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In this study, three-dimensional tissue scaffolds were fabricated using a 3D printing process. Chitosan (CS) was used as a matrix polymer, and Osage orange extract (OGE) with different amounts was added as a bioactive material. The scaffolds were characterized by SEM, FTIR, tensile testing, antibacterial, and biocompatibility tests. The SEM images revealed that scaffolds had homogeneous morphology, and the size of the pores ranged from 160 µm to 270 µm. FTIR spectrum of the extracted Osage Orange confirmed the successful extraction of the Osage Orange. The OGE addition decreased the swelling capacity of the CS scaffold proportionally. Biocompatibility results proved the biostability properties of the scaffolds. According to the results, the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds against the Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) should be provided after detailed optimization.

Although Saccharomyces boulardii is usually a non-pathogenic fungus, in rare occasions it can cause invasive infection in children. We present the case of an 8-year-old patient in pediatric surgical intensive care unit who developed S. cerevisiae fungemia following probiotic treatment containing S. boulardii. Caspofungin was not effective in this case and he was treated with amphotericin B. We want to emphasize that physicians should be careful about probiotic usage in critically ill patients.