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In his late historical and autobiographical writings (the late writings) Ernest Jones makes two interrelated claims. The first, which he passes off as an historical fact, is that by 1904 there were 'three sources of information available to [him]' about Freud (Jones, 1945b, p. 9). The second, which he makes by way of an autobiographical statement, is that he was already practising 'the new therapy' of psychoanalysis by 1906. Contemporaneous sources challenge the unspoken assumptions that run through Jones's late writings: that there was little or no discussion of Freud's ideas in Britain between 1904, when Jones claims he first started reading Freud, and November 1913 when he founded the London Psycho-Analytic Society. For reasons difficult to fathom Jones's version of history has been accepted almost without question. Lifting Jones's historical and autobiographical veils reveals a very different story: that when Jones first returned from Canada, in 1911, there was already a vibrant debate concerning the merits, or otherwise, of the new Freudian psychology and there were a number of doctors already treating patients with psychoanalysis or its variants. The paper concludes with a re-examination of Jones's relationship with M.D. Eder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As soon as the corpse became central to medical education, and as a growing number of private medical schools opened throughout Great Britain, involving the rise of the demand for dead bodies, the literary field played a significant part in the popularisation of medical knowledge, offering insights into the debates around medical practice and education. As this paper will show, the literary field dealt with medical practitioners' treatment of the corpse through playing upon a Gothic rhetoric, dramatizing the tension between the cutting up, preservation and exhibition of human remains in medical collections and the objectification of the patient on the one hand, and the central part played by anatomy in medical knowledge and the therapeutic applications of dissection, on the other. Through exploring how literary texts capitalizing on the Gothic paraphernalia recorded cultural responses to medical practice in the long nineteenth century, this paper will ultimately underline the role that nineteenth-century literature played, not merely in the dissemination of medical knowledge but also in the public engagement of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Land Tax records to attempt to reconstruct the pattern of urbanization in a Pennine fringe township which formed part of the Lancashire cotton complex during the early industrial revolution. It uses logic programming to articulate rules to develop a longitudinal approach which chains together individual Land Tax records for successive years to identify perduring property objects, which are then located geographically using the pooled descriptors drawn from the returns. It investigates not only house repopulation, but also the character of new property development, of sub-division and amalgamation of holdings and the changing control of housing. It allows a remarkably detailed reconstruction of change in the particular locality, revealing events that have gone unnoticed. Pent-up demand associated with proto-industrialization combined with the self-interest of a major absentee landlord to allow a flurry of small scale construction between 1785 and 1805; property then converted to workers' housing with the onset of industrial urbanism. More generally, it is suggested that a computational approach of this sort allows for a more serious engagement with a source all too often dismissed as unpromising. The paper concludes by drawing out implications of the work for more traditional approaches to interpreting Land Tax returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the main characteristics of the Scottish formal landscape, as established by Sir William Bruce. It considers Bruce's key contribution but also how his collaboration with Alexander Edward allowed the further development of the characteristics of the Scottish designed landscape, partly under the influence of France and also in relation to the notion of the Scottish Historical Landscape. It focuses on two case studies, Kinnaird Castle in Angus and Hopetoun House, proposing a new interpretation of the latter in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the nature of the textiles known as fustians, originally imported but later manufactured in England. The focus is on eighteenth-century England when fustians underwent further development into modern cloth types. Evidence of the use of fustians for men's dress, and the status of those who wore them, is explored to shed further light on the developments leading up to the association of fustian with working-class men. The paper is based on a presentation delivered at the Costume Society Symposium: Town and Country Style in 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the BBC's 'Hut Man', Gilbert Dempster Fisher was a pioneer of radio broadcasting for children in Scotland in the 1940s and 1950s. Also a successful author of children's books on natural history, he based both his writings and his broadcasts on his observations of the wildlife that surrounded his isolated hut near Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire. Devoted to pedagogy, he established 'The Hut-Man's Club' for children in the late 1930s and was foremost in the encouragement of natural history in Scottish schools. He also wrote poetry for young children and, from 1947 to 1950, he produced The children's magazine. During the last decade of his 'Hut life' he was engaged by Scottish local education authorities to speak in schools and residential camps about nature study, captivating children with his 'Hut Man' tales. He also engaged with teachers to help them deliver natural history lessons, writing a comprehensive guide book on the subject. The teacher-training authorities, however, failed to capitalize on his vision of nature study within the school curriculum. Disillusioned by their intransigence and faced with local environmental degradation of the Hut Country and inappropriate housing development locally, he moved east. In 1956 he was appointed Director-Secretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland administering Edinburgh Zoo. This paper concentrates on his 'Hut Man' career as an author and radio presenter; the communication of natural history being its central theme, at a time when radio was becoming a popular medium of mass communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore the changing importance of blue colours, blue dyes and woad in particular in England in the late Middle Ages and early modern period. It does so by considering six themes - the popularity and fashionability of blue; blue and its significance within the Order of the Garter; blue as a colour worn by the lower social groups and its association with poverty and livery; colour symbolism of blue; blue and court entertainments; blue and the liturgy - but it will start with a review of blue colours and blue dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a medical examination, in late March 1908, Rebecca Levi, a young in-patient in the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases, made a serious allegation against Jones. Having discussed the matter, behind closed doors, the hospital Committee called upon Jones to resign. Many years later Jones wrote up his account of the 1908 Affair, which his biographers and historians of psychoanalysis have accepted more or less without question. Such uncritical readings raise questions as to how the psychoanalytic community chooses to engage with the allegations of indecent (child) assault levelled against Jones. Reading the contemporaneous documents, including Ian Malcolm's letters to Jones, Dr Savill's account of Rebecca Levi together with various other texts, reveals serious discrepancies in Jones's narrative, thereby suggesting a far more disturbing scenario than Jones ever allowed. The paper concludes by examining the distinctions to be drawn around Jones's sexual relationships with his adult patients as opposed to his treatment of prepubescent girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linking historical census data is an important task for the study of the social, economic, and demographic aspects of families and society in the past. Although various (semi-) automatic linking methods have been proposed, state-of-the-art methods have only been targeted at linking records that correspond to individuals. In this paper, we introduce an automatic method aimed at linking both individuals and households across several historical census datasets. The proposed method contains several steps, including data quality analysis and enhancement, household identity detection, as well as individual and household record linking. We have applied this method to a set of six census datasets collected from the district of Rawtenstall in North-East Lancashire in the United Kingdom between 1851 and 1901. Experimental results show that the proposed method can greatly reduce the ambiguity arising from the individual record linkage, and facilitate the accurate matching of households across several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the celebrity image of the English author Charlotte Smith and English poet Mary Robinson within the newspaper the "Morning Post" during the 1780s and 1790s. An overview of the the "Morning Post's" publishing of Smith's poetry, including the poem "Song from the French of Cardinal Bernis," from her book "Elegiac Sonnets," is provided.

This paper describes the cut and construction of the doublet and hose worn as underdress to the robes and insignia of the Knights of the Most Noble Order of the Garter at the English Court under Charles II. This example belonged to Charles Stuart, sixth Duke of Lennox and third Duke of Richmond (1639-1672), who was created a knight of the Garter in 1661. It is interesting on several counts: the dominant textile is a very pure cloth of silver; the elaborate hose are constructed with reference to earlier seventeenth-century models; the garments exemplify Charles II's understanding of the importance of ceremony to successful kingship. The suit was conserved for an exhibition at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh and the essay gives some account of discoveries made through this process. In addition, the garments are placed in the context of late seventeenth-century dress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private subscription libraries should have been oases of quiet: havens of learning and literature, providing knowledge rather than entertainment to their members. But in reality many were riven by dissension and argument, with battles between Tories and Anglican clergy on the one hand and Whigs and dissenters on the other being fought out at annual meetings in particular. This paper will consider the ideas behind the earliest libraries and how thoughts of what a subscription library should provide changed during the course of the eighteenth century. A number of examples, mostly from the north of England and Scotland, will demonstrate the often-divergent attitudes of library members towards the provision of 'controversial' literature -- that is, politics and theology -- novels, and newspapers. These became serious issues in many libraries: national politics writ small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Spence, Glover & Ferguson, enjoyed a conspicuous presence on the Scottish architectural scene, undertaking a wide range of notable commissions.1 One field in which they became acknowledged as specialists was that of library design. This expertise was developed during the design process for their first such job, the University of Edinburgh's Main Library, which received a RIBA award (1968) and a Civic Trust Commendation (1969). It led to an interesting group of libraries executed during the 1960s and 1970s. In this paper, both the well-known and more obscure libraries and library projects of Spence, Glover & Ferguson are discussed.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothing belonging to the late Duke of Windsor (1894-1972), which remained in his Paris home until it was dispersed in 1998, provides an insight into both his taste and character. As the young and popular Prince of Wales in the 1920s, he courted notions of modernity, celebrity and informality, rejecting the stiff conventions of his father's dress and court. His innovative sense of style was emulated on both sides of the Atlantic. Throughout his life he remained loyal to the tailors and haberdashers who helped to craft his image and provide the comfort and freedom he craved in his clothes. This paper considers how some of the surviving garments in his wardrobe can help to define the man who was Prince of Wales, King Edward VIII and Duke of Windsor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article responds to and is designed as a counterweight to recent work on political history in early-modern Scotland in which Jacobitism has been persuasively portrayed as a strongly supported movement over time rather than an episodic cause. Building upon recent research on the Union of 1707 which demonstrated the degree of principled and consistent support there was for closer union with England within a British polity, the paper seeks to show that there was a clearly identifiable ideological basis to anti-Jacobitism in Scotland. The term, however, is best understood as the Revolution or, even better, the Whig interest, not least as the principles upon which anti-Jacobitism were based pre-dated the Revolution of 1688-9 and the emergence of Jacobitism. The Revolution, it is argued, had many more supporters, and from a wider geographical area, than has generally been assumed in accounts which focus largely on the south west of Scotland. Support took various forms, ranging from prayer through public campaigning to the taking up of arms. It is also clear that support for Whig principles was not only long-standing but also grew over the period examined. What is underlined is that Scotland was a deeply fissured nation, the principal divide owing much but not everything to religion and differing perspectives on the nature of monarchical authority and the role of parliament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sir William Bruce's lifetime, the relationship between architecture and natural, experimental and mechanical philosophies - the so-called 'new sciences' - was a fundamental one.1 It was reflected in the presence of major architects in important European scientific institutions in the period: groups such as the Royal Society of London and the Académie des sciences in Paris.2 These organisations could count among their members Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, François Blondel and Claude Perrault, all of whom practised architecture alongside other intellectual pursuits that we would now identify as science. In Scotland, the situation was somewhat different due to the fact that the new science was never institutionalised here, as it was in England and France. Nonetheless, as this article will demonstrate, many of Scotland's more prominent late seventeenth-century intellectuals counted architecture among their interests. Additionally, proposals were made in Scotland for scientific groups that, had they got off the ground, would have almost certainly promoted architecture as an intellectual subject in their meetings. What follows is an attempt to reconstruct how Scottish intellectuals in this period conceived of architecture as an intellectual discipline and as a practice. Ultimately, this paper will conclude that their approach to architecture tended to differ from their English counterparts. Just as they conceived of the new sciences in a much more straightforwardly Baconian way than the London Royal Society, so too was their attitude to architecture informed by the general climate of utility and improvement in Scotland at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synopsis of some of the work of this Royal Master Mason, whose place in the Scottish architectural pantheon has sometimes been overlooked. Recent studies have shown him to have had almost an indispensible presence during the often tumultuous period of his career, paving the way for his better-known successors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers 1670s Holyrood and Sir William Bruce, and it aims to set out some fresh contexts within which both architect and project can be placed.1 It sees Holyrood's reconstruction as fulfilling practical and rhetorical requirements for a modern royal palace, plus a political need to project a distinctively Scottish monarchy, meaning the architecture had therefore to encompass a careful selection of distinctively Scottish references. It also highlights Bruce's early role in castle preservation and conservation, in castle revival and revived Gothic, as well as his interest in what was to become known as the Picturesque. Overlying all this is the argument that Holyrood is the archetypal building in the history of Scotland's proto-Romanticism and myth-making, and that it was made intentionally so partly to promote a myth of royal presence where the truth was otherwise; and that partly underlying the creation of a mythic Scotland was the decision to launch at Holyrood a reinvigorated Stuart rhetoric which included exploiting a politically unifying and unthreatening cult of Mary Queen of Scots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Basil Urwin Spence O.M., R.A., began his architectural career in Edinburgh in 1931 and was still designing at his untimely death in 1976. Throughout his life he maintained a strong link with Scotland and remained true to the ethos of his training at Edinburgh College of Art, namely that the practice of architecture was essentially an art and a craft. Never easily pigeon-holed, Spence's oeuvre was eclectic. In turns traditional and innovative, theatrical and intimate, his works always displayed his concerns for artistry, materials, craftsmanship, texture and colour. Best known for prestige projects such as Coventry Cathedral, the Rome Embassy and Sussex University, Spence's school designs, which formed a small, but significant, part of his output during the 1950s, are largely overlooked. This paper explores his particular architectural approach through the wide ranging styles of the eight schools designed in his Edinburgh and London offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scottish secondary education was radically extended in size and social reach in the first four decades of the twentieth century, bringing significant new opportunities in secondary schooling to girls, to children of the lower-middle and upper-working classes, and to Catholics. Most of the new secondary schools were based on those parish schools that had in the nineteenth century sent a few boys directly to university, and so this new secondary sector was a modernising of the mythological tradition of the lad o' pairts. The main reason it succeeded was that it sought to extend to new social groups the benefits of the version of liberal education that had come to be regarded as the foundation of professional careers. Thus the reforms also had the effect of transferring to the senior years of the secondary schools the old undergraduate curriculum that had been replaced by more specialist university courses in the late-nineteenth century. The paper offers an evidence-based critique not only of that strand of pessimism which has claimed that Scottish education was stagnant between the wars, but also of George Davie's influential view that the tradition of a broad general education was lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the letters of British radical author John Thelwall held in the archives of the British Library. Thirteen transcribed letters are reprinted which include a May 10, 1796 letter to poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a June 8, 1808 letter to T. J. Pettigrew of the Institution of the Cure of Impediments, and a November 18, 1817 letter addressed to Henry Harris, Esq. Some of the notable people discussed in the letters include a founder of the Royal Humane Society Dr. William Hawes (1736-1808), actor Edmund Kean (1787-1833), and Poet Laureate Colley Cibber (1651-1757).

With particular emphasis upon the revolution and the early years of William's reign, this article aims to shed some light on the nature of the relationship between church and parliament, in particular its importance to the church in promoting its vision for a reformed church in Scotland. The article focuses on the strategies used by the church to achieve their objectives. Effective organisation, careful and diligent lobbying of parliament and forthright presentation of their position through preaching, enabled them to galvanise their support within parliament and secure a settlement that not only disappointed their opponents but went beyond what William and erastian inclined Presbyterians would have preferred. It is quite clear that the church significantly influenced the nature and extent of the final ecclesiastical settlement. Consequently, the revolution provided the template for relations between church and parliament until the latter's dissolution in 1707. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the period 1860–1914, British Quaker women sought to negotiate the incorporation of fashionable attire into their wardrobes to varying degrees, after the religion's hierarchy made prescriptive religious 'Plain' dress optional in 1860. After centuries of restrictive Advices, which used Scripture alongside peer pressure to encourage female Friends to dress ascetically, Quaker women began to interpret their new sartorial freedoms in diverse ways. Through the presentation of three female case studies from across the period, this article will suggest three newly identified distinct stances that Quaker women enacted in responding to the new Advice and adapting to fashionable ensembles, up until the devastating events of the First World War. These three stances were non-adaptive, semi-adaptive and fully adaptive. Based on empirical research conducted in dress collections across Britain, this article will describe and present the garments worn by these women, to illustrate and introduce these distinct sartorial stances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Treaty of Union 1707 between Scotland and England and the respective implementing legislation in each Kingdom contained provisions which today we might describe as 'opt-outs'. These opt-outs from incorporating Union preserved aspects of the Scottish legal system which, along with the Presbyterian religion and the system of education, helped to ensure that Scottish identity was supported by some of the most powerful aspects of the state. This essay will examine some of the provisions of the Treaty, analyse aspects of the legal system and law that persisted after the Union, comment on the extent to which 310 years of the Union with England influenced that law, reflect on membership of the EU and the harmonization which it brought to the legal system and consider the impact of the Scottish Parliament on that law and legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles Antoinette Emily Dyce, who was known as Mrs. Danford who discovered the Xiphion danfordiae also known as Iris danfordiae in 1876. Topics discussed include the traditional form of address for a married woman in Victorian times, Dyce's marriage to barrister-at-law Charles G. Danford who made significant contributions to the botanical and horticultural history and Dyce's making of herbarium specimens.

This article considers relationships between artisans and aristocrats on estates and elsewhere in Scotland during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the Scottish aristocracy, and women in particular, were distinctly preoccupied with the craft economy through schemes to promote employment but also due to attachments to 'romanticised' local and Celtic identities. Building in part on government initiatives and aristocratic office-holding as public officials and presidents of learned societies, but also sustained through personal interest and emotional investments, the craft economy and individual entrepreneurs were supported and encouraged. Patronage of and participation in public exhibitions of craftwork forms one strand of discussion and the role of hand-made objects in public gift-giving forms another. Tourism, which estates encouraged, sustained many areas of craft production with south-west Scotland and the highland counties providing examples. Widows who ran estates were involved in the development of artisan skills among local women, a convention that was further developed at the end of the century by the Home Industries movement, but also supported male artisans. Aristocrats, men and women, commonly engaged in craft practice as a form of escapist leisure that connected them to the land, to a sense of the past and to a small group of easily identified and sympathetic workers living on their estates. Artisans and workshop owners, particularly in rural areas, engage creatively in a patronage regime where elites held the upper hand and the impact on the craft economy of aristocratic support in its various forms was meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keats, unlike the other Romantics, has prompted not just a dispute as to the character of his political allegiances, but a dispute about whether he is appropriately regarded as a political poet at all. Keats's recent critics are more familiar with the Poems of 1817 in which Keats emphatically and repeatedly identifies himself as an admiring associate of the editor of The Examiner, Leigh Hunt, but even in these poems the ambition to write a poetry that makes its impact on the non-poetic world alternates with a contrary tendency to define the world of the poem by its distance from the world outside it. In the Poems of 1820 the two tendencies persist, but, instead of working against one another, they allow Keats to resolve his contradictory ambitions and write poems that achieve a formal perfection that releases them from the contingent and yet continue to speak to the contingent world in which we all of us live our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the discussions and decisions which occurred within the British government concerning Britain's military involvement in the Korean peninsula at a time when Britain was pulling out of its military obligations in Asia - colloquially known as the 'retreat East of Suez' - in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. After the end of the Korean War, Britain created the Commonwealth Liaison Mission in Seoul and provided a frigate for use in Korean waters by the American-led United Nations Command and British soldiers for the United Nations Honour Guard. When relations between North and South Korea reached crisis point at the end of the 1960s, London was concerned that Britain could be entangled in an unaffordable military conflict in the Korean peninsula. The Ministry of Defence therefore argued for the abolition of the commitment of the British frigate, but the Foreign Office opposed this initiative so as to mitigate the blow to Anglo-American relations caused by Britain's refusal to commit troops to Vietnam. When Edward Heath's government negotiated a Five Power Defence Agreement with Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand in April 1971, the Ministry of Defence was, despite the objections of the Foreign Office, finally successful in repealing the frigate commitment for reasons of overstretching military resources. Furthermore, the Ministry of Defence then called for the abolition of the Commonwealth Liaison Mission altogether when it was then discovered that the British contingent of the United Nations Honour Guard would have to fight under the command of the United Nations Commander in case of a military conflict in the Korean peninsula. But this proposal too was rebuffed by the Foreign Office, concerned that such a move would greatly damage Anglo-Korean relations at a time when Britain was considering establishing diplomatic relations with North Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the physical qualities and historical contexts of the silk pelisse coat dated c. 1812-1814 associated with Jane Austen (1775-1817) through family provenance and now held by Hampshire County Museum Services and Archives. The author took an exact pattern of the pelisse (included), then made replica garments. The association with Jane Austen is considered using evidence from Austen's letters about her tastes in colours, length of fabrics needed for clothing, and ownership of a silk pelisse. The silk's oak-leaf pattern is interpreted as a British patriotic motif, especially during the period of Napoleonic conflicts. Questions and insights arising from the process of reproduction are discussed, and the pelisse is compared to other surviving garments, and to contemporary fashionable images. As evidence suggests the pelisse probably did belong to Austen, her physical characteristics that can be gleaned from the garment are compared with information about Austen's appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Indian rhinoceroses ( Rhinoceros unicornis) were present in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century. The first, a female, arrived in 1737, the second, a male, arrived in 1739, the third, a female known as Douwe Mout's rhinoceros or Clara, was shown in London, probably in 1756. Recent research in British newspapers provides new information about all three animals, and produces evidence to show that the rhinoceros exhibited in London in 1751-1752 was not Clara, but the female which had arrived in 1737. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an historical overview of the emergence of birth control clinics throughout Scotland from 1926 to the outbreak of World War II, noting its distinctions from trends of larger Great Britain. Topics addressed include the legal and administrative context surrounding their establishment, the dynamics between clinics and their support by individuals, voluntary organizations, and local governing bodies, and the role of Scottish religious views on birth control within the period.

The article presents an examination into the conscription laws of Great Britain during World War II, focusing on the reserved occupations of Scotland which allowed otherwise draft-eligible men to avoid combat service and maintain their employment. Analysis is offered concerning the social implications of these provisions in regard to ideals of masculinity within the community of Clydeside, in the greater Glasgow region of Scotland.

This article presents an exploration into the history of the practice of law in Scotland during the 18th-century, providing the context behind the British Stamp Duty Act of 1785 during the administration of Prime Minister William Pitt. Details are given describing how Pitt planned and executed the taxation scheme, the response of Scottish lawyers against the measures, and the general conditions of practicing legal professionals during the period.

Prime Minister Robert Peel was forced to resign in 1846 over the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Far from being a relatively unimportant piece of agricultural legislation, the Corn Laws, and their continuance, formed part of the ideology of the Conservative Party of the time. By proposing to Repeal the Corn Laws, Sir Robert was attacking the beliefs on which his party had won victory in the 1841 General Election. The result was a serious split within the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws. The majority of Conservatives voted against their own government, while 114 'Peelite' Conservatives voted with Peel and the government. Why those particular Conservative Members decided to split away from their colleagues has been the subject of a large amount of research, mostly with 'demand-side' models which assume that the MP is little more than a mouthpiece for constituency interests. Peel's 1845 motion, a year before Repeal, to increase the yearly grant to the Irish Catholic seminary at Maynooth created very large controversy, and a backbench rebellion in which half of his own party voted against the government. As with Repeal, Maynooth passed only because the Opposition party decided to side with the government. This article uses principal component analysis and a classification tree analysis for the first time to show that while Conservative Members were voting with constituency interests in mind, their previous voting record over Maynooth is an overlooked and important predictor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charles I summoned his Scottish estates three times before the Scottish revolution of 1638: in 1625, 1630 and 1633. This article examines the convention of estates of 1630, held one year after Charles had suspended his English parliament. Members of the convention agreed to renew the regular parliamentary taxation (though they refused to vote it for a longer period) and proved surprisingly co-operative over Charles's controversial revocation. However, there was a major explosion of opposition on religious grounds. Two presbyterian petitions attempted to sabotage the enforcement of the five articles of Perth, the crown's flagship liturgical policy; the petitions seemed likely to attract the support of a majority of the estates but were suppressed by high-handed government action. A resolution by the estates against the five articles of Perth might have had a similar effect to the House of Commons' resolutions of 1629 that led to the suspension of the English parliament. The article examines what is known about the dissidents and argues that continuity can be identified both with previous opponents of royal policy (notably in 1621) and with subsequent support for the National Covenant after 1638. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biographical details of a significant family firm of early nineteenth-century botanical engravers are presented for the first time; in particular for Henry Hopkins Weddell (1794-1838), his brother Edward Smith Weddell (1796-1858) and their step-father John Warner (?1753-?1819). Two large presentation engravings ('swagger prints'), both privately published in 1826, are discussed - Doryanthes excelsa made for Walter Frederick Campbell of Islay and Rafflesia arnoldii commissioned by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. Also discussed are botanical aspects of the two plants and the history of their representation; brief biographical details of Raffles and Campbell are also provided. A catalogue of the firm's prints is appended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dugald Semple (1884-1964), living in Ayrshire, Scotland, was a prolific twentieth-century author of books and articles in local newspapers on natural history, as well as on diet and simple living. Forsaking a conventional urban life he chose to live close to nature in rural surroundings. Espousing vegetarianism he emulated Thoreau, following for fifty years a Ghandi-like philosophy of simplicity while earning enough from his writings and lecturing to provide for what he could not grow himself. It was his life outdoors and his enthusiasm for the natural world that he imparted not only in the printed word, but also in lectures to all who were prepared to listen. He illustrated many of his articles with his own photographs, a collection of which survive as deteriorating glass-quarter-plate negatives and lantern slides, along with three decrepit, but extensive, scrapbooks of his personal press cuttings. These form the basis for his contribution to the popularization of natural history, which deserves to be more widely recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It had long been believed that none of the bird, egg or nest specimens that had been in the collection of Sir Hans Sloane at his death in 1753 had survived. However, a specimen of a rhinoceros hornbill, originally in Sloane's hands, was discovered in the Natural History Museum's collections in London in 2003, and three more Sloane hornbill specimens have subsequently come to light. In addition, we report here a most unexpected discovery, that of the head of a woodpecker among the pages of one of Sloane's bound volumes of pressed plants. The context suggests that the head, like its associated plant specimens, was probably collected in south-east Asia about 1698-1699 by Nathanael Maidstone, an East India Company trader, the material reaching Sloane via William Courten after the latter's death in 1702. A detailed description of the head is provided, along with observations on its identity and possible provenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the arguments within the British Foreign Office in the 1970s with regards to the diplomatic recognition of North Korea. Topics discussed include the conventional policy of Great Britain for North Korean recognition, impact of the divisions within the Foreign Office on the decision-making process, and the role of the diplomatic incidents within the British and United Nations (UN) arena in the legitimate postponement of Pyongyang's British recognition in 1976.

The article discusses the role of the American movies in the British Empire from 1918-1930, the inter-war era. Topics discussed the debates concerning the threat posed by Hollywood movies to the British Empire, influence of such movies in both the cultural and social lives of the people in Great Britain, and also its impact to the imperial loyalties.

The article discusses the connections between the British imperialism and the U.S. economic expansion in the 19th century. Topics discussed include the establishment of the Anglo-American inter-imperialism, American expatriates' importance in London, England, and the total American population in Great Britain in the late 19th century. Also mentioned is the role of the imperial strategy of Burroughs Wellcome (BW), an American pharmaceutical firm, in the Anglo-American inter-imperialism.

This article examines the records of the library of Queen Caroline of Ansbach (1683-1737), wife of George II, focusing on the holdings of English poetry, drama, and prose fiction. It argues that Caroline's English literary patronage has been underestimated, and that several members of her court were also active literary patrons. Looking at Caroline's library can help us understand the nature and extent of early Hanoverian court patronage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the exhibition of India and Indian goods in Scotland during the 19th century. The author discusses how empire impacted popular culture in Scotland, explores the economic relationship between Scottish craft production and the Indian textile industry, and examines how Indian exhibitions influenced Scottish cultural identity through all social classes.

The article discusses the effect of of philanthropic efforts by British and Irish aristocratic women on the promotion and use of of Irish textiles in fashion in the 19th century, with a focus on the Irish Industries Association, which advocated for fashion retailers and magazines to buy and promote clothing made from Irish textiles. Topics include the work of Ishbel, Countess of Aberdeen; lace and embroidery fashion accessories; and the designs sold at Fenwick's department store.

The Scottish Committee on the History of Parliament was established in 1936 as an offshoot of Col. Josiah Wedgwood's scheme for a collaborative 'history of parliament' researched and written on biographical lines. Circumstances, however, determined that the Scottish history would take a separate path. When Wedgwood's scheme was revived in 1951 an unsuccessful attempt was made to reintegrate the two projects. Discussions between the respective managing committees were conflicted and often bad-tempered, focussing on different interpretations of the nature of the united parliament created in 1707. The Scottish committee insisted that it was a new constitutional entity, while the English saw it as a continuation of the Westminster parliament with Scottish MPs added. This story of mutual incomprehension illustrates the profound differences between Scottish and English academics in the writing of parliamentary history, and also reveals a hitherto unobserved element in the development among leading Scottish jurists of a strain of 'legal nationalism' based on their interpretation of the constitutional significance of the Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which discusses the development of the British national anthems "God Save the King" and "God Save the Rights of Man" from the 18th century through the mid 19th century, with a particular focus on the poetry of writer Percy Bysshe Shelley's relationship with the anthem. The influence that British radicals had on British national anthems, including in regard to the political movement of the Jacobites, is discussed.

The literary and pedagogic style of books popularizing marine natural history for the British public shifted during the nineteenth century. Previously, natural history books had been written largely by men, with notable exceptions like Isabella Gifford, Mary Gatty and Mary Roberts. Gentlemen naturalists tended to be clerics or medics; educated men conventionally viewing their interest as revelatory of the Divine in nature. Typically, women were less well educated than men but some from clerical backgrounds, having better access to learning, became significant popularizers of natural history. Gosse's works promoting aquaria and 'rock-pooling' (typically among the middle classes), helped to develop a ready market for the plethora of popular seashore books appearing in the 1850s; with coastal access being facilitated by expansion of the railways. Controversies concerning evolution rarely penetrated works aimed at a popular readership. However, the style adopted by marine natural history writers had changed noticeably by the end of the nineteenth century. The earlier conversational dialogue or narrative forms gave way to a more terse scientific style, omitting references to the Divine. Evolutionary ideas were affecting populist texts on littoral natural history, even if only covertly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In about 1920, Miss Edith Hodson set up a draper's and haberdasher's shop at the family home in front of her brother Edgar's lock factory in the Midlands town of Willenhall. This article explains how the author became involved with the shop's remaining stock and looks at some of the customers' experiences of it. It goes on to describe the collection of clothes and related items, mostly comprising working-class women's and children's garments and accessories from 1920 to the early 1960s. The collection includes Utility pieces, quantities of haberdashery, and costume jewellery and cosmetics of the 1950s. A large archive has also been preserved of the shop's paperwork (bills, invoices, bank statements, correspondence), warehouse catalogues, advertising pamphlets and women's magazines. The ownership of the collection was passed to Walsall Museum in February 1993. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the mechanics' institute library movement is investigated, providing an opportunity to identify the impact these libraries had on a predominately working-class adult readership both before and after the passing of the Public Libraries Act in 1850. In particular, the impact that the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes had on the library movement is explored. The contention made before the Select Committee on Public Libraries in 1849 that 'for the last many years in England everybody has been educating the people, but they have forgotten to find them any books' is reassessed. In addition, the view held by some education historians that mechanics' institutes were 'frivolous and their libraries were only used for fiction' is challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses political parties, elections, and women politicians in Scotland and England from 1918 to 1939. Topics include the participation of women as candidates and Ministers of Parliament (MPs) in Scotland in comparison to those in England, the role of women in Scottish municipal governments, and the role of women in the rise of Great Britain's Labour Party.