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The Workshop on Advances in Knowledge Extraction and Re-engineering of Software (WAKERS) was held at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS) in Stellenbosch, South Africa from January 23rd until January 26th, 2017. The workshop was specifically designed to bring together researchers and practitioners from the software reengineering and knowledge extraction communities in order to foster collaboration between these research communities.

Publisher Summary Paper prototypes are best when used during the conceptual design phase preceding the first detailed screen designs. This system works by having the moderator play the role of a computer, displaying and removing paper as needed to represent system interactions. Through this interaction, users and other stakeholders can evaluate a paper prototype. Paper prototypes can be made rapidly or diligently as long as the software is depicted on paper in some way. Paper prototyping is most often used interactively in conjunction with a one-on-one, think-aloud usability protocol. In this protocol, a user simulates computer input either verbally or by pointing to a paper screen representation. The user experience is observed as both the computer system responses are simulated using the paper representations together with verbal monologue of the test participant. There is some aspect of low fidelity inherent in a paper prototype but not all aspects are necessarily low fidelity. The inherent low fidelity refers to a paper prototype's innate inability to mimic actual digital system performance or behavior. Paper prototyping can be used to evaluate different aspects of a system. Task flow and context of use—that is, insight into user motivations and task expectations—can be studied through the creation of a prototype to represent a specific task. The creation of a paper prototype forces the designer to think on a level of detail of interaction that most early prototypes do not achieve.

Asymmetric autocatalysis (Soai reaction) was reported 20 years ago. Since then, this discovery has had an exceptional influence on several branches of natural sciences. In the present paper citations to this milestone article—556 publications of 908 scientists from Google Scholar’s database—are analyzed by graph theoretical and statistical tools. The results enable localization of the most active research groups, their priorities and the identification of the distribution of scientific disciplines influenced by the Soai reaction.

This chapter explains the process of creating Paper Prototype, the widget-level view of paper prototypes and the ways to include interaction, help/documentation, and hardware. It illustrates a prototype of a screen used to create a rule for filtering email. As the user selects each “Condition and Action,” the Computer writes it on removable tape and places it at the bottom. After the user clicks on the link and selects a name from the address book, the computer places another piece of tape on top of the specific word to show the selected name. In this manner, the user sees the rule being built as one component at a time, much as it appears on a computer. A well defined list with name, purpose, and explanation of things that a user requires to design a paper prototype is presented. Because the paper prototyping aims at simulating almost anything out of imagination, there are many aspects of human-computer interaction that a human being can simulate well enough through feedbacks from usability tests.

Technology is improving day-by-day and so is the usage of mobile devices. Every activity that would involve manual and paper transactions can now be completed in seconds using your fingertips. On one hand, life has become fairly convenient with the help of mobile devices, whereas on the other hand security of the data and the transactions occurring in the process have been under continuous threat. This paper, re-evaluates the different policies and procedures used for preserving the privacy of sensitive data and device location. Policy languages have been very vital in the mobile environments as they can be extended/used significantly for sending/receiving any data. In the mobile environment users always go to service providers to access various services. Hence, communications between the service providers and mobile handsets needs to be secured. Also, the data access control needs to be in place. A section of this paper will review the communication paths and channels and their related access criteria. This paper is a contribution to the mobile domain, showing the possible attacks related to privacy and the various mechanisms used to preserve the end-user privacy. In addition, it also gives a comparison of the different privacy preserving methods in mobile environments to provide guidance to the readers. Finally, the paper summarizes future research challenges in the area of privacy preservation. This paper examines the 'where' problem and in particular, examines tradeoffs between enforcing location security at a device vs. enforcing location security at an edge location server. This paper also sketches an implementation of location security solution at both the device and the edge location server and presents detailed experiments using real mobility and user profile data sets collected from multiple data sources (taxicabs, Smartphones).

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Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00983004, Measuring and storing magnetometer data recorded photographically is a difficult problem for a geomagnetic observatory. In the Ebre Observatory, to overcome the problem, we have developed a system using modern computing advances which include electronic scanning, storage on CD-ROM media, and image analysis. This paper describes the main processes performed by this system. In particular, it describes the main difficulties found in the process of digitization (intersections, gaps,…) and how they were solved., Authors thank the collaboration of the Juan Salañer Foundation and the C.E.T.S. of the Institut Químic de Sarrià, and recognize the contribution of J. Mustany and R. Gené, the true pioneers of this work.

Code comments contain a rich amount of information that can be leveraged to improve software maintainability and reliability. This chapter on studying and analyzing free-form and semistructured code comments will help practitioners, researchers, and students learn about (1) the characteristics and content of code comments, (2) the techniques, tools, and measures for studying and analyzing code comments automatically or semiautomatically, and (3) future research directions and challenges. Readers will acquire a unique blend of interdisciplinary techniques, including natural language processing, machine learning, and program analysis, which are also useful for analyzing other software engineering text. This chapter can serve as an introduction to comment study and analysis for practitioners, researchers, and students who are interested in conducting research in this area, applying comment analysis techniques in industry, and learning about this area.

Journals require a standard structure format, and many adopt the IMRAD format—introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Most require an abstract, a list of references, and an acknowledgments statement. The title represents the body of the work, and it contains the subject and at times the objective and even the results. Avoid descriptive nouns that are implicit to all articles—studies, development, investigation, etc. Graphical abstracts and research highlights are now read more than abstracts. Since these two constructs come from abstracts, writing abstracts well is still important. Like the title, a short abstract is better than a long rambling treatise. In the introduction, you support what you assert in the title, and the literature review substantiates why you undertook the research. The methods section has the same obligation as a patent: it must provide enough information such that a person skilled in the art can reproduce the data. Don’t repeat the statements in the abstract as the conclusions.

The results of the data analysis are the basis for your conclusions. They contain estimates of the effects that have been studied including a measurement of uncertainty. Often, derived parameters are more meaningful than model parameters. In addition, it is helpful to present the information needed to judge the biological (or other) relevance of the results. Such information may include a plot or a measure of the total variance or the residual variance in the data so that the effects can be compared to natural variation. Figures can be an informative and easily understandable tool to communicate results. The description of a linear model in the methods section consists of the error distribution, the link function, the linear predictor, the random structure, the prior distributions, the fitting method, and how conclusions are drawn from the joint posterior distribution of the model parameters.

How do we learn from failures? and Why do we need to learn from failures? These seemingly simple questions are yet quite profound and we need to dig deeper to explore suitable answers. In this paper an empirical study based on the analysis of reported disasters is provided with the aim of exploring techniques that can help us to understand the root causes of why those incidents occurred and how such crises unfold over time and hence how can we learn generic lessons from those disasters.

This article analyzes the appropriateness of a text summarization system, COMPENDIUM, for generating abstracts of biomedical papers. Two approaches are suggested: an extractive (COMPENDIUM E), which only selects and extracts the most relevant sentences of the documents, and an abstractive-oriented one (COMPENDIUM E–A), thus facing also the challenge of abstractive summarization. This novel strategy combines extractive information, with some pieces of information of the article that have been previously compressed or fused. Specifically, in this article, we want to study: i) whether COMPENDIUM produces good summaries in the biomedical domain; ii) which summarization approach is more suitable; and iii) the opinion of real users towards automatic summaries. Therefore, two types of evaluation were performed: quantitative and qualitative, for evaluating both the information contained in the summaries, as well as the user satisfaction. Results show that extractive and abstractive-oriented summaries perform similarly as far as the information they contain, so both approaches are able to keep the relevant information of the source documents, but the latter is more appropriate from a human perspective, when a user satisfaction assessment is carried out. This also confirms the suitability of our suggested approach for generating summaries following an abstractive-oriented paradigm. This research was partially supported by the FPI grant (BES-2007-16268) and the project grants TEXT-MESS (TIN2006-15265-C06-01), TEXT-MESS 2.0 (TIN2009-13391-C04) and LEGOLANG (TIN2012-31224) from the Spanish Government. It has been also funded by the Valencian Government (grant no. PROMETEO/2009/119 and ACOMP/2011/001).

Scientific literacy is a fundamental attribute that supports researchers in both research and research writing. This chapter describes the rationale and design of a course that uses strategic, critical reading to teach research writing to doctoral candidates. The course, ‘Effective Biomedical Reading and Writing’, was designed by an authors’ editor with scientific qualifications. In the course, students are guided through the independent writing of a research paper using their own data, according to a scheme in which a paper is built up around the results. Through reading and critical discussion of published papers representing a range of qualities and topics, students develop a framework of knowledge that helps them assess the effectiveness of their own writing. They are supported throughout the course, in reading and writing, by the instructor’s knowledge of the research topics and methodologies. Subject specialists who work as language professionals and who acquire language teaching skills are uniquely positioned to develop courses for doctoral students in their own fields.

Publisher Summary This chapter covers the art of writing a journal paper, which follows the classic abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion pattern in its general format. Many papers need these actual sections; others can contain the basic skeleton and follow the topic in its general plan. Generally, a journal paper consists of a title, an abstract, keywords, introduction, method procedure, results, discussion, and conclusion. Acknowledgements and list of reference can also be included in a journal paper. However, every journal has reasonably straightforward instructions to authors. In some journals, instructions are available in each issue under headings such as instructions to authors or information for contributors. In some cases, the journal might ask the writer to request a booklet from the editorial office. For many journals instructions to authors are available on the Internet. A letter of transmittal can be included in the proposal to the journal. The editor might then send the manuscript to referees for comments and reviews. On the basis of all the referees' decisions, the editor chooses to accept the manuscript for publication, subject the manuscript to more referees in case of major alterations, or decline it.

This chapter examines the final step in a research project: publishing the results. The HCI context for conference papers and journals papers is presented with reference to peer-review and the archival requirement for published research. The major sections of a research paper describing a user study are described: title, abstract, keywords, introduction, method (subsections: participants, apparatus, procedure, design), results and discussion, conclusion, and references. Tips for preparing the manuscript are provided, with a focus on formatting, citations, references, visual aids, and writing for clarity.

We propose an intelligent sensor system based on a new sensing methodology, relying also on 3D map reconstruction techniques, for computing with high precision, in real-time and without human intervention the parameters needed for stream-flow computa- tion: water levels, morphology of the streams of all potentially flooded areas by each controlled stream. The collected data will be continuously transmitted, through a communication infrastructure, to software agents designed to compute the stream-flow and to quantify the spatial distribution of flood risk for each controlled watershed. The computed risks, together with other data coming from other sources (barometric sensors, camera operators of public organizations, emergency agencies, private citizens), will be analyzed by a diagnostic decision system implementing a risk-alert scheduling strategy. This system will be able to diagnose the health state of the controlled environment and to define specialized alarm levels for each potentially interested area that will be used to alert all citizens (ubiquity) locally present (alerting locality).

This chapter focuses on the ISO 216 paper sizes that include the “A,” “B,” and “C” Series. The ISO 216 paper sizes are used in most countries in the world except the United States. This is an old ISO standard that can trace its history back to the German DIN standard 476 (DIN 476) in 1922 or even further back to the French. “A,” “B,” and “C” paper fit together as part of a geometric progression, with a ratio of successive side lengths of 21/8. The most commonly used size in the United States is the A4 size. The A4 size (210 x 297 mm) is 6 mm narrower and 18 mm longer than the “Letter” paper size; however, the A4 size commonly used in the United States is the 8½ x 11 inches (216 x 279 mm). The “B” series formats are geometric means between the “A” series format with a particular number and the “A” series format with one lower number. The “C” series formats are used mainly for envelopes and it follows the same ratio as the “A” series pages.

Discovering the existence of scholarly papers in an online environment has been possible since the middle of the last century and the retrieval of their full text reliably possible only in the last quarter of the century. Since then several public web-based scholarly search engines have become available and directly compete with the older proprietary database search services to aid scholars and researchers. This chapter compares three public services, Google Scholar, Academic Search and Scirus, with two proprietary services, Web of Science and Scopus, in their effectiveness as tools for communicating and raising awareness of scholarship. It examines the three main functions required at different times by scholars - the discovery and retrieval of scholarly literature, the analysis of journals for publishing decisions and citation analysis for mapping collaborative scholarly networks and communities. © 2013 Woodhead Publishing Limited. All rights reserved.

In a recent paper [H.-E. Hwang, P. Han, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 351] a speckle based metrology system is proposed which it is claimed provides significant advantages over existing systems. In this paper, we show that the discussion presented in [H.-E. Hwang, P. Han, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 351] is deficient, and that several of the statements made are incorrect and/or misleading.

This paper addresses the solution of a real-life problem from a multiproduct paper plant, involving the scheduling of three machines in parallel for a time horizon of roughly one month. A decomposition strategy is proposed to reduce the complexity where orders are aggregated according to the product, density, size and due date. Furthermore, they are allocated to a particular machine, enabling the solution of three separate sequencing problems instead of one very large scheduling problem. Three alternative formulations from the literature are evaluated, with the results showing that it is better to use a unit-specific continuous-time formulation with 3-index binary variables. This is then used to find a better solution to the problem by releasing the order-unit assignments for a subset of the orders.

Sheet-break is a long standing problem in pulp and paper industry. If advance warnings can be issued ahead of time, corrective actions may be taken to prevent some of the breaks. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of an online monitoring scheme. A data based approach was taken in this analysis. PCA was used to model the process, and a combined index based on the Hotelling’s T2 and Q-statistics was developed as a sheet-break predictor. As the process is subject to external disturbances, grade changes, and frequent interruptions, preprocessing of the data played an important role in getting consistent results. We used several novel techniques for data selection, scaling and modelling. The models were validated using a large validation data set with known fault condition.

Publisher Summary The chapter explains new systems biology (NSB) as a cluster of methodological approaches for the analysis of dynamical behavior in networks that sits at the confluence of a number of disciplines. These disciplines are now experiencing massive increases in qualitatively new actual and potential interactions driven by the data explosions in genomics and proteomics. The developmental and evolutionary perspectives provide particularly useful tools for the analysis of life systems in NSB. Their character as systems that must develop and evolve means that they possess certain properties—in particular, evolvability, genetic and environmental robustness, and differential generative entrenchment for their parts. These properties are themselves very general and robust. They also possess virtues that help to ameliorate a problem of rapidly growing magnitude in the analysis of complex living systems: that the data produced by high-throughput methods (“gene chips”) have very high error rates. Some of these errors are undoubtedly products of a technology that is new, noisy, and needs further tuning, while some are almost certainly systematic and, by recognizing this, remediable.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses one issue that has remained pervasive across most existing testing programs considering a switch from paper to computer mode of administration—the need to link scores across the two modes of administration. The issue remains a challenge to the psychometric community because at present there is a lack of clarity about the way to best undertake such a linking and the way to best share the results with score users in operational contexts. The major reason for needing to link computer- and paper-based scores in testing programs is that both modes of testing are likely to occur together, at least for some transition period. However, even if it were the case that paper-and-pencil testing could be immediately phased out when computer-based testing is introduced, scores from the paper version would continue to be reported for some period of time until they are officially no longer accepted. The ideal situation in this context would be one in which the computer- and paper-based scores can be reported on a common reporting scale.

IN THE LAST CHAPTER we looked at hard surfaces - metal, wood and stone. Paper and fabric, by contrast, are floppy, malleable substances that bend, crease and crumple. It's getting these creases and wrinkles right that's the key to making paper look like it's really made of paper, and that includes banknotes as well as letters and documents.

Publisher Summary In his book titled Electrical Papers , Heaviside brought together his main writings on circuit theory and the inductive properties of wires, and his thoughts on electromagnetism. The Electrical Papers offers an advanced exposition, as well as many novel contributions to two basic themes: the theory of electromagnetic field dynamics because of Maxwell and an extension of linear circuit theory to the case of continuous transmission lines. Motivation for the expansion theorem appears to reside in the generalized Ohm's law that operational impedances associate with electrical circuits. In a circuit containing standard resistance only, if the impressed voltage is given, then the current at any time may be calculated by simple division. The main product of this endeavor was a series of three long papers “On operators in physical mathematics” that were intended for publication by the Royal Society. Only the first two were published: the third was turned down in the face of stern objections raised by mathematicians to his unconventional and potentially problematic use of divergent series.

Net paper readers have been shown to read deeper into articles than newspaper readers. It has also been claimed that newspaper readers rather scan than read newspapers. Do these findings mean that net paper readers read proportionally more than newspaper readers? This paper presents results showing that in fact net paper readers scan more and read less than newspaper readers. We furthermore investigate whether this result can be expained by the difference in layout, navigation structure and purpose of reading between the two media.

One of the biggest challenges of any control paradigm is being able to handle large complex systems under unforeseen situations. A system may be called complex here if its dimension (order) is too high and its model (if available) is nonlinear, interconnected, and information on the system is uncertain such that classical techniques can not easily handle the problem. Soft computing, a collection of fuzzy logic, neuro-computing, genetic algorithms and genetic programming, has proven to be a powerful tool for adding autonomy to many complex systems. For such systems the rule base size of soft computing control architecture will be nearly infinite. Examples of complex systems are power networks, national air traffic control system, an integrated manufacturing plant, etc. In this paper a new rule base reduction approach is suggested to manage large inference engines. Notions of rule hierarchy and sensor data fusion are introduced and combined to achieve desirable goals. New paradigms using soft computing approaches are utilized to design autonomous controllers for a number of robotic applications here.

Never before in history has data been generated at such high volumes as it is today. Exploring and analyzing the vast volumes of data has become increasingly dicult. Information visualization and visual data mining can help to deal with the flood of information. The advan- tage of visual data exploration is that the user is directly involved in the data mining process. There are a large number of information visualiza- tion techniques that have been developed over the last two decades to support the exploration of large data sets. In this paper, we propose a classification of information visualization and visual data mining tech- niques based on the data type to be visualized, the visualization technique, and the interaction technique. We illustrate the classification using a few examples, and indicate some directions for future work.

The aim of this article is to outline the issues involved in the application of machine vision to the automatic extraction and registration of watermarks from continuous web paper. The correct identification and localization of watermarks are key issues in paper manufacturing. As well as requiring the position of the watermark for defect detection and classification, it is necessary to insure its position on the paper prior to the cutting process. Two paper types are discussed, with and without laid and chain lines (these lines appear as a complex periodic background to the watermark and further complicate the segmentation process). We will examine both morphological and Fourier approaches to the watermark segmentation process, concentrating specifically on those images with complex backgrounds. Finally we detail a system design suitable for real-time implementation.

A project that piloted the secure electronic preparation of examination papers ran during the first semester of the academic year 1998/99 at the University of Salford. The examination papers were transferred between the participants (lecturers, administrators and external examiners) using secure electronic mail. Security was provided by a managed public key infrastructure. Users were profiled and interviewed in order to determine the likely success of further roll out within the institution, as well as the user friendliness of the existing paper-based and proposed electronic systems. The project found that, while the technology worked for some participants, others had severe problems with installation of the software and failed to grasp key concepts. There appear to be formidable obstacles to extending the system to cover the whole university, including compatibility of equipment and the reliability of the network infrastructure.

P3P [23, 24] is a set of standards that allow corporations to declare their privacy policies. Hippocratic Databases [6] have been proposed to implement such policies within a corporation's datastore. From an end-user individual's point of view, both of these rest on an uncomfortable philosophy of trusting corporations to protect his/her privacy. Recent history chronicles several episodes when such trust has been willingly or accidentally violated by corporations facing bankruptcy courts, civil subpoenas or lucrative mergers. We contend that data management solutions for information privacy must restore controls in the individual's hands. We suggest that enabling such control will require a radical re-think on modeling, release, and management of personal data.