Author: "Burgos, L" / Publisher: elsevier - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Burgos, L"' showing total 40 results

Start Over Author "Burgos, L" Publisher elsevier

40 results on '"Burgos, L"'

1. Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Lozano, R., Haakenstad, A., Yearwood, J. A., Fullman, N., Bintz, C., Bienhoff, K., Weaver, M. R., Nandakumar, V., Joffe, J. N., LeGrand, K. E., Knight, M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdoli, A., Zuniga, R. A. A., Adedeji, I. A., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O. O., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, A., Rashid, T. A., Aji, B., Akande-Sholabi, W., Alam, K., Al Hamad, H., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, L., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Ameyaw, E. K., Amin, T. T., Amu, H., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Andrade, P. P., Anjum, A., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Ariffin, H., Arulappan, J., Aryan, Z., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D. D., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baliga, S., Banik, P. C., Barnighausen, T. W., Barra, F., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Bayati, M., Belete, R., Bell, A. W., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhardwaj, N., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Bolarinwa, O. A., Bonny, A., Brenner, H., Buonsenso, D., Burkart, K., Busse, R., Butt, Z. A., Butt, N. S., dos Santos, F. L. C., Cahuana Hurtado, Lucero, Camera, Luis Alberto, Cardenas, R., Carneiro, V. L. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Chandan, J. S., Charan, J., Chavan, P. P., Chen, S. M., Chen, S., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chowdhury, M. A. K., Cirillo, M., Corso, B., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X. C., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W. J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davletov, K., Deuba, K., Dhimal, M., Dhimal, M. L., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Doshmangir, L., Duncan, B. B., Effiong, A., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Erku, D. A., Eskandarieh, S., Fares, J., Farzadfar, F., Ferrero, S., Desideri, L. F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Foroutan, M., Fukumoto, T., Gaal, P. A., Gaihre, S., Gardner, W. M., Garg, T., Obsa, A. G., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Guadamuz, J. S., Guo, Y. M., Das Gupta, R., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, V. B., Hamiduzzaman, M., Hanif, A., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hasan, M. T., Hashi, A., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, M., Heidari, G., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hossain, S., Hossain, S. J., Hossain, M. B. H., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hoveidamanesh, S., Hsieh, V. C. R., Hu, G. Q., Huang, J. J., Huda, M. M., Ifeagwu, S. C., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, R. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jain, R., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M. D., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A. M., Kamenov, K., Kandel, H., Kantar, R. S., Kapoor, N., Karanikolos, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Kavetskyy, T., Kawakami, N., Kayode, G. A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, M. N., Khan, M. A. B., Khan, M., Khezeli, M., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Klymchuk, V., Koly, K. N., Korzh, O., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Defo, B. K., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H. H., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, W. C., Lee, Y. H., Lee, C. B., Li, S. S., Lucchetti, G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Malta, D. C., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez-Valle, A., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, M. R., Maude, R. J., Maulik, P. K., McKee, M., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Misra, S., Moazen, B., Mohammadi, M., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Moradi, G., Moreira, R. S., Mosser, J. F., Mostafavi, E., Mouodi, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagata, C., Naghavi, M., Nangia, V., Swamy, S. N., Narayana, A. I., Nascimento, B. R., Nassereldine, H., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Negoi, I., Nepal, S., Kandel, S. N., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, H. L. T, Nguyen, C. T., Ningrum, D. N. A., Noubiap, J. J., Oancea, B., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. H., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Bali, A. O., Omer, E., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otoiu, A., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Pardhan, S., Pasupula, D. K., Pathak, P. K., Patton, G. C., Pawar, S., Pereira, J., Pilania, M., Piroozi, B., Podder, V., Pokhrel, K. N., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Syed, Z. Q., Rabiee, N., Radhakrishnan, R. A., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahmani, A. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, C. R., Rao, S. J., Rasella, D., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S. M., Ripon, R. K., Sacco, S., Sadeghi, M., Saeed, U., Sahebkar, A., Sahiledengle, B., Sahoo, H., Sahu, M., Salama, J. S., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Schmidt, M. I., Seidu, A. A., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shokri, A., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Stephens, J. H., Sun, J., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tadbiri, H., Tamiru, A. T., Thankappan, K. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, M. T. N., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, N., Tripathy, J. P., Troeger, C. E., Uezono, D. R., Ullah, S., Ullah, A., Unnikrishnan, B., Vacante, M., Tahbaz, S. V., Valdez, P. R., Vasic, M., Veroux, M., Vervoort, D., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Wang, Y. P., Wang, Y. Z., Ward, P., Wiangkham, T., Yadav, L., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yi, S. Y., Yigit, V., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C. H., Yunusa, I., Bin Zaman, S., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. J., Zhong, C. W., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Lim, S. S., Murray, C. J. L., GBD 2019 Healthcare Access Quality, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haakenstad, Annie, Yearwood, Jamal Akeem, Fullman, Nancy, Bintz, Corinne, Bienhoff, Kelly, Weaver, Marcia R, Nandakumar, Vishnu, Joffe, Jonah N, Legrand, Kate E, Knight, Megan, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Aji, Budi, Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola, Alam, Khurshid, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Anjum, Afifa, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariffin, Hany, Arulappan, Judie, Aryan, Zahra, Ashraf, Tahira, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baig, Atif Amin, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Baliga, Shrikala, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Belete, Rebuma, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bhagat, Devidas S, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Bori, Biondi, Antonio, Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, Bonny, Aime, Brenner, Hermann, Buonsenso, Danilo, Burkart, Katrin, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Butt, Nadeem Shafique, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carneiro, Vera L A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chandan, Joht Singh, Charan, Jaykaran, Chavan, Prachi P, Chen, Simiao, Chen, Shu, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir, Cirillo, Massimo, Corso, Barbara, Dadras, Omid, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dangel, William Jame, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, Deuba, Keshab, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doshmangir, Leila, Duncan, Bruce B, Effiong, Andem, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elhadi, Muhammed, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Fares, Jawad, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Foroutan, Masoud, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gaihre, Santosh, Gardner, William M, Garg, Tushar, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Guadamuz, Jenny S, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajat Da, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gupta, Veer Bala, Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Hanif, Asif, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasan, M Tasdik, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari, Golnaz, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Sahadat, Hossain, Sheikh Jamal, Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Huda, M Mamun, Ifeagwu, Susan C, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Rajesh, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M, Kamenov, Kaloyan, Kandel, Himal, Kantar, Rami S, Kapoor, Neeti, Karanikolos, Marina, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kavetskyy, Tara, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Moien AB, Khan, Maseer, Khezeli, Mehdi, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Koly, Kamrun Nahar, Korzh, Oleksii, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G Anil, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lee, Chiachi Bonnie, Li, Shanshan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martinez-Valle, Adolfo, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maude, Richard Jame, Maulik, Pallab K, Mckee, Martin, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Ghobad, Moreira, Rafael Silveira, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mouodi, Simin, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagata, Chie, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nangia, Vinay, Narasimha Swamy, Sreeniva, Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Nassereldine, Hasan, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Nepal, Samata, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Oancea, Bogdan, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otoiu, Adrian, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R, Pardhan, Shahina, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Pathak, Praveen Kumar, Patton, George C, Pawar, Shrikant, Pereira, Jeevan, Pilania, Manju, Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Podder, Vivek, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Prada, Sergio I, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Navid, Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeed, Umar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahu, Maitreyi, Salama, Joseph S, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, Adithi, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shivakumar, K M, Shokri, Azad, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad, Sousa, Raúl A R C, Stephens, Jacqueline H, Sun, Jing, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadbiri, Hooman, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Niharika, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Troeger, Christopher E, Uezono, Deinzel Roble, Ullah, Saif, Ullah, Anayat, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vacante, Marco, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasic, Milena, Veroux, Massimiliano, Vervoort, Dominique, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wang, Yanzhong, Ward, Paul, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Yadav, Lalit, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yi, Siyan, Yiğit, Vahit, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Lim, Stephen S, Murray, Christopher J L, Lozano, Rafael, Haakenstad, A, Yearwood, J, Fullman, N, Bintz, C, Bienhoff, K, Weaver, M, Nandakumar, V, Joffe, J, Legrand, K, Knight, M, Abbafati, C, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdoli, A, Abeldano Zuniga, R, Adedeji, I, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed Rashid, T, Aji, B, Akande-Sholabi, W, Alam, K, Al Hamad, H, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Ameyaw, E, Amin, T, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Andrade, P, Anjum, A, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ariffin, H, Arulappan, J, Aryan, Z, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, D, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, S, Baliga, S, Banik, P, Barnighausen, T, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Belete, R, Bell, A, Bhagat, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, N, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Bolarinwa, O, Bonny, A, Brenner, H, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Butt, N, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Cardenas, R, Carneiro, V, Catala-Lopez, F, Chandan, J, Charan, J, Chavan, P, Chen, S, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chowdhury, M, Cirillo, M, Corso, B, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, S, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dangel, W, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, Deuba, K, Dhimal, M, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, Duncan, B, Effiong, A, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Erku, D, Eskandarieh, S, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, P, Gaihre, S, Gardner, W, Garg, T, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Guadamuz, J, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hamiduzzaman, M, Hanif, A, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hashi, A, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, M, Heidari, G, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hossain, S, Hossain, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoveidamanesh, S, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Huang, J, Huda, M, Ifeagwu, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Islam, R, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, R, Jakovljevic, M, Janodia, M, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamenov, K, Kandel, H, Kantar, R, Kapoor, N, Karanikolos, M, Katikireddi, S, Kavetskyy, T, Kawakami, N, Kayode, G, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keykhaei, M, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khezeli, M, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Klymchuk, V, Koly, K, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Lee, C, Li, S, Lucchetti, G, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Malta, D, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez-Valle, A, Martins-Melo, F, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Maude, R, Maulik, P, Mckee, M, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, S, Moitra, M, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Moradi, G, Moreira, R, Mosser, J, Mostafavi, E, Mouodi, S, Nagarajan, A, Nagata, C, Naghavi, M, Nangia, V, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, A, Nascimento, B, Nassereldine, H, Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Nepal, S, Neupane Kandel, S, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, C, Ningrum, D, Noubiap, J, Oancea, B, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Omar Bali, A, Omer, E, Onwujekwe, O, Otoiu, A, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, S, Pardhan, S, Pasupula, D, Pathak, P, Patton, G, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Pilania, M, Piroozi, B, Podder, V, Pokhrel, K, Postma, M, Prada, S, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, N, Radhakrishnan, R, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Ranabhat, C, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rasella, D, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Renzaho, A, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Ripon, R, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahiledengle, B, Sahoo, H, Sahu, M, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Schmidt, M, Seidu, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shetty, A, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shivakumar, K, Shokri, A, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sousa, R, Stephens, J, Sun, J, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadbiri, H, Tamiru, A, Thankappan, K, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, N, Tripathy, J, Troeger, C, Uezono, D, Ullah, S, Ullah, A, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasic, M, Veroux, M, Vervoort, D, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Wiangkham, T, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yi, S, Yigit, V, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Lim, S, Murray, C, Lozano, R, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Kuwait University (Kuwait), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, University of Aberdeen (Reino Unido), Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungria), National Records of Scotland (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Scottish Government (Reino Unido), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (Bangladesh), Xiamen University Malaysia (Malasia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Ministero della Salute (Italia), Fondazione IRCCS. Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, King College London, IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (España), Government of Catalonia (España), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Pakistán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - CIBERSAM (Salud Mental), INCLIVA Health Research Institute (España), Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Australian Government, and Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia)
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Population, Global Health, Health Services Accessibility, Global Burden of Disease, Health system quality, Young Adult, Nations, Health systems, health care access, Risk Factors, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Humans, Child, Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Health-care access, Aged, Quality of Health Care, quality, performance, The Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Risk Factor, Infant, Newborn, Infant, eu-repo/semantics/review [info], Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Health-care quality, Middle Aged, 3141 Health care science, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Indicator, Medical-care, Child, Preschool, Deaths, Amenable mortality, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Age groups, Trends, Human
Abstract: Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0-74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0-14 years), working (ages 15-64 years), and post-working (ages 65-74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9-21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9-24·7), working (17·2, 15·2-19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2-17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6-33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4-84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4-89·0), working (33·8-82·8), and post-working (30·4-79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. O Adetokunboh acknowledges support from Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the institutional support of King Edward Medical University. S Aljunid acknowledges Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu also acknowledges partial support by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. B Bikbov acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Institute of Applied Health Sciences; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. The salary for N Ghith is covered by a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). V B Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia. T Joo acknowledges support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary under grant RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006 (Data-driven Health Division of Health Security National Laboratory). S Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). M N Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Y J Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. G Lucchetti is a grantee of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Research Productivity - Level 1D. L Mantovani acknowledges support by Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente - IRCCS Multimedica. M Molokhia acknowledges support by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health on project Ricerca Corrente 34/2017 and payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. R Moreira acknowledges the CNPQ productivity grant (316607/2021-5). B R Nascimento is partially supported by CNPq (Research Productivity Grant, 312382/2019-7), the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the prevention and detection of Heart Valve disease across the Lifespan, 2021), and FAPEMIG (grant APQ-000627-20). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India for their constant support in conducting research. D Rasella reports financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023 programme (CEX2018-000806-S), and financial support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya programme. U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. U Saeed would like to acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for supporting research activities. R T-S is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, INCLIVA (PID2021-129099OB-I00). D Vervoort is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship. S B Zaman acknowledges receiving a scholarship from the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) in support of his academic career. Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of The Republic of Serbia. This work was supported, in whole or in part, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1152504. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. Sí
Published: 2022

2. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author: Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tota
Published: 2021

3. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ward, JL, Azzopardi, PS, Francis, KL, Santelli, JS, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, SM, Kassebaum, NJ, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, AE, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemu, BW, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, SCY, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Atout, MMDW, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, EK, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayano, G, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azene, ZN, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakkannavar, SM, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, TT, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, AK, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Ward, JL, Azzopardi, PS, Francis, KL, Santelli, JS, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, SM, Kassebaum, NJ, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, AE, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemu, BW, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, SCY, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Atout, MMDW, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, EK, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayano, G, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azene, ZN, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakkannavar, SM, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, TT, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, AK, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, and Bhagavathula, AS
Published: 2021

4. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8–8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7–11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0–25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3–11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9–5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of
Published: 2020

5. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019

Author: Roth, GA, Mensah, GA, Johnson, CO, Addolorato, G, Ammirati, E, Baddour, LM, Barengo, NC, Beaton, AZ, Benjamin, EJ, Benziger, CP, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brodmann, M, Cahill, TJ, Carapetis, J, Catapano, AL, Chugh, SS, Cooper, LT, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, DeCleene, N, Eagle, KA, Emmons-Bell, S, Feigin, VL, Fernández-Solà, J, Fowkes, G, Gakidou, E, Grundy, SM, He, FJ, Howard, G, Hu, F, Inker, L, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Koroshetz, W, Lavie, C, Lloyd-Jones, D, Lu, HS, Mirijello, A, Temesgen, AM, Mokdad, A, Moran, AE, Muntner, P, Narula, J, Neal, B, Ntsekhe, M, Moraes de Oliveira, G, Otto, C, Owolabi, M, Pratt, M, Rajagopalan, S, Reitsma, M, Ribeiro, ALP, Rigotti, N, Rodgers, A, Sable, C, Shakil, S, Sliwa-Hahnle, K, Stark, B, Sundström, J, Timpel, P, Tleyjeh, IM, Valgimigli, M, Vos, T, Whelton, PK, Yacoub, M, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Fuster, V, Beaton, A, Carapetis, JR, Chugh, S, Criqui, MH, DeCleene, NK, Fernández-Sola, J, Fowkes, FGR, Kassebaum, NJ, Koroshetz, WJ, Misganaw, AT, Mokdad, AH, Oliveira, GMM, Otto, CM, Owolabi, MO, Reitsma, MB, Rigotti, NA, Sable, CA, Shakil, SS, Sliwa, K, Stark, BA, Tleyjeh, II, Zuhlke, LJ, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdi, A, Abedi, A, Aboyans, V, Abrha, WA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Acharya, D, Adair, T, Adebayo, OM, Ademi, Z, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, MB, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akande-Sholabi, W, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Alahdab, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhabib, KF, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Amegah, AK, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, T, Andrei, CL, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anteneh, ZA, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Anwer, R, Appiah, LT, Arabloo, J, Ärnlöv, J, Artanti, KD, Ataro, Z, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayele, HT, Ayza, MA, Azari, S, B, DB, Baheiraei, N, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Baptista, EA, Barboza, MA, Barua, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Béjot, Y, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berman, AE, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Brant, LC, Brenner, H, Briko, NI, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Chin, KL, Choi, J-YJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cirillo, M, Coffey, S, Conti, S, Costa, VM, Cundiff, DK, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Damasceno, AAM, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, FP, De Neve, J-W, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Deuschl, G, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, M, Dhungana, RR, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Ebtehaj, S, Eftekhari, A, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Esteghamati, S, Etisso, AE, Eyawo, O, Fadhil, I, Faraon, EJA, Faris, PS, Farwati, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandez Prendes, C, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Ganji, M, Garg, J, Gebre, AK, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebregzabiher, KZ, Gebremeskel, GG, Getacher, L, Obsa, AG, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Goudarzian, AH, Goulart, AC, Guadamuz, JS, Guha, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, TG, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hartono, RK, Hashemian, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Ibeneme, CU, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Islam, RM, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Jain, V, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jonnagaddala, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahlon, T, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamel, I, Kandel, H, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Khader, YS, Khammarnia, M, Khan, MS, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, EA, Khatab, K, Kibria, GMA, Kim, YJ, Kim, GR, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimäki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Korshunov, VA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kwan, GF, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lauriola, P, Lawrence, WR, Laxmaiah, A, LeGrand, KE, Li, M-C, Li, B, Li, S, Lim, SS, Lim, L-L, Lin, H, Lin, Z, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lopez, AD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lugo, A, M, NK, Madotto, F, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mamun, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mathur, MR, Mazzaglia, G, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, H, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, DK, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, MA, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Montasir, AA, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morze, J, Mubarik, S, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Nalini, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Nascimento, BR, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Nazarzadeh, M, Negoi, RI, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, HLT, Nixon, MR, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nouthe, BE, Nowak, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Ortiz, A, Ostroff, SM, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Parekh, U, Park, E-C, Parvizi, M, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, UK, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pepito, VCF, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pham, HQ, Pilgrim, T, Piradov, MA, Pishgar, F, Podder, V, Polibin, RV, Pourshams, A, Pribadi, DRA, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ur Rahman, MH, Rahman, Muhammad, Rahmani, AM, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramalingam, S, Rana, J, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawal, L, Rawasia, WF, Rawassizadeh, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Roberts-Thomson, RL, Roever, L, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Saadatagah, S, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, S, Sahebkar, A, Salehi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shaikh, MA, Shamali, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Mtech, AS, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Spurlock, EE, Stockfelt, L, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, EG, Tadesse, DB, Tajdini, M, Tariqujjaman, M, Teklehaimanot, BF, Temsah, M-H, Tesema, AK, Thakur, B, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thrift, AG, Timalsina, B, Tonelli, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, JP, Truelsen, TC, Tsegay, GM, Tsegaye, GW, Tsilimparis, N, Tusa, BS, Tyrovolas, S, Umapathi, KK, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Usman, MS, Vaduganathan, M, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Velazquez, DZ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vu, GT, Vujcic, IS, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, F, Wei, J, Weintraub, RG, Weldemariam, AH, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Wolfe, CDA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yan, LL, Yandrapalli, S, Yano, Y, Yatsuya, H, Yeheyis, TY, Yeshaw, Y, Yilgwan, CS, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zachariah, G, Zaman, SB, Zaman, MS, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zarghi, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, W, Zhong, C, Zou, Z, Zuniga, YMH, Murray, CJL, Roth, GA, Mensah, GA, Johnson, CO, Addolorato, G, Ammirati, E, Baddour, LM, Barengo, NC, Beaton, AZ, Benjamin, EJ, Benziger, CP, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brodmann, M, Cahill, TJ, Carapetis, J, Catapano, AL, Chugh, SS, Cooper, LT, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, DeCleene, N, Eagle, KA, Emmons-Bell, S, Feigin, VL, Fernández-Solà, J, Fowkes, G, Gakidou, E, Grundy, SM, He, FJ, Howard, G, Hu, F, Inker, L, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Koroshetz, W, Lavie, C, Lloyd-Jones, D, Lu, HS, Mirijello, A, Temesgen, AM, Mokdad, A, Moran, AE, Muntner, P, Narula, J, Neal, B, Ntsekhe, M, Moraes de Oliveira, G, Otto, C, Owolabi, M, Pratt, M, Rajagopalan, S, Reitsma, M, Ribeiro, ALP, Rigotti, N, Rodgers, A, Sable, C, Shakil, S, Sliwa-Hahnle, K, Stark, B, Sundström, J, Timpel, P, Tleyjeh, IM, Valgimigli, M, Vos, T, Whelton, PK, Yacoub, M, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Fuster, V, Beaton, A, Carapetis, JR, Chugh, S, Criqui, MH, DeCleene, NK, Fernández-Sola, J, Fowkes, FGR, Kassebaum, NJ, Koroshetz, WJ, Misganaw, AT, Mokdad, AH, Oliveira, GMM, Otto, CM, Owolabi, MO, Reitsma, MB, Rigotti, NA, Sable, CA, Shakil, SS, Sliwa, K, Stark, BA, Tleyjeh, II, Zuhlke, LJ, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdi, A, Abedi, A, Aboyans, V, Abrha, WA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Acharya, D, Adair, T, Adebayo, OM, Ademi, Z, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, MB, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akande-Sholabi, W, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Alahdab, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhabib, KF, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Amegah, AK, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, T, Andrei, CL, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anteneh, ZA, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Anwer, R, Appiah, LT, Arabloo, J, Ärnlöv, J, Artanti, KD, Ataro, Z, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayele, HT, Ayza, MA, Azari, S, B, DB, Baheiraei, N, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Baptista, EA, Barboza, MA, Barua, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Béjot, Y, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berman, AE, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Brant, LC, Brenner, H, Briko, NI, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Chin, KL, Choi, J-YJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cirillo, M, Coffey, S, Conti, S, Costa, VM, Cundiff, DK, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Damasceno, AAM, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, FP, De Neve, J-W, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Deuschl, G, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, M, Dhungana, RR, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Ebtehaj, S, Eftekhari, A, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Esteghamati, S, Etisso, AE, Eyawo, O, Fadhil, I, Faraon, EJA, Faris, PS, Farwati, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandez Prendes, C, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Ganji, M, Garg, J, Gebre, AK, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebregzabiher, KZ, Gebremeskel, GG, Getacher, L, Obsa, AG, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Goudarzian, AH, Goulart, AC, Guadamuz, JS, Guha, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, TG, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hartono, RK, Hashemian, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Ibeneme, CU, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Islam, RM, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Jain, V, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jonnagaddala, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahlon, T, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamel, I, Kandel, H, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Khader, YS, Khammarnia, M, Khan, MS, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, EA, Khatab, K, Kibria, GMA, Kim, YJ, Kim, GR, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimäki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Korshunov, VA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kwan, GF, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lauriola, P, Lawrence, WR, Laxmaiah, A, LeGrand, KE, Li, M-C, Li, B, Li, S, Lim, SS, Lim, L-L, Lin, H, Lin, Z, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lopez, AD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lugo, A, M, NK, Madotto, F, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mamun, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mathur, MR, Mazzaglia, G, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, H, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, DK, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, MA, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Montasir, AA, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morze, J, Mubarik, S, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Nalini, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Nascimento, BR, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Nazarzadeh, M, Negoi, RI, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, HLT, Nixon, MR, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nouthe, BE, Nowak, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Ortiz, A, Ostroff, SM, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Parekh, U, Park, E-C, Parvizi, M, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, UK, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pepito, VCF, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pham, HQ, Pilgrim, T, Piradov, MA, Pishgar, F, Podder, V, Polibin, RV, Pourshams, A, Pribadi, DRA, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ur Rahman, MH, Rahman, Muhammad, Rahmani, AM, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramalingam, S, Rana, J, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawal, L, Rawasia, WF, Rawassizadeh, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Roberts-Thomson, RL, Roever, L, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Saadatagah, S, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, S, Sahebkar, A, Salehi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shaikh, MA, Shamali, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Mtech, AS, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Spurlock, EE, Stockfelt, L, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, EG, Tadesse, DB, Tajdini, M, Tariqujjaman, M, Teklehaimanot, BF, Temsah, M-H, Tesema, AK, Thakur, B, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thrift, AG, Timalsina, B, Tonelli, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, JP, Truelsen, TC, Tsegay, GM, Tsegaye, GW, Tsilimparis, N, Tusa, BS, Tyrovolas, S, Umapathi, KK, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Usman, MS, Vaduganathan, M, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Velazquez, DZ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vu, GT, Vujcic, IS, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, F, Wei, J, Weintraub, RG, Weldemariam, AH, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Wolfe, CDA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yan, LL, Yandrapalli, S, Yano, Y, Yatsuya, H, Yeheyis, TY, Yeshaw, Y, Yilgwan, CS, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zachariah, G, Zaman, SB, Zaman, MS, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zarghi, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, W, Zhong, C, Zou, Z, Zuniga, YMH, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019.Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside hi
Published: 2020

6. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, JE, Knight, M, Barthelemy, CM, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu Haimed, AK, Abushouk, AI, Adabi, M, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, OO, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, SMK, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, RO, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, SB, Alemu, YM, Alhassan, RK, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almadi, MAH, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almulhim, AM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, AY, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, SS, Atout, MMDW, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Aynalem, GL, Ayza, MA, Azari, S, Azzopardi, PS, B, DB, Babaee, E, Badiye, AD, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, SM, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Uddin, Riaz, Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, JE, Knight, M, Barthelemy, CM, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu Haimed, AK, Abushouk, AI, Adabi, M, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, OO, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, SMK, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, RO, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, SB, Alemu, YM, Alhassan, RK, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almadi, MAH, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almulhim, AM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, AY, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, SS, Atout, MMDW, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Aynalem, GL, Ayza, MA, Azari, S, Azzopardi, PS, B, DB, Babaee, E, Badiye, AD, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, SM, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, and Uddin, Riaz
Published: 2020

7. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019:a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Wang, H. (Haidong), Abbas, K. M. (Kaja M.), Abbasifard, M. (Mitra), Abbasi-Kangevari, M. (Mohsen), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abolhassani, H. (Hassan), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abushouk, A. I. (Abdelrahman I.), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adair, T. (Tim), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adeoye, A. M. (Abiodun Moshood), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Advani, S. M. (Shailesh M.), Afshin, A. (Ashkan), Aghaali, M. (Mohammad), Agrawal, A. (Anurag), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmadieh, H. (Hamid), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alam, T. (Tahiya), Alanezi, F. M. (Fahad Mashhour), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alicandro, G. (Gianfranco), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alinia, C. (Cyrus), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Alizade, H. (Hesam), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Allebeck, P. (Peter), Almadi, M. A. (Majid Abdulrahman Hamad), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alumran, A. K. (Arwa Khalid), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amini-Rarani, M. (Mostafa), Aminorroaya, A. (Arya), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Ancuceanu, R. (Robert), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Androudi, S. (Sofia), Angus, C. (Colin), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Ansari, I. (Iman), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, C. M. (Catherine M.), Anvari, D. (Davood), Appiah, S. C. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Arab-Zozani, M. (Morteza), Aravkin, A. Y. (Aleksandr Y.), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arnlov, J. (Johan), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Asadi-Pooya, A. A. (Ali A.), Asgari, S. (Samaneh), Jafarabadi, M. A. (Mohammad Asghari), Atteraya, M. S. (Madhu Sudhan), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Avokpaho, E. F. (Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Azarian, G. (Ghasem), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badiye, A. D. (Ashish D.), Bagli, E. (Eleni), Bahrami, M. A. (Mohammad Amin), Bakhtiari, A. (Ahad), Balassyano, S. (Shelly), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banik, P. C. (Palash Chandra), Barker-Collo, S. L. (Suzanne Lyn), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Baune, B. T. (Bernhard T.), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bazmandegan, G. (Gholamreza), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bell, M. L. (Michellr L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Bensenor, I. M. (Isabela M.), Berhe, K. (Kidanemaryam), Berman, A. E. (Adam E.), Bertolacci, G. J. (Gregory J.), Bhageerathy, R. (Reshmi), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Biondi, A. (Antonio), Bisanzio, D. (Donal), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bjrge, T. (Tone), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bohluli, M. (Mehdi), Bolla, S. R. (Srinivasa Rao Rao), Borzi, A. M. (Antonio Maria), Borzouei, S. (Shiva), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Braithwaite, D. (Dejana), Brauer, M. (Michael), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Bumgarner, B. R. (Blair R.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), dos Santos, F. L. (Florentino Luciano Caetano), Cai, T. (Tianji), Callender, C. S. (Charlton S. K. H.), Camera, L. L. (Luis L. A. Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carreras, G. (Giulia), Carrero, J. J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (Joao Mauricio), Castelpietra, G. (Giulio), Castro, F. (Franz), Catala-Lopez, F. (Ferran), Cederroth, C. R. (Christopher R.), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Ciobanu, L. G. (Liliana G.), Cirillo, M. (Massimo), Comfort, H. (Haley), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cowden, R. G. (Richard G.), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Croneberger, A. J. (Andrew J.), Cunningham, M. (Matthew), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), D'Amico, E. (Emanuele), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dargan, P. I. (Paul I.), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), das Neves, J. (Jose), Davletov, K. (Kairat), De Leo, D. (Diego), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dervenis, N. (Nikolaos), Desai, R. (Rupak), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), da Silva, D. D. (Diana Dias), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dippenaar, I. N. (Ilse N.), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Do, H. T. (Hoa Thi), Dokova, K. (Klara), Doku, D. T. (David Teye), Dorostkar, F. (Fariba), Doshi, C. P. (Chirag P.), Doshmangir, L. (Leila), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edvardsson, D. (David), Effiong, A. (Andem), El Sayed, I. (Iman), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elbarazi, I. (Iffat), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Emamian, M. H. (Mohammad Hassan), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esmaeilzadeh, F. (Firooz), Estep, K. (Kara), Farahmand, M. (Mohammad), Faraj, A. (Anwar), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fattahi, N. (Nazir), Fazaeli, A. A. (Ali Akbar), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Ferreira, M. L. (Manuela L.), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fomenkov, A. A. (Artem Alekseevich), Freitas, M. (Marisa), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Fuller, J. E. (John E.), Furtado, J. M. (Joao M.), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gakidou, E. (Emmanuela), Gallus, S. (Silvano), Gebrehiwot, A. M. (Abiyu Mekonnen), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gething, P. W. (Peter W.), Ghamari, F. (Farhad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Gholamian, A. (Asadollah), Gilani, S. A. (Syed Amir), Gitimoghaddam, M. (Mojgan), Glushkova, E. V. (Ekaterina Vladimirovna), Gnedovskaya, E. V. (Elena V.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, S. S. (Subodh Sharan), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Halvaei, I. (Iman), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Abdullah, K. H. (Kanaan Hamagharib), Han, C. (Chieh), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Hankey, G. J. (Graeme J.), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Haro, J. M. (Josep Maria), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hassanipour, S. (Soheil), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari-Soureshjani, R. (Reza), Henny, K. (Kiana), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), Hole, M. K. (Michael K.), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hosgood, H. D. (H. Dean), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hostiuc, M. (Mihaela), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hoy, D. G. (Damian G.), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Huda, T. M. (Tanvir M.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ikuta, K. S. (Kevin S.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, I. M. (Irena M.), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Islam, M. (MdMohaimenul), Iso, H. (Hiroyasu), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jaafari, J. (Jalil), Jacobsen, K. H. (Kathryn H.), Jahagirdar, D. (Deepa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jalilian, F. (Farzad), James, S. L. (Spencer L.), Janjani, H. (Hosna), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jurisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kalankesh, L. R. (Leila R.), Kamiab, Z. (Zahra), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Karch, A. (Andre), Karimi, S. E. (Salah Eddin), Karimi, S. A. (Seyed Asaad), Kassebaum, N. J. (Nicholas J.), Katikireddi, S. V. (Srinivasa Vittal), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Keller, C. (Cathleen), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, M. (Maseer), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khazaie, H. (Habibolah), Khodayari, M. T. (Mohammad Taghi), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kianipour, N. (Neda), Kim, C.-i. (Cho-il), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissimova-Skarbek, K. (Katarzyna), Kivimaki, M. (Mika), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kopec, J. A. (Jacek A.), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kravchenko, M. A. (Michael A.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Krohn, K. J. (Kris J.), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, V. (Vivek), Kusuma, D. (Dian), Kyu, H. H. (Hmwe Hmwe), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansky, S. (Sonia), Larson, S. L. (Samantha Leigh), Larsson, A. O. (Anders O.), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lassi, Z. S. (Zohra S.), Lazarus, J. V. (Jeffrey V.), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), Lee, S. W. (Shaun Wen Huey), Leever, A. T. (Andrew T.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leonardi, M. (Matilde), Li, S. (Shanshan), Lim, L.-L. (Lee-Ling), Lim, S. S. (Stephen S.), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Logroscino, G. (Giancarlo), Lopez, A. D. (Alan D.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Lotufo, P. A. (Paulo A.), Lozano, R. (Rafael), Lu, A. (Alton), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Maddison, E. R. (Emilie R.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahdavi, M. M. (Mokhtar Mahdavi), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Mansouri, B. (Borhan), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Mastrogiacomo, C. I. (Claudia I.), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), May, E. A. (Erin A.), McAlinden, C. (Colm), McGrath, J. J. (John J.), McKee, M. (Martin), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehri, F. (Fereshteh), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Meitei, W. B. (Wahengbam Bigyananda), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mengesha, E. W. (Endalkachew Worku), Mensah, G. A. (George A.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Michalek, I. M. (Irmina Maria), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mills, E. J. (Edward J.), Milne, G. J. (George J.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Mirzaei, H. (Hamed), Mirzaei, M. (Maryam), Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. (Mehdi), Misganaw, A. T. (Awoke Temesgen), Moazen, B. (Babak), Moghadaszadeh, M. (Masoud), Mohamadi, E. (Efat), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadbeigi, A. (Abolfazl), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. (Abdollah), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Mohammed, H. (Hussen), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Bandpei, M. A. (Mohammad A. Mohseni), Mokari, A. (Amin), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Momen, N. C. (Natalie C.), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mooney, M. D. (Meghan D.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moradzadeh, R. (Rahmatollah), Moraga, P. (Paula), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Morgado-da-Costa, J. (Joana), Morrison, S. D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Khaneghah, A. M. (Amin Mousavi), Mueller, U. O. (Ulrich Otto), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabavizadeh, B. (Behnam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naghshtabrizi, B. (Behshad), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Negoi, R. I. (Ruxandra Irina), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, Y. T. (Yeshambel T.), Nikbakhsh, R. (Rajan), Nikpoor, A. R. (Amin Reza), Nixon, M. R. (Molly R.), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nomura, S. (Shuhei), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Nowak, C. (Christoph), Otoiu, A. (Adrian), Odell, C. M. (Christopher M.), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladnabi, M. (Morteza), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Bali, A. O. (Ahmed Omar), Ong, K. L. (Kanyin L.), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Otstavnov, N. (Nikita), Otstavnov, S. S. (Stanislav S.), Overland, S. (Simon), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakshir, K. (Keyvan), Palladino, R. (Raffaele), Pana, A. (Adrian), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Park, J. (James), Pasupula, D. K. (Deepak Kumar), Patel, J. R. (Jenil R.), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paulson, K. R. (Katherine R.), Toroudi, H. P. (Hamidreza Pazoki), Pease, S. A. (Spencer A.), Peden, A. E. (Amy E.), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Peprah, E. K. (Emmanuel K.), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Pereira, D. M. (David M.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pilz, T. M. (Tessa M.), Piradov, M. A. (Michael A.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Pokhrel, K. N. (Khem Narayan), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poznanska, A. (Anna), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prakash, S. (Sanjay), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Syed, Z. Q. (Zahiruddin Quazi), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Raggi, A. (Alberto), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rajabpour-Sanati, A. (Ali), Ram, P. (Pradhum), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, S. J. (Sowmya J.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rashedi, V. (Vahid), Rastogi, P. (Prateek), Rathi, P. (Priya), Rawal, L. (Lal), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaei, N. (Nima), Rezai, M. s. (Mohammad sadegh), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Rostamian, M. (Morteza), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rwegerera, G. M. (Godfrey M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Saddik, B. (Basema), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Sadeghi, M. (Masoumeh), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safi, S. (Sare), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salama, J. S. (Joseph S.), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, M. R. (Marwa R. Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salomon, J. A. (Joshua A.), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samad, Z. (Zainab), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sarveazad, A. (Arash), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sattin, D. (Davide), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schiavolin, S. (Silvia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Schwendicke, F. (Falk), Sekerija, M. (Mario), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabani, M. (Mahsima), Shahabi, S. (Saeed), Shahbaz, M. (Mohammad), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharafi, Z. (Zeinab), Sharara, F. (Fablina), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Shaw, D. H. (David H.), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrime, M. G. (Mark G.), Shuval, K. (Kerem), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Sigfusdottir, I. D. (Inga Dora), Sigurvinsdottir, R. (Rannveig), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simonetti, B. (Biagio), Simpson, K. E. (Kyle E.), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Skryabin, V. Y. (Valentin Yurievich), Soheili, A. (Amin), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Sorensen, R. J. (Reed J. D.), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Stockfelt, L. (Leo), Stokes, M. A. (Mark A.), Stubbs, J. L. (Jacob L.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Abdulkader, R. S. (Rizwan Suliankatchi), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K. M. (Karen M.), Tadakamadla, S. K. (Santosh Kumar), Taherkhani, A. (Amir), Tang, M. (Muming), Taveira, N. (Nuno), Taylor, H. J. (Heather Jean), Teagle, W. L. (Whitney L.), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Teklehaimanot, B. F. (Berhane Fseha), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thrift, A. G. (Amanda G.), Titova, M. V. (Mariya Vladimirovna), Tohidinik, H. R. (Hamid Reza), Tonelli, M. (Marcello), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Topouzis, F. (Fotis), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Travillian, R. (Ravensara), Trias-Llimos, S. (Sergi), Truelsen, T. C. (Thomas Clement), Car, L. T. (Lorainne Tudor), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Upadhyay, E. (Era), Vacante, M. (Marco), Vakilian, A. (Alireza), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Valli, A. (Alessandro), Vardavas, C. (Constantine), Vasankari, T. J. (Tommi Juhani), Vasconcelos, A. M. (Ana Maria Nogales), Vasseghian, Y. (Yasser), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Vidale, S. (Simone), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vollset, S. E. (Stein Emil), Vos, T. (Theo), Vujcic, I. S. (Isidora S.), Vukovic, A. (Ana), Vukovic, R. (Rade), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Walters, M. K. (Magdalene K.), Wang, H. (Hongbo), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Watson, S. (Stefanie), Wei, J. (Jingkai), Weiss, J. (Jordan), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Whiteford, H. A. (Harvey A.), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wolfe, C. D. (Charles D. A.), Wondmieneh, A. B. (Adam Belay), Wool, E. E. (Eve E.), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Wu, J. (Junjie), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yamagishi, K. (Kazumasa), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yaya, S. (Sanni), Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. (Vahid), Yearwood, J. A. (Jamal A.), Yeheyis, T. Y. (Tomas Y.), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Lebni, J. Y. (Javad Yoosefi), York, H. W. (Hunter W.), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Younker, T. P. (Theodore Patrick), Yousefi, Z. (Zabihollah), Yousefinezhadi, T. (Taraneh), Yousuf, A. Y. (Abdilahi Yousuf), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zakzuk, J. (Josefina), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zamanian, M. (Maryam), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Zheng, P. (Peng), Zhou, M. (Maigeng), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Wang, H. (Haidong), Abbas, K. M. (Kaja M.), Abbasifard, M. (Mitra), Abbasi-Kangevari, M. (Mohsen), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abolhassani, H. (Hassan), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abushouk, A. I. (Abdelrahman I.), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adair, T. (Tim), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adeoye, A. M. (Abiodun Moshood), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Advani, S. M. (Shailesh M.), Afshin, A. (Ashkan), Aghaali, M. (Mohammad), Agrawal, A. (Anurag), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmadieh, H. (Hamid), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alam, T. (Tahiya), Alanezi, F. M. (Fahad Mashhour), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alicandro, G. (Gianfranco), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alinia, C. (Cyrus), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Alizade, H. (Hesam), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Allebeck, P. (Peter), Almadi, M. A. (Majid Abdulrahman Hamad), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alumran, A. K. (Arwa Khalid), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Amini-Rarani, M. (Mostafa), Aminorroaya, A. (Arya), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Ancuceanu, R. (Robert), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Androudi, S. (Sofia), Angus, C. (Colin), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Ansari, I. (Iman), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, C. M. (Catherine M.), Anvari, D. (Davood), Appiah, S. C. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Arab-Zozani, M. (Morteza), Aravkin, A. Y. (Aleksandr Y.), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arnlov, J. (Johan), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Asadi-Pooya, A. A. (Ali A.), Asgari, S. (Samaneh), Jafarabadi, M. A. (Mohammad Asghari), Atteraya, M. S. (Madhu Sudhan), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Avokpaho, E. F. (Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Azarian, G. (Ghasem), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badiye, A. D. (Ashish D.), Bagli, E. (Eleni), Bahrami, M. A. (Mohammad Amin), Bakhtiari, A. (Ahad), Balassyano, S. (Shelly), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banik, P. C. (Palash Chandra), Barker-Collo, S. L. (Suzanne Lyn), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Baune, B. T. (Bernhard T.), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bazmandegan, G. (Gholamreza), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bell, M. L. (Michellr L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Bensenor, I. M. (Isabela M.), Berhe, K. (Kidanemaryam), Berman, A. E. (Adam E.), Bertolacci, G. J. (Gregory J.), Bhageerathy, R. (Reshmi), Bhala, N. (Neeraj), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Biondi, A. (Antonio), Bisanzio, D. (Donal), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bjrge, T. (Tone), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bohluli, M. (Mehdi), Bolla, S. R. (Srinivasa Rao Rao), Borzi, A. M. (Antonio Maria), Borzouei, S. (Shiva), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Braithwaite, D. (Dejana), Brauer, M. (Michael), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Bumgarner, B. R. (Blair R.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), dos Santos, F. L. (Florentino Luciano Caetano), Cai, T. (Tianji), Callender, C. S. (Charlton S. K. H.), Camera, L. L. (Luis L. A. Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carreras, G. (Giulia), Carrero, J. J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (Joao Mauricio), Castelpietra, G. (Giulio), Castro, F. (Franz), Catala-Lopez, F. (Ferran), Cederroth, C. R. (Christopher R.), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Ciobanu, L. G. (Liliana G.), Cirillo, M. (Massimo), Comfort, H. (Haley), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cowden, R. G. (Richard G.), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Croneberger, A. J. (Andrew J.), Cunningham, M. (Matthew), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), D'Amico, E. (Emanuele), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dargan, P. I. (Paul I.), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), das Neves, J. (Jose), Davletov, K. (Kairat), De Leo, D. (Diego), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dervenis, N. (Nikolaos), Desai, R. (Rupak), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), da Silva, D. D. (Diana Dias), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dippenaar, I. N. (Ilse N.), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Do, H. T. (Hoa Thi), Dokova, K. (Klara), Doku, D. T. (David Teye), Dorostkar, F. (Fariba), Doshi, C. P. (Chirag P.), Doshmangir, L. (Leila), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edvardsson, D. (David), Effiong, A. (Andem), El Sayed, I. (Iman), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elbarazi, I. (Iffat), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Emamian, M. H. (Mohammad Hassan), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esmaeilzadeh, F. (Firooz), Estep, K. (Kara), Farahmand, M. (Mohammad), Faraj, A. (Anwar), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fattahi, N. (Nazir), Fazaeli, A. A. (Ali Akbar), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Ferreira, M. L. (Manuela L.), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fomenkov, A. A. (Artem Alekseevich), Freitas, M. (Marisa), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Fuller, J. E. (John E.), Furtado, J. M. (Joao M.), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gakidou, E. (Emmanuela), Gallus, S. (Silvano), Gebrehiwot, A. M. (Abiyu Mekonnen), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gething, P. W. (Peter W.), Ghamari, F. (Farhad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Gholamian, A. (Asadollah), Gilani, S. A. (Syed Amir), Gitimoghaddam, M. (Mojgan), Glushkova, E. V. (Ekaterina Vladimirovna), Gnedovskaya, E. V. (Elena V.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, S. S. (Subodh Sharan), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Halvaei, I. (Iman), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Abdullah, K. H. (Kanaan Hamagharib), Han, C. (Chieh), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Hankey, G. J. (Graeme J.), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Haro, J. M. (Josep Maria), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hassanipour, S. (Soheil), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari-Soureshjani, R. (Reza), Henny, K. (Kiana), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), Hole, M. K. (Michael K.), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hosgood, H. D. (H. Dean), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hostiuc, M. (Mihaela), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hoy, D. G. (Damian G.), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Huda, T. M. (Tanvir M.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ikuta, K. S. (Kevin S.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, I. M. (Irena M.), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Islam, M. (MdMohaimenul), Iso, H. (Hiroyasu), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jaafari, J. (Jalil), Jacobsen, K. H. (Kathryn H.), Jahagirdar, D. (Deepa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jalilian, F. (Farzad), James, S. L. (Spencer L.), Janjani, H. (Hosna), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jurisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kalankesh, L. R. (Leila R.), Kamiab, Z. (Zahra), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Karch, A. (Andre), Karimi, S. E. (Salah Eddin), Karimi, S. A. (Seyed Asaad), Kassebaum, N. J. (Nicholas J.), Katikireddi, S. V. (Srinivasa Vittal), Kawakami, N. (Norito), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Keller, C. (Cathleen), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, M. (Maseer), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khazaie, H. (Habibolah), Khodayari, M. T. (Mohammad Taghi), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kianipour, N. (Neda), Kim, C.-i. (Cho-il), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kinfu, Y. (Yohannes), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissimova-Skarbek, K. (Katarzyna), Kivimaki, M. (Mika), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kopec, J. A. (Jacek A.), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kravchenko, M. A. (Michael A.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Krohn, K. J. (Kris J.), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, V. (Vivek), Kusuma, D. (Dian), Kyu, H. H. (Hmwe Hmwe), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansky, S. (Sonia), Larson, S. L. (Samantha Leigh), Larsson, A. O. (Anders O.), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lassi, Z. S. (Zohra S.), Lazarus, J. V. (Jeffrey V.), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), Lee, S. W. (Shaun Wen Huey), Leever, A. T. (Andrew T.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leonardi, M. (Matilde), Li, S. (Shanshan), Lim, L.-L. (Lee-Ling), Lim, S. S. (Stephen S.), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Logroscino, G. (Giancarlo), Lopez, A. D. (Alan D.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Lotufo, P. A. (Paulo A.), Lozano, R. (Rafael), Lu, A. (Alton), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Maddison, E. R. (Emilie R.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahdavi, M. M. (Mokhtar Mahdavi), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Mansouri, B. (Borhan), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Mastrogiacomo, C. I. (Claudia I.), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), May, E. A. (Erin A.), McAlinden, C. (Colm), McGrath, J. J. (John J.), McKee, M. (Martin), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehri, F. (Fereshteh), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Meitei, W. B. (Wahengbam Bigyananda), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mengesha, E. W. (Endalkachew Worku), Mensah, G. A. (George A.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Michalek, I. M. (Irmina Maria), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mills, E. J. (Edward J.), Milne, G. J. (George J.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Mirzaei, H. (Hamed), Mirzaei, M. (Maryam), Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. (Mehdi), Misganaw, A. T. (Awoke Temesgen), Moazen, B. (Babak), Moghadaszadeh, M. (Masoud), Mohamadi, E. (Efat), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadbeigi, A. (Abolfazl), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. (Abdollah), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Mohammed, H. (Hussen), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Bandpei, M. A. (Mohammad A. Mohseni), Mokari, A. (Amin), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Momen, N. C. (Natalie C.), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mooney, M. D. (Meghan D.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moradzadeh, R. (Rahmatollah), Moraga, P. (Paula), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Morgado-da-Costa, J. (Joana), Morrison, S. D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Khaneghah, A. M. (Amin Mousavi), Mueller, U. O. (Ulrich Otto), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabavizadeh, B. (Behnam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naghshtabrizi, B. (Behshad), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Negoi, R. I. (Ruxandra Irina), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, Y. T. (Yeshambel T.), Nikbakhsh, R. (Rajan), Nikpoor, A. R. (Amin Reza), Nixon, M. R. (Molly R.), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nomura, S. (Shuhei), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Nowak, C. (Christoph), Otoiu, A. (Adrian), Odell, C. M. (Christopher M.), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladnabi, M. (Morteza), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Bali, A. O. (Ahmed Omar), Ong, K. L. (Kanyin L.), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Otstavnov, N. (Nikita), Otstavnov, S. S. (Stanislav S.), Overland, S. (Simon), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakshir, K. (Keyvan), Palladino, R. (Raffaele), Pana, A. (Adrian), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Park, J. (James), Pasupula, D. K. (Deepak Kumar), Patel, J. R. (Jenil R.), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paulson, K. R. (Katherine R.), Toroudi, H. P. (Hamidreza Pazoki), Pease, S. A. (Spencer A.), Peden, A. E. (Amy E.), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Peprah, E. K. (Emmanuel K.), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Pereira, D. M. (David M.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pilz, T. M. (Tessa M.), Piradov, M. A. (Michael A.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Pokhrel, K. N. (Khem Narayan), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poznanska, A. (Anna), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prakash, S. (Sanjay), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Syed, Z. Q. (Zahiruddin Quazi), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Raggi, A. (Alberto), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rajabpour-Sanati, A. (Ali), Ram, P. (Pradhum), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, S. J. (Sowmya J.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rashedi, V. (Vahid), Rastogi, P. (Prateek), Rathi, P. (Priya), Rawal, L. (Lal), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaei, N. (Nima), Rezai, M. s. (Mohammad sadegh), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Rostamian, M. (Morteza), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rwegerera, G. M. (Godfrey M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Saddik, B. (Basema), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Sadeghi, M. (Masoumeh), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safi, S. (Sare), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salama, J. S. (Joseph S.), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, M. R. (Marwa R. Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salomon, J. A. (Joshua A.), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samad, Z. (Zainab), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sarveazad, A. (Arash), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sattin, D. (Davide), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schiavolin, S. (Silvia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Schwendicke, F. (Falk), Sekerija, M. (Mario), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabani, M. (Mahsima), Shahabi, S. (Saeed), Shahbaz, M. (Mohammad), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharafi, Z. (Zeinab), Sharara, F. (Fablina), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Shaw, D. H. (David H.), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrime, M. G. (Mark G.), Shuval, K. (Kerem), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Sigfusdottir, I. D. (Inga Dora), Sigurvinsdottir, R. (Rannveig), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simonetti, B. (Biagio), Simpson, K. E. (Kyle E.), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Skryabin, V. Y. (Valentin Yurievich), Soheili, A. (Amin), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Sorensen, R. J. (Reed J. D.), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Stockfelt, L. (Leo), Stokes, M. A. (Mark A.), Stubbs, J. L. (Jacob L.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Abdulkader, R. S. (Rizwan Suliankatchi), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K. M. (Karen M.), Tadakamadla, S. K. (Santosh Kumar), Taherkhani, A. (Amir), Tang, M. (Muming), Taveira, N. (Nuno), Taylor, H. J. (Heather Jean), Teagle, W. L. (Whitney L.), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Teklehaimanot, B. F. (Berhane Fseha), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thrift, A. G. (Amanda G.), Titova, M. V. (Mariya Vladimirovna), Tohidinik, H. R. (Hamid Reza), Tonelli, M. (Marcello), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Topouzis, F. (Fotis), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Travillian, R. (Ravensara), Trias-Llimos, S. (Sergi), Truelsen, T. C. (Thomas Clement), Car, L. T. (Lorainne Tudor), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Upadhyay, E. (Era), Vacante, M. (Marco), Vakilian, A. (Alireza), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Valli, A. (Alessandro), Vardavas, C. (Constantine), Vasankari, T. J. (Tommi Juhani), Vasconcelos, A. M. (Ana Maria Nogales), Vasseghian, Y. (Yasser), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Vidale, S. (Simone), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vollset, S. E. (Stein Emil), Vos, T. (Theo), Vujcic, I. S. (Isidora S.), Vukovic, A. (Ana), Vukovic, R. (Rade), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Walters, M. K. (Magdalene K.), Wang, H. (Hongbo), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Watson, S. (Stefanie), Wei, J. (Jingkai), Weiss, J. (Jordan), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Whiteford, H. A. (Harvey A.), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wolfe, C. D. (Charles D. A.), Wondmieneh, A. B. (Adam Belay), Wool, E. E. (Eve E.), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Wu, J. (Junjie), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yamagishi, K. (Kazumasa), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yaya, S. (Sanni), Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. (Vahid), Yearwood, J. A. (Jamal A.), Yeheyis, T. Y. (Tomas Y.), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yip, P. (Paul), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Lebni, J. Y. (Javad Yoosefi), York, H. W. (Hunter W.), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Younker, T. P. (Theodore Patrick), Yousefi, Z. (Zabihollah), Yousefinezhadi, T. (Taraneh), Yousuf, A. Y. (Abdilahi Yousuf), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zakzuk, J. (Josefina), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zamanian, M. (Maryam), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Zheng, P. (Peng), Zhou, M. (Maigeng), Ziapour, A. (Arash), and Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.)
Abstract: Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated us
Published: 2020

8. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author: Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Chang, A.Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A.E., Chapin, A., Chen, C.S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., Zhao, Y., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, A.E, Alam, K., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almalki, M.J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ammar, W., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Bärnighausen, T.W., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Belay, Y.B., Belay, Y.A., Belete, H., Berbada, D.A., Berman, A.E., Beuran, M., Bijani, A., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.A., Catalá-López, F., Chauhan, B.G., Constantin, M-M, Crowe, C.S., Cucu, A., Dalal, K., De Neve, J-W, Deiparine, S., Demeke, F.M., Do, H.P., Dubey, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeili, R., Fakhar, M., Fazaeli, A.A., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Galan, A., Gamkrelidze, A., Gezae, K.E., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Goginashvili, K., Haakenstad, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hassen, H.Y., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hoang, C.L., Hole, M.K., Homaie Rad, E., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., James, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kadel, R., Karami Matin, B., Kasaeian, A., Kasaye, H.K., Kassaw, M.W., Kazemi Karyani, A., Khabiri, R., Khan, J., Khan, M.N., Khang, Y-H, Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kohler, S., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K.J., Leung, R., Lim, L-L, Lorkowski, S., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansourian, M., Mantovani, L.G., Massenburg, B.B., McKee, M., Mehta, V., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mousavi, S.M., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Nangia, V., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nguyen, S.H., Nosratnejad, S., Oladimeji, O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Pana, A., Pereira, D.M., Piroozi, B., Prada, S.I., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rezaei, S., Roro, E.M., Rostami, A., Rubino, S., Salahshoor, M., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Sheikh, A., Shrime, M.G, Sisay, S., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Srinivasan, V., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torre, A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tran, K.B., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vargas, V., Veisani, Y., Violante, F.S., Vladimirov, S.K., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Vu, G.T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yousefifard, M., Zaman, S.B., Zangeneh, A., Zegeye, El.A., Ziapour, A., Chew, A., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories—government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending—and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resour
Published: 2019

9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, SL, Abate, D, Abate, KH, Abay, SM, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, RS, Abebe, Z, Abera, SF, Abil, OZ, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Accrombessi, MMK, Acharya, D, Acharya, P, Ackerman, IN, Adamu, AA, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adib, MG, Adsuar, JC, Afanvi, KA, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, KM, Aggarwal, R, Aghayan, SA, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alashi, A, Alavian, SM, Alene, KA, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alouani, MML, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Aminde, LN, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, NH, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Animut, MD, Anjomshoa, M, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arabloo, J, Arauz, A, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, A, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Ataro, Z, Atre, SR, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, PS, Babazadeh, A, Badali, H, Badawi, A, and Bali, AG
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, Age Distribution, General & Internal Medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Disabled Persons, Sex Distribution, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Incidence, Infant, Newborn, Infant, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Child, Preschool, Wounds and Injuries, Female, Morbidity
Abstract: Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury.
Published: 2018

10. Spending on health and HIV/AIDS: domestic health spending and development assistance in 188 countries, 1995–2015

Author: Dieleman, JL, Haakenstad, A, Micah, A, Moses, M, Abbafati, C, Acharya, P, Adhikari, TB, Adou, AK, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Ray, SE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Alkerwi, A, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayer, R, Badali, H, Banach, M, Banstola, A, Barac, A, Belachew, AB, Birungi, C, Bragazzi, NL, Breitborde, NJK, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Car, J, Catalá-López, F, Chapin, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daryani, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Dubey, M, Edessa, D, Eldrenkamp, E, Eshrati, B, Faro, A, Feigl, AB, Fenny, AP, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Fullman, N, Ghimire, M, Goli, S, Hailu, AD, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Ikilezi, G, Javanbakht, M, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kaldjian, A, Kasaeian, A, Kates, J, Khalil, IA, Khang, YH, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinge, JM, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Lam, H, Listl, S, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mlashu, FW, Mohammed, E, Mohammed, S, Naghavi, M, Nangia, V, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Niriayo, Y, Noroozi, M, Owolabi, MO, Pereira, DM, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, and Rahimi-Movaghar, V
Abstract: Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Background: Comparable estimates of health spending are crucial for the assessment of health systems and to optimally deploy health resources. The methods used to track health spending continue to evolve, but little is known about the distribution of spending across diseases. We developed improved estimates of health spending by source, including development assistance for health, and, for the first time, estimated HIV/AIDS spending on prevention and treatment and by source of funding, for 188 countries. Methods: We collected published data on domestic health spending, from 1995 to 2015, from a diverse set of international agencies. We tracked development assistance for health from 1990 to 2017. We also extracted 5385 datapoints about HIV/AIDS spending, between 2000 and 2015, from online databases, country reports, and proposals submitted to multilateral organisations. We used spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to generate complete and comparable estimates for health and HIV/AIDS spending. We report most estimates in 2017 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars and adjust all estimates for the effect of inflation. Findings: Between 1995 and 2015, global health spending per capita grew at an annualised rate of 3·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1 to 3·2), with growth being largest in upper-middle-income countries (5·4% per capita [UI 5·3–5·5]) and lower-middle-income countries (4·2% per capita [4·2–4·3]). In 2015, $9·7 trillion (9·7 trillion to 9·8 trillion) was spent on health worldwide. High-income countries spent $6·5 trillion (6·4 trillion to 6·5 trillion) or 66·3% (66·0 to 66·5) of the total in 2015, whereas low-income countries spent $70·3 billion (69·3 billion to 71·3 billion) or 0·7% (0·7 to 0·7). Between 1990 and 2017, development assistance for health increased by 394·7% ($29·9 billion), with an estimated $37·4 billion of development assistance being disbursed for health in 2017, of which $9·1 billion (24·2%) targeted HIV/AIDS. Between 2000 and 2015, $562·6 billion (531·1 billion to 621·9 billion) was spent on HIV/AIDS worldwide. Governments financed 57·6% (52·0 to 60·8) of that total. Global HIV/AIDS spending peaked at 49·7 billion (46·2–54·7) in 2013, decreasing to $48·9 billion (45·2 billion to 54·2 billion) in 2015. That year, low-income and lower-middle-income countries represented 74·6% of all HIV/AIDS disability-adjusted life-years, but just 36·6% (34·4 to 38·7) of total HIV/AIDS spending. In 2015, $9·3 billion (8·5 billion to 10·4 billion) or 19·0% (17·6 to 20·6) of HIV/AIDS financing was spent on prevention, and $27·3 billion (24·5 billion to 31·1 billion) or 55·8% (53·3 to 57·9) was dedicated to care and treatment. Interpretation: From 1995 to 2015, total health spending increased worldwide, with the fastest per capita growth in middle-income countries. While these national disparities are relatively well known, low-income countries spent less per person on health and HIV/AIDS than did high-income and middle-income countries. Furthermore, declines in development assistance for health continue, including for HIV/AIDS. Additional cuts to development assistance could hasten this decline, and risk slowing progress towards global and national goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

11. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016–40

Author: Dieleman, JL, Sadat, N, Chang, AY, Fullman, N, Abbafati, C, Acharya, P, Adou, AK, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayer, R, Badali, H, Banach, M, Banstola, A, Barac, A, Belachew, AB, Birungi, C, Bragazzi, NL, Breitborde, NJK, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Car, J, Catalá-López, F, Chapin, A, Chen, CS, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daryani, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Dubey, M, Edessa, D, Eldrenkamp, E, Eshrati, B, Faro, A, Feigl, AB, Fenny, AP, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Ghimire, M, Goli, S, Hailu, AD, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Ikilezi, G, Javanbakht, M, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kaldjian, A, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, YC, Khalil, IA, Khang, YH, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kinge, JM, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Lafranconi, A, Lam, H, Listl, S, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Martinez, G, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Micah, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mlashu, FW, Mohammed, E, Mohammed, S, Moses, M, Mousavi, SM, Naghavi, M, Nangia, V, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Niriayo, Y, Noroozi, M, Owolabi, MO, Patel, T, Pereira, DM, Polinder, S, and Qorbani, M
Abstract: This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on May 3, 2018 © 2018 The Author(s). Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires health financing systems that provide prepaid pooled resources for key health services without placing undue financial stress on households. Understanding current and future trajectories of health financing is vital for progress towards UHC. We used historical health financing data for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015 to estimate future scenarios of health spending and pooled health spending through to 2040. Methods: We extracted historical data on gross domestic product (GDP) and health spending for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015, and projected annual GDP, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending from 2015 through to 2040 as a reference scenario. These estimates were generated using an ensemble of models that varied key demographic and socioeconomic determinants. We generated better and worse alternative future scenarios based on the global distribution of historic health spending growth rates. Last, we used stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the association between pooled health resources and UHC index, a measure of a country's UHC service coverage. Finally, we estimated future UHC performance and the number of people covered under the three future scenarios. Findings: In the reference scenario, global health spending was projected to increase from US$10 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 10 trillion to 10 trillion) in 2015 to $20 trillion (18 trillion to 22 trillion) in 2040. Per capita health spending was projected to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 4·2% (3·4–5·1) per year, followed by lower-middle-income countries (4·0%, 3·6–4·5) and low-income countries (2·2%, 1·7–2·8). Despite global growth, per capita health spending was projected to range from only $40 (24–65) to $413 (263–668) in 2040 in low-income countries, and from $140 (90–200) to $1699 (711–3423) in lower-middle-income countries. Globally, the share of health spending covered by pooled resources would range widely, from 19·8% (10·3–38·6) in Nigeria to 97·9% (96·4–98·5) in Seychelles. Historical performance on the UHC index was significantly associated with pooled resources per capita. Across the alternative scenarios, we estimate UHC reaching between 5·1 billion (4·9 billion to 5·3 billion) and 5·6 billion (5·3 billion to 5·8 billion) lives in 2030. Interpretation: We chart future scenarios for health spending and its relationship with UHC. Ensuring that all countries have sustainable pooled health resources is crucial to the achievement of UHC. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

12. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akanda, S, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, FH, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, RW, Alene, KA, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, SD, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Al, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Babalola, TK, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Brugha, TS, Bukhman, G, Negesa, L, Bulto, B, Bumgarner, BR, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Car, M, Crdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Castro, FF, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Choi, J-YJ, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Cohen, AJ, Colquhoun, SM, Coresh, J, Criqui, MH, Cromwell, EA, Crump, JA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Donnelly, CA, Priscila, K, dos Santos, B, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, TR, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, BB, Dwivedi, LK, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, CL, Enayati, A, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, BBF, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Frank, T, Franklin, RC, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, JM, Futran, ND, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebregergs, GB, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrekidan, KG, Gebremichael, MW, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gemechu, BL, Gemechu, KS, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, HA, Gething, PW, Gibney, KB, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Giref, AZ, Girma, BW, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, YA, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, He, F, Heredia-Pi, IB, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, EH, Hoek, HW, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Igumbor, EU, Ileanu, BV, Inoue, M, Irenso, AA, Irvine, CMS, Islam, N, Jacobsen, KH, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, SG, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khera, S, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, MH, Kibret, GD, Kieling, C, Kim, C-I, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumar, P, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Lavados, PM, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, PH, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, ML, Lim, SS, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, SA, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Macarayan, ERK, Machado, IE, Mackay, MT, Abd el Razek, MM, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marczak, LB, Marks, GB, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, FR, Massano, J, Maulik, PK, Mayosi, BM, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehta, KM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, TC, Meles, KG, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Tadese, D, Menon, MGR, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misganaw, A, Mishra, SR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KESM, Mohan, MBV, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Assaye, AM, Mollenkopf, SK, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Hernandez, JCM, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, IM, Mori, R, Morrison, SD, Mruts, KB, Mueller, UO, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Venkata, G, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Cuong, TN, Ningrum, DNA, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Vuong, MN, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, O'Donnell, MJ, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, MO, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pacella, RE, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, BK, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petri, WA, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piel, FB, Pigott, DM, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, MJ, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, RHS, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, PV, Rawaf, S, Ray, SE, Rego, MAS, Rehm, J, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, GM, Saadat, S, Sabde, YD, Sachdev, PS, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, SSS, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, JA, Salvi, SS, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Nino, MD, Santos, IS, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, MI, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, BP, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Silpakit, N, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, DL, Sobaih, BHA, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Stockl, H, Stokes, MA, Strong, M, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sunguya, BF, Sur, PJ, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, SK, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, CL, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, AH, Thomson, AJ, Thrift, AG, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, BX, Trujillo, TTU, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, KB, Tuzcu, EM, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, van Boven, JFM, Varakin, YY, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, AMN, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, FS, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Waid, JL, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yotebieng, M, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, ZM, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, AL, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akanda, S, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, FH, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, RW, Alene, KA, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, SD, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Al, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Babalola, TK, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Brugha, TS, Bukhman, G, Negesa, L, Bulto, B, Bumgarner, BR, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Car, M, Crdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Castro, FF, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Choi, J-YJ, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Cohen, AJ, Colquhoun, SM, Coresh, J, Criqui, MH, Cromwell, EA, Crump, JA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Donnelly, CA, Priscila, K, dos Santos, B, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, TR, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, BB, Dwivedi, LK, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, CL, Enayati, A, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, BBF, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Frank, T, Franklin, RC, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, JM, Futran, ND, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebregergs, GB, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrekidan, KG, Gebremichael, MW, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gemechu, BL, Gemechu, KS, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, HA, Gething, PW, Gibney, KB, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Giref, AZ, Girma, BW, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, YA, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, He, F, Heredia-Pi, IB, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, EH, Hoek, HW, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Igumbor, EU, Ileanu, BV, Inoue, M, Irenso, AA, Irvine, CMS, Islam, N, Jacobsen, KH, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, SG, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khera, S, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, MH, Kibret, GD, Kieling, C, Kim, C-I, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumar, P, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Lavados, PM, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, PH, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, ML, Lim, SS, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, SA, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Macarayan, ERK, Machado, IE, Mackay, MT, Abd el Razek, MM, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marczak, LB, Marks, GB, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, FR, Massano, J, Maulik, PK, Mayosi, BM, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehta, KM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, TC, Meles, KG, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Tadese, D, Menon, MGR, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misganaw, A, Mishra, SR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KESM, Mohan, MBV, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Assaye, AM, Mollenkopf, SK, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Hernandez, JCM, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, IM, Mori, R, Morrison, SD, Mruts, KB, Mueller, UO, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Venkata, G, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Cuong, TN, Ningrum, DNA, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Vuong, MN, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, O'Donnell, MJ, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, MO, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pacella, RE, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, BK, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petri, WA, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piel, FB, Pigott, DM, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, MJ, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, RHS, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, PV, Rawaf, S, Ray, SE, Rego, MAS, Rehm, J, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, GM, Saadat, S, Sabde, YD, Sachdev, PS, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, SSS, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, JA, Salvi, SS, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Nino, MD, Santos, IS, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, MI, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, BP, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Silpakit, N, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, DL, Sobaih, BHA, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Stockl, H, Stokes, MA, Strong, M, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sunguya, BF, Sur, PJ, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, SK, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, CL, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, AH, Thomson, AJ, Thrift, AG, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, BX, Trujillo, TTU, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, KB, Tuzcu, EM, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, van Boven, JFM, Varakin, YY, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, AMN, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, FS, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Waid, JL, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yotebieng, M, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, ZM, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, AL, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2017

13. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015

Author: Roth, GA, Johnson, C, Abajobir, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aksut, B, Alam, T, Alam, K, Alla, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amrock, S, Ansari, H, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Bedi, N, Belay Ketema, E, Bennett, D, Berhe, G, Bhutta, Z, Bitew, S, Carapetis, J, Carrero, JJ, Malta, DC, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castillo-Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Choi, JY, Christensen, H, Cirillo, M, Cooper, L, Criqui, M, Cundiff, D, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dorairaj, P, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, El Sayed Zaki, M, Faraon, EJA, Esteghamati, A, Farid, T, Farvid, M, Feigin, V, Ding, EL, Fowkes, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gillum, R, Gold, A, Gona, P, Gupta, R, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, T, Hailu, GB, Hankey, G, Hassen, HY, Abate, KH, Havmoeller, R, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jacobsen, K, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, YH, Khera, S, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kolte, D, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Kwan, GF, Lal, DK, Larsson, A, Linn, S, Lopez, A, Lotufo, PA, El Razek, HMA, Tesfay, Fisaha, Roth, GA, Johnson, C, Abajobir, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abyu, G, Ahmed, M, Aksut, B, Alam, T, Alam, K, Alla, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amrock, S, Ansari, H, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Bedi, N, Belay Ketema, E, Bennett, D, Berhe, G, Bhutta, Z, Bitew, S, Carapetis, J, Carrero, JJ, Malta, DC, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castillo-Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Choi, JY, Christensen, H, Cirillo, M, Cooper, L, Criqui, M, Cundiff, D, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dorairaj, P, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, El Sayed Zaki, M, Faraon, EJA, Esteghamati, A, Farid, T, Farvid, M, Feigin, V, Ding, EL, Fowkes, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gillum, R, Gold, A, Gona, P, Gupta, R, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, T, Hailu, GB, Hankey, G, Hassen, HY, Abate, KH, Havmoeller, R, Hay, SI, Horino, M, Hotez, PJ, Jacobsen, K, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jeemon, P, John, D, Jonas, J, Kalkonde, Y, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, Y, Khan, A, Khang, YH, Khera, S, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kolte, D, Kosen, S, Krohn, KJ, Kumar, GA, Kwan, GF, Lal, DK, Larsson, A, Linn, S, Lopez, A, Lotufo, PA, El Razek, HMA, and Tesfay, Fisaha
Published: 2017

14. Erratum: Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S

Author: Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Stokes, Mark, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, and Stokes, Mark
Published: 2017

15. Erratum:Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (The Lancet (2017) 390(10100) (1423–1459) (S0

Author: Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, Stokes, Mark, Fullman, N, Barber, RM, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, RS, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alene, KA, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, MS, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Battle, KE, Baune, BT, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabé, E, Betsu, BD, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bicer, BK, Bidgoli, HH, Bikbov, B, Bilal, AI, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuayehu, HM, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, IR, Brauer, M, and Stokes, Mark
Published: 2017

16. Production of transgenic apricot plants from hypocotyl segments of mature seeds

Author: Universitat Politècnica de València. Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas - Institut Universitari Mixt de Biologia Molecular i Cel·lular de Plantes, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Petri, C., WANG, HONG, Burgos, L., SANCHEZ NAVARRO, JESUS ANGEL, Alburquerque, N., Universitat Politècnica de València. Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas - Institut Universitari Mixt de Biologia Molecular i Cel·lular de Plantes, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Petri, C., WANG, HONG, Burgos, L., SANCHEZ NAVARRO, JESUS ANGEL, and Alburquerque, N.
Abstract: [EN] Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is one of the most recalcitrant species for genetic transformation. In this work; we report the regeneration of transgenic apricot plants from mature seed hypocotyl segments (cv. 'Canino' and 'Moniqui') for the first time. Moreover, this is the first report of the regeneration of apricot transgenic plants by means of the selective bar gene. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LB4404 harbouring a binary plasmid with eyfp and nptII genes (pMOG-eyfp-IV2) or a plasmid with gus and bar genes (pFGC5941-gus), was used in this study. A gradual selection strategy with aminoglycoside antibiotics made it possible to produce transgenic plants with 1.5 +/- 0.5% efficiency using 10 mu M paromomycin (PAR). When buds were isolated and placed in a meristem development medium, PAR was changed to 20 mu M kanamycin (KAN). As the buds developed and elongated, the concentration was increased up to 140 mu M KAN based on a 20 mu M increase every 4 weeks. When bar was the marker gene, the regeneration-inhibitory PPT concentration (75.7 mu M) was applied immediately after the co-culture. In this case, the PPT concentration was reduced afterwards to 10.1 mu M in the micropropagation medium. This strategy allowed for the regeneration of transgenic shoots with 3.8 +/- 1.4% efficiency. Transformation events were monitored by detection of the reporter gene (eyfp or gus) expression. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the stable integration of the transgenes into the apricot genome. Transformed shoots were rooted on a selective medium, acclimatised, cultured and raised under greenhouse conditions. Our results confirm that the process used in this study is an efficient transformation system for the apricot species which could be used for functional genomics studies and the development of transgenic rootstocks. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2015

17. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Priya Rathi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Edris Hasanpoor, Sanni Yaya, Mohsen Bayati, Maciej Banach, Raffaele Palladino, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Shahin Soltani, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Tudorel Andrei, Mehdi Bohluli, Nikita Otstavnov, Yanfang Su, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Simon I. Hay, Mansour Ghafourifard, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Pushpendra Singh, Salman Rawaf, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Robert Ancuceanu, Samer Hamidi, Maarten J. Postma, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ted R. Miller, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Gbenga A. Kayode, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Jonathan F. Mosser, Chaw Yin Myint, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Yingxi Zhao, Aziz Sheikh, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Andrew T Olagunju, Atif Amin Baig, Ali H. Mokdad, Anders Larsson, Atte Meretoja, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Brandon Cunningham, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Anamika Pandey, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Salime Goharinezhad, Angela E Micah, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Hayley N Stutzman, Farshad Farzadfar, M. Mofizul Islam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saqib Ali, Srikanta Banerjee, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Anirudh Kotlo, Ravensara S. Travillian, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sergio I. Prada, Biagio Simonetti, Maitreyi Sahu, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Hoa Thi Do, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Modhurima Moitra, In-Hwan Oh, Ayman Grada, Kenji Shibuya, Sojib Bin Zaman, Steven D Bachmeier, Hilda L Harb, Edson Serván-Mori, Bahram Mohajer, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, German Martinez, Till Bärnighausen, Reza Malekzadeh, Adam E. Berman, Matthew T. Schneider, Michael K. Hole, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Bianca S. Zlavog, Mohammad Rabiee, Moses K. Muriithi, Anton C Harle, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Yohannes Kinfu, Olatunde Aremu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Joseph L Dieleman, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Muge Cevik, Hassan Abolhassani, Farnam Mohebi, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Neda Milevska Kostova, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Spencer L. James, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sawyer W Crosby, Ayesha Humayun, Hamidreza Setayesh, G Anil Kumar, Juan Sanabria, Jalal Arabloo, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shokofeh Maleki, Junjie Wu, Nathaniel J Henry, Efat Mohamadi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Samad Azari, Delia Hendrie, Ahad Bakhtiari, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Masood Ali Shaikh, Shafiu Mohammed, Justice Nonvignon, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Khurshid Alam, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Usman Iqbal, Chuanhua Yu, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Abigail Chapin, Pascual R. Valdez, Reinhard Busse, Tomislav Mestrovic, Paul S. F. Yip, Christopher J L Murray, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Rahul R. Zende, Mina Anjomshoa, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Zohre Javaheri, Saravanan Muthupandian, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Lalit Dandona, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Nancy Fullman, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Jasvinder A. Singh, Amin Soheili, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Tommi Vasankari, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Vasily Vlassov, Kyle E. Simpson, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ian E Cogswell, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Sanjay Basu, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Leila Doshmangir, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Maha El Tantawi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed Omar Bali, Joshua A. Salomon, Hamidreza Komaki, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Ferrán Catalá-López, Stefan Kohler, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anwar Faraj, Rafael Lozano, Rufus Akinyemi, Florian Fischer, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Rohollah Kalhor, Falk Schwendicke, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Micah, A. E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S. D., Chapin, A., Cogswell, I. E., Crosby, S. W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M. T., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R. R., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z. H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babalola, T. K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Barnighausen, T. W., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Berman, A. E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V. K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H. T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fullman, N., Gad, M. M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Ilesanmi, O. S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, M. M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S. W. H., Lim, L. -L., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M. M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Myint, C. -Y., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V. Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Stefan, S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, Y., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Violante FS, Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, burden of disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DISEASE, ALLOCATION, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Sustainable development, Global health, health economics, Healthcare Financing, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, DALY, Healthy lives, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Sustainable Development, 3. Good health, tuberculosis, IMPOVERISHMENT, TERRITORIES, Financing, Human, Financing, Personal, Resource (biology), Tuberculosi, 195 COUNTRIES, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Burden, HIV/AIDS, tubercolosis, malaria, Human resources, Developing Countries, Government, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Health economics, business.industry, DISABILITY, CATASTROPHE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Malaria, SDG, health sector spending, development assistant for health, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA, Health Expenditures, business, EXPENDITURE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6-81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8-83·3) in 2030. INTERPRETATION: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5
Published: 2020

18. What Do We Know About Heart Failure in Latin American Women?

Author: Hernández-Durán J, López-Gutiérrez LV, Palacio-Mejía MI, Aguilera L, Burgos L, and Giraldo CIS
Subjects: Female, Humans, Latin America epidemiology, Risk Factors, Heart Failure epidemiology, Heart Failure therapy
Abstract: Data about heart failure in Latin America is scarce. Women living in this region of the world are exposed to a mix of traditional risk factors for heart failure, neglected diseases, and social determinants of health. The aim of this review is to present what we know about heart failure in Latin American women and to establish the needs for future research., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Gender differences in workplace violence against physicians and nurses in Latin America: a survey from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology.

Author: Parodi JB, Burgos LM, Garcia-Zamora S, Liblik K, Pulido L, Gupta S, Saldarriaga C, Puente-Barragan AC, Morejón-Barragán P, Alexanderson-Rosas E, Sosa-Liprandi A, Botto F, Sosa-Liprandi MI, Lopez-Santi R, Vazquez G, Gulati M, and Baranchuk A
Subjects: Male, Humans, Female, Cross-Sectional Studies, Sex Factors, Latin America epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Workplace Violence psychology, Cardiology, Physicians psychology
Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate gender differences in workplace violence (WPV) against physicians and nurses in Latin America., Study Design: Cross-sectional study., Methods: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted between January 11 and February 28, 2022. A prespecified gender analysis was performed., Results: Among the 3056 responses to the electronic survey, 57% were women, 81.6% were physicians, and 18.4% were nurses. At least one act of violence was experienced by 59.2% of respondents, with verbal violence being the most common (97.5%). Women experienced more WPV than men (65.8% vs 50.4%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR]: 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63-2.19). Women were more likely to report at least one episode of WPV per week (19.2% vs 11.9%, P < 0.001), to request for psychological help (14.5% vs 9%, P = 0.001) and to experience more psychosomatic symptoms. In addition, women were more likely to report having considered changing their job after an aggression (57.6% vs 51.3%, P = 0.011) and even leaving their job (33% vs 25.7%, P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, being a woman (OR: 1.76), working in emergency departments (OR: 1.99), and with COVID-19 patients (OR: 3.3) were independently associated with more aggressive interactions, while older age (OR: 0.95) and working in a private setting (OR: 0.62) implied lower risk., Conclusions: Women are more likely to experience WPV and to report more psychosomatic symptoms after the event. Preventive measures are urgently needed, with a special focus on high-risk groups such as women., (Copyright © 2023 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Setbacks in the quest for universal health coverage in Mexico: polarised politics, policy upheaval, and pandemic disruption.

Author: Knaul FM, Arreola-Ornelas H, Touchton M, McDonald T, Blofield M, Avila Burgos L, Gómez-Dantés O, Kuri P, Martinez-Valle A, Méndez-Carniado O, Nargund RS, Porteny T, Sosa-Rubí SG, Serván-Mori E, Symes M, Vargas Enciso V, and Frenk J
Subjects: Humans, Aged, Mexico epidemiology, Pandemics prevention & control, Politics, Public Policy, Health Care Reform, Health Policy, Universal Health Insurance, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 prevention & control
Abstract: 2023 marks the 20-year anniversary of the creation of Mexico's System of Social Protection for Health and the Seguro Popular, a model for the global quest to achieve universal health coverage through health system reform. We analyse the success and challenges after 2012, the consequences of reform ageing, and the unique coincidence of systemic reorganisation during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify strategies for health system disaster preparedness. We document that population health and financial protection improved as the Seguro Popular aged, despite erosion of the budget and absent needed reforms. The Seguro Popular closed in January, 2020, and Mexico embarked on a complex, extensive health system reorganisation. We posit that dismantling the Seguro Popular while trying to establish a new programme in 2020-21 made the Mexican health system more vulnerable in the worst pandemic period and shows the precariousness of evidence-based policy making to political polarisation and populism. Reforms should be designed to be flexible yet insulated from political volatility and constructed and managed to be structurally permeable and adaptable to new evidence to face changing health needs. Simultaneously, health systems should be grounded to withstand systemic shocks of politics and natural disasters., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests FMK is President and Founder of Tómatelo a Pecho. FMK participated in the design, financial calculations, and implementation of the Seguro Popular, collaborating with Mexico's Ministry of Health. She is married to JF who was Minister of Health of Mexico from 2000 to 2006. FMK was employed by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Social Development of Mexico during the administration of President Vicente Fox. FMK received research grants from Merck and EMD Serono to the University of Miami outside the scope of the submitted work and from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Avon Cosmetics, and S de R L de C V to Tómatelo a Pecho, all outside the scope of the submitted work. FMK received research grants from the US Cancer Pain Relief Committee to the University of Miami and the Medical Research Council to the University of Miami and Funsalud (Mexican Health Foundation) for work related to palliative care. FMK has also received consulting fees from Merck and EMD Serono and Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico outside the scope of the submitted work. FMK is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care. FMK collaborates as a Sistema Nacional de Investigadores researcher at the Mexican Health Foundation, where she has been affiliated since 2000. HA-O is a Research Professor of the Institute for Obesity Research of Tecnológico de Monterrey, is Executive Director of Tómatelo a Pecho, and participates as an Associate Researcher at Funsalud (Mexican Health Foundation). HA-O received consultancy fees from Merck through the University of Miami outside the scope of the submitted work and from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Avon Cosmetics, and S de R L de C V to Tómatelo a Pecho, AC outside the scope of the submitted work. HA-O received consultancy fees from the US Cancer Pain Relief Committee to the University of Miami and the Medical Research Council to the University of Miami and Funsalud (Mexican Health Foundation) for work related to palliative care. HA-O collaborates as a Sistema Nacional de Investigadores researcher at the Mexican Health Foundation, where he has been affiliated since 2003. TM receives consulting fees for research and writing from the University of Miami Institute for Advanced Studies of the Americas. OG-D and ES-M were partly funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Global Health Policy and Systems Research researcher-led grant (NIHR150067) using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Government. OG-D was Director General for Performance Evaluation at the Ministry of Health of Mexico during 2000–06, which was the initial period of implementation of the Seguro Popular. PK was Vice Minister of Health of Mexico from December, 2011, to December, 2018, under the administration of Enrique Peña Nieto. AM-V participated in the design and implementation of the Seguro Popular between 2001 and 2007. AM-V was also Director General of Planning and Evaluation at the National Coordination of the Oportunidades Program between 2009 and 2011. He also served as the Deputy Director General of the Economic Analysis Unit between 2013 and 2016, and Director General of Evaluation between 2013 and 2019, both at the Ministry of Health. JF was responsible for the design and implementation of the Seguro Popular. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. COVID-19, Climate Change, and Conflict in Honduras: A food system disruption analysis.

Author: Lara-Arévalo J, Escobar-Burgos L, Moore ERH, Neff R, and Spiker ML
Abstract: In Honduras, as in many settings between 2020 and 2022, food security was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and conflicts-what some refer to as "The Three Cs." These challenges have had overlapping impacts on food supply chains, food assistance programs, food prices, household purchasing power, physical access to food, and food acceptability. This article applies a food system disruption analysis-adapted from a fault tree analysis originally developed for a municipal context in the United States-to the context of Honduras to systematically examine how the Three Cs affected food availability, accessibility, and acceptability. This article demonstrates the value of approaching food security through a disruption analysis, especially for settings impacted by multiple, interconnected, ongoing crises., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Response to letter to the editor re "Surgical approach to Prune-Belly syndrome: A review of our series and novel surgical technique".

Author: Fernández-Bautista B, Angulo JM, Burgos L, Ortiz R, and Parente A
Subjects: Humans, Prune Belly Syndrome surgery
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn and child health: Evidence from a national survey in Mexico.

Author: Suárez-López L, Hubert C, de la Vara-Salazar E, Villalobos A, de Castro F, Hernández-Serrato MI, and Ávila-Burgos L
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Child, Continuity of Patient Care, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Mexico, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Young Adult, Child Health, Maternal Health Services
Abstract: Objective: To compare coverage of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) continuum of care between women who had experienced adolescent maternity (AM) and those who had not., Methods: Using a Mexican probabilistic survey representative at the national level (ENSANUT 2018-19), we developed a cross-sectional analysis of 1,768 women aged 12 to 49 years who had a child within five years before the interview. We used modified Poisson models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and independent and conditional coverage levels based on the probability estimates yielded by these models at different stages of maternal-newborn care process., Results: PRs for the MNCH continuum of care were approximately 40% lower for women who had experienced AM compared to those who had not (95%CI:0.35, 1.14). The coverage for the MNCH continuum of care was only 7.4% [95%CI: 3.5, 11.2] and 11.7% [95%CI: 9.3, 14.1] in women who had/not experienced AM, respectively., Conclusions: The provision of a continuum of care for mothers and their children can be achieved through a combination of well-defined policies and strategies that improve health care practices and services throughout the life cycle. It is necessary to expand the coverage and quality of care, which will provide the opportunity to shift the focus from vertical programs to integrated continuous care. Policy makers must implement interventions that are consistent with specific problems of population and health-care providers. Our analysis highlights the deficiencies in the care process, making this study a useful reference for countries with similar characteristics., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Surgical approach to prune-belly syndrome: A review of our series and novel surgical technique.

Author: Fernández-Bautista B, Angulo JM, Burgos L, Ortiz R, and Parente A
Subjects: Child, Humans, Male, Quality of Life, Retrospective Studies, Abdominal Wall surgery, Abdominoplasty, Prune Belly Syndrome surgery
Abstract: Introduction: Surgical management of children with Prune-belly syndrome (PBS) can be divided into three categories: urinary tract reconstruction, abdominal wall reconstruction, and orchidopexy. Adequate repair of the abdominal wall by abdominoplasty at an early age, allows an adequate aesthetic appearance, but also allows a correct development of walking, breathing, defecation and urination., Objective: To present a novel surgical technique for abdominal wall reconstruction, which combines plication with complete overlap of the fascia and neoumbilicoplasty with an island flap rotated on itself., Study Design: A retrospective review of the patients with PBS who underwent surgery in our center between 2009 and 2020. A new abdominoplasty technique was performed, which consists of plication with complete overlap of the fascia, as well as a neoumbilicoplasty with an island flap rotated on itself. The skin is then well freed from the rest of planes, and the plication is performed with complete overlapping of the muscle-aponeurotic plane from one side to the other. At this time, the interposition of some type of reinforcement material (mesh) may be required in the event of complete absence or insufficient presence of the fascia and muscle., Results: Abdominoplasty was performed in four patients. In all patients, bilateral orchidopexy was performed in the same surgical procedure for intra-abdominal testicles. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10,5 years and the average admission time was 4 days. There were no short-term or long-term complications. Average follow-up time was 7 years. All patients and their families are satisfied with the aesthetic result obtained., Discusssion: Abdominoplasty in patients with PBS in addition to aesthetic reconstruction, brings significant improvements to wandering, breathing, urination and defecation, improving the quality of life of the patient. Compared to the techniques described, the abdominoplasty we propose makes it possible to easily improve the abdominal wall support by means of meshes or synthetic devices if necessary and allows the evaluation and correction of cryptorchidism or other associated renal abnormalities in the same surgical act, as it allows full abdominal exposure. Likewise our modified abdominoplasty allows the creation of the new umbilicus in a more anatomical way, rectifying its natural position., Conclusion: In our experience, this modified surgical technique for abdominal wall repair is a novel procedure in the PBS approach, easily reproducible, which provides good aesthetic results in our series of cases., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None., (Copyright © 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Gallbladder cancer who is really cured?

Author: de Aretxabala X, Castillo F, Hepp J, Muñoz S, Vivanco M, Burgos L, Solano N, Rencoret G, and Roa I
Subjects: Cholecystectomy adverse effects, Humans, Liver pathology, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Gallbladder Neoplasms pathology, Gallbladder Neoplasms surgery
Abstract: Background: Although gallbladder cancer (GBCA) is characterized by a dismal prognosis, there is a proportion of patients who are cured. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of these patients., Methods: A database was queried for patients who underwent curative resection with a follow-up of at least 5 years. Patients were prospectively treated and registered by the same surgical team. A multivariate regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with long-term survival., Results: From 1988 to 2013, 461 patients were evaluated and 112 who underwent resection were analyzed. Among the patients, five year survival was 57% while lymph node and liver compromise were the only independent factors associated with survival. On the other hand, the elapsed time between the cholecystectomy and the resection, the differentiation grade and the level of wall invasion did not have an independent effect on the prognosis., Conclusion: Despite its poor prognosis, a subset of patients can be cured of GBCA. R0 resection of patients without lymph and liver infiltration are key to GBCA survival., (Copyright © 2020 International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. A Variant of Madelung Deformity: Management of the Distal Ulna Within the Carpal Canal.

Author: Burgos L, Walker M, and Daley RA
Subjects: Child, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Radius diagnostic imaging, Radius surgery, Ulna diagnostic imaging, Ulna surgery, Wrist Joint diagnostic imaging, Wrist Joint surgery, Osteochondrodysplasias, Wrist
Abstract: Madelung deformity is a rare disease that affects the normal growth of the distal radius and occurs in 1.7% of all pediatric congenital hand deformities. It is characterized by progressive deformity and shortening of the radius at the distal radial physis owing to anomalous tethering of the ulnar-volar growth plate. The distal ulna overgrows the radius and usually displaces dorsally. As growth continues, the carpals assume a wedge shape. Deformity, pain, and functional limitations are the usual presenting problems. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with bilateral Madelung deformity and pain, in whom initial radiographs of the right wrist showed that the right ulna was displaced volarly and in the carpal canal., (Copyright © 2021 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Decompensated Heart Failure in Patients With Aortic Valve Stenosis.

Author: Talavera ML, Vrancic JM, Acosta A, Battioni L, Candiello A, Baro R, Burgos L, and Diez M
Subjects: Aortic Valve diagnostic imaging, Aortic Valve surgery, Humans, Aortic Valve Stenosis complications, Aortic Valve Stenosis surgery, Heart Failure etiology, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement adverse effects
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Deep MRD profiling defines outcome and unveils different modes of treatment resistance in standard- and high-risk myeloma.

Author: Goicoechea I, Puig N, Cedena MT, Burgos L, Cordón L, Vidriales MB, Flores-Montero J, Gutierrez NC, Calasanz MJ, Ramos MM, Lara-Astiaso D, Vilas-Zornoza A, Alignani D, Rodriguez I, Sarvide S, Alameda D, Garcés JJ, Rodriguez S, Fresquet V, Celay J, Garcia-Sanz R, Martinez-Lopez J, Oriol A, Rios R, Martin-Sanchez J, Martinez-Martinez R, Sarra J, Hernandez MT, de la Rubia J, Krsnik I, Moraleda JM, Palomera L, Bargay J, Martinez-Climent JA, Orfao A, Rosiñol L, Mateos MV, Lahuerta JJ, Blade J, San Miguel J, and Paiva B
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Boron Compounds therapeutic use, Bortezomib therapeutic use, Chromosome Aberrations, Dexamethasone therapeutic use, Female, Flow Cytometry, Glycine analogs & derivatives, Glycine therapeutic use, Humans, Lenalidomide therapeutic use, Male, Middle Aged, Progression-Free Survival, Treatment Outcome, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm genetics, Multiple Myeloma drug therapy, Multiple Myeloma genetics, Multiple Myeloma pathology, Neoplasm, Residual pathology
Abstract: Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) carrying standard- or high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (CAs) achieve similar complete response (CR) rates, but the later have inferior progression-free survival (PFS). This questions the legitimacy of CR as a treatment endpoint and represents a biological conundrum regarding the nature of tumor reservoirs that persist after therapy in high-risk MM. We used next-generation flow (NGF) cytometry to evaluate measurable residual disease (MRD) in MM patients with standard- vs high-risk CAs (n = 300 and 90, respectively) enrolled in the PETHEMA/GEM2012MENOS65 trial, and to identify mechanisms that determine MRD resistance in both patient subgroups (n = 40). The 36-month PFS rates were higher than 90% in patients with standard- or high-risk CAs achieving undetectable MRD. Persistent MRD resulted in a median PFS of ∼3 and 2 years in patients with standard- and high-risk CAs, respectively. Further use of NGF to isolate MRD, followed by whole-exome sequencing of paired diagnostic and MRD tumor cells, revealed greater clonal selection in patients with standard-risk CAs, higher genomic instability with acquisition of new mutations in high-risk MM, and no unifying genetic event driving MRD resistance. Conversely, RNA sequencing of diagnostic and MRD tumor cells uncovered the selection of MRD clones with singular transcriptional programs and reactive oxygen species-mediated MRD resistance in high-risk MM. Our study supports undetectable MRD as a treatment endpoint for patients with MM who have high-risk CAs and proposes characterizing MRD clones to understand and overcome MRD resistance. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01916252., (© 2021 by The American Society of Hematology.)
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Micropercutaneous endopyelotomy for the treatment of secondary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children.

Author: Fernández-Bautista B, Parente A, Ortiz R, Burgos L, and Angulo JM
Subjects: Child, Humans, Kidney Pelvis surgery, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Ureteral Obstruction surgery, Urologic Surgical Procedures
Abstract: Introduction: The management of recurrent pyeloureteral junction obstruction (PUJO) is controversial, as there is no suitable technique for its correction. Percutaneous endopyelotomy shows better results in recurrent PUJO compared to primary PUJO. Micro-percutaneous approaches reduce damage to renal parenchyma and facilitate access to renal pelvis., Objetive: To present our experience in the use of this minimally invasive technique for the treatment of recurrent PUJO., Study Design: A retrospective study was performed collecting data of patients with recurrent PUJO treated in our hospital using the percutaneous approach between July 2014 and January 2018. Micropercutaneous access was performed in all patients. In Valdivia position, a 5 or 6 mm high-pressure ballon is placed in the renal pelvis under cystoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. The 4.8 or 8 Fr microperc puncture needle is placed into the pelvicalyceal system. Endopyelotomy is performed with a laser fiber or monopolar hook on a high-pressure balloon. To improve the exposure of the cutting area, the high-pressure balloon is placed at the pyeloureteral junction. Double J stent is left for weeks., Results: The ages of the patients were 4, 8 and 18 months, and 2 and 4 years. All patients had previously undergone pyeloplasty due to pyeloureteral junction obstruction. Operative time was 50 ± 21 min. Hospital stay after surgery was 24 h and hematuria disappeared within the 24 postoperative hours., Discussion: The number of patients with recurrent PUJO is small, making it difficult to establish a standard surgical approach for failed pyeloplasty. Redo pyeloplasty is considered the gold standard by some authors but alternative methods, such as endourological techniques, may also have a role in the treatment of failed pyeloplasty. The percutaneous approach has shown very good results in this treatment and the miniaturization of percutaneous surgery has improved with the micropercutaneus access. We consider micropercutaneous approach helped with a high pressure balloon in the pyeloureteral junction is an alternative and minimally invasive technique that has shown good results in our small cases series. However, we must take into account the limitation of the study considering the low number of patients. We need prospective studies to support our results., Conclusion: Micropercutaneous endopyelotomy is a fairly effective technique to treat recurrent UPJO after failed pyeloplasty in children. In our experience, it reduces kidney damage without increasing complications., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest No conflict of interest is present., (Copyright © 2020 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Biological and clinical significance of dysplastic hematopoiesis in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Author: Maia C, Puig N, Cedena MT, Goicoechea I, Valdes-Mas R, Vazquez I, Chillon MC, Aguirre P, Sarvide S, Gracia-Aznárez FJ, Alkorta G, Calasanz MJ, Garcia-Sanz R, Gonzalez M, Gutierrez NC, Martinez-Lopez J, Perez JJ, Merino J, Moreno C, Burgos L, Alignani D, Botta C, Prosper F, Matarraz S, Orfao A, Oriol A, Teruel AI, de Paz R, de Arriba F, Hernandez MT, Palomera L, Martinez R, Rosiñol L, Mateos MV, Lahuerta JJ, Blade J, San Miguel JF, and Paiva B
Subjects: Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Flow Cytometry methods, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Myeloma drug therapy, Multiple Myeloma mortality, Multiple Myeloma therapy, Mutation, Prognosis, Progression-Free Survival, Prospective Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Transplantation, Autologous, Tumor Microenvironment, Clonal Hematopoiesis, Multiple Myeloma pathology, Myelodysplastic Syndromes etiology
Abstract: Risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is significantly increased in both multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, suggesting that it is therapy independent. However, the incidence and sequelae of dysplastic hematopoiesis at diagnosis are unknown. Here, we used multidimensional flow cytometry (MFC) to prospectively screen for the presence of MDS-associated phenotypic alterations (MDS-PA) in the bone marrow of 285 patients with MM enrolled in the PETHEMA/GEM2012MENOS65 trial (#NCT01916252). We investigated the clinical significance of monocytic MDS-PA in a larger series of 1252 patients enrolled in 4 PETHEMA/GEM protocols. At diagnosis, 33 (11.6%) of 285 cases displayed MDS-PA. Bulk and single-cell-targeted sequencing of MDS recurrently mutated genes in CD34+ progenitors (and dysplastic lineages) from 67 patients revealed clonal hematopoiesis in 13 (50%) of 26 cases with MDS-PA vs 9 (22%) of 41 without MDS-PA; TET2 and NRAS were the most frequently mutated genes. Dynamics of MDS-PA at diagnosis and after autologous transplant were evaluated in 86 of 285 patients and showed that in most cases (69 of 86 [80%]), MDS-PA either persisted or remained absent in patients with or without MDS-PA at diagnosis, respectively. Noteworthy, MDS-associated mutations infrequently emerged after high-dose therapy. Based on MFC profiling, patients with MDS-PA have altered hematopoiesis and T regulatory cell distribution in the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, the presence of monocytic MDS-PA at diagnosis anticipated greater risk of hematologic toxicity and was independently associated with inferior progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.5; P = .02) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.7; P = .01). This study reveals the biological and clinical significance of dysplastic hematopoiesis in newly diagnosed MM, which can be screened with moderate sensitivity using cost-effective MFC., (© 2020 by The American Society of Hematology.)
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. How to make usage of the standardized EuroFlow 8-color protocols possible for instruments of different manufacturers.

Author: Nováková M, Glier H, Brdičková N, Vlková M, Santos AH, Lima M, Roussel M, Flores-Montero J, Szczepanski T, Böttcher S, van der Velden VHJ, Fernandez P, Mejstříková E, Burgos L, Paiva B, van Dongen JJM, Orfao A, and Kalina T
Subjects: Humans, Flow Cytometry instrumentation, Flow Cytometry standards, Hematologic Neoplasms diagnosis, Immunophenotyping instrumentation, Immunophenotyping standards
Abstract: A critical component of the EuroFlow standardization of leukemia/lymphoma immunophenotyping is instrument setup. Initially, the EuroFlow consortium developed a step-by-step standard operating protocol for instrument setup of ≥8-color flow cytometers that were available in 2006, when the EuroFlow activities started. Currently, there are 14 instruments from 9 manufacturers capable of 3-laser excitation and ≥8 color measurements. The specific adaptations required in the instrument set-up to enable them to acquire the standardized 8-color EuroFlow protocols are described here. Overall, all 14 instruments can be fitted with similar violet, blue and red lasers for simultaneous measurements of ≥8 fluorescent dyes. Since individual instruments differ both on their dynamic range (scale) and emission filters, it is not accurate to simply recalculate the target values to different scale, but adjustment of PMT voltages to a given emission filter and fluorochrome, is essential. For this purpose, EuroFlow has developed an approach using Type IIB (spectrally matching) particles to set-up standardized and fully comparable fluorescence measurements, in instruments from different manufacturers, as demonstrated here for the FACSCanto II, and Navios and MACSQuant flow cytometers. Data acquired after such adjustment on any of the tested cytometry platforms could be fully superimposed and therefore analyzed together. The proposed approach can be used to derive target values for any combination of spectrally distinct fluorochromes and any distinct emission filter of any new flow cytometry platform, which enables the measurement of the 8-color EuroFlow panels in a standardized way, by creating superimposable datafiles., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Occurrence of dioctophymosis in canines within a riparian zone of the Río de La Plata watercourse, in Ensenada, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

Author: Radman NE, Gamboa MI, Butti MJ, Blanco M, Rube A, Terminiello J, Osen BA, Burgos L, Corbalán V, Paladini A, Acosta RM, Eugui JIR, Borrelli S, Brusa M, and Martino P
Subjects: Animals, Argentina, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases surgery, Dogs, Enoplida Infections epidemiology, Enoplida Infections parasitology, Enoplida Infections surgery, Female, Floods, Kidney Diseases epidemiology, Kidney Diseases parasitology, Kidney Diseases veterinary, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Rivers, Testicular Diseases epidemiology, Testicular Diseases parasitology, Testicular Diseases veterinary, Dioctophymatoidea, Dog Diseases parasitology, Enoplida Infections veterinary
Abstract: Dioctophymosis is a parasitic disease occasioned by the so-called "giant kidney worm", Dioctophyme renale, a nematode with an indirect life cycle. This parasite's definitive host is the mink, Mustela vison, though numerous wild and domestic mammals as well as man can serve as final hosts. The worms also can be in ectopic locations in the body. We surveyed 692 canines by ecography, urine sampling, surgery, necropsy, and clinical examination and diagnosed 244 cases of dioctophymosis (35.3%). Of the cases of dioctophymosis identified, 30.7% were obtained by ecography, 45.9% by urinalysis, and 17.6% by both those techniques -in addition to positive findings through surgery (2.5%), necropsy (2.5%), and the spontaneous elimination of the parasites (0.8%). Cases of dioctophymosis were observed in animals as young as 4months of age up to 15years. The frequency of D. renale diagnosis throughout the sampling period varied significantly. There was a statistically significant association between risk factors (swimming in the river, eating frogs, fish or eels, drinking ditch water) and the prevalence of infection. It was discussed the period missing after infection in canines., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. Dissonant health transition in the states of Mexico, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author: Gómez-Dantés H, Fullman N, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Darney B, Avila-Burgos L, Correa-Rotter R, Rivera JA, Barquera S, González-Pier E, Aburto-Soto T, de Castro EF, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Basto-Abreu AC, Batis C, Borges G, Campos-Nonato I, Campuzano-Rincón JC, de Jesús Cantoral-Preciado A, Contreras-Manzano AG, Cuevas-Nasu L, de la Cruz-Gongora VV, Diaz-Ortega JL, de Lourdes García-García M, Garcia-Guerra A, de Cossío TG, González-Castell LD, Heredia-Pi I, Hijar-Medina MC, Jauregui A, Jimenez-Corona A, Lopez-Olmedo N, Magis-Rodríguez C, Medina-Garcia C, Medina-Mora ME, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Montañez JC, Montero P, Montoya A, Moreno-Banda GL, Pedroza-Tobías A, Pérez-Padilla R, Quezada AD, Richardson-López-Collada VL, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Ríos Blancas MJ, Razo-Garcia C, Mendoza MP, Sánchez-Pimienta TG, Sánchez-Romero LM, Schilmann A, Servan-Mori E, Shamah-Levy T, Téllez-Rojo MM, Texcalac-Sangrador JL, Wang H, Vos T, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, and Lozano R
Subjects: Disabled Persons, Female, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Mexico, Mortality, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Chronic Disease epidemiology, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease statistics & numerical data, Health Transition, Life Expectancy trends
Abstract: Background: Child and maternal health outcomes have notably improved in Mexico since 1990, whereas rising adult mortality rates defy traditional epidemiological transition models in which decreased death rates occur across all ages. These trends suggest Mexico is experiencing a more complex, dissonant health transition than historically observed. Enduring inequalities between states further emphasise the need for more detailed health assessments over time. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2013 (GBD 2013) provides the comprehensive, comparable framework through which such national and subnational analyses can occur. This study offers a state-level quantification of disease burden and risk factor attribution in Mexico for the first time., Methods: We extracted data from GBD 2013 to assess mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) in Mexico and its 32 states, along with eight comparator countries in the Americas. States were grouped by Marginalisation Index scores to compare subnational burden along a socioeconomic dimension. We split extracted data by state and applied GBD methods to generate estimates of burden, and attributable burden due to behavioural, metabolic, and environmental or occupational risks. We present results for 306 causes, 2337 sequelae, and 79 risk factors., Findings: From 1990 to 2013, life expectancy from birth in Mexico increased by 3·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 3·1-3·8), from 72·1 years (71·8-72·3) to 75·5 years (75·3-75·7), and these gains were more pronounced in states with high marginalisation. Nationally, age-standardised death rates fell 13·3% (11·9-14·6%) since 1990, but state-level reductions for all-cause mortality varied and gaps between life expectancy and years lived in full health, as measured by HALE, widened in several states. Progress in women's life expectancy exceeded that of men, in whom negligible improvements were observed since 2000. For many states, this trend corresponded with rising YLL rates from interpersonal violence and chronic kidney disease. Nationally, age-standardised YLL rates for diarrhoeal diseases and protein-energy malnutrition markedly decreased, ranking Mexico well above comparator countries. However, amid Mexico's progress against communicable diseases, chronic kidney disease burden rapidly climbed, with age-standardised YLL and DALY rates increasing more than 130% by 2013. For women, DALY rates from breast cancer also increased since 1990, rising 12·1% (4·6-23·1%). In 2013, the leading five causes of DALYs were diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back and neck pain, and depressive disorders; the latter three were not among the leading five causes in 1990, further underscoring Mexico's rapid epidemiological transition. Leading risk factors for disease burden in 1990, such as undernutrition, were replaced by high fasting plasma glucose and high body-mass index by 2013. Attributable burden due to dietary risks also increased, accounting for more than 10% of DALYs in 2013., Interpretation: Mexico achieved sizeable reductions in burden due to several causes, such as diarrhoeal diseases, and risks factors, such as undernutrition and poor sanitation, which were mainly associated with maternal and child health interventions. Yet rising adult mortality rates from chronic kidney disease, diabetes, cirrhosis, and, since 2000, interpersonal violence drove deteriorating health outcomes, particularly in men. Although state inequalities from communicable diseases narrowed over time, non-communicable diseases and injury burdens varied markedly at local levels. The dissonance with which Mexico and its 32 states are experiencing epidemiological transitions might strain health-system responsiveness and performance, which stresses the importance of timely, evidence-informed health policies and programmes linked to the health needs of each state., Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Phenotypic and genomic analysis of multiple myeloma minimal residual disease tumor cells: a new model to understand chemoresistance.

Author: Paiva B, Corchete LA, Vidriales MB, Puig N, Maiso P, Rodriguez I, Alignani D, Burgos L, Sanchez ML, Barcena P, Echeveste MA, Hernandez MT, García-Sanz R, Ocio EM, Oriol A, Gironella M, Palomera L, De Arriba F, Gonzalez Y, Johnson SK, Epstein J, Barlogie B, Lahuerta JJ, Blade J, Orfao A, Mateos MV, and San Miguel JF
Subjects: Aged, Bortezomib administration & dosage, Cell Adhesion Molecules metabolism, Dexamethasone administration & dosage, Disease Progression, Down-Regulation, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Genomics, Humans, Immunophenotyping, Integrins metabolism, Lenalidomide, Male, Melphalan administration & dosage, Models, Genetic, Multiple Myeloma pathology, Neoplasm, Residual pathology, Phenotype, Plasma Cells pathology, Prednisone administration & dosage, Prognosis, Thalidomide administration & dosage, Thalidomide analogs & derivatives, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Multiple Myeloma drug therapy, Multiple Myeloma genetics, Neoplasm, Residual drug therapy, Neoplasm, Residual genetics
Abstract: Persistence of chemoresistant minimal residual disease (MRD) plasma cells (PCs) is associated with inferior survival in multiple myeloma (MM). Thus, characterization of the minor MRD subclone may represent a unique model to understand chemoresistance, but to our knowledge, the phenotypic and genetic features of the MRD subclone have never been investigated. Here, we compared the antigenic profile of MRD vs diagnostic clonal PCs in 40 elderly MM patients enrolled in the GEM2010MAS65 study and showed that the MRD subclone is enriched in cells overexpressing integrins (CD11a/CD11c/CD29/CD49d/CD49e), chemokine receptors (CXCR4), and adhesion molecules (CD44/CD54). Genetic profiling of MRD vs diagnostic PCs was performed in 12 patients; 3 of them showed identical copy number alterations (CNAs), in another 3 cases, MRD clonal PCs displayed all genetic alterations detected at diagnosis plus additional CNAs that emerged at the MRD stage, whereas in the remaining 6 patients, there were CNAs present at diagnosis that were undetectable in MRD clonal PCs, but also a selected number of genetic alterations that became apparent only at the MRD stage. The MRD subclone showed significant downregulation of genes related to protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, as well as novel deregulated genes such as ALCAM that is prognostically relevant in MM and may identify chemoresistant PCs in vitro. Altogether, our results suggest that therapy-induced clonal selection could be already present at the MRD stage, where chemoresistant PCs show a singular phenotypic signature that may result from the persistence of clones with different genetic and gene expression profiles. This trial was registered atwww.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01237249., (© 2016 by The American Society of Hematology.)
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

35. Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics.

Author: Burgos L, Lehmann M, Simon D, de Andrade HH, de Abreu BR, Nabinger DD, Grivicich I, Juliano VB, and Dihl RR
Subjects: Camphanes analysis, Camphanes toxicity, Comet Assay, Cyanobacteria growth & development, DNA Damage, Drinking Water microbiology, Hep G2 Cells, Humans, Micronucleus Tests, Naphthols analysis, Naphthols toxicity, Taste, Toxicogenetics, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Drinking Water chemistry, Odorants analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
Abstract: Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects on human health of cyanobacterial compounds that cause taste and odor, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GEO) using the MTT assay and the in vitro comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN-Cyt) assays in human HepG2 cells. The toxicogenomics of genes responsive to DNA damage and metabolization by the exposure of cells to 2-MIB and GEO were also investigated. The results showed that concentrations of 2-MIB and GEO above 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively, were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Doses of 2-MIB (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and GEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) were unable to induce neither DNA damage nor events associated with chromosomal instability. Similarly, no concentration of each compound induced increments in the expression of CDKN1A, GADD45α, MDM2 and TP53 DNA damage responsive genes as well as in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 metabolizing genes. Although cytotoxicity was observed, concentrations that caused it are much higher than those expected to occur in aquatic environments. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of both compounds are not expected to exhibit cytotoxicity or genotoxicity to humans., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity assessment of 2-methylisoborneol, causal agent of earthy-musty taste and odor in water.

Author: Burgos L, Lehmann M, de Andrade HH, de Abreu BR, de Souza AP, Juliano VB, and Dihl RR
Subjects: Animals, CHO Cells, Cell Nucleus genetics, Chromosome Aberrations, Comet Assay, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Cyanobacteria chemistry, Micronucleus Tests, Odorants, Taste, Water standards, Camphanes toxicity, Drosophila melanogaster drug effects, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
Abstract: The water eutrophication process by phosphorus and nitrogen allows cyanobacteria blooms which promote, among other effects, the generation and release of the metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in the environment. This substance has been shown to be recalcitrant to conventional water treatment, degrading water quality. Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects of 2-MIB in eukaryotic organisms, the present study assessed the genotoxicity of 2-MIB using the in vitro comet assay and cytokinesis block-micronucleus (CBMN-Cytome) assay on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and the in vivo Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The results showed that 2-MIB (125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) was unable to induce gene and chromosome mutations or events associated with mitotic recombination in the SMART. Similarly, four different concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 µg/mL) of 2-MIB did not induce increments in frequencies of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmatic bridges in the CBMN-Cytome assay. In the comet assay, the positive results were restricted to the highest dose, 60 µg/mL of 2-MIB. The results obtained may help evaluate the genotoxic profile of extracellular algal products., (© 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.)
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Is intraoperative surgeon's opinion an accurate tool to assess the outcome of endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux?

Author: Parente A, Tardáguila AR, Romero R, Burgos L, Rivas S, and Angulo JM
Subjects: Databases, Factual, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Intraoperative Period, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Ureter abnormalities, Ureter surgery, Attitude of Health Personnel, Endoscopy, Physicians, Postoperative Complications diagnosis, Urologic Surgical Procedures, Vesico-Ureteral Reflux surgery
Abstract: Objective: Our experience in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has significantly increased during the last decade. To help develop diagnostic tests to check the success of this procedure, we evaluated the accuracy of surgeons' intraoperative observations as a predictor of treatment results., Method: We performed a prospective study of patients with VUR who were endoscopically treated during 1 year (106 renal units). Patients' age and gender, laterality, material used, grade of reflux, presence of ureteral duplication or associated pathology, and morphology of ureteral orifice were recorded as predictive factors related to the success rate. Surgeon and assistant indicated at the end of the endoscopic procedure whether the VUR was cured or not for each renal unit. These estimations were compared with postoperative voiding cystourethrogram results., Results: Overall cure rate was 75.5%. Positive predictive value (PPV) for surgeon's opinion was 0.79 and negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.40. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the association between the surgeon's opinion and the cure rate was low with a Kappa value of 0.171 (p = 0.30). PPV of assistant's opinion was 0.80 and NPV was 0.40, with a Kappa value of 0.2 (p = 0.13). Concordance of surgeon and assistant's opinion resulted in PPV of 0.79 and NPV of 0.53 (Kappa = 0.261). Kappa value did not improve when surgeon's opinion was related to other factors such as the material employed, grade of reflux, presence of ureteral duplication or associated pathology and morphology of the ureteral orifice., Conclusion: In our experience, surgeon's opinion is not an accurate tool to predict the outcome of endoscopic treatment of VUR., (Copyright © 2013 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Heterogeneous effects of health insurance on out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines in Mexico.

Author: Wirtz VJ, Santa-Ana-Tellez Y, Servan-Mori E, and Avila-Burgos L
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Female, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Cost Sharing statistics & numerical data, Health Expenditures statistics & numerical data, Health Services Accessibility economics, Insurance Coverage statistics & numerical data, Insurance, Health statistics & numerical data, Medically Uninsured statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Objective: Given the importance of health insurance for financing medicines and recent policy changes designed to reduce health-related out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) in Mexico, our study examined and analyzed the effect of health insurance on the probability and amount of OOPE for medicines and the proportion spent from household available expenditure (AE) funds., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis by using the Mexican National Household Survey of Income and Expenditures for 2008. Households were grouped according to household medical insurance type (Social Security, Seguro Popular, mixed, or no affiliation). OOPE for medicines and health costs, and the probability of occurrence, were estimated with linear regression models; subsequently, the proportion of health expenditures from AE was calculated. The Heckman selection procedure was used to correct for self-selection of health expenditure; a propensity score matching procedure and an alternative procedure using instrumental variables were used to correct for heterogeneity between households with and without Seguro Popular., Results: OOPE in medicines account for 66% of the total health expenditures and 5% of the AE. Households with health insurance had a lower probability of OOPE for medicines than their comparison groups. There was heterogeneity in the health insurance effect on the proportion of OOPE for medicines out of the AE, with a reduction of 1.7% for households with Social Security, 1.4% for mixed affiliation, but no difference between Seguro Popular and matched households without insurance., Conclusion: Medicines were the most prevalent component of health expenditures in Mexico. We recommend improving access to health services and strengthening access to medicines to reduce high OOPE., (Copyright © 2012 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Antipruritic and antihyperalgesic actions of loperamide and analogs.

Author: DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Cowan A, Cortes Burgos L, Daubert JD, Cassel JA, DeHaven RN, Kehner GB, and Kumar V
Subjects: Analgesics metabolism, Animals, Antipruritics metabolism, Humans, Loperamide analogs & derivatives, Loperamide metabolism, Male, Mice, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptors, Opioid, delta metabolism, Receptors, Opioid, mu metabolism, Analgesics pharmacology, Antipruritics pharmacology, Loperamide pharmacology
Abstract: Loperamide and three of its analogs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit binding to cloned human opioid receptor subtypes and to produce antipruritus and antinociception following local s.c. administration to rodents. All four compounds were fully efficacious agonists with affinities of 2 to 4 nM for the cloned human mu opioid receptor. Local s.c. injection of loperamide, ADL 01-0001 or ADL 01-0002 at the same site as the introduction of the pruritogenic compound 48/80 resulted in antipruritic activity in a mouse model of itch. Similarly, i.paw or i.pl. administration of compounds ADL 01-0001, ADL 01-0002 and ADL 01-0003 to inflamed paws caused potent antinociception, inhibiting late phase formalin-induced flinching, Freund's adjuvant-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and tape stripping-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Loperamide and its analogs were efficacious in animal models of itch and inflammatory pain, and may have potential therapeutic utility as antipruritic and antihyperalgesic agents.
Published: 2002
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. The effects of chronic administration of LH-RH agonists and antagonists on the menstrual cycle and endometrium of the rhesus monkey.

Author: Balmaceda JP, Borghi MR, Burgos L, Pauerstein CJ, Schally AV, and Asch RH
Subjects: Animals, Endometrium anatomy & histology, Endometrium metabolism, Estradiol blood, Female, Follicle Stimulating Hormone blood, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone pharmacology, Luteinizing Hormone blood, Macaca mulatta, Progesterone blood, Receptors, Estrogen metabolism, Receptors, Progesterone metabolism, Triptorelin Pamoate, Endometrium drug effects, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone analogs & derivatives, Menstruation drug effects
Abstract: Regularly cycling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used to study the effects of prolonged administration of LH-RH analogs on the menstrual cycle and the endometrium. According to the treatment, animals were divided into: Group 1, vehicle; Group 2, LH-RH agonist (D-Trp6 LH-RH, 20 micrograms/day); and Group 3, LH-RH antagonist [( N-Ac-D-Trp1,3, D-p-Cl-Phe2,D-Arg6,D- Ala10 ]-LH-RH,200 micrograms/day) for 90 days. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured every second day until thirty days past the discontinuation of drug administration. Endometrial biopsies were obtained on days 10, 40, 90 and 120 and processed for histologic exam and determination of estrogen (E) and progesterone receptors. Animals of Group 1 presented regular cycles, while those in Groups 2 and 3 remained anovulatory throughout the treatment. Animals of Group 2 presented different degrees of endometrial hyperplasia during treatment and animals of Group 3 showed either resting or atrophic endometrium. Administration of LH-RH agonist produced a marked increase in E and P endometrial receptors and the antagonist produced a decrease in P receptors. In both instances, reversal of the effects on the menstrual cycle and in the endometrium was observed 30 days after discontinuation of drug administration.
Published: 1984
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

40 results on '"Burgos, L"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources