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The design of novel biomimetic bone tissue scaffolds (BTS) using computer aided design (CAD) technology is challenging additive manufacturing technologies. At the microstructure level, BTS should mimic bone histomorphometry and assure optimum mass transport and mechanical properties. In this study, a novel BTS has been designed, by using a parametric and variational CAD method, to model a bio-inspired and interconnected porous structure. The mechanical (elastic modulus) and the fluid mass transport (permeability) properties have been computed and compared to other implicit surfaces modelling scaffolds. The results showed that the new BTS could be tuned during the design stage to match the microstructure and the histomorphometry properties of trabecular bone. Those with porosities between 0.7 and 0.9 and highly smooth curvatures were the most appropriates. The new BTS, once appropriately designed, could be made/manufactured by 3D printing technology with an internal microstructure mimicking the local bone properties of the selected bone volumes of interest, for example, those coming from computed tomography medical images.

The La Janda wetland record allows to expand the knowledge of the evolution of a restricted estuary since the Last Glacial Maximum. Multiproxy analysis of the sediments (facies, geochemistry, pollen, fossils) reveals that this system exhibits a classic incised valley sequence but differences with the adjacent estuaries can be established. The La Janda sedimentary infill can be split in four main sequences: (1) the Falling Stage Systems Tract (>20.6 ka BP) and (2) the Lowstand Systems Tract (16.7–20.6 ka BP) deposits record fluvial sedimentation in a narrow and incised valley, here seminally identified in the Gulf of Cádiz estuarine system; and (3) the Transgressive Systems Tract (7–16.7 ka BP), ending with the Holocene marine flooding surface at 7 ka BP, is composed of estuarine and marine basin deposits infilling a still steep and narrow topography coupled with the fast retreat of the river mouths. The (4) Highstand Systems Tract (0–7 ka BP) is composed of estuarine basin deposits with fluvial and tidal currents deposits in a wide a gentle sloped estuarine valley and it records the transformation of the basin into a terrestrial one. Comparison to other areas in the Gulf of Cádiz allows to correlate the different estuaries and to distinguish between open and restricted ones by the development of spit systems during the Highstand Systems Tract. But further work is needed to clarify the stratigraphy of the present eustatic cycle in the Gulf of Cádiz as the scarcity of data does not allow to determine the evolution of its estuaries during the last fall and rise of sea level. Such knowledge is crucial to disentangle the role of climate and tectonics in the future evolution of our coasts and design measures to adapt to sea level rise.

Non-financial information and its contribution to the achievement of each Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) are assuming great relevance in the business world, in which it is not enough to be economically sustainable without also being sustainable from ethical, environmental, and social points of view. An analysis of how the financial sector contributes to the achievement of the SDGs is crucial in two ways. Firstly, due to the relevance and the magnitude of this sector itself; secondly, and more importantly in our view, because of the financial leverage of the banking sector that has a mandate to facilitate the transition of all economic sectors towards sustainability, guided by the 2030 Agenda. However, despite the expectations placed on banking entities, there is a research gap on their disclosure practices and on the SDG-related information that they report. In addition, the academic literature centered on the analysis of SDG-related disclosures through artificial intelligence is very scarce. To fill this gap, the objective of our study is, on the one hand, to analyze whether there is greater homogeneity in the disclosure of non-financial information in the Spanish banking sector following the transposition of Directive 2014/95/EU into Spanish Law. On the other hand, it is to evaluate the contribution of banking entities to the SDGs. To do so, the non-financial information reports of 12 Spanish banks are analyzed, completing a comparative evaluation and using artificial intelligence to identify mentions of each SDG and its targets. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was also used to rank the banking entities in accordance with their contribution to each SDG. The results reflected the plurality, in both breadth and quality, in the disclosure of non-financial information and in the contribution to the SDGs. The only point in common between all the entities that were studied was the use of the GRI disclosure framework and the identification of the priority SDGs, positioning SDGs 8, 13, and 4 in priority positions. The banks with higher bank capitalization levels occupied the top of the ranking of contributions to the SDGs. Differences were presented for all other aspects, even to the point of highlighting that some entities or independent verifiers had not offered all the information. In conclusion, greater efforts to improve the quality of non-financial reporting and further development of the common regulatory framework will be fundamental for better comparability between the reports from banking entities. Furthermore, this study shows that natural language processing can be applied to better measure companies’ alignment with the SDGs based on the text of their non-financial reports

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Spanish Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (S-PPLI) questionnaire in Spanish adolescents. Method: The participants of this study were 360 Spanish adolescents (aged 12-17 years) from three secondary schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain). A cultural adaptation process of the original version of the PPLI questionnaire was developed. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the three-factor structure of physical literacy. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to estimate the test-retest concordance. Results: Using a confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loading of all items above the standard of 0.40 ranged from 0.53 to 0.77, suggesting that the observed variables sufficiently represented the latent variables. Analyses for convergent validity showed average variance extracted values that ranged from 0.40 to 0.52 and composite reliability values higher than 0.60. All the correlations were below the recommended cutoff point of 0.85, which indicated that the three physical literacy factors achieved adequate discriminant validity. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.62 to 0.79 (p < 0.001 for all items), which indicated moderate/good reliability. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the S-PPLI is a valid and reliable measure of physical literacy among Spanish adolescents.

This study was funded by Chiesi.

From an anthropological perspective, the wolf (Canis lupus) is considered an animal with multiple symbolic meanings. Every social sector uses particular symbolic meanings to express contrasting viewpoints, concerns and claims related to wolves and sharing the landscape with this species. Although distinctive particularities may exist in each specific context, common elements can be observed in social conflicts around the presence of wolves across its range. In this contention, each group tends to impose its vision of what our relationship with wolves should be. In this essay, we synthesized several symbolic meanings and social constructs around wolves. We argue that, under the current wolf debate, the complex symbolic burden of the animal must be acknowledged, in order to properly address social conflicts around the species. This requires promoting communication strategies that facilitate a change in the symbolism and meanings of the wolf. JVLB was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (RYC-2015-18932; CGL2017-87528-R AEI/FEDER EU), and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias (IDI/2021/000075).

Highlights • Nutrient concentration thresholds based on pressure-response models are needed for management. • Nutrient thresholds were derived from relationships of phytoplankton and macrophytes against nutrients. • Very shallow eastern continental lakes do not demonstrate a strong response to nutrients. • Fish stocking is the dominant pressure in these highly eutrophic shallow lakes. • These understudied lakes challenge the dominant paradigm of lake assessment and management. Nutrient targets based on pressure-response models are essential for defining ambitions and managing eutrophication. However, the scale of biogeographical variation in these pressure-response relationships is poorly understood, which may hinder eutrophication management in regions where lake ecology is less intensively studied. In this study, we derive ecology-based nutrient targets for five major ecoregions of Europe: Northern, Central-Baltic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Eastern Continental. As a first step, we developed regressions between nutrient concentrations and ecological quality ratios (EQR) based on phytoplankton and macrophyte communities. Significant relationships were established for 13 major lake types; in most cases, these relationships were stronger for phosphorus than for nitrogen, and stronger for phytoplankton than for macrophytes. Using these regressions, we estimated the total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations at which lakes of different types are likely to achieve good ecological status. However, in the very shallow lakes of the Eastern Continental region, relations between nutrient and biological communities were weak or non-significant. This can be attributed to high nutrient concentrations (in the asymptotic zone of phosphorus-phytoplankton models) suggesting other factors (light, grazing) limit primary production. However, we also show that fish stocking is a major pressure on Eastern Continental lakes, negatively affecting ecological status: lakes with low fish stocking show low chlorophyll-a concentrations and good ecological status despite high nutrient levels, while the lakes with high fish stocking show high chlorophyll-a and low ecological status. This study highlights the need to better understand lakes in biogeographic regions that have been, for historical reasons, less studied. This, in turn, helps reveal factors that challenge the dominant paradigms of lake assessment and management.

Resumen: El carcinoma de células de Merkel (CCM) es una neoplasia neuroendocrina maligna. Con frecuencia existe diseminación ganglionar o metástasis al diagnóstico. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes con CMM del Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón entre enero/1998 y diciembre/2018. En 21 años diagnosticamos 11 pacientes con CCM: 7 varones (63%) y 4 mujeres (36%), con una edad media de 77,6 años. El 45% de los pacientes presentaron un estadio IIIB (pTNM) al diagnóstico. Todos los pacientes menos uno, fueron subsidiarios de cirugía local, identificándose en 7 casos invasión linfovascular. Tras la cirugía, 5 pacientes recibieron radioterapia adyuvante y 3 quimioterapia adyuvante. El 54% fallecieron por el tumor (tiempo medio supervivencia: 14,5 meses). El CCM es una neoplasia maligna infrecuente cuya incidencia se sitúa en 0,18-0,41 casos/100.000 habitantes/año, similar a los 0,29-0,32 casos/100.000 habitantes/año registrados en nuestra serie. Recientemente ha sido aprobado avelumab para casos metastásicos con esperanzas prometedoras. Abstract: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Metastasis or lymph node spread is often detected at diagnosis. We performed a descriptive, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with MMC at Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón in the Community of Madrid, Spain between January 1998 and December 2018. Eleven patients (7 men [63%] and 4 women [36%]; mean age, 77.6 years) were diagnosed with MCC during this 21-year period; 45% of patients had stage IIIB disease (pTNM) at diagnosis. All patients but one underwent local surgery, and lymphovascular invasion was detected in 7 cases. Eight patients received adjuvant therapy after surgery (radiation therapy in 5 cases and chemotherapy in 3). Six patients (54%) died of MCC (mean survival, 14.5 months). MCC is an uncommon malignant tumor with an annual incidence of around 0.18 to 0.41 cases per 100 000 inhabitants; this is similar to the rate of 0.29 to 0.32 cases per 100 000 inhabitants a year detected in our series. Results with avelumab, a drug recently approved for the treatment of metastatic MCC; have been promising.

Grupo de Trabajo en Nefrología Diagnóstica e Intervencionista (GNDI) de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN)., [ES] La ecografía es una herramienta esencial en el manejo del paciente nefrológico que permite el diagnóstico, el seguimiento y la realización de intervencionismo sobre el riñón. La utilidad de los ultrasonidos en Nefrología no se circunscribe exclusivamente al estudio ecográfico del riñón. Mediante ecografía el nefrólogo puede, además, optimizar el manejo de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis, medir el riesgo cardiovascular (grosor íntima-media), implantar catéteres centrales para hemodiálisis ecoguiados y ayudar en la colocación de los peritoneales, así como calcular la volemia del paciente mediante ecografía cardiaca básica, ecografía de la vena cava inferior y pulmonar. Desde el Grupo de Trabajo en Nefrología Diagnóstica e Intervencionista (GNDI) de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN) hemos elaborado este documento de consenso en el que se resumen las principales aplicaciones de la ecografía en Nefrología, incluyendo los requisitos técnicos básicos necesarios, el marco normativo y el nivel de capacitación de los nefrólogos en esta materia. El objetivo de este trabajo es promover la inclusión de la ecografía, tanto diagnóstica como intervencionista, en la práctica clínica habitual del nefrólogo y en la cartera de servicios de Nefrología con la finalidad de ofrecer un manejo diligente, eficiente e integral al paciente nefrológico., [EN] Ultrasound is an essential tool in the management of the nephrological patient allowing the diagnosis, monitoring and performance of kidney intervention. However, the usefulness of ultrasound in the hands of the nephrologist is not limited exclusively to the ultrasound study of the kidney. By ultrasound, the nephrologist can also optimize the management of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis, measure cardiovascular risk (mean intimate thickness), implant central catheters for ultrasound-guided HD, as well as the patient's volemia using basic cardiac ultrasound, ultrasound of the cava inferior vein and lungs. From the Working Group on Interventional Nephrology (GNDI) of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN) we have prepared this consensus document that summarizes the main applications of ultrasound to Nephrology, including the necessary basic technical requirements, the framework normative and the level of training of nephrologists in this area. The objective of this work is to promote the inclusion of ultrasound, both diagnostic and interventional, in the usual clinical practice of the nephrologist and in the Nephrology Services portfolio with the final objective of offering diligent, efficient and comprehensive management to the nephrological patient.

Ultrasound is an essential tool in the management of the nephrological patient allowing the diagnosis, monitoring and performance of kidney intervention. However, the usefulness of ultrasound in the hands of the nephrologist is not limited exclusively to the ultrasound study of the kidney. By ultrasound, the nephrologist can also optimize the management of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis, measure cardiovascular risk (mean intimate thickness), implant central catheters for ultrasound-guided HD, as well as the patient's volemia using basic cardiac ultrasound, ultrasound of the Cava Inferior vein and lungs.From the Working Group on Interventional Nephrology of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (G.N.D.I. of the S.E.N.) we have prepared this Consensus Document that summarizes the main applications of ultrasound to Nephrology, including the necessary basic technical requirements, the framework normative and the level of training of nephrologists in this area. The objective of this work is to promote the inclusion of ultrasound, both diagnostic and interventional, in the usual clinical practice of the nephrologist and in the Nephrology Services portfolio with the final objective of offering diligent, efficient and comprehensive management to the nephrological patient. Resumen: La ecografía es una herramienta esencial en el manejo del paciente nefrológico permitiendo el diagnóstico, seguimiento y realización de intervencionismo sobre el riñón. La utilidad de los ultrasonidos en Nefrología no se circunscribe exclusivamente al estudio ecográfico del riñón. Mediante ecografía el nefrólogo puede, además, optimizar el manejo de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis, medir el riesgo cardiovascular (grosor íntima media), implantar catéteres centrales para hemodiálisis ecoguiados y ayudar en la colocación de los peritoneales, así como calcular la volemia del paciente medianteecografía cardiaca básica, ecografía de la vena cava inferior y pulmonar.Desde el G.N.D.I. de la S.E.N hemos elaborado este documento de consenso en el que se resumen las principales aplicaciones de la ecografía en Nefrología, incluyendo los requisitos técnicos básicos necesarios, el marco normativo y el nivel de capacitación de los nefrólogos en esta materia. El objetivo de este trabajo es promover la inclusión de la ecografía, tanto diagnóstica como intervencionista, en la práctica clínica habitual del nefrólogo y en la cartera de servicios de Nefrología con el objetivo final de ofrecer un manejo diligente, eficiente e integral al paciente nefrológico.

Resumen: A pesar de la aparición de numerosas revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis sobre el uso de la doble terapia broncodilatadora para el tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, la eficacia comparada de estas combinaciones entre sí no se ha explorado tan exhaustivamente. En la presente revisión narrativa se revisan los primeros estudios de doble terapia broncodilatadora y se evalúan los estudios que comparan dobles terapias broncodilatadoras en dispositivos por separado y en un único dispositivo. Los primeros ensayos de doble terapia en dispositivos separados se realizaron como una prueba de concepto sobre la función pulmonar con escaso tiempo de seguimiento o un número de pacientes reducido. Estos estudios mostraban mejorías no consistentes en función pulmonar, con escasa repercusión en síntomas u otros resultados clínicos. Los estudios que han comparado de forma directa la combinación de dos broncodilatadores de acción prolongada a dosis fijas en un único dispositivo han explorado principalmente las diferencias entre umeclidinio-vilanterol y diversas asociaciones. Estos trabajos muestran una mayor capacidad broncodilatadora de umeclidinio-vilanterol, con una reducción del uso de medicación de rescate. Por otro lado, no se observan diferencias aparentes en el control sintomático que ofrecen estas combinaciones entre sí y existen dudas sobre su impacto en la prevención de agudizaciones moderadas o graves. En el futuro sería interesante poder disponer de estudios que indiquen el efecto a largo plazo de estas combinaciones en el curso de la enfermedad, así como estudios encaminados a investigar los determinantes de las respuestas a estos fármacos tanto en función pulmonar como en síntomas, calidad de vida y exacerbaciones. Abstract: Despite the publication of numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of dual bronchodilator therapy in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the comparative efficacy of the different combinations has not been explored in depth. In this narrative review, we revisit the initial dual bronchodilator therapy studies and evaluate studies that compare dual bronchodilator therapies administered in separate devices and in a single device. The first trials on dual therapy delivered in separate devices were conducted as proof of concept studies, exploring lung function in limited patient numbers with short follow-up periods. These studies showed inconsistent improvements in lung function with little impact on symptoms or other clinical outcomes. Studies that directly compared fixed doses of long-acting bronchodilators in a single device investigated differences between umeclidinium/vilanterol and other combinations. These studies show increased bronchodilator capacity of umeclidinium/vilanterol with reduced use of rescue medication. However, no apparent differences were observed in the symptomatic control achieved by these different combinations, raising doubts about their impact on prevention in moderate or severe exacerbations. In the future, it would be interesting to see studies that analyze the long-term effect of these combinations on the disease course, as well as studies aimed at investigating the determinants of responses to these drugs in terms of lung function, symptoms, quality of life and exacerbations.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with distinct biological and clinical behaviour. Despite the differences between them, the capability of tumour cells to continuously proliferate and avoid death is maintained among histotypes. This ability is the result of alterations at different levels, causing the deregulation of cell cycle and proliferative-related pathways. Even if the leading role is played by RB and TP53, changes in other molecular pathways are involved in the development of EOC. This ability can be exploited to generate in vitro and in vivo models resembling the conditions of tumour development in a patient. In vivo models, such as patient-derived xenografts (PDX) or genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), represent a fundamental tool in the study of the molecular mechanisms implicated in each EOC biotype for testing new therapeutic approaches. Herein we describe the major proliferation-related pathways and its disruption found in EOC and how these features can be used to establish in vivo models for translational research., Highlights • Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) molecular biotypes are defined by distinct biology and clinical behaviour. • Sustained proliferation and resistance to cell death mechanisms characterised tumour cells. • RB and TP53 tumour-suppressor genes are highly implicated in EOC pathogenesis. • In vitro and in vivo models have a key role in the study of molecular mechanisms involved in EOC pathogenesis. • Development of animal models that mimic disease features constitute essential tools for new drugs testing.

Resumen: La imposición del estado de alarma por el Gobierno Español como principal medida para evitar el contagio ha supuesto un cambio en la aproximación clínica al paciente crónico. Aunque las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación nos ofrecen numerosas formas de establecer un contacto directo, pero en la distancia, las peculiaridades del paciente con EPOC hacen que con frecuencia esta atención sanitaria se vea reducida al teléfono. El reto de atender a los pacientes con EPOC por teléfono supone una complejidad añadida a la atención sanitaria. La entrevista se realizará sin la exploración del paciente, sin nuevas pruebas complementarias y sin poder verificar la técnica inhalatoria. Por tanto, los sanitarios que realicen estas entrevistas deben estar entrenados para conseguir realizarla adecuadamente para permitir la toma de decisiones. Este documento va dirigido a profesionales sanitarios que tengan que realizar algún tipo de atención telefónica a pacientes con EPOC durante la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 y se basa en la experiencia de sus autores en entrevistas telefónicas mantenidas durante esta pandemia. En él se resumen aspectos esenciales sobre cómo debe afrontar esta entrevista, cómo llevarla a cabo, qué aspectos se deben tener presentes, cómo organizarla y cómo informar a los pacientes. Es muy probable que a partir de ahora este tipo de entrevista tenga que generalizarse para la atención de nuestros pacientes, por lo que necesitamos aprender a estructurar muchas de las visitas clínicas que hasta ahora se hacían presenciales en un nuevo modelo de atención sanitaria. Abstract: The state of alarm declared by the Spanish government as the main measure for preventing contagion has involved a change in the clinical management of chronic patients. Although new communication technologies offer us many ways to establish direct but remote contact, the peculiarities of the COPD patient often mean that their healthcare is reduced to telephone calls. The challenge of caring for COPD patients is made even more complex when it has to be delivered over the phone. The interview must be conducted without examining the patient, without performing additional tests, and without checking their inhalation technique. Therefore, healthcare providers who conduct these interviews must be trained to perform them properly in order to make the right decisions. This document is aimed at healthcare professionals who need to provide some form of telephone care to COPD patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and is based on the authors’ experience in telephone interviews conducted during this period. It summarizes essential aspects of how this interview should be approached, how to conduct it, what factors should be kept in mind, how to organize the interview, and how to keep patients informed. It is very likely that from now on this type of interview will be common practice in the care of our patients, so we need to learn how to structure a new model of healthcare for many of the clinical visits that have until now been conducted face-to-face.

8 figures, 3 tables.-- Supplementary information available., Pyrolysis is a chemical recycling process of interest as a means to achieve a sustainable circular economy for end-of-life tyres (ELTs). In the pyrolysis process, ELTs are converted into tyre pyrolysis gas (TPG), tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) and raw recovered carbon black (RRCB). This work investigates for the first time the effect of different temperature profiles by using a single-auger pyrolysis reactor in an industrially relevant scale (TRL-5). Since the development of this process at this representative scale is quite limited and the temperature profile has not been previously studied, the results achieved in this work can provide a useful database for the development of this process at industrial scale. For this purpose, two different sources of ELTs, commercial truck tyres (CTTs) and passenger car tyres (PCTs), were used. Accordingly, the experimental campaign was conducted using two different incremental temperature profiles (425-550-775 °C and 600-700-800 °C) based on those that can be replicated in an industrial-scale auger pyrolysis plant. For the sake of comparison, two isothermal heating conditions (500-500-500 °C and 600-600-600 °C) were also tested. The results confirmed the remarkable influence of temperature profile on both the distribution and properties of products. The 425-550-775 °C temperature profile was found to enhance limonene production, which is associated with the minimisation of secondary reactions in the first heating zone of the reactor. Additionally, there were very low carbonaceous deposits found in the RRCB because of the high severity of devolatilisation conditions in the third heating zone of the reactor. On the other hand, when the temperature profile was raised, the production of single-ring aromatics, particularly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) significantly increased in the TPO at the expense of limonene. Thus, from this strategy, it is possible to tune the properties of the products depending on the requirements of the application in a single step, getting closer for circular economy in the ELT recycling domain., This work is part of the BLACKCYCLE project (For the circular economy of tyre domain: recycling end of life tyres into secondary raw materials or tyres and other product applications) which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869625. The authors would also like to thank the Regional Government of Aragon (DGA) for the support provided under the research groups support programme and CSIC for the interdisciplinary thematic platform SUSPLAST.

[Abstract] Creating project-based learning experiences in the classroom where students learn in a team to solve complex problems and to develop creative and critical thinking is a challenge. Design Sprint (DS) is an agile methodology (implemented in 5 days) with the goal of creating innovative design based on user needs (User Experience). The objective of this work was to develop an Engineering Drawing classroom experience linked to the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic with the Design Sprint methodology. The experience had to involve the integration of theory and practice, the application of knowledge, the development of both hard and soft skills, and the empowerment of students to conduct research. 56 first-year students following three STEAM degrees at the University of A Coruña participated in this experience. The activities were designed for both face-to-face and remote learning. Microsoft Teams and Moodle were used for tutoring and for monitoring student progress. The Moodle Workshop tool was used for the evaluation of the prototypes that were developed and the projects were evaluated by video. The students defended their projects through a presentation in lightning talk format (Ignite). Evaluation rubrics were used following a triple approach: co-evaluation, hetero-evaluation and self-evaluation. The 3D design of the projects was developed with Autodesk software. A total of 18 projects were developed. Once the projects were completed, a survey was administered to evaluate the levels of student satisfaction. The survey results were very positive. The Design Sprint projects also showed positive effects on grades. The Design Sprint method has promoted an interactive learning environment. In addition to its simplicity, a further advantage of DS method is that all student dedication is planned. Students were therefore less likely to feel overloaded, all of which helps with better time management. The DS methodology is multipurpose, so it can be applied to various fields and subjects.

This paper describes a new approach to streamline the development of Remote Laboratories (RL) for Control Education based on TwinCAT Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Easy JavaScript Simulations (EJsS). On one hand, the TwinCAT PLC is used to implement the laboratory back-end (responsible of closing the feedback loop over the plant under study) with industrial real-time automation methodologies. On the other hand, EJsS is used: 1) to define the RL Human-Machine Interface (HMI) front-end (used by the students to parametrize & observe the evolution of the PLC behavior and signals) and 2) to smooth and centralize the majority of the tasks that the instructors have to perform to configure and deploy the RL. This second utility of EJsS, a novelty of the RL presented in this paper, is supported by an EJsS Plugin that has been especially designed with that purpose. Besides, it is worth noting that our new RL is supported by an improved version of ReNoLabs, developed in 2016 to be a lightweight middle-ware of RLs with EJsS HMI webpages and different types of backends, whose Node.js-based server has been updated to backup the functionality of the EJsS Plugin. This paper also shows how to use our approach to setup a RL and describes the main characteristics of two RLs that have been updated with it.

Resumen {0>El debut de la psoriasis en la edad pediatrica, aunque generalmente leve, puede requerir tratamiento sistemico en las formas moderadas o graves de la enfermedad. Childhood-onset psoriasis generally follows an indolent course but patients with moderate or severe disease may require systemic treatment. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la frecuencia relativa, las caracteristicas de los pacientes, el tratamiento empleado y los eventos adversos (EA) observados a partir del registro BIOBADADERM en ninos y jovenes con psoriasis moderada-grave. The aim of this study was to determine the relative proportion of children and young people aged up to 21 years with moderate to severe psoriasis in the BIOBADADERM registry and to analyze the characteristics of these patients, treatments used, and adverse events. Del total de 3946 pacientes del registro, se incluyen 24 pacientes menores de 21 anos, con una edad media al inicio del tratamiento en BIOBADADERM de 16,1 anos y un PASI medio de 9,4. Of the 3946 patients in the registry, 24 were aged 21 years or younger.They had mean age of 16.1 years on starting treatment. When the registry was started, they had a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index of 9.4 El 67% de los pacientes estaba en tratamiento sistemico clasico al inicio del registro. and 67% were being treated with a conventional systemic drug. Treatment was discontinued in 14 patients ({0>14 pacientes (58%) suspendieron el tratamiento por perdida o falta de eficacia o por EA. 58%) due to adverse events or a loss or lack of effectiveness. En conclusion, los datos del registro BIOBADADERM muestran que los menores representan un grupo muy pequeno dentro de los pacientes con psoriasis que reciben tratamiento sistemico y son manejados mas frecuentemente con tratamientos clasicos. In conclusion, the BIOBADADERM registry shows that young people account for a small proportion of psoriasis patients receiving systemic treatment, and they are more likely to be treated using conventional systemic drugs.

Producción Científica, Objectives: Restenosis after vessel angioplasty due to dedifferentiation of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) limits the success of surgical treatment of vascular occlusions. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has a major impact on restenosis, with patients exhibiting more aggressive forms of vascular disease and poorer outcomes after surgery. Kv1.3 channels are critical players in VSMC proliferation. Kv1.3 blockers inhibit VSMCs MEK/ERK signalling and prevent vessel restenosis. We hypothesize that dysregulation of microRNAs (miR) play critical roles in adverse remodelling, contributing to Kv1.3 blockers efficacy in T2DM VSMCs. Methods and results: We used clinically relevant in vivo models of vascular risk factors (VRF) and vessels and VSMCs from T2DM patients. Results: Human T2DM vessels showed increased remodelling, and changes persisted in culture, with augmented VSMCs migration and proliferation. Moreover, there were downregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and upregulation of MEK/ERK pathways, with increased miR-126 expression. The inhibitory effects of Kv1.3 blockers on remodelling were significantly enhanced in T2DM VSMCs and in VRF model. Finally, miR-126 overexpression confered “diabetic” phenotype to non-T2DM VSMCs by downregulating PI3K/AKT axis. Conclusions: miR-126 plays crucial roles in T2DM VSMC metabolic memory through activation of MEK/ERK pathway, enhancing the efficacy of Kv1.3 blockers in the prevention of restenosis in T2DM patients., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (grant BFU2016-75360-R and SAF2016-77871-C2-1-R), Junta de Castilla y León (grants VA114P17; VA172P20 and CLU-2019-02), Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant 34366), Swedish Research Council (grants 2017–00860 and 2020-01145), Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation (grant 20200322)

Governments around the world invest considerable resources to reduce damages caused by large carnivores on human property. To use these investments more efficiently and effectively, we need to understand which interventions successfully prevent such damages and which do not. In the European Union, the LIFE program represents by far the largest financial instrument to help EU Member States with the implementation of conservation activities, including mitigation of damages caused by large carnivores. However, we currently lack information about the effectiveness of this funding program in reducing carnivore damages. We reviewed 135 LIFE projects dealing with large carnivores between 1992 and 2019 to provide an overview of the use of damage prevention methods and evaluate their functional and perceived effectiveness. Methods evaluated ranged from non-lethal and lethal interventions, to information dissemination and compensation schemes. The largest number of the projects was focused on grey wolf (Canis lupus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Mediterranean countries and in Romania. Electric fences were reported as the most successful method for reducing damages by large carnivores, and most of the non-lethal methods used showed at least moderate effectiveness. However, standards of measuring and reporting effectiveness were in general relatively low, which limits our ability to measure actual impact. We urge project managers and evaluators to improve these standards, as well as the dissemination of the project results. We provide a list of recommendations for improving measuring and reporting success of implemented interventions for the benefit of future projects aimed to reduce damages caused by wildlife., The study was funded by the European Union as part of the EuroLargeCarnivores LIFE project (grant number LIFE16 GIE/DE/000661). JVLB was additionally supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (RYC-2015–18932; CGL2017–87528-R AEI/FEDER EU). MK was additionally supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (grants P4–0059 and N1–0163).

Dry-cured pork loin is a very popular meat product in Mediterranean countries. Pork-loin is manufactured rubbing curing salts, nitrite and nitrate, and spices on the surface of the loin which is then dry-cured or smoked for several months. Although nitrite-derived compounds are crucial for the microbiological safety and development of a distinct flavour, there have been recent concerns about the adverse health effects of nitrite-derived compounds driving to the reduction of curing agents in meat products. In this study, we have evaluated the differences in microbiota and aroma of dry-cured pork loins manufactured with or without paprika and reduced ingoing amounts of nitrate and nitrite. Staphylococcus dominated the microbiota of pork loins without paprika, regardless of the nitrite and nitrate reduction. On the contrary, the reduction of nitrite and nitrate in loins with paprika had an important effect on the microbiota. In these loins a codominance of Staphylococcus and Bacillus together by Enterobacteriaceae occurred. Moreover, paprika addition and reduction of nitrite and nitrate seemed to promote proliferation of lactic acid bacteria. Occurrence of these genera was correlated with the generation of free amino acids and their derived volatile compounds setting clear differences in the aroma profile of dry-cured loins., This work was supported by grant RTI2018-098074-B-I00 from MCIU/AEI/FEDER.

Purpose: To develop an easy-to-perform combined model in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and Balb/c mice macrophages J774.A1 (MP) for preliminary screening of potential ophthalmic therapeutic substances. Methods: HCECs were exposed to different osmolarities (350–500 mOsm/L) and MTT assay was employed for cell survival and flow cytometry to assess apoptosis-necrosis and relative cell size (RCS) distribution. Effectiveness of Betaine, L-Carnitine, Taurine at different concentrations (ranging from 20 mM to 200 mM) was studied. Also, mucoadhesive polymers such as Hyaluronic acid (HA) and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) (0.4 and 0.8%) were evaluated. Cells were pre-incubated with the compounds (8h) and then exposed to hyperosmotic stress (470 mOsm/L) for 16h. Moreover, anti-inflammatory activity was performed in LPS-stimulated MP. Results: Exposure to hyperosmotic solutions between 450 and 500 mOsm/L promoted the highest cell death after 16h exposures (p < 0.0001) with a drop in viability to 34.96% ± 11.77 for 470 mOsm/L. Pre-incubation with Betaine at 150 mM and 200 mM provided the highest cell survival against hyperosmolarity (66.01% ± 3.65 and 65.90% ± 0.78 respectively) while HA 0.4% was the most effective polymer in preventing cell death (42.2% ± 3.60). Flow cytometry showed that Betaine and Taurine at concentrations between 150-200 mM and 20–80 mM respectively presented the highest anti-apoptotic activity. Also, HA and HPMC polymers reduced apoptoticinduced cell death. All osmoprotectants modified RCS, and polymers increased their value over 100%. LCarnitine 50 mM, Taurine 40 mM and HA 0.4% presented the highest TNF-α inhibition activity (60%) albeit all of them showed anti-inflammatory inhibition percentages higher than 20%. Conclusions: HCECs hyperosmolar model combined with inflammatory conditions in macrophages allows the screening of osmoprotectants by simulating chronic hyperosmolarity (16h) and inflammation (24h).

Grants for projects of the Association of Pulmonologists of the South. Neumosur. Project: Expression of transcription factors sensitive to hypoxia, inflammatory response and oxidative stress at the systemic and muscular level in three clinical models of hypoxemia. Research grants 2012 SEPAR. Code: 051|2012. Expression of transcription factors sensitive to hypoxia, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and peripheral muscle involvement in three clinical models of hypoxemia.

In Europe, decision-making power related to biodiversity conservation has been partly, and voluntarily, relinquished by countries to superior levels. In this hierarchical top-down scenario, the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive grant protection to a considerable number of taxa, and determine underlying conservation actions at (sub)national levels. The protection mandates emanating from these legal instruments are expected to be transferred effectively to lower levels, adapting general obligations to species-specific contexts. We assessed the implementation of general obligations from international agreements through local regulations, using as illustrative example the European requirement of protecting the breeding sites of protected species, and the conservation of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe. After reviewing 43 wolf management and conservation plans across Europe, only 14% of wolf plans contained management guidelines issued to avoid wolf breeding site destruction or disturbance (this figure was 52% in the case of North America, n = 25 wolf plans). In Europe, we found only seven actions or guidelines designed to ensure breeding site protection/availability for wolves (from six countries). None of the plans contained a comprehensive set of measures to preserve breeding sites or guarantee their availability. Our results suggest that transposition of general obligations from international agreements into local legislation systems may be a critical point of weakness in the biodiversity conservation policy process. We recommend additional scrutiny to ensure that ambitious conservation goals are not diluted, but enforced, along its way from high-tier laws to local regulations, in accordance with the letter and spirit of international agreements.

Introduction: The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire is important in order to assess the effects of therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study is to analyse HRQoL, comparing cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with methylphenidate (ADHD-T), untreated cases (ADHD-N), and controls. Material and methods: The study included a sample of 228 participants between 8 and 14 years old (114 controls, 57 ADHD-T, and 57 ADHD-N). Consecutive sampling was used in ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria (ADHD Rating Scales IV), and random sampling of controls matched by gender and age. The evaluation of HRQoL was made by using KIDSCREEN-52 parent version. Results: The intensity of ADHD symptoms is significantly lower in ADHD-T than in ADHD-N. There is a moderate significant correlation between greater intensity of ADHD symptoms and worse HRQoL. ADHD cases have significantly worse HRQoL than controls on psychic well-being, mood, relationship with parents and friends, school environment, and social acceptance. The cases of ADHD-T have significantly better HRQoL than ADHD-N in the school dimension, but do not differ significantly in other dimensions of KIDSCREEN-52. Conclusions: It would be advisable that the treatment of ADHD integrates multi-dimensional therapeutic models that improve the basic symptoms of the disorder, as well as the HRQoL. Resumen: Introducción: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es un marcador relevante para valorar los efectos de una intervención terapéutica. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la CVRS comparando casos con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) tratados farmacológicamente con metilfenidato (TDAH-T), casos no tratados (TDAH-N) y controles. Material y métodos: Muestra de 228 participantes entre 8 y 14 años (114 controles, 57 TDAH-T y 57 TDAH-N). Muestreo consecutivo de TDAH según DSM-IV (ADHD Rating Scales IV) y muestreo aleatorio de controles emparejados por sexo y edad. Evaluación de CVRS mediante KIDSCREEN-52 versión padres. Resultados: La intensidad de síntomas de TDAH es significativamente menor en TDAH-T que en TDAH-N y se observa correlación significativa moderada entre mayor intensidad de síntomas de TDAH y peor CVRS. Los casos de TDAH tienen significativamente peor CVRS que los controles en bienestar psíquico, estado de ánimo, relación con padres, relación con amigos, entorno escolar y aceptación social. Los casos de TDAH-T presentan significativamente mejor CVRS que TDAH-N en la dimensión escolar, pero no se diferencian significativamente en otras dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52. Conclusiones: Sería recomendable que el tratamiento del TDAH integrase modelos terapéuticos multidimensionales que mejoren los síntomas básicos del trastorno y la CVRS.

Resumen: Introducción: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es un marcador relevante para valorar los efectos de una intervención terapéutica. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la CVRS comparando casos con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) tratados farmacológicamente con metilfenidato (TDAH-T), casos no tratados (TDAH-N) y controles. Material y métodos: Muestra de 228 participantes entre 8 y 14 años (114 controles, 57 TDAH-T y 57 TDAH-N). Muestreo consecutivo de TDAH según DSM-IV (ADHD Rating Scales IV) y muestreo aleatorio de controles emparejados por sexo y edad. Evaluación de CVRS mediante KIDSCREEN-52 versión padres. Resultados: La intensidad de síntomas de TDAH es significativamente menor en TDAH-T que en TDAH-N y se observa correlación significativa moderada entre mayor intensidad de síntomas de TDAH y peor CVRS. Los casos de TDAH tienen significativamente peor CVRS que los controles en bienestar psíquico, estado de ánimo, relación con padres, relación con amigos, entorno escolar y aceptación social. Los casos de TDAH-T presentan significativamente mejor CVRS que TDAH-N en la dimensión escolar, pero no se diferencian significativamente en otras dimensiones del KIDSCREEN-52. Conclusiones: Sería recomendable que el tratamiento del TDAH integrase modelos terapéuticos multidimensionales que mejoren los síntomas básicos del trastorno y la CVRS. Abstract: Introduction: The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire is important in order to assess the effects of therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study is to analyse HRQoL, comparing cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with methylphenidate (ADHD-T), untreated cases (ADHD-N), and controls. Material and methods: The study included a sample of 228 participants between 8 and 14 years old (114 controls, 57 ADHD-T, and 57 ADHD-N). Consecutive sampling was used in ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria (ADHD Rating Scales IV), and random sampling of controls matched by gender and age. The evaluation of HRQoL was made by using KIDSCREEN-52 parent version. Results: The intensity of ADHD symptoms is significantly lower in ADHD-T than in ADHD-N. There is a moderate significant correlation between greater intensity of ADHD symptoms and worse HRQoL. ADHD cases have significantly worse HRQoL than controls on psychic well-being, mood, relationship with parents and friends, school environment, and social acceptance. The cases of ADHD-T have significantly better HRQoL than ADHD-N in the school dimension, but do not differ significantly in other dimensions of KIDSCREEN-52. Conclusions: It would be advisable that the treatment of ADHD integrates multi-dimensional therapeutic models that improve the basic symptoms of the disorder, as well as the HRQoL.

The electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped and non-doped superporous activated carbons as electrodes for supercapacitors was assessed in organic and ionic liquid-based electrolytes. The nitrogen functionalization was carried out through post-modification treatments at mild conditions to produce N-doped activated carbons that preserve the microporosity of the pristine carbon material. The electrodes based on these materials provide large capacitance values (up to 150–180 F/g) in both 1 M Pyr14TFSI/PC and 1 M Pyr14BF4/PC due to their tailored porous texture, given by their well-developed microporosity and low mesopore volume. The electrochemical double layer capacitors based on these materials displayed outstanding capacitance (37–40 F/g and 14 F/cm3) and energy values (44–48 Wh/kg and 16–17 Wh/L). The nitrogen-doped activated carbons evidence high stability at positive and negative polarization potentials due the presence of specific N functionalities. The results prove that surface chemistry of carbon materials plays a key role on their degradation under high operation voltage conditions. The durability of the devices can be improved by doping carbon electrodes with selected nitrogen groups, such as nitrogen heterocycles and amine-like surface functionalities. The authors thank MICINN, FEDER (RTI2018-095291-B-I00 and ENE2017-90932-REDT). MJML acknowledges financial support through VALi+d grant (ACIF/2015/374) and mobility grant (BEFPI/2017/036).