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The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has greatly disrupted our professional and personal lives. Six early career cardiologists comment briefly on their personal experiences. ### Italy: Alessia Gambaro

In many instances, managing vascular trauma takes place in a resource-constrained environment, which invokes particular challenges concerning both technique and decision making. Based on personal experiences of the author gained over 2 decades of military and nongovernmental organization (NGO) missions, this chapter reviews the management of vascular trauma in the context of the austere setting. The chapter makes particular emphasis on the principles of the damage control surgery and how this approach is fundamental in such challenging circumstances. Equipment, vascular techniques, soft-tissue coverage, and crew resource management (CRM) issues are also explored in this chapter.

Grounded in intersubjective participatory action research, the people and dancefloors project has sought to pro- duce a space for the co-creation of knowledge about dancefloors and drug taking, building a platform for devel- oping insights from the positionality of current drug users. Through film, it provides hermeneutic insight while legitimising their voices. In this paper, we share some reflections as researchers/users/activists arising from our involvement in the project. To begin with, we reflect on the motivations for the project, and the epistemic suppositions that animated it. This is followed by conversational style interviews where we re-evaluate our position in light of the project, with a particular focus on the tensions that drug use introduces between professional, personal and political domains in our lives. These reflections are useful to people who use drugs and hold privilege by nature of their social and cultural position. While questioning the silencing of personal experiences in relation to drug use, we also react to some of the traditional tendencies of academia, including institutionalised individualism, which isolates researchers and discourages them from finding political collectivity, and the subjectivist/objectivist dichotomy, which supports a tendency to objectify research participants while removing the self from the equation. Despite the challenges that arise from disentangling our multiple experiences and identities, our intersubjective dialogue inspires deeper learning about ourselves and each other, encouraging us towards a more openly political stance.

Stigma and discrimination dissuade people with mental illnesses from talking openly about their problems. In India, these experiences are influenced by local cultural factors. Interventions to reduce mental health stigma in India indicated that very few studies have involved people with lived experiences (PWLEs) of mental illness and their families. As evidence shows that having interpersonal contact with a person with mental illness reduces stigma, we present our personal experiences in engaging with PWLEs of mental illness directly from the community. We discuss here the challenges experienced while engaging with PWLEs of mental illnesses because of stigma and feared discrimination from others in the community. Lessons learnt as part of past and ongoing mental health projects have been highlighted. Our experiences underline importance of involving local psychiatric facilities, community health workers and engagement with communities from the very outset as some key steps in increasing the chances of engaging with such individuals. Future strategies could make use of plethora of multi-media approaches such as, videos, films, drama, animations, podcasts, and audio-recordings aiming to reduce stigma and improve mental health literacy as part of anti-stigma interventions.

Sharing personal experiences is an important communication strategy in public health, including vaccination. This study sought to understand if parents would be receptive to learning about the HPV vaccine from other parent experiences, and what format this information should take on social media. In May 2020, we conducted a qualitative study of six online focus groups across the U.S. with parents (n = 48) of children ages 9–14. Using a text-based discussion format, we discussed their experiences getting information about the HPV vaccine and using Twitter to learn about health topics. Four coders structured qualitative findings by themes including content, delivery, and source of information. An accompanying survey was used to describe participant Twitter use and HPV vaccine knowledge and attitudes. The average participant age was 44.6 years old, 63% were mothers, and the majority had high HPV vaccine knowledge. Parents indicated that they want to hear from other parents about their experiences with the HPV vaccine. However, it was hard to know where to find this information. When experiences are shared on social media, the negative ones are more memorable and more personal. Parents thought Twitter could be an important space to communicate about the HPV vaccine if it was done in a credible, verifiable, and authentic way. Parents want to learn about the HPV vaccine through other parent experiences, especially when this aligns with science supporting the vaccine. Public health and medical communities must embrace this mix of evidence and lived experiences to deliver and discuss health information.

To achieve broad-based public support for conservation policies and actions, we need to understand what strengthens a person's connection to nature, since that has been shown to translate into environmentally protective attitudes and behaviour. We conducted a national survey in Singapore to investigate the associations of family values (biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic), social norms relating to spending time in nature, and experiences of nature, with three dimensions of connection to nature (measured using the nature-relatedness scale) – NR-Perspective (cognitive), NR-Self (affective) and NR-Experience (experiential). We found that family values were significantly associated with all three dimensions of a person's connection to nature. Biospheric and altruistic family values had a direct and positive association with NR-Perspective, while egoistic family values had a direct but negative association. The relationship between biospheric values and the three dimensions of connection to nature was also mediated through social norms of family and friends, and experiences of nature. Our findings indicate that family values, social norms and experiences of nature can variously explain different aspects of connection to nature, and that strategies focused on strengthening and/or appealing to biospheric family values, and the design of interventions that make spending time in nature with family and friends a social norm, could be useful in enhancing connection to nature in people.

Background Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) affecting rural and remote populations globally, who are additionally burdened by poverty and the lack of effective healthcare systems. Delayed healthcare and use of traditional treatments are very frequent. The purpose of our study was to explore perceptions of snakes, impact of snakebite, and knowledge and opinions of different snakebite treatments with the aim of identifying opportunities for improving snakebite management. Methods This is a qualitative descriptive study based on semi-structured interviews with 21 snakebite victims and 4 traditional healers in 4 villages of Akonolinga health district, Center Region, Cameroon. Analysis focused on describing participants' perceptions of snakes, the impact of snakebite on the victims’ lives, and their opinions of different treatment options. Results Respondents were fearful of snakes and knowledgeable about envenoming symptoms and treatments. The experience of snakebite led to increased vigilance and avoidance behaviours, which sometimes resulted in financial loss for the victims. A range of traditional treatments were described, including tourniquets, black-stone application and medicinal plant decoctions. However, opinions were ambivalent regarding their efficacy, depending especially on previous personal experiences. Still, traditional treatments were said to be more available and cheaper than hospital care, and in particular, than antivenom. Nevertheless, most victims preferred hospital treatment if the financial and transportation barriers were lifted. Both snakebite victims and traditional healers were of the opinion that collaboration between health services and traditional healers could help to improve snakebite management and outcomes. Conclusion Our study shows that snakebite victims are in favour of using antivenom for the treatment of snakebite and would welcome better access to it. However, its current unavailability and high cost pushes them to turn to traditional treatments. On the other hand, traditional healers are in favour of collaborating with health facilities. These results are very encouraging for the improvement of snakebite management in Cameroon along the lines of the WHO Snakebite Envenoming Strategy for Prevention and Control: ensuring access to safe and effective treatment, and increasing partnership and coordination between communities, traditional healers, and conventional caregivers., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Antivenom supply in health centers is the number one priority. • Roads and means of transportation must be improved to allow access to health centers. • Communication between health centers and traditional healers is key to a timely management of snakebite cases. • Both victims and traditional healers are expecting improvement in snakebite management.

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults worldwide. After a period of rehabilitation, many ABI survivors still face complex mind/body conditions when they try to take up their former life again. Besides lasting visible impairments such as weakness and loss of body balance, there are often less obvious disabilities such as extreme fatigue, hypersensitivity for stimuli, memory, concentration and attention problems or personality changes. The aim of this paper is to understand how ABI survivors and their significant others renegotiate their engagements with everyday places, using the concepts of bio-geo-graphical disruption and flow. We conducted in-depth interviews and did a place-mapping exercise with 18 adult ABI survivors and their significant others. The data were analysed according to the principles of thematic analysis, with use of Atlas.ti. In the struggles of ABI survivors' relations with place, our findings show diversity in personal experiences and strategies, as well as commonalities at a more general level. First, having access to meaningful places, old and new, and coming to terms with the fact that some places may not be accessible anymore, appeared to be vital in the participants' process of healing. Second, the interplay or, as we call it, reciprocity, between different places can contribute to wellbeing: for instance, the security and continuity found at home may enable ABI survivors to handle a trip to a crowded city centre. Thus, by framing mind/body problems of ABI survivors in terms of a network of meaningful places rather than as a body with lost functions, our study shows how the reciprocity between multiple places has a potentially positive effect on life post-ABI.

We study whether personal experiences are so powerful that they make individuals actively shy away from risk. Our research design relies on portfolio decisions relating to inheritances, which alter the active decision from one of choosing to take risk to one of choosing to reduce risk. Experience derives from investments in banks that defaulted following the 2007–2009 financial crisis. We classify experiences into first-hand experiences, resulting from personal losses; second-hand experiences, from losses of family members; and third-hand experiences, from locations where banks defaulted. Our results demonstrate that experiences gained personally, not common shocks, make individuals shy away from risk.

Two female vascular surgeons reflect on their personal experiences and journeys in academic medicine leadership—one from the perspective of CEO and Dean and the other from a developing leader standpoint. Through their firsthand narratives, they share strategies for building resilience, inclusion, teamwork, and mentorship as they navigate the opportunities and challenges of leadership development.

The Lupus in Minorities: Nature Vs Nurture (LUMINA) cohort has placed Hispanics on the lupus map in the United States. Texan Hispanic and African American patients experience, overall, worse outcomes than the Caucasian and Puerto Rican Hispanic patients. The genetic component of ethnicity is important early in the disease course whereas socioeconomic factors become more important subsequently. The role of hydroxychloroquine in preventing damage accrual and reducing mortality in lupus patients is a major contribution of LUMINA

This paper explores why teachers adopt physically active learning (PAL). Data were collected through ‘go-alongs’ supplemented by individual interviews with 13 teachers in seven Norwegian lower secondary schools. Data were then analysed thematically. Results indicated that as well as to enhance their teaching and pupils' learning, teachers adopt PAL to adhere to school policy (The Conforming Teacher), to be an innovative educator (The Innovating Teacher), and, because it matches past positive personal experiences (The Connecting Teacher). The findings can be used to shape PAL teacher training programs to increase the likelihood of adoption.

Police officers risk their lives every day in order to protect the community they serve. They are also dispatched to a variety of calls for service and are expected to portray many different roles. It is through these conflicting roles, which include responsibility for dealing with human suffering and organizational bureaucracies that may put police officers in a state where they may suffer from compassion fatigue and eventually burnout. However, training, education on early recognition, emotional control and overall self-care can make the difference between police officers who suffer from compassion fatigue and those who experience compassion satisfaction. In this chapter, the author, Beth Milliard, discusses the imperative need for police officers to develop compassion satisfaction as a primary tool in their self-care repertoire. The chapter presents both the author's academic expertize in this area of officer wellness and her personal experiences as an officer, detective, and peer support team member in a police organization. Readers are encouraged to find ways to emphasize compassion satisfaction in their efforts to support police officer wellness.

This chapter aims to consider the importance of ethical issues when conducting sexual health research with teenagers. The chapter is divided into four sections. Section A Brief Background to the Importance of Ethics discusses the importance and background of ethics. Section Existing Ethical Guidelines considers existing ethical guidelines, and Section Lessons from Our Own Research Projects provides a consideration of our own personal experiences of the ethical issues encountered in sexual health research. Section Reflections and Guidance draws the key issues together and provides guidance on how to implement ethical procedures when researching sexual health with teenagers.

What are the outcomes or consequences of disaster volunteering? This chapter sums up the personal experiences of volunteering with perspectives from volunteers, aid recipients, emergency managers and volunteer coordinators, and communities. With an eye toward retaining volunteers for future service, the chapter then provides evidence-based guidance for volunteer retention.

Background: This study evaluated social media to better understand the patient experience regarding Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery. Methods: Twitter and Instagram posts were queried to identify relevant posts. The initial search for Instagram posts and “tweets” tagged with “#gammaknife” or “@gammaknife” identified 1094 posts on Instagram and 1517 tweets. Nine-hundred seventy-three Instagram posts and 1453 tweets were eliminated that did not involve the patient's own experience. We coded for the number of Gamma Knife procedures that the patient had undergone, whether it was published before or after the patient's procedure, and for classified themes related to patients' experience with the procedure. Results: Thirty-eight of 48 (79.2%) tweets and 61 of 82 (74.4%) Instagram posts were related to patients' first experience. Fifty-eight percent of tweets and 65% of Instagram posts were published post-Gamma Knife treatment. The most common theme in Twitter and Instagram posts was the appearance of the Leksell head frame or the pin sites after treatment (17.2% and 48.8%, respectively). Other common themes included the recounting of personal history of present illness to followers and excitement about having a treatment plan. Conclusions: Social media provides a platform for patients to share their personal experiences and reactions to Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Keywords: Gamma knife, Patient experience, Social media, Stereotactic radiosurgery

This chapter focuses on equity from a subjective well-being perspective. It argues that it is in interrogating the inequalities in levels of subjective well-being and how these link to objective factors that subjective well-being can shed new light on the nature of transport equity and potential ways in which transport inequity can be mitigated. Subjective well-being is understood here as an individual's own assessment of how they feel their life is going determined by their positive and negative emotional responses and evaluations of their personal experiences. Utilizing subjective well-being indicators alongside objective indicators therefore enables researchers and policymakers to interrogate the relationship between the social environment (uncovered through objective indicators) and emotion (uncovered through subjective indicators). In this chapter we posit the day reconstruction method (DRM) as one means through which the effect of transport on subjective well-being can be analyzed. The DRM is used to assess how individual's spend their time and how they experience the various activities and contexts of their lives; combining features of time-budget measurement and experience sampling. Here we apply the DRM to understanding the levels of subjective well-being experienced by commuters using different transport modes and show how these levels of subjective well-being can be analyzed in relation to different demographics in order to understand the equity implications. This methodology and the findings it produces provide policymakers with a more holistic understanding of the effect of travel on the individual and in turn challenge policy assumptions about the most effective ways to improve well-being for the populations which they serve.

This text grew from a series of talks between a young science journalist trained in history and Marcel Tanner, global health expert with forty years of field experience in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. At the very core of the series was the question of the successes and failures of global health initiatives at various points in time and in different locations. It also tackled the issue of which of the lessons learned in global health over the past thirty years could possibly be of importance for future scholars and decision-makers in the field. The topics touched upon ranged from new global partnerships to sustain the efforts to eradicate malaria and other diseases to new innovations in personalised health, not least for the world's most neglected populations. The views expressed here are based on scientific findings as well as personal experiences and hence are also inherently subjective. Having said this, we still hope that the rich body of evidence assembled over years of extensive field-work and research partnership is of some value to all those how still dare to embark on the adventure of global health research in a spirit of “mutual learning for change.” Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Malaria, Research partnership, Capacity building, Institution building, Tanzania, Côte d'Ivoire, Innovation

Crew resource management (CRM) migration outside the United States varied—it was welcomed with approval by some, punctuated with ease in adapting to the airline’s culture and operations, whereas by others it was rejected as Anglo-centric and deemed to not travel well across different cultures. This chapter will examine how CRM extended outside the United States using conversations with other cultures including the medical domain that has had significant activity in team CRM training. Similar experiences in other domain cultures such as health care, shall be discussed with a view to see parallel cultural experiences in these diverse groups. An undertaking to fully canvass CRM experiences outside the United States would have involved a comprehensive survey of global scope. Instead, to gather a cross-section of these experiences, this exploration took the form of probing questions which were sent to South American and Asian CRM developers and managers. Their personal experiences are in this chapter. All of the contributors are pilots who have several years of experience in CRM design and implementation. This chapter is best treated as a journal of “conversations” from its contributors and reflections of the author on the voyages of CRM outside the United States. We extend to our contributors our profuse thanks for building this short journal of cultural experiences on cultural issues in CRM.

Summary: Background: Increasingly, people are using Facebook (FB) to share health information. However, little is known about the type of information sharing and its potential health consequences in the Arabic speaking world. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap for diabetes mellitus (DM). Method: We conducted a retrospective qualitative FB content analysis using predefined eligibility criteria. The analysis was restricted to diabetes related groups in the Arabic speaking world. The data were collected between June 2010 and December 2015. A total of 55 groups were screened of which seven met the eligibility criteria. Results: We found 6107 posts in Arabic related to DM of which 1551 posts were included for further analysis. There were 458 (30%) FB posts from Egypt with no posts from Somalia, Yemen, Comoros, and Djibouti. The majority of the posts, 863 (56%), were from females. The focus of the posts was on sharing personal experiences (n = 423, 27%), raising awareness (n = 210, 3.5%), providing spiritual support (n = 162, 10.4%), sharing latest research (n = 147, 9.5%), and providing education (n = 110, 7.1%) on DM. A large number of the posts by people in 40–60 year age group were around finding out diagnosis related information due to limited access to care in their home countries. Conclusion: Patients with DM are increasingly sharing their health information with other FB users. This study will help inform future research with regard to health information sharing and designing appropriate interventions to harness the power of social media in improving public health. Keywords: Health information, Facebook, Diabetes mellitus, Arab world

This chapter explains how I came to write the book. I recount personal experiences that stimulated my interest in social ecology over the course of my career and describe the major purpose of the book: to offer a new conception of social ecology that builds on and extends earlier analyses of social and human ecology. Social ecology is presented as an analytic framework organized around certain core principles (i.e., multidimensional structure of environments ; systems thinking ; multiscale contextual analysis of people–environment relationships ; transdisciplinary and translational research ) that can be used to understand and manage health, social, and environmental problems. Whereas previous conceptions of social ecology examine the joint influence of natural , built , and sociocultural environments on behavior and well-being, I introduce a fourth environmental realm, the cybersphere , which is intertwined with our natural, built, and sociocultural surroundings. I also describe how the book is organized: Chapters 1–3 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 address historical, conceptual, and methodological foundations of social ecology as a multidisciplinary field. Chapter 4 examines the rise of the Internet and its pervasive influence on human–environment interactions and global sustainability. Chapters 5–8 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 apply core principles of social ecology to the analysis of contemporary health, social, and environmental problems. Chapter 9 considers strategies for educating the next generation of social ecologists. Chapter 10 recaps major themes covered in the book and explores emerging directions of social ecological research and community practice.

Autobiographical remembering and future imagining overlap in their underlying psychological and neurological mechanisms. The hippocampus and surrounding regions within the medial temporal lobes (MTL), known for their role in forming and maintaining autobiographical episodic memories, are also thought to play an essential role in fictitious and future constructions. Amnesic individuals with bilateral hippocampal damage cannot reconstruct their past personal experiences and also have severe deficits in the ability to construct coherent fictitious or future narratives. However, it is not known whether this impairment reflects a failure to generate details from autobiographical episodic memory to populate personal narratives or an inability to bind such details into coherent narratives. We show that four individuals with hippocampal damage and episodic amnesia can construct narratives when the relevant details of the story are provided in a picture book and that their narratives maintain overall coherence on several measures. These findings indicate that individuals with hippocampal damage can bind details into coherent narratives when details are available to them. We conclude that the hippocampal system instead likely plays a role in the generation of details from which narratives are constructed. This work was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research ( CIHR ) Grant MOP 93535 to RSR. We thank Steven Baker for help collecting control data and testing some individuals with amnesia and the amnesic participants for their participation. Appendix A

Oral history provides a means of understanding heating behaviour through encouraging respondents to articulate the past in terms of stories. Unlike other qualitative methods, oral history foregrounds the ontology of personal experiences in a way that is well suited to revealing previously undocumented phenomena in the private world of the home. Three types of change may be distinguished: long term historical change, change associated with the life-cycle stage of the individual and sudden change. A sample of eight in-depth interviews is used to demonstrate the potential of oral history in the study of home heating. The themes to emerge from the interviews include early memories of the home, the financial struggle to heat the home, the influence of childhood experiences in adulthood and the association between warmth and comfort. For the future, domestic comfort, energy conservation and carbon reduction need to be reconciled with one another.

Objective: To investigate the ways in which people use online support groups (OSGs) in relation to their health decision-making and to identify the key features of the resource that support those activities.\ud \ud Method: Eighteen participants who used OSGs for a range of health conditions participated in qualitative study in which they were interviewed about their experiences of using OSGs in relation to decision-making. Exploration of their experiences was supported by discussion of\ud illustrative quotes.\ud \ud Results: Across the health conditions OSGs supported two main decision-making activities: (i) prompting decision making and (ii) evaluating and confirming decisions already made. Depending on the activity, participants valued information about the process, the experience and the outcome of patient narratives. The importance of forum interactivity was highlighted in relation to advice-seeking and the selection of relevant personal experiences.\ud \ud Conclusion: People use OSGs in different ways to support their health related decision-making valuing the different content types of the narratives and the interactivity provided by the resource.\ud \ud Practice implications: Engaging with OSGs helps people in a number of different ways in relation to decision-making. However, it only forms one part of people’s decision-making strategies and appropriate resources should be signposted where possible.

Trainees do not get hired; professionals do. Remember to be a professional at all times. Be visible and network. Get out of the lab and meet people. Do not be incapacitated by anxiety. Ask questions! This will help you to build your network. Find a career mentor or two. They will guide you toward your goal as they have personal experiences to help you. Have a plan to plan. You will not reach your goals if you do not think about what you need to do to get there. Know yourself. The goal to finding a perfect career is knowing what is perfect for you and your personality. Take time to get to know who you are and what you like and do not like.

In 1960, I coined the phrase “MYTH OF MENTAL ILLNESS” to identify the intrinsically metaphoric nature of the idea of mental illness, to alert the public to the dangers of viewing distressed and distressing behaviors as diseases, and to undermine the moral legitimacy of psychiatric excuses and coercions. The claim that mental illnesses do not exist was not intended to imply that distressing personal experiences and deviant behaviors do not exist. Anxiety and depression, conflict and crime exist, and indeed are intrinsic to the human condition. But they are not diseases. We classify them as diseases in order to medicalize (mis)behaviors to our profit or at our peril.

This chapter shares experiences from both authors as they embarked on their new jobs. The headlines are divided into the experiences of the postgraduate student (Kari-Mette) and the librarian (Hilde). The librarian has also attempted to apply theories of librarianship to the experiences of the postgraduate student. This approach has been made to actualize and exemplify theory to everyday use. The theories of Kuhlthau's mediator roles have been used to illustrate how expectations from resarchers can be inconsistent with what librarians think researchers need. This can lead to frustrations, as one of Kari-Mette's experiences will show in this chapter. Being aware of how library users experience the library and the librarians can be helpful to develop better communication and further better collaboration and better library service.

This chapter describes the participant’s experience of the FORWARD to Professorship workshops. It gives a more personal perspective of the pre-workshop expectations, activities during the workshop, and outcomes. This insight is bracketed by an argument for workshops for women and thoughts about what such workshops might look like in the future.

Objectives: To understand the personal experiences of mine workers that have experienced job relocation due to silicosis at the Andina Division of Corporacion Nacional del Cobre (CODELCO), Chile. The purpose of the study was to provide useful information for the development of new local, business and public policies for the care of workers with silicosis. Methods: A qualitative study based on a practical case study of 5 workers. The information was collected by means of structured individual interviews. The method of analysis was phenomenology. Results: The corporal axis was the most commented upon. It included awareness of the illness, body pains, fatigue, and antagonistic mood disorders (sadness, or the difficulty in finding meaning in life). As far as personal relationships, there was evidence of strong relationships with family, coworkers and friends, as well as extended family. Over all, the experience of relocation was positive with periods of impatience and uncertainty. The job reassignment provided a new and pleasant context for the relocated workers and in the process improved their perception of their quality of life. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary team should attend mine workers relocated because of silicosis by addressing the mental and physical aspects of their disease, along with the integral participation of close family members. It is suggested that this investigation be maintain over time to record the personal experiences in the medium-term, adding new cases with the intention of shedding more light on the phenomenon being studied. As a preventive measure, continual workshops are needed on the proper use of respiratory protection in addition, a group of monitors is required.

As assessment methods are changing, the way to determine their quality needs to be changed accordingly. This article argues for the use Competences Assessment Programs (CAPs), combinations of traditional tests and new assessment methods which involve both formative and summative assessments. To assist schools in evaluating their CAPs, a self-evaluation procedure was developed, based on 12 quality criteria for CAPs developed in earlier studies. A self-evaluation was chosen as it is increasingly used as an alternative to external evaluation. The CAP self-evaluation is carried out by a group of functionaries from the same school and comprises individual self-evaluations and a group interview. The CAP is rated on the 12 quality criteria and a piece of evidence is asked for to support these ratings. In this study, three functionaries from eight schools (N = 24) evaluated their CAP using the self-evaluation procedure. Results show that the group interview was very important as different perspectives on the CAP are assembled here into an overall picture of the CAP’s quality. Schools seem to use mainly personal experiences to support their ratings and need to be supported in the process of carrying out a self-evaluation.

This chapter briefly reviews the evolution and current status of US family care-giver policy from 1990 to 2013 in several areas, including employment leave, respite and other supports and services to relieve the burden of caregiving, as well as cash benefits and tax policies designed to reduce the financial drain related to family care provision. Despite notable policy advances, economic concerns and political forces have restrained policy makers’ willingness to provide greater support. Stronger evidence that investments in family caregiving yield savings in public spending, as well as increasing numbers of politicians having personal experiences in family caregiving, may help to raise public policy support for family caregivers in the future.

Research on the development of theory of mind (ToM), the understanding of people in relation to mental states and emotions, has been a vibrant area of cognitive development research. Because the dominant focus has been addressing when children acquire a ToM, researchers have concentrated their efforts on studying the emergence of psychological understanding during infancy and early childhood. Here, the benchmark test has been the false-belief task, the awareness that the mind can misrepresent reality. While understanding false belief is a critical milestone achieved by the age of 4 or 5, children make further advances in their knowledge about mental states and emotions during middle childhood and beyond. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of children's sociocognitive abilities in older age groups is necessary to understand more fully the course of ToM development. The aim of this review is to outline continued development in ToM during middle childhood. In particular, we focus on children's understanding of interpretation-that different minds can construct different interpretations of the same reality. Additionally, we consider children's growing understanding of how mental states (thoughts, emotions, decisions) derive from personal experiences, cohere across time, and interconnect (e.g., thoughts shape emotions). We close with a discussion of the surprising paucity of studies investigating individual differences in ToM beyond age 6. Our hope is that this chapter will invigorate empirical interest in moving the pendulum toward the opposite research direction-toward exploring strengths, limitations, variability, and persistent errors in developing theories of mind across the life span.

This chapter discusses ethical marketing issues in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is based on extant literature and personal experiences and insights of the author about marketing practices in the region. It identifies critical ethical principles relevant to the region from the perspective of Hinduism and Islam, two dominant religions. Some critical issues on ethical marketing are identified. A framework is offered for guiding future research in the domain, and implications for practitioners are discussed.

Mycobacterial infections represent a growing challenge for solid organ transplant recipients (SOT). The adverse effects of tuberculosis (TB) therapy present a major difficulty, due to the interactions with immunosuppressive drugs and direct drug toxicity. While TB may be donor-transmitted or community-acquired, it usually develops at a latent infection site in the recipient. Pre-transplant prevention efforts will improve transplant outcomes and avoid the complications associated with post-transplant diagnosis and treatment. The present review and consensus manuscript is based on the updated published information and expert recommendations. The current data about epidemiology, diagnosis, new regimens for the treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), the experience with rifamycins for the treatment of active TB in the post-transplant period and the experience with isoniazid for LTBI in the liver transplant population, are also reviewed. We attempt to provide useful recommendations for each transplant period and problem concerning mycobacterial infections in SOT recipients.

In this paper I look at the possibility that uncertainty may not merely be a stage in the research process, but an outcome in itself. Exploring how university education and scholarship collided with my own personal experiences and identity I discuss how a combination of poststructural theory and my encounters with peace, conflict and religion enabled me to value uncertainty, and I make the case that uncertainty can open up the future to the gift of chance. By intertwining discussions of both lived experience and academic work, the organisation of the paper reflects how the two became inextricably linked, continuously folding into each other, so that my sense of self influenced my research, and conversely, my research influenced my sense of self. The outcome is a discussion of how I incorporated uncertainty into my research and personal life, which I explore using the example of religion, and how I lost and gained my faith, rejecting my previous Christianity while reconstructing a kind of faith found in uncertainty, a sense of place and ethical space to come.

Objective: To understand how people engage with websites containing patient authored accounts of health and illness. To examine how people with asthma navigate their way through this information and make use of the patient experiences they find.\ud \ud Methods: Twenty-nine patients with diagnoses ranging from mild to severe asthma were shown a range of websites, some containing patient experiences, and selected two sites to explore further. They discussed their choices in a series of focus groups and interviews.\ud \ud Results: Participants were influenced initially by the design quality of the sites and were subsequently drawn to websites containing patient experiences but only when contributions were from similar people offering ‘relevant stories’. The experiences reminded participants of the serious nature of the disease, provided new insights into the condition and an opportunity to reflect upon the role of the disease in their lives. \ud \ud Conclusion: For people with asthma websites containing other patients’ personal experiences can serve as a useful information resource, refresh their knowledge and ensure their health behaviours are appropriate and up-to-date. \ud Practice Implications: Health professionals should consider referring asthma patients to appropriate websites whilst being aware that online experiences are most engaging when they resonate with the participants own situation.

This chapter deals with a variety of molding experiences, problems, and solutions that stand out in my memory. Even though this book's emphasis is controlling shrinkage and warpage, these “personal experiences” deal with other things as well. I hope you find them interesting and informative.

This paper explores the concept of 'insider' and 'outsider' and the challenges involved in conducting research when the researcher finds themself living the phenomenon under study. Recent literature has been drawn on to explain the context of the 'insider' and 'outsider' in regard to the stance of the researcher. This is followed by an overview of the personal experiences of the author. The advantages and disadvantages of being an insider within the context of the phenomenon of study are discussed along with the challenges and implications for a researcher 'living their PhD research'.

This chapter critically examines the truth behind popular perceptions through statistics. It also discusses the history of libraries and associations to understand better that the positive attributes related to librarians are not always tantamount to the experiences of their customers. The chapter also includes personal experiences that demonstrate the professionally injurious aspects of some perceptions.

Crystalline silicon photovoltaics together with its thin-film competitors have experienced a tremendous development in the past more than 30 years of terrestrial deployment. German politics played a particularly decisive role in establishing support measures that successfully stimulated an open lead market which in turn led to the desired economy-of-scale effects in PV production and to the present close-to economic viability situation for most global applications. A brief description of the most important historical developments—at least in the eyes of the authors—is presented, with a focus on Germany, whereby the authors have drawn from their wealth of personal experiences acquired in the past 35 years.

As we continually find ourselves living in and influenced by a technical web world, perhaps it is now time to look within ourselves for answers. This is at the heart of personal knowledge capital. The reader is introduced to the background of personal knowledge capital.

This chapter presents findings from a qualitative survey of 38 Irish academic teaching librarians, which aimed to explore their personal experiences of teaching, their conceptions of ‘teacher identity’, the challenges they face in their work, as well as their motivation and the aspects of teaching they find most rewarding. The aim of the chapter is to offer a snapshot of the ‘real world’ of teaching librarians in practice, and to gain an understanding of how they negotiate this aspect of their professional identity. The librarians’ responses revealed several recurring themes that will be familiar to teaching librarians from all around the world.

In making decisions that affect their fitness, individual animals may use skills and knowledge acquired from others instead of depending solely on their own personal experiences. Many species of fish are known to acquire and use social (public) information to make decisions in a number of behavioral contexts. In doing so, fishes exhibit both social learning and behavioral traditions. However, our understanding of the conditions that favor social over asocial learning in fishes remains limited. Here, I summarize the empirical evidence for social learning in fishes and discuss some of the behavioral contexts and environmental circumstances that favor social learning, as well as its evolutionary implications.

Individuals acquire information from their environment throughout life, and for some, such information may be applied toward decisions regarding potential mates – resulting in mate-choice learning. Mate-choice learning can be based upon personal experiences with others (private or personal information) or upon the observation of others (public information) and may occur throughout development. Here, we provide a summary of socially influenced mate-choice learning using a framework of private versus public sources of information. We highlight some mechanisms of mate-choice learning and end with a discussion of how mate-choice learning might influence such evolutionary processes as speciation, hybridization, and sexual selection.

In the history of humankind, every great space adventure has begun on the ground. While this seems to be stating the obvious, mission and spacecraft designers who have overlooked this fact have paid a high price, either in loss or damage to the spacecraft pre-launch, or in mission failure or reduction. Spacecraft personnel may risk not only their flight hardware, but they may also risk their lives, their co-workers lives and even the general public by not heeding safety on the ground. Their eyes may be on the stars but their feet are on the ground! One additional comment: Although the design requirements are very different for human rated and nonhuman rated flight hardware, while on the ground that flight hardware (and its ground support equipment) doesn't care about what it is flying on. On the ground, additional requirements are often levied to protect the work force and general public. (Authors' Note: The source material for this chapter is primarily taken from the Kennedy Space Center Handbook (KHB) 1700.7/45 SW Handbook S-100 Space Shuttle Payload Ground Safety Handbook and the authors' personal experiences.

Navigation and episodic memory are two of the most studied cognitive abilities in behavioral research. The capacity for efficient navigation is crucial to the survival of mammals; it allows them to optimally forage, search for mates, find shelter, and defend their territory, while conserving their energy and avoiding unnecessary exposure to predators. Episodic memory, the capacity to remember personal experiences, has unquestionably also increased the survival fitness of humans and of other mammals as well. In fact, as animals live in a continuously changing environment, the capacity for memory for unique experiences has presumably evolved to complement other types of memories specialized in extracting generalities from multiple experiences. For instance, the general knowledge that tigers are dangerous is adaptive, but remembering having seen a tiger near the river at dawn further benefits a potential prey. Navigation has been primarily studied in rodents, while episodic memory research has focused predominantly on humans. Although the two lines of research evolved rather independently for years, accumulating evidence indicates that both abilities share fundamental features and neural circuitry across mammalian species. The objectives of the present chapter are to review the behavioral approaches used to investigate navigation and episodic memory in different mammalian species, and to provide insight into the specific brain structures and potential neuronal mechanisms underlying both abilities.

The number of developed expert systems in various areas of science and engineering is immense. Expert systems are predictive systems utilizing available knowledge and personal experiences to make statements about certain phenomenon or decisions about certain action. One of the objectives of an envisaged expert system dealing with the failure analysis of pipes would be the clarification and elucidation of the causes of failure. All expert systems are founded on a so-called knowledge base, which contains the available knowledge in the related field. The knowledge base forms the core of the automated expert system programs. The knowledge base of expert systems for plastic pipes contains the experience of many experts in the area of piping systems and their failure investigation. An expert system called Expert System for Failure Analysis of Pipes (EFAP), addresses the above-mentioned objectives. It deals with the explanation of failure causes and aims at tracing these causes to the environmental factors as well as the life stages of a specific pipeline. This chapter outlines the essentials of this expert system. This chapter outlines the core program of this system constituting the knowledge base.

This chapter provides a synoptic view to the clinicians with the basic application of the additional subtests. It can be used by the clinicians that have no previous experience with the WISC-III as a Process Instrument and wish to get started using the WISC-IV Integrated. The basic uses of the WISC-IV Integrated Process subtests, the guidelines to use specific subtests, and the rationale for using that subtest are described. The WISC-IV Integrated domains are divided into four subtests: Verbal, Perceptual, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. The Integrated subtests are designed to test specific hypotheses of performance of the child within these domains and to guide when to use the additional procedures, basic interpretation of the results, and recommendations. The WISC-IV Verbal Comprehension domain comprises subtests that measure the child's capacity to solve verbal problems. It requires the expression of knowledge obtained through formal and informal training or personal experiences. The WISC-IV Perceptual Reasoning domain is composed of subtests that measure the child's capacity to solve problems presented visually. The WISC-IV Integrated Working Memory domain measures the components of registration and mental manipulation. The Working Memory Process subtests enable the clinician to test four primary hypotheses. However, the rationale for using the subtest is based on the history of presenting problems, teacher referral questions and observations, observed behaviors during testing, and profile of scores.