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An essay is presented which discusses the relationship between the theft of paper, the use of paper as a food wrapper for cheese and London, England's book industry from 1750 through 1799. An overview of the theft of paper from London printers and booksellers and its sale to cheese shops is provided.

A series of research papers that appeared from 2000 to 2009 made the case that the UK authorities in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s eschewed Phillips-curve-based analysis and that, consequently, the UK Great Inflation of the 1970s should not be regarded as resulting from policymakers' pursuit of a perceived long-run inflation/unemployment trade-off. The position advanced in these 2000−2009 papers was that, instead, UK economic policy until 1979 subscribed to a nonmonetary perspective on inflation. This perspective implied UK authorities' rejection of Phillips-curve-type trade-off analysis, but it also meant that they misjudged the importance of monetary policy in inflation control, thereby compounding the country's inflation problem. When this series of papers began to appear at the start of the 2000s, the trade-off-centered interpretation of the US Great Inflation was highly prevalent and was also being applied to the UK Great Inflation. By late in the decade, however, the case—as outlined in the 2000−2009 papers—against Phillips-curve-based accounts of historical policy conduct had gained notable acceptance among central bankers and academic researchers who discussed the UK Great Inflation. This article corrects erroneous statements that the challenge to Phillips-curve-based accounts of historical UK policymaker behavior only appeared in research starting in the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the "bullion debate" during what is known as the Restrictive period at the turn of the 19th century in Great Britain. The debate centered on the complex relationship between inflation, the exchanges, and monetary control and their influence on the fluctuating market price of gold when the government restricted the convertibility of notes issued by the Bank of England between 1797 and 1821. Bullionists criticized the Bank of England and supported an early return to convertibility, while the anti-bullionist defended the Bank's actions and inconvertibility. Particular attention is paid to the innovative analysis of the debate devised by economist Henry Thornton in his book "An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain," published in 1802.

The article presents an in-depth examination into the history of the economic theory of fiduciary money in Great Britain during the lifetime of the late 18th-century English economist Henry Thornton. The conditions and developments of the English financial system in and around 1797 are described. Thornton's influences on that system in 1802 are then discussed. The influence and views of the philosophers and economists Adam Smith, David Hume and John Law during the era are also noted. Conclusions are then offered asserting the importance of Thornton's work in pioneering the practice.

The article focuses on the study "Will the Dollar Be Scarce?" by economist John Maynard Keynes on the capacity of Great Britain to pay its debts to the United States during the Anglo-American loan negotiations in the autumn of 1945. Recuperating at Tilton over the Christmas holidays after the loan negotiations ended and Great Britain Parliament had approved the loan agreement on December 18, 1945, Keynes decided to work the paper up for publication in the "Economic Journal." He told economist Roy Harrod, who had succeeded him as editor of that journal, of his intention on January 4, 1946. He sent a first draft of "The Balance of Payments of the United States," to Harrod on January 25, 1946. He received Treasury approval for the publication of the article on February 2, 1946. The delay in publication turned out to be fortunate as it gave Keynes an opportunity to get his statistical material updated and vetted in Washington during his visit to the United States for the inaugural meetings at Savannah, Georgia, of the International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

The article discusses the work of Henry Thornton as a monetary economist in the during the 19th century, examining Thornton's deep faith in God as well as Thornton's distinct separation of theology and economics. Speculation is offered by the author regarding the reasons for Thornton's partition between theology and economic theory. Other topics include an examination of Thornton's work entitled "An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain" and Thornton's understanding of monetary macroeconomics.

The sibling correlation (SC), which estimates the total effect of family background (i.e., social origins), can be interpreted as measuring a society's inequality of opportunity. Its sensitivity to observed and unobserved factors makes the SC an all-encompassing measure and an attractive choice for comparative research. We gather and summarize all available estimates of SCs in educational attainment (M =.46, SD =.09) and employ meta-regression to explore variability in these estimates. First, we find significantly lower SCs in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark than in the United States, with U.S. correlations roughly.10 (i.e., 25%) higher. Most other (primarily European) countries in our study are estimated to fall in between these countries and the United States. Second, we find a novel Great Gatsby Curve–type positive association between income inequality in childhood and the SC, both cross-nationally and within countries over time. This finding supports theoretical accounts of the Great Gatsby Curve that emphasize the role of educational inequality as a link between economic inequality and social immobility. It implies that greater equality of educational opportunity likely requires reduced economic inequality. Additionally, correlations between sisters are modestly higher, on average, than those between brothers or all siblings, and we find no overall differences between cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a first synthesis of population flows and labor market dynamics across immigrant and native-born populations. We devise a novel dynamic accounting methodology that integrates population flows from two sources—changes in birth cohort size and immigrant flows—with labor market dynamics. We illustrate the method using data for the United Kingdom, where population flows have been large and cyclical, driven first by the maturation of baby boom cohorts in the 1980s and later by immigration in the 2000s. New measures of labor market flows by migrant status uncover the flow origins of disparities in the levels and cyclicality of immigrant and native labor market outcomes and their more recent convergence. An application of our accounting framework reveals that population flows have played a nontrivial role in the volatility of labor markets among the UK-born and, especially, immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility rates among individuals in their 20s have fallen sharply across Europe over the past 50 years. The implications of delayed first births for fertility levels in modern family regimes remain little understood. Using microsimulation models of childbearing and partnership for the 1970–1979 birth cohorts in Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, and Norway, we implement fictive scenarios that reduce the risk of having a first child before age 30 and examine fertility recovery mechanisms for aggregate fertility indicators (the proportion of women with at least one, two, three, or four children; cohort completed fertility rate). Exposure to a first birth increases systematically in the ages following the simulated reduction in first-birth risks, leading to a structural recovery in childbearing that varies across countries according to their fertility and partnership regimes. Full recovery requires an increase in late first-birth risks, with greater increases in countries where late family formation is uncommon and average family sizes are larger: in scenarios where early fertility declines substantially (a linear decline from 50% at age 15 to 0% at age 30), first-birth risks above age 30 would have to increase by 54% in Great Britain, 40% in Norway and Sweden, and 20% in Italy to keep completed fertility constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the so-called Cambridge post-Keynesians from the point of view of one who was exposed to them as an undergraduate, with the addition of some mature thoughts. As confirmed by Luigi Pasinetti in his 2007 book Keynes and the Cambridge Keynesians: A "Revolution in Economics" to Be Accomplished, there was never a unified school. A major theme, particularly for Joan Robinson, was the theory of investment advanced by Keynes in his General Theory. This in turn is examined critically. The post-Keynesian group, with the notable exception of Nicholas Kaldor, proved to be remarkably unproductive. This is explained by an essentially negative approach and by a tradition of self-righteous intolerance that goes back to Keynes himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines an early work published in 1911 by economist John Maynard Keynes regarding statistics and probability. The author presents the critical reception of the work. Philosophers, such as Bertand Russell, were generally well-disposed to it but statisticians disliked it and it faded from view for several years. The paper addresses the reaction as well as Keynes' ideas and a historical overview of the state of statistics in 1909. It also connects Keynes early work in statistics with his later contributions to monetary economics.

This article discusses the analysis by Lionel Robbins, a British economist, of the economic role of the state in support for the arts in financing public museums and galleries, focusing on the essay Art and State. A summary of the arguments made for government support of the arts in Art and State is provided. The relation of these arguments both to Robbins' views on economics and his love for the arts is indicated. Utilizing biographical and other information to be found in his unpublished papers as well as the archives of the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery, the context and origins of the essay are described. As part of a campaign of pressure on the state to provide money for art, it comprehends the arguments Robbins was putting to Treasury ministers and officials at the time.

This article discusses the dispute between John Maynard Keynes and Dennis Robertson over matters of monetary policy. The dispute centered on the role of savings and investment in the determination of the rate of interest, encapsulated in the post-1945 period in the phrase, liquidity preference versus loanable funds. The National Debt Enquiry of the British government was approved in August 1944 to examine the goals and techniques of postwar monetary and debt management policy, including cheap money and the measures necessary to sustain it over the long period. The Enquiry accepted that exchange controls removed the overseas constraint on interest rate policy and that physical controls, rationing and taxation would be the main instruments of anti-inflammatory policy in the immediate postwar period. Their report thus proposed that monetary policy should be used to meet official and social needs while leaving the authorities maximum freedom of action over the longer term. As for other interest rates, it foresaw lower short-term rates and slightly lower rates for five- and ten-year securities. For each class of securities, the authorities should, as they had done during the war, simply set the terms and leave the market's liquidity preference to determine the volume of securities.

This research note reinvestigates Abdellaoui et al.'s (2019) findings that genetically selective migration may lead to persistent and accumulating socioeconomic and health inequalities between types (coal mining or non-coal mining) of places in the United Kingdom. Their migration measure classified migrants who moved to the same type of place (coal mining to coal mining or non-coal mining to non-coal mining) into "stay" categories, preventing them from distinguishing migrants from nonmigrants. We reinvestigate the question of genetically selective migration by examining migration patterns between places rather than place types and find genetic selectivity in whether people migrate and where. For example, we find evidence of positive selection: people with genetic variants correlated with better education moved from non-coal mining to coal mining places with our measure of migration. Such findings were obscured in earlier work that could not distinguish nonmigrants from migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of undocumented migrants is increasing in many Western countries despite wide-ranging attempts by governments to increase border security. Measures taken to control the influx of immigrants include policies that restrict access to publicly funded health care for undocumented migrants. These restrictions to health care access are controversial, and evidence suggests they do not always have the intended effect. This study provides a comparative analysis of institutional, actor-related, and contextual factors that have influenced health care policy development on undocumented migrants in England and the Netherlands. For undocumented migrants, England restricts its access to care at the point of service, while the Netherlands restricts through the payment system for services. The study includes an analysis of policy papers and semistructured, in-depth interviews with various actors in both countries. Findings confirm the influence of such contextual factors as immigration considerations and cost concerns on health care policy making in this area. However, these factors cannot explain the differences between the two countries. Previously enacted policies, especially the organization of the health care system, affected the kind of restrictions for undocumented migrants. Concerns about the side effects of generous treatment of undocumented migrants on other groups played a substantial role in formulating restrictive policies in both countries. Evidently, policy development and implementation is critically affected by institutional rules, which govern the degree of influence that doctors and professional medical associations have on the policy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the life of George Gascoigne (c. 1537-1577), a self-named prodigal and the most successful alleged failure in Elizabethan letters. He left as much of a paper record as a debtor and litigant as he did in his role as an author; his usual self-identification, prudently enough, highlighted his profession as a soldier. Gascoigne was neither a leveler nor a criminal; he was not an atheist, and there is no evidence of homosexuality on his part. Of special importance to this metrics are the affective and other relations among, in Gascoigne's phrase, "sundrie gentlemen" who are nether true equals nor drastically vertically distinguished, men who may be said to be socially proximate to one another. The detailed negotiation of social proximity between and among men that Gascoigne's case illustrates bears directly on issues raised in the developing course of early modern histories of sexuality.

The health care systems of the United States and the United Kingdom are changing rapidly. After the Thatcher government's 1989 white paper, the formerly unified British National Health Service (NHS) was split into purchaser and provider sides, with the NHS District Health Authorities becoming purchasers, and the NHS hospitals, now reconstructed as independent NHS trusts, becoming providers. The U.S. health care system, driven by market forces rather than government fiat, has been moving rapidly toward integration, with increasingly formalized purchaser and provider relationships. Contracts are found at the purchaser/provider interface in both systems. We reviewed American and British purchaser/provider contracts. The contracts address similar issues but often take disparate approaches. These dissimilarities illuminate the profound, continuing differences between the two systems. They also, however, offer possibilities to transfer contracting "technology" between the two contracting cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teen mothers experience disadvantage across a wide range of outcomes. However, previous research is equivocal with respect to possible long-term mental health consequences of teen motherhood and has not adequately considered the possibility that effects on mental health may be heterogeneous. Drawing on data from the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study, this article applies a novel statistical machine-learning approach--Bayesian Additive Regression Trees--to estimate the effects of teen motherhood on mental health outcomes at ages 30, 34, and 42. We extend previous work by estimating not only sample-average effects but also individual-specific estimates. Our results show that sample-average mental health effects of teen motherhood are substantively small at alltime points, apart from age 30 comparisons to women who first became mothers at age 25-30. Moreover, we find that these effects are largely homogeneous for allwomen in the sample--indicating that there are no subgroups in the data who experience important detrimental mental health consequences. We conclude that there are likely no mental health benefits to policy and interventions that aim to prevent teen motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an investigation of the treatment of surrenderers in King Philip's War (1675-76) in New England, particularly with regard to enslavement. Fear of slavery was a tangible, deep concern for most New England natives involved in the war. Threats of enslavement influenced the involvement of native individuals and groups, driving some into deeper "rebellion" and others to surrender. Each colony had differing policies for surrendering natives, but generally the hundreds of surrenderers received far worse treatment than they expected, facing execution, overseas enslavement, local limited-term enslavement, and forced relocation. Perhaps the most fascinating element of this saga is the degree to which English-allied native leaders worked to influence the treatment of surrenderers, helping them to escape to New York, harboring runaways, and in other ways trying to keep natives out of English households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers a close examination of director Mike Leigh's Peterloo, which recounts the struggle for parliamentary reform in Great Britain between the battle of Waterloo and the Peterloo massacre of 1819. Peterloo succeeds, the essay contends, because of Leigh's approach to the craft of filmmaking. If we take Peterloo on its own terms, that is, with an understanding of the unique form of creative labor that went into it, we get a better sense of what we can learn from it, about class politics, about power, about the complicated and difficult formation of democratic movements such as that which brought those many thousands to St. Peter's Field in 1819. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant populations typically have lower mortality rates and longer life expectancies than their nonimmigrant counterparts. This immigrant mortality advantage has been a recurrent finding in demographic and population health research focused on contemporary waves of immigration. However, historical data suggest that European immigrants to the United States in the early twentieth century had worse health and higher rates of mortality, yet it remains unclear why a mortality advantage was absent for immigrants during this period. This article combines Vital Statistics records and Lee-Carter mortality models to analyze mortality by nativity status for the U.S. White population from 1900 to 1960, examining variation by age, sex, time, and place. Contrary to contemporary expectations of a foreign-born mortality advantage, White immigrants had higher mortality rates in the early 1900s, with the largest foreign-born disadvantage among the youngest and oldest populations. Although foreign-born and U.S.-born White mortality rates trended toward convergence over time, the foreign-born mortality penalty remained into the 1950s. A decomposition analysis finds that immigrants' concentration in cities, which had higher rates of infectious disease mortality, accounted for nearly half of the nativity difference in 1900, and this place effect declined in subsequent decades. Additional evidence, such as a spike in mortality inequalities during the 1918 influenza pandemic, suggests that common explanations for the immigrant mortality advantage may be less influential in a context of high risk from infectious disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility, health, education, and other out comes of interest to demographers are the product of an individual's genetic makeup and their social environment. Yet, gene x environment (GxE) research deploys a limited toolkit on the genetic side to study the gene--environment interplay, relying on polygenic scores (PGSs) that reflect the influence of genetics on levels of an out come. In this article, we develop a genetic summary measure better suited for GxE research: variance poly genic scores (vPGSs), which are PGSs that reflect genetic contributions to plasticity in out comes. First, we use the UK Biobank (N ~ 408,000 in the analytic sample) and the Health and Retirement Study (N ~ 5,700 in the analytic sample) to compare four approaches to constructing PGSs for plasticity. The results show that widely used methods for discovering which genetic variants affect out come variability fail to serve as distinctive new tools for GxE. Second, using the PGSs that do capture distinctive genetic contributions to plasticity, we analyze heterogeneous effects of a UK education reform on health and educational attainment. The results show the properties of a useful new tool for population scientists studying the interplay of nature and nurture and for population-based studies that are releasing PGSs to applied researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economist turned entrepreneur Say was uncertain about his future in 1814 when he was commissioned by the French government to document British industrial progress at a critical point of the industrial takeoff. This trip offered the opportunity to observe the economic life of a different country and to deepen his knowledge of the economic consequences of parliamentarism or the Corn Laws. He also developed a specific understanding of the changes occurring in Britain stressing economies of scale, the role of coal for steam, and the horrific situation of the working class. As key causes, he identified British naval domination of the seas and, more surprisingly, the general distortion induced by very heavy taxation. Through his travel, Say also imported new views about education that he disseminated in France before turning himself to the teaching of economics, starting, at forty-eight years of age, an academic career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that discusses the role of economist John Maynard Keynes as a public intellectual. Books by Kenyes including "The Economic Consequences of the Peace," "General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," and "A Tract on Monetary Reform" are addressed. Topics include his writing for the newspaper "Manchester Guardian," his liberal political views, and his writing for the periodical "Nation and Athenaeum."

This article explores the emergence of a new mode of representing the poor that became dominant in Britain in the early twentieth century—a mode in which the "point of view" of impoverished people themselves was increasingly foregrounded. Focusing on examples drawn from documentary film, Mass Observation, and the publications of Victor Gollancz Ltd., the article considers how, while marking a kind of formal shift away from a late Victorian discourse of poverty, this development maintains that earlier discourse's disciplinary agenda. In examining three case studies—John Taylor, Arthur Elton, Edgar Anstey, and Ruby Grierson's Housing Problems; Humphrey Jennings and Charles Madge's Mass Observation Day Survey; and H. Beales and R. Lambert's Memoirs of the Unemployed—it argues that the new point of view mode marked a continuation in the twentieth century of the outlook that shaped representations of poverty in the late Victorian era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British National Health Service (NHS) is undergoing possibly the most far-reaching set of changes in its sixty-five-year history.While some commentators (like Rudolf Klein) insist that little of substance is likely to change, others consider that the politics of reform may prove quite different on this occasion. The coalition government is committed to restructuring the welfare state and public services and to rolling back the state. The NHS as a popular monopoly public service runs counter to its neoliberal ideology. While (for now) remaining committed to a publicly funded system of health care that is largely free at point of use, the government wishes to encourage much greater diversity in the provision of care, including a much larger role for the for-profit private sector. Despite significant opposition to its proposals, few concessions have been forthcoming, and the legislation that passed onto the statute book in March 2012 remained essentially unchanged.Notwithstanding the lack of convincing evidence, the government is wedded to encouraging greater competition and choice. Those who believe the changes will amount to far less than its architects hope for are being too complacent and overlooking the strength of the government's ideological convictions. These threaten to dismantle the NHS and replace it with a more costly, fragmented, and less effective system of care that is driven by profit in place of the public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the work of economist William Arthur Lewis from 1933 to 1948 at the London School of Economics (LSE). Topics include Lewis's origins in the British Caribbean territory Saint Lucia, the influence of economist Arnold Plant on Lewis, and the relation of economist Lionel Robbins to Lewis's Keynesian views. Also addressed are Lewis's work as an economic advisor to the British Colonial Office, Lewis's association with anti-imperialists in the context of anti-black racial discrimination in England, and his views on labor unrest in the British West Indies.

An essay is presented that discusses pedestrian conditions in light of mass motorization as exemplified by the activism of the British activist movement Pedestrians' Association (PA). Topics include motor vehicle accident deaths among pedestrians in Great Britain, the development of traffic laws, and problems with urban traffic congestion and high traffic speeds. The periodical "The Pedestrian" is noted.

The article examines the role of 19th century British botanist Alfred Russel Wallace, whose work on evolution paralleled that of Charles Darwin, in the history of economics, and how economic thought affected Wallace's own work. The influence of the book "Essay on Population," by T. R. Malthus, on Wallace's ideas of evolution is considered. Wallace's association with John Stuart Mill on land tenure and land reform issues in Great Britain is discussed, as is Wallace's enthusiasm for the book "Progress & Poverty," by Henry George. Wallace was an active proponent of social change in Great Britain, and was allied with many ideas deemed radical. His status as a preeminent scientist gave him a forum to espouse social justice, which he felt was the ultimate outcome of human evolution.

The article discusses several papers published within the issue including one by Anne-Marie Angelo on how global-local diasporic consciousness caused a wave of activism in Great Britain in the 1970s and another by Deborah A. Thomas on the relation between violence and gendered and sexual discourses in the formation of black identities and politics.

The article focuses on the University of Cambridge, England, as the location of the development of research and theories in the Cambridge school of economics, particularly between the 1920s and 1960s. The article looks at a group of economists to reconstruct Cambridge in those years and explore the space it symbolized for economics. The article discusses how theories emerged from the environment in Cambridge and suggests that the Cambridge economists are more of a group than a school. Particular attention is given to several economists including John Maynard Keynes, Arthur Cecil Pigou and Dennis Robertson.

The article discusses information about the family, life, and ancestry of economist William Thomas Thornton found in some of his manuscripts and letters. The importance of the lack of information surrounding Thornton's personal life is explored. The available sources on Thornton's life are described, including the book "Collected Works of John Stuart Mill," which contains letters between Mill and Thornton. The discovery of the Thornton family letters is discussed and the usefulness of these documents to the study of Thornton's life is also examined.

This article focuses on the book Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes, written by James Buchanan and Richard Wagner, which centered on the role of economist John Maynard Keynes in budget deficits. One of the questionable things about budget accounting that Keynes encountered was the fact that the sinking fund had been counted in the current budget expenditure in Great Britain since 1875. Having been conscientious and well informed about government budget accounts, Keynes made two arguments during his career that bear on Buchanan's and Wagner's misrepresentation of him. One of his arguments was that during times of unemployment, it might be desirable to reduce the size of the sinking fund contribution for a given year and to use the funds to support investment such as road construction. The second argument was that the government's current expenditure account should not be in deficit. Buchanan and Wagner make it the fundamental tenet of classical or pre-Keynesian fiscal principles that budgets normally produced surpluses during peacetime, and these surpluses were used to retire the debt created during war emergencies. What Keynes said about loan expenditure was all tied to his beliefs about using the sinking fund creatively and not incorrectly including it in the budget; nowhere does he talk about continually increasing government budget deficits.

Examines British imperial involvement in the Gulf Region. Infrastructure that enabled Great Britain's Political Resident in the Gulf and its small cadre of British officers to manage political relations with dozens of rulers and governors in Eastern Arabia and Southern Persia; Difference between the traditional view of Britain's informal empire in the Gulf and the reality of how it actually functioned during the 19th century; Effectiveness of the Gulf Residency in working within the indigenous political systems of the Gulf.

This article discusses the practice and punishment of monetary crime in England from 1690 to 1830. In the 1690s during the financial revolution, clipping and counterfeiting emerged as serious threats to the commercial base of England and its bid to become a global power. This led to calls for a stricter penal code and an increased application of the death penalty to eliminate the problem. The state responded quickly, rewriting the laws regarding clipping and counterfeiting of coins, as well as passing new capital status regarding the counterfeiting of Bank of England notes. Clipping undermined the authority of the state. In order to ensure the acceptability of the money-object, the state had been assigned the task of stamping each coin, as a guarantee of weight and fineness. The success in finding and prosecuting the clippers and counterfeiters, combined with the unwillingness to give amnesty to convicted criminals is believed by some to have reestablished the death penalty as an effective deterrent to counterfeiting. Considering that the death penalty was primarily used as a mechanism for deterring prospective clippers and counterfeiters and for signaling to money users that the state was taking serious measures to ensure the continued exchangeability of silver, it was of paramount importance that the executions were highly visible and publicized.

An accurate estimation of international migration is hampered by a lack of timely and comprehensive data, and by the use of different definitions and measures of migration in different countries. In an effort to address this situation, we complement traditional data sources for the United Kingdom with social media data: our aim is to understand whether information from digital traces can help measure international migration. The Bayesian framework proposed is used to combine data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the Facebook Advertising Platform to study the number of European migrants in the United Kingdom, with the aim of producing more accurate estimates of the numbers of European migrants. The overarching model is divided into a Theory-Based Model of migration and a Measurement Error Model. We review the quality of the LFS and Facebook data, paying particular attention to the biases of these sources. The results indicate visible yet uncertain differences between model estimates using the Bayesian framework and individual sources. Sensitivity analysis techniques are used to evaluate the quality of the model. The advantages and limitations of this approach, which can be applied in other contexts, are discussed. We cannot necessarily trust any individual source, but combining them through modeling offers valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the development of the idea that a fractional reserve banking system needs a lender of last resort in Great Britain, where it is widely recognized to have originated in the 1790s, and to have been articulated by Francis Baring and Henry Thornton. The Bank of England was reluctant to accept such a role; but the financial crisis of 1825 witnessed a dramatic volte-face on the part of the Bank, which, literally overnight, changed its policy, from one of resistance to requests for assistance to that of lending freely. A key question is the origin of that remarkable change. Following the events of 1825, the role of the Bank as lender of last resort was examined during the course of the select committee hearings of 1832 on the renewal of the Bank charter. In the subsequent debate during the 1830s, Thomas Joplin played a significant role. During the debate the currency school strongly, and for theoretically cogent reasons, opposed the idea that the Bank should have a last-resort role, and was successful in seeing the logic of its opposition embodied in the 1844 Bank Charter Act.

Presents information on a college course on the history of British imperialism and the dynamics of race, gender and class in the nineteenth century. Course description; Information on the reading requirements for the course; Principles and objectives of the course; Plan of action.

Presents a paper on Henry Fielding's novel 'Tom Jones,' focusing on the illegitimacy of his birth. Thematic significance of the illegitimacy of Tom; Analysis of the basis pattern of genealogical disturbances in the novel; Influence of Fielding's involvement in the political debate surrounding the 1745 rebellion on the novel; Examination of the allegorical nature of the novel.

Presents a paper on the Tory view of geography. Contribution of Tory geographical principles to the expansion of Great Britain's mercantile empire during 1714-1763; Introduction of an ancient theory of history based upon the shaping power of terrain; Similarity between the Tory view of geography and the classical argument on topography set forth by historians.

The principal effects of Brexit on health and health care will fall within the United Kingdom, and all forms of Brexit have overwhelmingly negative implications for health care and health within the UK. This article focuses on the external effects of Brexit ("Brexternalities") for health and health care. The EU is a particularly powerful institutional and legal arrangement for managing economic and political externalities in health policy as in any other policy. Equally, when a state leaves the EU, the manner of leaving will result in better or worse management of relevant externalities. Brexternalities thus involve questions about policy legitimacy and accountability. Health Brexternalities do not fall equally in all EU countries. They are felt more distinctly in the context of those elements of health policy that are most closely entwined with the UK's health policy (e.g., on the island of Ireland, certain areas of Spain, and other parts of southern Europe). Some health Brexternalities, such as in medicine safety, will be imposed on the whole population of the EU. And some health Brexternalities, such as communicable disease control, will be felt globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review essay on recent scholarship on Rock Against Racism argues that the original scholarship on the topic misunderstood the relationship of punk rock and Rock Against Racism to the Left and to transformations in capitalism in Great Britain and beyond in the 1970s. This review offers a reinterpretation of punk rock as a rank-and-file mobilization in the realm of culture at a moment when more traditional venues for rank-and-file mobilization became unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Democratic leadership in the White House and Congress in 2009-10 and the British Conservative/Liberal-Democrat Coalition government in 2010-12 each pursued a strategy of rapidly assembled multiple adjustments to the prevailing policy framework for health care rather than attempting a "big-bang" strategy of sweeping institutional change. Despite their relative modesty, each set of reforms encountered a highly conflictual and tortuous process of legislative passage. Subsequently, the reforms failed to gain broad public acceptance and were variously hobbled (in the United States) and transformed (in the United Kingdom) in the course of implementation. These two cases thus offer some common lessons about the potential and the pitfalls of such complex "mosaic" reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: This research examines the development of vaccination policy in Britain, the United States, and Australia to begin to understand the different forms of coercion that industrialized states utilize to achieve vaccination compliance from the majority of their citizens. Methods: This research applies a comparative-historical analysis of the three countries listed, using a combination of primary and secondary documents. Findings: The different degrees of compulsion in the vaccination policies of Britain, the United States, and Australia is explained through an analysis of the path-dependent ways that each nation adapted coercion in response to civil society resistance. Each nation has moved up and down a continuum of coercion searching for a policy that balances overcoming passive noncompliance without engendering active resistance. Arriving at different balancing points between these two objectives, the three nations have now institutionalized policies with different degrees of coercion. Conclusions: This research shows that vaccination policy is not just created top-down by the state, but through an ongoing interactive process with citizens and civil society. Furthermore, as vaccination is a "wicked problem" that faces ongoing civil society resistance, states will need to perpetually adapt the coerciveness of their policies into the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As diplomats across the world gathered in Paris in spring 1919 to discuss the peace process, observers asked "Whither India?" Critics wondered how the British government could enact emergency laws such as the Rowlatt Acts at the same time as it introduced the Government of India Act of 1919, which was intended to expand Indian involvement in governing the British dominions on the Indian subcontinent. Because Britain presented itself as a liberal form of empire on the international stage, its willingness to suspend rule of law over its subjects appeared contradictory. India's support of the Allied powers allowed Indian moderates to represent India in Paris; during the war, Indian subjects had contributed over one million soldiers and suffered influenza, plague, and famine. The possibility of a new relationship between those governing and those being governed led many Indians to demand an adherence to the rule of law, a guarantee of civil liberties, and the foundations of a government that was for and by the Indian people. In a time of revolution in Russia, and assassinations by anarchists in Italy and France, it seemed foolhardy to repress radicals by censoring the press, preventing the right of individuals to assemble, or detaining suspects before they had committed any crimes. Lala Lajpat Rai, an Indian political activist who had been part of the progressive wing of the Indian National Congress, wrote from the United States, "India is a part of the world and revolution is in the air all the world over. The effort to kill it by repression and suppression is futile, unwise, and stupid." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the issues that arise from social reproduction in Great Britain and highlights women, fiction, and affective labor as subordinated terms. Topics include the society's expectation that women are obliged to serve men, the 18th century narrative that women oversee households, and the political costs of that narrative to both men and women. Also discussed are the representation of women in novels and novels by women authors.

Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a universal, single-payer health system in which the central state has been instrumental in ensuring equity. This article investigates why from the 1970s a policy to achieve equal access for equal need was implemented. Despite the founding principle that the NHS should "universalize the best." this was a controversial policy goal, implying substantial redistribution from London and the South and threatening established medical, political, and bureaucratic interests. Our conceptual approach draws on the advocacy coalition framework (ACF), which foregrounds the influence of research and ideas in the policy process. We first outline the spatial inequities that the NHS inherited, the work of the Resource Allocation Working Parly (RAWP), and its new redistributive formula. We then introduce the ACF approach, analyzing the RAWP's prehistory and formation in advocacy coalition terms, focusing particularly on the rise of health economics. Our explanation emphasizes the consensual commitment to equity, which relegated conflict to more technical questions of application. The "buy-in" of midlevel bureaucrats was central to the RAWP's successful alignment of equity with allocative efficiency. We contrast this with the failure of advocacy for equity of health outcomes: here consensus over core beliefs and technical solutions proved elusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we explore systematically the different conceptions of health equity in key national health policy documents in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find substantial differences across the three countries in the characterization of group differences (by SES, race/ethnicity, or territory), and the theorized causes of health inequalities (socioeconomic structures versus health care system features). In all three countries, reports throughout the period alluded at least minimally to inequalities in social determinants as the underlying cause of health inequalities. However, even in the reports with the strongest attachment to this causal model, the authors stop well short of advocating the redistribution of power and resources that would likely be necessary to redress these inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]