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Jerk chaotic systems have many applications in science and engineering. In the past few decades, significant attention has been paid on the modeling of new jerk differential equations arising in engineering. An important model of a plasma torch jerk differential equation exhibiting chaos was reported by Ghorui et al. (2000) . The Ghorui jerk system is a recent example of a jerk chaotic system consisting of a just cubic nonlinearity and linear terms in its dynamics. This work announces a new plasma torch jerk chaotic system by adding a quadratic nonlinearity to the Ghorui jerk chaotic system. We show that the new plasma torch jerk system has a self-excited chaotic attractor with three unstable saddle-foci rest points. We give a detailed bifurcation analysis of the new plasma torch chaotic jerk system. We also report that the new plasma torch chaotic jerk system has multistability and coexisting chaotic attractors. As control applications, we use active backstepping control laws for the global chaos stabilization and global chaos synchronization for the new plasma torch chaotic jerk system. Finally, we design an electronic circuit of the new plasma torch chaotic jerk system using Multisim for practical implementation in engineering.

In the past few decades, economic growth has created dramatic pressure on the environment in the form of increased CO2 emissions, exhaustion of natural resources, and climate change. Exploring the relationship between environmental quality and economic development would be helpful for policymakers to design and implement effective policies in order to achieve sustainability goals. The interdependency of economic growth on the environment and vice-versa is best explained by the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC), which shows that environmental degradation increases in the initial phases of growth, but it subsequently decreases as income transcends a threshold value taking the form of an inverted U. This chapter aims to explain the role of natural resources in supporting economic growth and provides a literature survey of various studies on the EKC hypothesis. Based on the evidence, this study indicates that increased income has positive influence on pollution measures, but on the contrary, it also has an adverse effect on most ecoefficient policies of environmental sustainability. Since economic progression leads to environmental improvement, economic growth can be considered as one of the solutions for ecological problems.

This chapter presents the multi-switching synchronization of nonlinear hyperchaotic systems via active backstepping control. The multi-switching complete synchronization scheme has been examined such that the state variables of slave system synchronize with different state variables of master system. The controllers are computed via active backstepping control design and Lyapunov stability criteria is used to ensure the stability of the dynamical system. To perform this methodology a hyperchaotic system is considered and it is applied on three switches. Numerical simulation results are performed to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the applied method.

Pesticides are chemical compounds that are widely used to control the pest population. More than 1000 pesticides are used all over the world. Each of them has unique properties and noxious effects. Approximately 5.6 billion pounds of pesticides are used every year across the globe. Only 0.1% of them reach the targeted organisms (pests). They cannot be held within the boundaries of the farms. Irrigation and rainfall increase the risk of leaching and contaminating ground and surface water. The factors like solubility in water, mobility in soil, and application rate determine the infiltration of pesticides into water. The presence of pesticides in drinking water poses life-threatening risks as they are a dangerous environmental pollutant. Maximum permissible limits of pesticides and their residues are legally regulated in each country. Even at the levels considered safe, pesticides have caused a great loss to biodiversity. Therefore their level in the environment needs continuous monitoring. The present work examines the different types of pesticides and their toxic effects on the different organisms in detail. The analysis of the pesticides is also challenging as sample preparation is tedious, and the presence of target analytes is at low levels. This chapter also explores different techniques for the preparation of the sample and their analysis. Different measures of control have also been studied.

Recurrent application of chemical pesticides in the agricultural fields have adverse impact on flora and fauna of soil ecosystem. Earthworms immensely contribute in increasing the fertility of soil. They may act as a bioindicator for the ecotoxicological analysis of pesticide induced soil pollution. Earthworms, Eudrilus eugeniae were exposed to different concentrations of pesticides chlorpyrifos (OP), cypermethrin (a pyrethroid) and their combination for 48 h by paper contact toxicity method. The LC50 for commercial grade of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and combined pesticides were determined as 0.165, 0.066 and 0.020 μg/cm2, respectively. To assess the sub-lethal effect of these pesticides, E. eugeniae were exposed to 5% and 10% of LC50 of the pesticides for 48 h. Variation in morpho-behavioural changes such as coiling, clitellar swelling, mucus release, bleeding and body fragmentation in earthworms were observed after exposure of both pesticides and their combination. Various biochemical estimations such as specific activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione -S-transferase (GST); levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were carried out in different body segments. Significant changes in these stress markers were observed at low and high sub-acute concentration of pesticides exposed earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. Such changes indicate potential health risk to E. eugeniae if exposed to the high concentrations of these pesticides accumulated in soil. Keywords: AChE activity, Stress markers, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin, Eudrilus eugeniae

Graphical abstract, Highlights • The pesticides have adverse effect on the health of aquatic biota including fishes. • Comparative acute toxicity of both pesticides was determined in the present study. • Both pesticides have affected the behavioural activities of C. punctatus. • Alteration of behavioural patterns may be due to strong inhibition of AChE activity. • Triazophos (organophosphate) is more neurotoxic than deltamethrin (pyrethroid)., Pesticides are applied to control the pests indoor and outdoor; however, their remarkable amount reaches to the aquatic system through various routes like run-off, leaching, spray-drift, effluent from factories. These are reported to have negative metabolic impact on different non-target aquatic organisms like fishes. Thus, present study is aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of two groups of pesticides, organophosphate and pyrethroid, namely triazophos and deltamethrin, respectively. The test was conducted for 96 h period in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. The LC50 values for triazophos and deltamethrin after 96 h treatment was found to be 0.069 mg/L and 7.33 μg/L. The deltamethrin was found to be about ten times more toxic than triazophos to the fish. In treated fish, alterations in various behavioural patterns were observed with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides as compared to control. Further, tissue specific as well as dose dependent inhibition in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity was found in brain, muscle and gills in Channa punctatus exposed to both the insecticides. However, the effect was more pronounced in triazophos treated fishes than the deltamethrin. A futuristic approach on biochemical and molecular studies may throw light on the mechanism of action of these pesticides.

Recent reports on the depletion of ozone layer over Antarctica have reinforced us to ponder over the issue of uncontrolled anthropogenic activities which has increased the amount of radiation in the biosphere. Since the plants are continuously exposed to different types of radiation, they are at higher risk of damage caused by these radiations. It disturbs normal growth of the plant, affects the photosynthetic pigment content, thereby producing a huge amount of reactive oxygen species, and disturbs the overall cellular homeostasis of the plant. Apart from that, it also negatively controls the programming of the genetic machinery. These altogether result in the decline in the yield of major cash crops. Despite the negative effects imposed by the radiation, it has also shaped the life on earth over the years in the form of various adaptive measures incorporated in the plant and cyanobacterial system, such as photoreactivation, synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in the epidermis, synthesis of scytonemins and mycosporine amino acids (MAAs). Therefore various exogenous mitigating strategies employed to combat the inevitable crop loss due to these radiations have been summarized in this chapter and are to be incorporated in the agricultural system in the coming years.

Due to anthropogenic activities, agricultural land tends to face several abiotic stress conditions, including heat, ultraviolet, and metal. Different problems are being faced today, including crop loss, which is a serious concern worldwide in the increasing population era. To minimize these problems, plants adapt several endogenous strategies, including phytohormone action. Recent studies have shown that phytohormones, including auxin, cytokinins, gibberellin, and several groups of brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid (JA), etc., may prove to be important for plants to cope with stress conditions. Under stress conditions, plant physiology is also disturbed and their defense mechanism lowers, which leads to weak, stress-tolerant plants. Several strategies have been adopted by people to minimize the crop loss which has not been very effective till now. Phytohormones are known to regulate the plant growth and development under different stress conditions. In this regard, phytohormone engineering could be a way to minimize the loss and improve the crops which would be environment friendly. Therefore in this study we will discuss about the prevailing role of phytohormones and their signaling mechanism under abiotic stress condition which ultimately leads to increased tolerance capacity and decrease in crop productivity loss.

In this chapter, the multiswitching synchronization scheme has been investigated for a class of nonidentical fractional order hyperchaotic systems. The multiswitching complete synchronization scheme has been examined such that the state variables of the slave system synchronize with different state variables of the master system. For the synchronization of two nonidentical fractional order hyperchaotic systems suitable controllers have been designed using active control technique. The stability of fractional order chaotic systems has been used to stabilize the error dynamical system. Two switches are considered to illustrate the methodology. Numerical simulation results are performed to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the applied method.