Search

The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially named as Danuri, is the Republic of Korea's first spacecraft to orbit the Moon. The goal of KPLO is to secure core deep space technology for future space exploration in Korea and contribute to lunar science by gathering data from the lunar orbit for one year. This paper presents the results of KPLO's Lunar Orbit Acquisition (LOA) phase in detail, with a particular focus on the operational results of Flight Dynamics (FD). During the LOA phase, the KPLO FD team experienced many expected and unexpected issues. These issues were mitigated by making real-time updates to the LOA phase Design Reference Mission (DRM). The paper also presents the results of the Orbit Determination (OD) and performance of each Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) maneuver conducted during the actual flight operation. The importance of considering operational constraints when designing the DRM is emphasized by presenting lessons learned based on actual flight experiences. Unlike the original KPLO LOA phase DRM, KPLO successfully achieved the final mission orbit using only three LOI burns, instead of the planned five LOI burns and an Orbit Trim Maneuver (OTM). Despite the extensive revisions made to the DRM, all mission requirements were still fulfilled during the final lunar orbit insertion, taking into account the significant operational constraints. • Real flight operation results of the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter's lunar orbit acquisition phase are presented. • Orbit determination and lunar orbit insertion maneuver performance are analyzed based on actual flight data. • Unexpected issues during the actual flight operation were mitigated through real-time updates on the design reference mission. • Considering real-world operational constraints while designing the design reference mission is very critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the effort to achieve carbon neutrality through a decentralized electricity market, accurate short-term load forecasting at low aggregation levels has become increasingly crucial for various market participants' strategies. Accurate probabilistic forecasts at low aggregation levels can improve peer-to-peer energy sharing, demand response, and the operation of reliable distribution networks. However, these applications require not only probabilistic demand forecasts, which involve quantification of the forecast uncertainty, but also determining which consumers to include in the aggregation to meet electricity supply at the forecast lead time. While research papers have been proposed on the supply side, no similar research has been conducted on the demand side. This paper presents a method for creating a portfolio that optimally aggregates demand for a given energy demand, minimizing forecast inaccuracy of overall low-level aggregation. Using probabilistic load forecasts produced by either ARMA-GARCH models or kernel density estimation (KDE), we propose three approaches to creating a portfolio of residential households' demand: Forecast Validated, Seasonal Residual, and Seasonal Similarity. An evaluation of probabilistic load forecasts demonstrates that all three approaches enhance the accuracy of forecasts produced by random portfolios, with the Seasonal Residual approach for Korea and Ireland outperforming the others in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. • We proposed new low-voltage aggregation techniques based on portfolio theory to improve probabilistic demand forecasting. • The increased volatility at the low voltage level requires probabilistic forecasting to measure uncertainties. • The proposed methods were found to outperform random aggregation with the real-world data from Korea and Ireland. • A simple forecasting approach minimizing the standard deviation of deseasonalized demands was accurate and efficient. • The new method can contribute to achieving carbon neutrality, enable P2P energy sharing, and benefit prosumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study applied a logistic growth model with parameters estimated by a non-linear least squares (NLS) method to daily new COVID-19 cases. • The model fitted time-series data exceedingly well for the whole of China, eleven selected Chinese provinces and municipalities, South Korea and Iran. • This study provided key estimates and a 95% confidence interval for parameters K , r, and P 0. • This study found that the growth rates of outbreaks differed between provinces in China and between South Korea and Iran. • As of March 13, 2020, this study's model suggested that countries such as the U.S.A., France, Italy, and Spain were still in the early stages of outbreaks. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to proliferate globally, this paper shares the findings of modelling the outbreak in China at both provincial and national levels. This paper examines the applicability of the logistic growth model, with implications for the study of the COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious diseases. An NLS (Non-Linear Least Squares) method was employed to estimate the parameters of a differentiated logistic growth function using new daily COVID-19 cases in multiple regions in China and in other selected countries. The estimation was based upon training data from January 20, 2020 to March 13, 2020. A restriction test was subsequently implemented to examine whether a designated parameter was identical among regions or countries, and the diagnosis of residuals was also conducted. The model's goodness of fit was checked using testing data from March 14, 2020 to April 18, 2020. The model presented in this paper fitted time-series data exceedingly well for the whole of China, its eleven selected provinces and municipalities, and two other countries - South Korea and Iran - and provided estimates of key parameters. This study rejected the null hypothesis that the growth rates of outbreaks were the same among ten selected non-Hubei provinces in China, as well as between South Korea and Iran. The study found that the model did not provide reliable estimates for countries that were in the early stages of outbreaks. Furthermore, this study concured that the R 2 values might vary and mislead when compared between different portions of the same non-linear curve. In addition, the study identified the existence of heteroskedasticity and positive serial correlation within residuals in some provinces and countries. The findings suggest that there is potential for this model to contribute to better public health policy in combatting COVID-19. The model does so by providing a simple logistic framework for retrospectively analyzing outbreaks in regions that have already experienced a maximal proliferation in cases. Based upon statistical findings, this study also outlines certain challenges in modelling and their implications for the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the aging population of many countries, the prevalence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is expected to increase. Morphological parameters such as intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), and pigment epithelium detachment (PED) of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images are vital markers for proper treatment of nAMD, especially to get the information of treatment response to determine the proper treatment interval and switching of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. For the precise evaluation of the change in nAMD lesions and patient-specific treatment, quantitative evaluation of the lesions in the OCT volume scans is necessary. However, manual segmentation requires many resources, and the number of studies of automatic segmentation is increasing rapidly. Improving automated segmentation performance in SD-OCT visual results requires long-range contextual inference of spatial information between retinal lesions and layers. This paper proposes a GAGUNet (graph convolution network (GCN)-assisted attention-guided UNet) model with a novel global reasoning module considering these points. The dataset used in the main experiment of this study underwent rigorous review by a retinal specialist from Konkuk University Hospital in Korea, contributing to both data preprocessing and validation to ensure a qualitative assessment. We conducted experiments on the RETOUCH dataset as well to demonstrate the scalability of the proposed model. Overall, our model demonstrates superior performance over the baseline models in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. • We demonstrate the limitations of the baseline in retinal segmentation. • We propose a novel model for automated retinal OCT segmentation. • The proposed model performs higher than the baseline in retinal segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an algorithm for approximating a set of data points with G 1 continuous arcs, leveraging covariance data associated with the points. Prior approaches to arc spline approximation typically assumed equal contribution from all data points, resulting in potential algorithmic instability when outliers are present. To address this challenge, we propose a robust method for arc spline approximation, taking into account the 2D covariance of each data point. Beginning with the definition of models and parameters for single-arc approximation , we extend the framework to support multiple-arc approximation for broader applicability. Finally, we validate the proposed algorithm using both synthetic noisy data and real-world data collected through vehicle experiments conducted in Sejong City, South Korea. • Proposal of model for single arc optimization. • Proposal of an optimization framework for multiple arc optimization. • Verification of proposed optimization algorithm via real-world dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes case studies of debris flow and related events in the Republic of Korea and their causes before considering the actions that are desirable in terms of management and mitigation. The paper also considers the obstacles to progress, and, in particular, discusses issues surrounding the governance of land and infrastructure. Experience of other events that occurred in the recent past, including those that have occurred in rural and urban environments is drawn upon. It is concluded that many landslides can be attributed to poor understanding of geomorphological, geological and geotechnical issue and that the causes of debris flows can frequently be attributed to anthropogenic factors. The needs for improved regulations for slope construction and maintenance in mountainous areas of Korea, and for an integrated slope management system are presented. Highlights • 1728 landslide fatalities in the Republic of Korea for the period 1970–2017. • Property damage due to landslides is valued at US$500 M to US$1000 M per annum. • Different owners of source/initiation area and elements at risk (infrastructure, buildings). • Specific mitigation measures recommended in the context of land ownership. • New system of landslide governance system recommended for the Republic of Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An increasing number of cities are engaging with the sharing economy, exploring how it may be integrated into the urban agenda, fostering its positive aspects whilst avoiding its negative externalities. The paper focuses on two cities, Milan and Seoul, that are internationally considered to have a conscious and tailored approach that lies in the vanguard of this effort. The paper seeks to understand how local authorities govern the sharing economy in order to shape a real sharing city , taking insights from the sharing paradigm concept and looking to the collaborative version of the urban governance paradigm. The paper uses a mixed method approach to develop case studies of the governance models employed. The analysis shows that both cities work along the three dimensions (economic, technological and human) of the sharing paradigm to create a sharing city, with slightly different governance approaches, but both lack institutionalized mechanisms of collaboration. Nevertheless, both are pioneering examples of engagement with the sharing economy. The paper proposes a graphic conceptualization of the two governance models to better highlight their contribution to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the armed forces rely on having an effective and efficient medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) process for evacuating casualties from the battlefield to medical treatment facilities during combat operations. Determining which MEDEVAC units to task to respond to incoming requests for service, known as the MEDEVAC dispatching problem, is a natural sequential decision making problem and is the focus of this paper. Unlike previous research in this area, this paper incorporates triage classification errors and the possibility of having blood transfusion kits on board select MEDEVAC units. A discounted, infinite-horizon continuous-time Markov decision process model is formulated to examine the MEDEVAC dispatching problem and to compare generated dispatching policies to the currently practiced United States military policy. We utilize an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) technique that leverages a random forest value function approximation within an approximate policy iteration algorithmic framework to develop high-quality policies for both small-scale and large-scale problem instances. A representative planning scenario involving joint combat operations in South Korea is developed and utilized to investigate the differences between the various policies. Results from the analysis indicate that applying ADP techniques can improve current practices by as much as 29% with regard to a life-saving performance metric. This research is of particular interest to the military medical community and can inform the procedures of future military MEDEVAC operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A respiratory syndrome COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious public health issue nowadays. The COVID-19 virus has been affecting tens of millions people worldwide. Some of them have recovered and have been released. Others have been isolated and few others have been unfortunately deceased. In this paper, we apply and compare different machine learning approaches such as decision tree models, random forest, and multinomial logistic regression to predict isolation, release, and decease states for COVID-19 patients in South Korea. The prediction can help health providers and decision makers to distinguish the states of infected patients based on their features in early intervention to take an action either by releasing or isolating the patient after the infection. The proposed approaches are evaluated using Data Science for COVID-19 (DS4C) dataset. An analysis of DS4C dataset is also provided. Experimental results and evaluation show that multinomial logistic regression outperforms other approaches with 95% in a state prediction accuracy and a weighted average F1-score of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to global warming is greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2015, the Republic of Korea has implemented a carbon emission rights system to encourage companies to voluntarily reduce carbon emissions. Not long ago, the government declared carbon neutrality by 2050. However, in order for the carbon emission rights system to function as a greenhouse gas reduction, it takes half a year to calculate carbon emissions, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are not only large in resources and manpower for calculation should be left to consulting companies. It costs millions to tens of millions of won to calculate once. This paper provides a carbon emission response solution for ready-mixed concrete (Remicon) companies. Greenhouse gases emitted from various factories are calculated in real time using IoT equipment. The calculated greenhouse gas emissions are visualized and shown. Therefore, companies can plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on data and make predictions about when to certify low carbon certification. This project targeted one of the building material industrial groups. In the future, it can be expanded to the entire region-based society, including individuals and families, which are the minimum units. This allows the government to check national-based carbon emissions in real time and determine policies based on data. Finally, it is intended to change people\x92s consciousness by visualizing the degree of contribution to the phenomenon of jig warming through real-time carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Short-term distribution planning (S-DSP): Focus on the load transfer ability project. • MILP-based modeling: Incorporating diverse optimization techniques for S-DSP. • Pareto-front estimation: Enhancing S-DSP decision-making. • Empirical study in Korea: Practical application and insights. This paper presents an optimal Short-term Distribution System Planning (S-DSP) problem, with a particular focus on the load transfer ability project. Section 2 formulates the problem as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization, considering the objective function of minimizing investment costs and non-switchable capacity, along with constraints like distribution system power flow, line capacity, and bus voltage. Section 3 extends the optimization problem into a multi-objective function-based approach using the Epsilon constraint method. In Section 4, we introduce a method for estimating the Pareto-front set and outline the decision-making process for selecting the optimal alternative. The proposed method's effectiveness is demonstrated through in-depth case studies, first with a 36-bus test system and then with a practical application to Korea's distribution system, which features 2056 buses and 2082 lines (Section 5 and Section 6). This research based on the empirical study underscores the practical applicability of the proposed S-DSP approach to the advance distribution management system (ADMS) in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 'PF1, 6 and CS lifting Frame' and 'Sector lifting Tool' are designed and manufactured by Korea Domestic Agency (KODA). • The lifting tools were designed considering 2 times payload according to EN standard. • The structural integrity of lifting tools was verified by load test considering 1.5 times payload at least over 15 min. • The payloads of 1566 tones and 2028 tones were applied using hydraulic cylinders and customized jig structure. • All lifting tools were successfully withstood under required test load without defect or plastic deformation. Korea Domestic Agency (ITER Korea, KODA) has procured 44 kind's assembly tools for ITER project. The assembly tools are classified by the steel structure, lifting table and lifting accessory. 'PF 1, 6 and Central Solenoid Lifting Frame' (CS Lifting Frame) and 'Sector Lifting Tool' (SLT) are the representative assembly tool classified the lifting accessory. The assembly tools handle the heavy component which over 1,000 tones for payload. In this reason, the verification of the strength of the tools is very important and the integrity of lifting accessory tools was verified by not only structural analysis but also load test at factory under 1.5 times the payload for minimum 15 min. It is the requirements of the technical specification. The main role of PF 1, 6 and CS Lifting Frame is to lift and transfer the ITER components (PF1 coil, PF6 coil and CS coil) from the assembly hall to the tokamak fit and their temporary support positions. The CS coil is heaviest component in payloads handled by CS Lifting Frame. The weight is about 1,000 tones and CS Lifting Frame was verified by 1,500 tones load test. Sector Lifting Frame is to lift and transfer the 40° sector module from Sector Sub-Assembly Tool (SSAT) to tokamak fit. The sector module consists of Vacuum Vessel (VV), VV Thermal Shield and Two Toroidal Flied Coils. The total weight of the sector module is about 1,300 tones and Sector Lifting Frame was verified by 2,000 tones load test. The load test was carried out according to test procedure approved by IO. This paper describes the overall test method, customized test JIG and result of the lifting tools for handling heavy components of ITER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of many seismic events in energy production projects is caused by fluid injection-induced reactivation of critically stressed faults. The distribution of local stress regime has a significant influence on natural earthquakes, while its role in controlling injection-induced fault slip behavior and seismicity magnitude remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional hydro-mechanical coupled fault reactivation study using unified pipe-interface element method (UP-IEM). The accuracy and reliability of the numerical method are evaluated and confirmed by numerical verification and actual observation data in Pohang EGS project, South Korea. The relationship between fault aseismic slip, seismic slip and seismicity magnitude is analyzed. Results show that both aseismic and seismic slip have different spatiotemporal distribution with the variation of stress regime. The seismic slip zone will exceed the pressurized area with the increase of initial slip tendency under the strike-slip-faulting stress regime ( σ H > σ v > σ h ). Compared with fluid pressure, the seismic slip is mainly determined by a sudden increase of the shear stress at the aseismic slip zone boundary. In addition, the location of the microseismic events moves towards the fluid pressure propagation front. The larger slip area and seismicity magnitude are easier to be induced under strike-slip-faulting stress regime than thrust-faulting stress regime ( σ H > σ h > σ v ). The tensile failure and higher permeability of the fault induced at injection phase for normal-faulting stress regime ( σ v > σ H > σ h ) leads to a greater seismogenic hazard at the shut-in stage. • A 3D injection-induced fault reactivation model is developed using UP-IEM. • The aseismic slip dominates the slip budget regardless the stress regime. • Seismicity is mainly controlled by sudden shear stress growth at aseismic zone edge. • The magnitude of the slip area and seismicity is normal-fault > strike-slip-fault > thrust-fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The shield block is one of the main in-vessel components for the ITER. • A PA for the manufacturing and testing of the SBs have been made between ITER organization and Korea domestic agency. • Key technologies of the SB are raw material, precise machining, non-destructive examination and hot helium leak testing. The SB is one of the main in-vessel components manufactured with SS316L(N)-IG to play a major role in neutron shielding, to support the FW panels and to supply the FW panel with cooling water. Cooling channels are located inside of the SB to remove the neutron heat deposition while keeping the structure temperature to acceptable levels. The water coolant is routed first through the plasma-facing first wall panel which is attached to the SB and then through the SB. A number of deep slits are introduced into the SB to disrupt eddy current loops and reduce the Electro-Magnetic (EM) loads on the support system and VV. Water headers are machined on the side of the module with 7–10 mm welded cover plates. A Procurement Arrangements (PAs) for the manufacturing and testing of the SBs have been signed with Korea (50 %) and China (50 %). As part of the PA in Korean Domestic Agency (KODA), Process Qualification (PQ) to ensure the manufacturing and testing ability of the SB was completed successfully through manufacture of a Full Scale Prototype (FSP) as an essential step before starting series production. This paper reports key technologies, such as machining, welding, NDE and hot helium leak testing, of manufacturing and testing for the ITER SB series production in Korea toward successful completion of the missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two data-driven virtual sensors to estimate the time-series of the probability of high-concentration occurrence of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs; 238U and 222Rn) in groundwater based on the in-situ groundwater quality monitoring data and geological information. The random forest was applied to estimate the NORM concentration based on the actual in-situ groundwater quality data, rock type, and the aquifer depth. Additionally, this study proposes three data sampling techniques (i.e., under-sampling, synthetic minority over-sampling, and a complex sampling) to improve the model applicability and accuracy. The developed models were validated using the actual data acquired from 201 locations in South Korea. The models for 238U and 222Rn showed estimation accuracies of 85% and 80%, respectively; the models with over-sampling showed better performance. All the results verified the usefulness of the developed models as virtual sensors for providing immediate information on the in-situ presence of NORMs in groundwater. [Display omitted] • Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORMs) in groundwater can be problematic. • Virtual sensor for in-situ estimating the probability of high-concentration of NORMs. • Major geochemical factors for NORMs were evaluated using statistical analyses. • Methods for solving data imbalance problem in training virtual sensor were proposed. • Major factors for the estimation were consistent with the statistical analysis result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

· Design and analysis of the European test blanket modules (TBM): WCLL and HCCP. · Integral methodological framework for the simulation and structural integrity assessment of TBM. · Application of nuclear design code (RCC-MRx) to a plasma facing complex component. · Integrity assessment in a challenging design environment; new structural material, complex loads and tight margins. Two European Test Blanket Modules (TBM) concepts are being developed by F4E, the Water-Cooled Lithium Lead (WCLL) and the Helium-Cooled Ceramic Pebbles concept (HCCP, in collaboration with ITER KOREA). For both concepts, the ESTEYCO Mechanics team is responsible for designing and analyzing the TBM-box, which serves as the plasma-facing module for tritium breeding, and the TBM Shield in the WCLL concept. The design-by-analysis activities for these TBM-Sets are particularly challenging due to several factors. These include diverse and complex loads such as thermal, electromagnetic, pressure, and seismic loads, intricate failure modes to be assessed, the use of a new structural material (EUROFER 97) with limited available information, and the need to work within tight compliance margins in a restricted design space. Over the years, ESTEYCO has developed advanced methodologies to virtually test various design solutions systematically, coherently, and efficiently, aligning with the applicable nuclear design code (RCC-MRx). This paper provides an overview of key developments in simulating the TBM-Set under a comprehensive set of loads and subsequently assessing its structural integrity in an exceptionally detailed and comprehensive manner. The authors have created novel automated tools that encompass the entire process. These tools address tasks like distributing nuclear thermal loads, simulating cooling system behavior under operational conditions, characterizing and distributing electromagnetic loads, implementing code assessment rules for numerous evaluation points, and developing robust visualization tools for result analysis and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting solar irradiance is of utmost importance in supplying renewable energy efficiently and timely. This paper aims to experiment five variants of recurrent neural networks (RNN), and develop effective and reliable 5-minute short term solar irradiance prediction models. The 5 RNN classes are long–short term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), Simple RNN, bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and bidirectional GRU (Bi-GRU); the first 3 classes are unidirectional and the last two are bidirectional RNN models. The 26 months data under consideration, exhibits extremely volatile weather conditions in Jinju city, South Korea. Therefore, after different experimental processes, 5 hyper-parameters were selected for each model cautiously. In each model, different levels of depth and width were tested; moreover, a 9-fold cross validation was applied to distinguish them against high variability in the seasonal time-series dataset. Generally the deeper architectures of the aforementioned models had significant outcomes; meanwhile, the Bi-LSTM and Bi-GRU provided more accurate predictions as compared to the unidirectional ones. The Bi-GRU model provided the lowest RMSE and highest R2 values of 46.1 and 0.958; additionally, it required 5.25*10−5 seconds per trainable parameter per epoch, the lowest incurred computational cost among the mentioned models. All 5 models performed differently over the four seasons in the 9-fold cross validation test. On average, the bidirectional RNNs and the simple RNN model showed high robustness with less data and high temporal data variability; although, the stronger architectures of the bidirectional models, deems their results more reliable. • Forecasting solar irradiance is important in efficiently supplying renewable energy. • Five variants of RNN models were developed to predict short term solar irradiance. • The RNN models performed differently in the 9-fold cross validation test. • Bidirectional RNN models provided better predictions than the Unidirectional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a contrastive approach to speaker-audience interaction in political speeches, specifically, in relation to culture. It begins with a review of seminal and subsequent research based in the UK, which has shown how speakers use rhetorical devices to invite audience responses, typically applause. This is followed by evaluation of political speech research set in other nations – both Eastern (Japan and South Korea) and Western (USA and European), English-speaking and non-English-speaking – investigating how the behaviour of speakers and audiences contrasts across cultures. Proposals include, that whereas speakers in Western nations predominantly use rhetorical devices to invite audience responses implicitly , their counterparts in East Asian nations are more inclined to use explicit invitations. Furthermore, whereas invited booing is a salient feature from observations of American and French political speeches, the same cannot be said of others, particularly Japan, where such behaviour is reportedly absent. Speech-making was once regarded as monologic, but studies reported herein show how political speeches can be considered dialogic, akin to how people in conversations take turns. However, it is shown here that behavioural specifics of this form of dialogue need to be understood in the context of culture. • Review of UK political speech research: speakers use rhetoric to invite applause. • Evaluation of comparable research set in other nations. • Includes Eastern (Japan/South Korea) and Western (European/USA). • How does the behaviour of speakers and audiences contrast across cultures? • Strong evidence for cultural differences in speaker rhetoric and audience responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The integration with BIM and AR has the challenges of limited interoperability and complex data formats. • Open-source software and standardized data format are the solutions to overcome these issues. • The proposed architecture also provides various geometry processing and deep learning application. • The architecture was applied to workflow visualization and deformation detection in pipe maintenance. Informed decision-making is crucial for construction site operators. Cyber-physical systems, including various technologies such as augmented reality and building automation tools, are gathering popularity within the infrastructure management sector. However, they are expensive and inaccessible to adopt for most small organizations. This paper describes a prototype of low-cost mobile augmented reality service for BIM and demonstrated its usability for pipe maintenance by supporting inspection, workflow management, data reduction, and augmented reality. User views about the decision support, integration and ease of use of the prototype were also collected from the organisations in the UK and South Korea. The results showed that integrating the augmented reality service with the building automation tool connected to the BIM server enhances decision-making for on-site operations by generating a closed loop. This paper also highlights the need for developing low-cost digital solutions to foster the digitalization of construction organisations with limited budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Employs non-identical parallel machines in manufacturing with multiple energy sources. • Designs a bi-objective model for a high-mix, low-volume production scheduling problem. • Provides Pareto-optimal solutions that minimize both total cost and carbon emissions. • Validates a model with real-world application to a manufacturer in Ulsan, South Korea. • Analyzes the effects of price fluctuations, different combinations of energy sources. This paper addresses the production scheduling problem with non-identical parallel machines in a high-mix, low-volume production environment with due dates, considering carbon emissions savings and diverse types of energy sources for machine operation. To this end, we present a bi-objective mixed-integer programming model that minimizes both the total production-related cost and the total carbon emissions in the production process to determine the optimal production strategy. For each machine, we consider various types of energy sources with different electricity generation costs and different amounts of carbon emissions. The proposed model is validated with an application to a manufacturer in Ulsan, the industrial capital of the Republic of Korea. Our results showcase the potential use of non-identical parallel machines to minimize the total cost and carbon emissions in green manufacturing. Furthermore, the results identify the trade-off between different energy sources and the total cost under different carbon emissions limits. Generally, as the carbon emissions limit increases, our proposed model tends to replace natural gas with coal to minimize the total cost. Also, we perform sensitivity analyses with respect to the energy price of different types of energy sources combined with nuclear and renewable energy sources. We find that coal provides more stability than natural gas in terms of the total cost, particularly when there are fluctuations in the price for coal and natural gas. Additionally, we determine the optimal combination of energy sources for various carbon emissions limits, aiming to minimize the total cost while simultaneously satisfying all production-related and environmental constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDDs) are designed to disperse radioactive material over a wide area, leading to significant consequences to the environment and public health. This paper discusses the radiological effects of a potential RDD detonation containing 137Cs and 241Am in the commercial area of Busan, South Korea. The assessment, conducted with HotSpot Health Physics and RESRAD-RDD codes, found that summer had the most significant impact, with a maximum total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) of 280 mSv at 100 m and this decreased to 1 mSv at 4.5 km from the detonation point within the time interval of 35 min. • Designed Radioactive Dispersal Device using a mixture of radionuclides of 137Cs and 241Am. • Assessment of radiological impacts for various categories of people in the vicinity of the detonation of the RDD using the HotSpot Version 3.12 Health Physics code and the RESRAD-RDD code. • Stay times for the emergency workers during the RDD detonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the international Photovoltaic Supply Chain (PVSC) from the perspective of the recent literature on Strategic Dependencies and Technological Sovereignty. In so doing, the paper fills existing literature gaps by providing: i) a fine-grained long-term analysis of the PVSC, considering all its segments and integrating production and technology dimensions; ii) detailed evidence of the changing hierarchical relationships within the supply chain; iii) an analysis of the drivers of strategic dependencies in the PVSC in different economic areas. Focusing on China, the EU, Japan, South Korea, and the US over the 2007–2021 period, the empirical evidence highlights the existence of strong strategic dependencies in the EU, especially in the mid and downstream segments of the PVSC. A similar, and in some cases even worse, situation is found in the US, although some diversification of the portfolio of suppliers, especially in the downstream, has been emerging in more recent years. These results have relevant implications in terms of policy theory with specific reference to EU and US initiatives in the field of industrial policies for sustainable transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the specific way that people's knowledge of an honorific's stereotypical meaning contributes to their understanding of its contextual meaning. Stereotypical meanings refer to language users' conventional belief about how an honorific should be used, while contextual meanings are the meanings created by their active choice of using an honorific in a context. We examine the relationships between the two through the special lens of Kim Jong Un's use of Korean honorific first-person pronoun ce in a North–South Korea summit. Drawn on thirty metapragmatic interviews with Korean native speakers, we find that contextual meanings of ce are metapragmatically related to different subsets of stereotypical meanings. The varied relationships between the two meanings follow the mechanism that people make cognitive relevance between their language choice and pragmatic interpretations. Participants' contextual awareness and language ideologies mediate the functionality of the mechanism, and hence explaining how and why one stereotypical meaning instead of another was activated in creating a contextual meaning. The nexus we found between metapragmatics, language ideologies, pragmatic effects and context potentially benefits multiple areas of research such as politeness, ethnolinguistics and second language acquisition. • People's understanding of an honorific's contextual meanings is constructed on their knowledge of its stereotypical meanings. • Different contextual meanings are metapragmatically connected to different subsets of stereotypical meanings. • People's connection between the two types of meanings is mediated by their contextual awareness and language ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries began satellite development from the beginning of the space era and especially after the Apollo era. Korea started satellite development in 1992 by launching small satellite KITSAT-1 more than 20 years after the Apollo 11 lunar landing. Since then, Korea has developed 15 satellites including eight small satellites, five low earth orbit (LEO) Korean Multi-Purpose Satellites (KOMPSAT), and two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. Korea is currently developing KOMPSAT 6 and 7 with advanced optical and radar observation capability, GEO-KOMPSAT 2B, middle-sized Compact Advanced Satellites (CAS), and next generation small satellite (NEXTSat). These efforts will raise Korea's satellite technology to the next level. To prepare strategies for efficient and effective development of satellites, it is essential to elaborately assess the economic impacts of previous satellite development projects and their application. In this paper, we examine the economic impacts of Korea's investment into the research and development of national satellites, and their application in the perspective of satellite value chain. To this end, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis on the development of representative satellites. As non-economic impacts, we examined the change of technology independence and technology level, network building effect, and aerospace ecosystem activation effects. • Comprehensive impacts analysis methodology for the satellite development. • Figuring out an economic impact by using the cost-benefit analysis. • Discovering various non-economic impacts can be applied to other space fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is of great concern in global environments. Due to strong regulation of legacy PFASs, emerging PFASs including alternatives and precursors have been introduced to the industrial market. In this study, legacy and emerging PFASs were measured in seawater, sediment, and bivalves collected along the Korean coast to investigate the occurrence, distribution, contamination sources, and bioaccumulation potential of PFASs. Wide concentration ranges of legacy PFASs were detected in multiple environmental samples, indicating widespread contamination. C8-based PFASs (e.g., PFOA and PFOS) were still major contaminants in all of the environmental samples. Some precursors, such as 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (8:2 FTS) and N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), and perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F–53B), an alternative to PFOS, were detected in sediment or bivalve samples, implying a shift in consumption patterns from legacy to emerging PFASs. The highest concentrations of PFASs in environmental samples were found at the locations near industrial complexes, such as those for the semi-conductor, paper mill, automobile, and metal-plating industry. This result indicates that PFAS contamination is associated with intensive industrial activities in the coastal environment. Matrix-dependent contamination and profiles of PFASs were observed. Seawater was dominated by short-chained PFASs as a prompt reflection of regulation, while the sediment and bivalves were dominated by long-chained PFASs. Carbon-chain length was a major factor governing environmental behavior and bioaccumulation of PFASs. This was the first nation-wide survey on legacy and emerging PFASs in the coastal environment of Korea. Image 1 • Legacy and emerging PFASs were measured for multiple environmental matrices in Korea. • C8-based PFASs were still major contaminants in the coastal environment. • Predominant compounds of PFASs were different depending on multiple matrices. • Some precursors and F–53B, an alternative to PFOS, were detected in sediment or bivalves. • Carbon-chain length was a major factor for behavior and bioaccumulation of PFASs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of Industrial 4.0, today many manufacturing companies in Korea are transitioning to automation. As per automation, more and more companies have successfully adopted a manufacturing execution system (MES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), however, current MES cannot fully support integration into overall processes across the supply chain. As rolling stock manufacturers in Korea are faced with fierce competition, it becomes increasingly important to cope with various demands from clients for real-time shop floor situation. There has been much previous research on data collection, data analysis based on shop floor situation mostly in the semiconductor industry, however, little research dealt with rolling stock manufacturing setting. Thus, in this paper, we will introduce a new design of state of the art smart MES (or S-MES) for rolling stock manufacturer by collaborating various functions and To-Be model is provided for comparison with As-Is model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The panic wrought by the 1997 Asian financial crisis spurred different mitigative measures. Some states assented to IMF bailout and restructuring, while others enforced capital control. Since then, despite intense academic and regulatory scrutiny of the nuances of the recession, empiric focus on recovery trajectory of affected countries centred chiefly around traditional GDP metrics; an approach that disregards economic performance in a manner congruent with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this paper, we adopt a broader SDG-compatible approach by tracking two affected countries' (Korea and Malaysia) recovery via operationalizing an alternative growth indicator GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator). First, we construct a 35-year long GPI index from 1980 to 2014 and employ the Solow Growth Model to measure the impact of the two remedial measures on GDP and GPI of both countries. Employing an ARDL approach, we find external debt to impact significantly the GDP and GPI of Korea. Meanwhile for Malaysia, the controversial capital control failed to register significant impact. Moreover, unemployment rates, trade openness, fixed capital formation and the history of previous crises are found to be influential determinants of GDP and GPI, with credit and exchange rate variables showing ambiguous results. Image 1 • We track recovery paths of South Korea & Malaysia after 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. • Recovery is examined via traditional GDP and sustainable development-oriented GPI. • External debt significantly impacts economic growth in GDP & GPI for South Korea. • Capital control is an insignificant influence on either metric for Malaysia. • Unemployment, trade policy, capital formation and crises are significant determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korea fourth-generation storage ring (Korea-4GSR) has a low electron beam emittance of 60 p.m.-rad, and provides a photon beam that is 100 times brighter and 100 times more coherent than the third-generation Pohang Light Source (PLS-II). However, the new source imposes a higher heat load on beamline optics. In particular, the first mirror (M1), which receives the broad-bandwidth white beam will be distorted by the thermal load from X-ray beam and the heat bump will degrade the beam quality. For the thermal analysis of M1, a method is developed to solve the thermal deformation with temperature gradient and absorbed power density. To implement the method in the analysis of heat load effect on M1, a benchmark study was performed on beamline 8A at PLS-II. In this paper, we describe the thermal analysis of M1 in Korea-4GSR after verifying our simulation method in a benchmark study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impacts of carbon pricing policies on firms' greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We include two carbon pricing policies: carbon tax and emission trading scheme (ETS) at national and sub-national (province) levels, measured as policy existence (binary variable) and carbon price (continuous variable). Firms' GHG emissions are measured as total emissions and emission intensity. Using unique recent firm-level data from 2010 to 2021 from three East Asia countries (Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK), and the People's Republic of China (PRC)), we obtain the following key findings. First, the national carbon pricing policy significantly reduced firms' GHG emissions and GHG emission intensity in Japan and the ROK. The greater the carbon price, the greater the impact. Second, the subnational carbon pricing policies implemented in two provinces of Japan (Saitama and Tokyo) decreased firms' GHG emissions. Third, heavy industry sectors such as energy, utilities, and industrials experienced a substantial decrease in GHG emission intensity due to the carbon pricing policy. Finally, our main results are robust to different model specifications and various measures of firms' GHG emissions. Although literature studying the ex-post impact of carbon pricing on emissions at country and sector-level is abundant, this paper contributes to the existing literature providing empirical evidence of the impact of carbon pricing policies on firms' emissions using firm-level data, which is highly limited especially in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on time series prediction based on deep learning is being actively carried out in various industries, deep learning technology still has a high entry barrier for researchers who have not majored in computer science. This paper presents a tutorial on time series prediction using a deep learning-based model. The entire process of time series data prediction is presented—from data collection to evaluation of prediction results. The details of each step are shown through a case example of predicting peak electricity demand and system marginal price of Jeju Island in Korea using the 1D-CNN and BiLSTM model. In Jeju Island, the proportion of renewable energy in the total power generation capacity is increased to 67% in 2021, requiring more accurate electricity demand forecasts. Therefore, using 808 days of training data from February 2018, electricity demand and SMP for the next 21 days were predicted. To make it easier for readers to follow, the example uses only open public data, and the entire Python source code is shared via a GitHub repository. The prediction error calculated by WRMSSE showed 0.42 in electricity demand and 0.63 in SMP max. A WRMSSE value less than one means that the forecast was relatively good, that is, better than naïve forecasting. This tutorial is not limited to the energy industry but can be utilized for any application requiring time-series data prediction. This article is expected to be of great help to researchers who need to understand the process of time series prediction using deep learning and use it for application in their industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Forests are becoming severely fragmented as a result of land development. South Korea has responded to changing community concerns about environmental issues. The nation has developed and is extending a broad range of tools for use in environmental management. Although legally mandated environmental compliance requirements in South Korea have been implemented to predict and evaluate the impacts of land-development projects, these legal instruments are often insufficient to assess the subsequent impact of development on the surrounding forests. It is especially difficult to examine impacts on multiple (e.g., regional and local) scales in detail. Forest configuration and size, including forest fragmentation by land development, are considered on a regional scale. Moreover, forest structure and composition, including biodiversity, are considered on a local scale in the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Recently, the government amended the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, including the SEA, EIA, and small-scale EIA, to require an integrated approach. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish an impact assessment system that minimizes the impacts of land development using an approach that is integrated across multiple scales. This study focused on forest fragmentation due to residential development and road construction sites in selected Congestion Restraint Zones (CRZs) in the Greater Seoul Area of South Korea. Based on a review of multiple-scale impacts, this paper integrates models that assess the impacts of land development on forest ecosystems. The applicability of the integrated model for assessing impacts on forest ecosystems through the SEIA process is considered. On a regional scale, it is possible to evaluate the location and size of a land-development project by considering aspects of forest fragmentation, such as the stability of the forest structure and the degree of fragmentation. On a local scale, land-development projects should consider the distances at which impacts occur in the vicinity of the forest ecosystem, and these considerations should include the impacts on forest vegetation and bird species. Impacts can be mitigated by considering the distances at which these influences occur. In particular, this paper presents an integrated environmental impact assessment system to be applied in the SEIA process. The integrated assessment system permits the assessment of the cumulative impacts of land development on multiple scales. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper aims to investigate if the number of oil tankers available for Korea to utilize in 2009, 822 vessels with 6.74 million GT, will be enough to meet Korea''s transportation demand for future crude oil import. A time serious econometric model is developed and applied to a set of annual data series covering the 1980-2009 period. Based upon the long run elasticity of tanker demand and the projected future crude oil demand for Korea until 2030, this paper implicates that seriously excessive tanker fleet capacity will be generated in Korea for at least a short to medium term until 2015, which will exert a downward pressure on Korea''s already depressed freight rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since Environmental Sound and Sustainable Development announced in 1992, low carbon and/or green economy has been gradually expanded in the world. South Korea government announced low carbon green growth as a nation strategy on August 15, 2008 in line with the expansion of climate change discussion in the world. Various Korean industries have integrated environmental issues into their corporate strategies in response to external business atmosphere such as the gradual expansion of new Environmental Sound and Sustainable Development paradigms, climate change issues, and the introduction of the nation''s low carbon green growth vision. The Korean construction industry has also tried to introduce and drive strategic environment management. The paper strives to analyze strategic environmental management types within the Korean construction industry, evaluating the strategic stages of Korean construction Industries based on Hunt and Auster''s model. Its scope is limited to 99 Korean construction sectors that have a high sensitivity to the environment. To categorize the stage of environmental management, this paper carried out a full content analysis. Then, cluster analysis was utilized to understand the strategy type of environmental management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Environmental energy is being studied actively around the world due to the effects of climate change, global warming, and energy policies. Energy policies are being reinforced to reduce building energy consumption. Therefore, environmental-friendly and sustainable building materials have been used to reduce energy consumption. The cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall is an environmental-friendly material that stacks layers at right angles, and bonds them together to form large solid panels. However, there is no standard for CLT structure walls in Korea. This study focuses on analyzing the hygrothermal properties of the CLT wall by showing the water content of the CLT wall, mold growth risk of CLT by WUFI simulation, and energy load by DesignBuilder using the climatic conditions of Seoul, Korea. CLT walls Ext_EPS, Ext_FG, and Ext_EPSFG based on an external insulation system, and walls Int_EPS, Int_FG, and Int_EPSFG based on an internal insulation system, were prepared for simulation analysis. The total water content (TWC) of Wall Ext_EPSFG was measured to be 8.67 kg/m2, which was the lowest TWC. This indicates that the TWC of the external insulation system wall is lower than that of the internal insulation system wall. Furthermore, the water content (WC) of structure based on the external insulation system is lower than that based on the internal insulation system. This indicates that the WC of Wall Ext_FG, measured to be a maximum 8.69% of WC, is lower than Wall Int_EPS, measured to be a maximum 10.45% of WC. According to the risk of mold growth, this indicates that all of the CLT wall layers have low mould growth risk, and the maximum mould index of walls Ext_FG and Int_EPSFG was measured to be 0.019. As a result of the hygrothermal analysis in this paper, CLT walls based on an external insulation system are more suitable than the internal insulation system. Therefore, this study analyzed the energy consumption of CLT walls based on the external insulation system, which was found to be lower than the energy consumption of the internal insulation system walls. • Cross-Laminated Timber Wall (CLT) is an environmental-friendly building material. • Water Contents (WC) and Mold growth of CLT walls are analyzed using simulation program. • WC of external Fiberglass insulation CLT wall measured to be a maximum 8.69%. • The mold index of external Fiberglass insulation CLT wall was measured to be 0.019 • Ext_EPSFG CLT wall was measured to show 3.53% energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) variations over the low-middle latitude South Korean region using dual frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from 14 permanent stations with the data spanning approximately eight years (January 2010 to December 2017). Although, significant work has been conducted in the Korean territory on high-precision positioning, surveying, natural disaster mitigation, and reference frame and datum definition; however, there is substantial scope for modeling of the low-middle latitude ionosphere over the region, which would provide further navigational and communicational benefits. Therefore, in this study, we investigated spatial and temporal TEC variations in GNSS observables through Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) modeling and substantiate our findings against existing empirical International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) and NeQuick-2 models. In addition, observation and modeling studies conducted during a geomagnetic storm period (3–9 September, 2017), when the vertical TEC (VTEC) value was almost double that of its regular level, confirm the superior performance of the EOF model in the percentage deviation and correlation plots. To ascertain the performance of the EOF model, the geomagnetic coordinates and PCN index were considered in this study along with other solar and geomagnetic indices (F10.7, Ap and Dst). Analysis of results emphasizes the superior performance of the EOF model compared to other regional and global models with respect to its accuracy and quality relating to quick convergence of decomposition modes and discrimination of temporal as well as spatial components. Image 1 • We presented a modified method of TEC modeling based on EOF approach. • EOF model assumed to be functions of both latitude and longitude. • PCN Index has been used instead of the AE index showed better indicator of storm. • EOF model showed better estimates TEC than the existing IRI and NeQuick models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital development, attractions of sustainable living standards and renewed concerns for the planet have redirected city planners to a new frontier: the creation of sustainable cities. This is evident in some initiatives taken to create cities with low to zero carbon emissions, build sustainable structures and create higher institutions of learning where sustainability practices are entrenched in their curricula. Examples of the forerunners of sustainable cities are abound; from the Middle East (Education City in Qatar and Masdar City in Abu Dhabi) to Far East (Dongtan Institute in China and New Songdo City in South Korea), new cities imbued with sustainability practices are springing forth. There are 400 big cities and 23 mega cities presently occupying the world urban spaces, with estimates of about one and 10 million inhabitants, respectively. Ironically cities occupy about 2% of the earth surface, they however consume 60–80% of global energy. The global urban population rose from 220 million to about 2.8 billion in the 20th century, and it is projected that by 2050, this will increase to 6.9 billion, which is about 70% of the world population. Therefore, sustainability campaigns, when directed at cities, would have intended impacts due to a number of factors associated with cities: large population, hub of intellectual and social integration, high consumption, etc. In creating modern sustainable cities however, the attention of cities' planners and policymakers alike should be on those goals that come under the banner of sustainability, especially when designing new or retrofitting existing human settlements (the cities); such as human capital development, energy conservation and energy efficiency, water security, efficient use of earth-abundant resources, transportation, building standards, social and economic equity, and food wastes management. Although there are few review articles in the literature that separately deal with individual sustainability fundamentals, there is a dearth of publication consolidating key sustainability principles required for modern cities. This paper reviewed each element needed to make a functional sustainable city. We adopted a simple approach; we explained each sustainability principle, highlighted its core values and gave reasons why it is an important candidate to be considered in making a working city. We critiqued the current sustainable cities by stating reasons for their strengths and explanations for their deficiencies. We engaged the future sustainable cities' planners to learn from the failures of some of the earlier hurriedly executed sustainable cities in order to have the most important elements of sustainability present in their future project execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic communication in shallow water is characterized by multipath channels, which cause significant delay spreading, leading to inter-symbol interference. This inter-symbol interference necessarily causes a significant degradation in communication performance. Although a time reversal technique has been reported to produce satisfactory performance in multipath dominant environments, this technique requires a large receiver array covering the water column to achieve reliable communication performance. In this paper, a time reversal single-input multiple-output system using the pressure signal and the vertical component of the particle velocity is presented. The vertical component of the particle velocity was estimated using the finite difference in gradient between pressures measured by two vertically adjacent receivers. The experiment was conducted in shallow water off the south coast of Korea, where the water depth is 59 m and the bottom consists of silty clay. The results showed that the time reversal communication system based on vector quantities performed better than systems where only the pressure signals were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Methods to assess an energy rebound effect are reviewed. • Our new approach to assess rebound effect considers the factors of production. • Energy rebound effect in Korea is investigated. • The estimation result of our model is more plausible than one of previous model. Abstract Our paper presents a new approach to estimating the macroeconomic growth energy rebound effect. Utilizing data envelopment analysis, our suggested methodology, unlike the standard macroeconomic growth rebound effect estimation, considers other factors of production. Through an output-oriented data envelopment analysis, optimal economic growth is derived considering all factors of production. The difference between the optimal economic growth and actual economic growth represents information on energy overspending. This overspent energy directly equates to the macroeconomic growth energy rebound effect. For the empirical case study, time-series data of economic growth and factors of production, demonstrated by energy supply, capital stocks, and labor force, are collected for the period of 1971 to 2012 in Korea. While the energy rebound effect results using the standard approach to estimating macroeconomic growth energy rebound effect are in the vicinity of 100%, our empirical results show that there is a 1% rebound effect in most of the years. Our method is plausible since our results show that the energy rebound effect is high when the economy is in recession or energy prices are shocked. That is, energy, one of the factors of production, is wasted from an economic viewpoint, which is consistent with the definition of energy rebound effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of Industrial 4.0, today many manufacturing companies in Korea are transitioning to automation. As per automation, more and more companies have successfully adopted a manufacturing execution system (MES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), however, current MES cannot fully support integration into overall processes across the supply chain. As rolling stock manufacturers in Korea are faced with fierce competition, it becomes increasingly important to cope with various demands from clients for real-time shop floor situation. There has been much previous research on data collection, data analysis based on shop floor situation mostly in the semiconductor industry, however, little research dealt with rolling stock manufacturing setting. Thus, in this paper, we will introduce a new design of state of the art smart MES (or S-MES) for rolling stock manufacturer by collaborating various functions and To-Be model is provided for comparison with As-Is model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing international trade is likely to become a major obstacle in reducing carbon emissions. Research that estimates trade-related emissions and analyzes the sources will be important to overcoming this obstacle. With this in mind, the current paper investigates carbon emissions embodied in South Korea's trade during 2000–2014. Using multi-regional input-output analysis, we find large increases in emissions embodied in exports (production-based emissions) and imports (consumption-based emissions) which drove increases in Korean emissions. Over time, Korea's net carbon exports grew alongside its net value-added exports, implying a greater trade-off between the environmental costs and economic benefits of trade. However, emission intensities of exports and imports both fell which suggests improvements in emission efficiencies at home and abroad. Analysis of bilateral trade shows that growth in trade with China accounted for the largest share of increases in Korea's embodied emissions. Analysis at the sectoral level shows high levels of emissions relative to value added in basic materials and transportation services but low levels of emissions relative to value added in electronic and mechanical equipment and transportation equipment. Lastly, structural decomposition analysis indicates that improvements in emission intensities limited growth in emissions, while rising levels of final demand expanded growth in emissions. As the first extensive study to analyze the drivers of changes in Korea's carbon emissions embodied in multilateral exports and imports, this paper recommends various abatement policies to effectively reduce emissions. [Display omitted] • CO 2 emissions embodied in Korea's trade during 2000–2014 were estimated. • Production-based and consumption-based CO 2 emissions were measured. • Multi-regional input-output and structural decomposition methods were applied. • Korea's net CO 2 emissions exports increased considerably during 2007–2014. • The scale of final demand contributed most to the rise in Korea's emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the association between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, firm value and foreign ownership for Korean firms. In Korea, firms that emit GHG more than a given threshold have been mandated to disclose the levels of GHG emissions since 2011. We find that firms bound to disclose GHG emissions are likely to be valued less compared to firms without disclosure obligations. In addition, foreign investors' ownership is lower for mandatory-disclosure firms than firms without such requirements. Among mandatory-disclosure firms, GHG intensity is negatively associated with firm value and this association is strengthened after 2015, following the Paris Accords. • This study investigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Korean firms. • Firms required to disclose GHG emissions are valued less. • Foreign investors tend to avoid investing in Korean firms with heavy GHG emissions. • Firms are valued less as the GHG intensity increases, especially after 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse continues in East Asia and shows an increasing trend among youths in South Korea, Japan, and China. Although the negative effects of MA abuse on youth are considered as significant problems, few studies have been conducted on the topic in these countries. This paper focuses on the effects of MA on the human body and current MA abuse among youths in South Korea, Japan, and China. To investigate the negative effects of MA on the human body, we searched the keywords "MA," "human," and "effect" for studies published from 2013 to 2017. MA activates the neurotransmitter system and the central nervous system, and when used at high dosage or for long term, MA can cause severe neurotoxicity and cardiovascular problems. Online networks contribute to MA abuse by sharing methods for preparing synthetic MA. Despite efforts to reduce MA abuse, social crimes associated with its abuse continue and numbers of illegal MA users are increasing steadily in Korea, Japan, and China. In young users, diverse factors associated with drug addiction, such as curiosity and peer effect, lead to MA abuse and its attendant personal and social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incomplete mine reclamation can cause ecological and environmental impacts. This paper focuses on the geotechnical and rheological characteristics of waste rock materials, which are mainly composed of sand-size particles, potentially resulting in mass movement (e.g., slide or flow) and extensive acid mine drainage. To examine the potential for contaminant mobilization resulting from physicochemical processes in abandoned mines, a series of scenario-based debris flow simulations was conducted using Debris-2D to identify different hazard scenarios and volumes. The flow behavior of waste rock materials was examined using a ball-measuring rheometric apparatus, which can be adapted for large particle samples, such as debris flow. Bingham yield stresses determined in controlled shear rate mode were used as an input parameter in the debris flow modeling. The yield stresses ranged from 100 to 1000 Pa for shear rates ranging from 10 − 5 to 10 2 s − 1 . The results demonstrated that the lowest yield stress could result in high mobility of debris flow (e.g., runout distance > 700 m from the source area for 60 s); consequently, the material contaminants may easily reach the confluence of the Suyoung River through a mountain stream. When a fast slide or debris flow occurs at or near an abandoned mine area, it may result in extremely dynamic and destructive geomorphological changes. Even for the highest yield stress of debris flow simulation (i.e., τ y = 2000 Pa), the released debris could flow into the mountain stream; therefore, people living near abandoned mines may become exposed to water pollution throughout the day. To maintain safety at and near abandoned mines, the physicochemical properties of waste materials should be monitored, and proper mitigation measures post-mining should be considered in terms of both their physical damage and chemical pollution potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A data-driven optimization algorithm is developed for reliable PtX design. • Constraint of grid utilization prevents overuse of grid for sustainable production. • The trade-off between variations and means of performance indicators is revealed. • Results offer insights into design decision-making under renewable uncertainty. Designing a reliable power-to-X (PtX) process that uses renewable energy and grid electricity as backup power is challenging due to the uncertain nature of renewables and potential limits on grid usage. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a data-driven, reliability-based optimization approach for designing a grid-assisted PtX process and understanding how the uncertainty of time-series renewable profile affects its design and optimal sizing. This approach uses generative adversarial networks (GANs) to capture the complex patterns of renewables in temporal and spatial dimensions, rather than simply treating uncertainty as a probabilistic range as in conventional methods. The optimization considers both the mean and variance of production cost as objectives, while also taking into account the level of grid energy penetration as a probabilistic constraint through the reliability analysis. A power allocation and performance evaluation model is developed and used in conjunction with the optimization to assess uncertainty propagation through the PtX process and evaluate the impact of renewable uncertainty on process performance. A case study involving the production of methanol on Jeju Island in South Korea demonstrates how the mean and variance of production cost and other performance indicators can be balanced in the reliable design of PtX processes under renewable energy uncertainty, providing insights for decision-making in such situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since November 2021, gradual changes in non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) had begun in consideration of the socio-economic cost and the high rate of COVID-19 vaccination. As an effort to monitor the COVID-19 situation and the effect of NPIs, regular risk assessment for COVID-19 has been conducted based on the input from the external advisory committee. This paper examines the correlation between the risk assessment results and other indicators, such as the incidence of COVID-19, public perception, community mobility, and the government policy from November 2021 to May 2022. For weekly regular risk assessment of COVID-19, the data were collected from the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System website, which included incidence, mortality, and % of severe cases. Other indicators were from regular surveys on perceived risk among the public, community mobility from the Google website, and the government's response policy from The Oxford Stringency Index. The level of risk was classified into five levels from very low to very high. The level of COVID-19 risk and its correlation with the COVID-19 incidence, risk perception, community mobility, and government policy were examined. The result of the correlation analysis showed the highest positive correlation between the risk level and risk perception (r=0.86, CI 0.72-0.94). This indicates that the actual risk level and the risk perceived by the public are similar. Among the incidence-related indicators, the number of new severe cases of COVID-19 per week showed the highest correlation with the risk level (r=0.62, CI 0.33-0.80). The high correlation between the weekly severe cases and the overall COVID-19 risk level suggests that Korea's COVID-19 policy priority was mainly at protecting the high-risk population [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event-based surveillance (EBS) and rapid risk assessment (RRA) are essential tools for the early warning system against outbreaks, especially in the initial stages of an incident of potential public health threat. Since the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2015, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) established EBS and RRA systems. This paper described KDCA's implementation of EBS and RRA to support the decision-making process for acute public health events. The process of EBS and RRA systems for potential public health threats occurring outside of Korea is described and potential barriers and challenges are discussed. EBS and RRA systems have been constantly utilized in Korea. One of the recent examples is the EBS and RRA activities for acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children and the global monkeypox outbreak which provided the basis to establish timely surveillance and response systems. EBS tends to rely heavily on access to timely information. The quality of information needs to be ensured through a verification process by trained personnel as the quality of information determines the credibility of EBS results. Efforts to strengthen the information coverage and enhance the quality of information are key elements of EBS and RRA. Standardized manuals and systematic implementation of the EBS and RRA enable a more accurate evaluation of the risk. The process of RRA also needs flexibility in the way the risk is estimated. Public health threats are more likely to be imported than before as exchanges among countries grow frequent due to the eased border control measures for COVID-19 in recent days. The EBS and RRA systems are essential tools for all countries to ensure a timely response. Efforts to improve access to timely information and to ensure the quality of information should be continuously made to improve EBS and RRA systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global diffusion of circular economy regulatory policy packages (CERPPs) raises questions over their extent, composition, and potential effectiveness. While research into circular economy (CE) regulation is growing, a dearth of analyses of the optimal design of CE policy packages presents a clear gap in the literature. This paper therefore surveys current waste management policy to identify the degree to which circular economy principles are being translated into public policy globally. Examining resource use and waste management policy in 60 countries, the paper first provides a snapshot of the global spread of CE policy packages. Secondly, the assessment framework is applied to three case studies of recent CE policy packages from Finland, Greece and South Korea. These cases fall some way short of theoretical optimality, suggesting that long-term CERPP effectiveness is questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the development of the low-cost carrier (LCC) sector in China, Japan, and South Korea. It is the first paper that documents LCC contributions to the passenger traffic and cheaper fares in Northeast Asia (NEA)'s intra-markets. We argue that a single aviation market can facilitate the growth of the LCC sector, which in turn will make a significant contribution to the NEA connectivity, mobility, and integration. In addition, with a single aviation market, NEA countries can adopt a proactive, unified approach in negotiating air transport agreements with the major aviation partners to maximize the interests of this region as a whole, which will further provide valuable growth opportunities for the LCCs. • This paper provides an overview of the development of the low-cost carrier (LCC) sector in China, Japan, and South Korea. • The LCCs contribute to the increase in passenger traffic and reduction in airfares in Northeast Asia's intra-markets. • A single aviation market in Northeast Asia can facilitate the growth of the LCC sector. • This region can adopt a proactive, unified approach in negotiating air transport agreements with the major aviation partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-cleaning effects of polyethylene terephthalate fabric (PET) through the photocatalytic effects of TiO 2 (T), porphyrin (P) and silane (S) have been explored ultrasonically using bath type (WUC-D22H, Daihan Scientific, Korea). The ultrasonic power and frequency were 100 W and 30 kHz, respectively. The surface modification in fabric was achieved by the ultrasonic deposition of anatase TiO 2 (T), porphyrin (P), and further modification by silane (S) was used to achieve dual-function (photocatalytic and superhydrophobic) self-cleaning behavior. The dye-degrading abilities of the modified fabric surface confirmed by the photo discoloration of various organic pollutants by visible light treatment. From the tested various dye, methylene blue (MB) decomposition was monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy by measuring the changes in concentrations in the fabric at altered time breaks. The attachment of silane and its stability after washing the surface of fabric confirmed by measuring the water contact angle (WCA). The self-cleaning efficacies were in the order PET@TP > PET@TPS. The modifications are done in fabric surface characterized and confirmed by XRD, XPS, UV–Vis, and FESEM analyses. Fabric's self-cleaning effect examined with common daily life pollutants. Easy to make single-component ink prepared using silane (S) and used as digital printing ink and printed on fabric, exclusively attained hydrophobic surface in the printed area. Unlabelled Image • Dual function self-cleaning behavior attained in PET samples by surface modification via ultrasonic finishing method. • Visible light responsive decomposition of different organic pollutants using TiO 2 and porphyrin. • Single component ink prepared using silane and printed on surface modified fabric to attain superhydrophobic image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]