameful design. The framework is designed to lay the groundwork for greater implementation of gamified design in transport and mobility contexts to take advantage of the potential greater success in achieving travel behaviour change as well as highlighting how existing schemes could be improved and providing guidance for future research into gamification. Highlights • Develop theoretical underpinning for gamification interventions in transport field. • Design of gameful intervention in transport to transform behaviour. • Proposes a framework for gameful design and synthesises and critically appraises current practice. • Discusses case studies to identify strategies and implications to improve existing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Child sexual abuse is a clear violation of children's rights with known lifelong devastating consequences. It occurs across all ages, sexes and cultures. Cases are underreported and may not be disclosed at first due to its secretive and hidden nature. It is clear that children do try to disclose but are not always heard or believed. In this paper we delve deeper into the recognition and response to suspected cases of child sexual abuse and the importance of working within a multidisciplinary team to best safeguard the victims. We emphasize the importance of asking questions in a direct, empathic and developmentally appropriate manner, such that the child feels believed and supported. The physical and behavioural changes are described in suspected cases and possible differential diagnoses. We propose a resilience-based framework to the management and prevention of child sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the emergence of market-orientated approaches to public participation in environmental issues through an exploration of recent empirical research into ‘sustainable lifestyles’ as a practical tool for encouraging pro-environmental behaviour. Using the notion of ‘sustainable lifestyles’, current social marketing policies seek to encourage behaviour change amongst citizens by identifying population segments with similar commitments to environmental practices as the basis for behaviour change initiatives. However, the use of static ‘lifestyle groups’ implies that that citizens replicate sustainable practices across different consumption contexts and this paper explores this line of argument through the use of data collected as part of a recent UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) funded research project on sustainable lifestyles and climate change. Through a series of focus group discussions, participants explored notions of sustainable practices using the home and leisure contexts as framing devices to explore issues of environmental responsibility and climate change. The emphasis placed on practices and context reveal that the comfortable notions of environmental responsibility and sustainable consumption in the home are often in conflict with the discourses of consumption reduction associated with climate change in leisure and tourism contexts. In many cases, these ‘paradoxes’ are explicitly referred to, reflected-upon and discussed by participants who demonstrate that notions of sustainable practice are mediated by practice and spaces of consumption. Accordingly, the paper argues that in conceptualising market-based approaches to behaviour change around the notion of ‘sustainable lifestyles’, researchers and policy makers need to address the role of context and recognise the importance of consumption spaces and the conflicts that may arise between these. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, the authors present a brief personal account of the senior author's 30 years of exploration in behavioral gerontology. The main thesis of the paper is that behavioral methods and interventions have found a home both in mainstream gerontology and at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). There are three sections: (a) a personal vignette discussing the problems inherent in using operant terminology in a nonoperant world; (b) a discussion, with examples from NIH sources, of the Institutes' views on behavior change; and (c) using Burgio and Burgio (1986) as a reference point, the authors show evidence of progress and vitality of behavioral gerontology in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]