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Proverbial expressions are linguistic elements that represent the images and values of a society. This study examines the portrayal of women in Jordanian proverbial expressions. It attempts to answer the following question: How are women portrayed in Jordanian folk proverbs? To this end, seventy-eight Jordanian proverbs related to women were collected through interviews and from published folklore books. Employing thematic analysis, the data were classified into eight categories, namely, women as wives, unmarried women, women as mothers, women as daughters, widowed women, divorced women, women as relatives-in-law and women in general. The analysis also shows that women are represented both negatively and positively in all categories. However, the negative image of women depicted in the proverbs exceeds the positive one. Based on the conclusions, some future research was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project establishing the Croatian paremiological minimum and optimum began in 2014 during which valuable data was collected from 1,585 informants, who completed two sets of field questionnaires – the first and the second final text presentation of the proverbs occurring most frequently in the three biggest Croatian corpora (see Aleksa Varga and Keglević 2020a). The questionnaires were analyzed using the model analysis developed by Chlosta and Grzybek (see Chlosta and Grzybek 2005, 2015 and Grzybek 2012), based on a 4-code system. Since part of the analysis of both studies regarding the zero variant and the familiarity of Croatian proverbs have already been published (see Aleksa Varga and Keglević 2020b), the scope of this paper lies in analyzing the variations of the first, second, or third degree. As one of the goals of the research, apart from establishing the Croatian paremiological minimum and/or optimum, is also the construction of an electronic Croatian paremiological thesaurus, it is of utmost importance to analyze the proverb variations from the field questionnaires for inclusion in the database as well; i.e., to determine if they appear frequently enough alongside or instead of the proposed zero variant. Therefore, the present paper analyzes the Croatian proverb variants of the first, second, and third degree from the quantitative, qualitative, and corpus linguistic point of view, providing suggestions on further steps in constructing the Croatian proverbial thesaurus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Hidden Warnings in the Song of Songs" by Christoph Levin examines the connection between the Song of Songs and the books of Genesis and Exodus. It is noted that Cant 7:11 alludes to Gen 3:16 and/or Gen 4:7. The authors argue that these references do not serve to correct the text, but rather serve as evidence for the warnings contained in the biblical texts. It is also pointed out that the Song of Songs was influenced by the processes of development in the Old Testament. The widespread interpretation that Cant 7:11 abolishes the subordination of women is considered unjust in relation to the nature of scriptural reference. Instead, it is argued that the keyword וְעָלַי תְּשׁוּקָתוֹ in Gen 4:7 points to the warning given to the woman. The warning is hidden in Cant 7:11-12 and states that the one who gives in to their desire will suffer the same fate as Cain. The text discusses various references to other biblical texts in the Song of Songs. Cant 4:11 refers to the warning against the foreign woman in Proverbs 5:3-7:27. Cant 8:7 emphasizes the power of love and possibly recalls Isaiah 43:2. These references serve to incorporate warnings and teachings into the Song of Songs. It is emphasized that these hidden quotations do not change the text of the Song of Songs, but rather add a subtext that meets the requirements of Torah obedience. [Extracted from the article]

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Chrétien de Troyes's Old French Arthurian romances have mostly found expression in corresponding German romances such as Hartmann von Aue's ›Iwein‹. Generally, Chrétien's romances have not influenced the German poets' lyrical works, so far as known, with one single exception: an ironic passage from Chrétien's ›Chevalier au lion‹ could have served as a model for the ironic speech in Hartmann's crusade song ›Ich var mit iuweren hulden‹ (MF 218,5). In Chrétien, Calogrenant, Yvain's cousin, informs the Arthurian court of his defeat by Esclados, and Yvain is eager to take revenge for his cousin. By using proverbial expressions which allude, inter alia, to the crusades against Noradin or Saladin, Keu, however, ironically reproaches Yvain for not following his words with action whereas at table, he is talking about heroic deeds he would achieve the following day. The discrepancy between word and deed is also a theme in Hartmann's crusade song. A much discussed passage in the song's second stanza first declares true love for God and then for one's lady as being willing to embark on a crusade. Then, however, a logical break occurs, when the singer, obviously on the point of departing, declares: ›yet if Saladin were alive and all his army, they would never take me a foot out of Franconia‹ (MF 218,19f.). Hartmann undoubtedly knew the ironic Noradin passage from Chrétien. Therefore, the question arises if the Saladin passage in Hartmann's crusade song should also be read ironically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal and literary history of casuistic law in Covenant Code and Deuteronomy can be described in the three phases of emergence of the single casuistic sentences, their redaction in a context of wisdom and their priestly theologization. For the redaction of casuistic legal sentences, techniques used in cuneiform law were amalgamated with those used in Proverbs. Then priests theologized the collections of casuistic law by installing YHWH as their legal source in order to strengthen the cohesion of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proverbs are notoriously hard to define, and various approaches to this problem are currently in use in the field of paremiology. The discussion in this paper develops a marker-based proverb definition based on linguistic criteria which is suitable for proverb research in linguistic paremiology. The basis of this definition is empirically supported by the results of an experiment with invented German proverbs containing different types of proverbial markers built on the design described in Arora (1984). The results of the experiment show the importance of proverbial markers for the successful identification of proverbs in discourse, thus allowing the establishment of a first hierarchy of proverbial markers. On a methodological level, the experimental design introduced provides insights into proverb structure and the nature of proverbiality. Furthermore, the results underline the fact that proverbial markers are not optional, but should be an essential aspect of every linguistic proverb definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies a subtype of the Finnish generalizing relative clause, referred to as the proverb formula. A generalizing relative clause refers to any person who fills the described condition. The proverb formula is used frequently in the Finnish translations of the Bible in the Book of Proverbs. The study examines two aspects that vary in this structure in Finnish editions from 1642 to 1992: the head pronoun of the relative clause and the order of the relative clause and the main clause. In the oldest of the studied translations, the most frequent one variant or the proverb formula begins with the relative clause, and the relative clause head in the main clause is a personal pronoun (hän). For the order of the structure, a clear model is found in the source texts of the translation. In later editions, personal pronoun heads were eliminated. Interestingly, they are not replaced with demonstrative heads, which would follow the most frequent proverb formula structure in Finnish vernacular and would also be recommenced by grammar guides. Instead, a variant with omission of the head pronoun gains in frequency. Variations within the proverb formula increase when the order with the main clause preceding the relative clause gains in frequency. The preference for omission of the head pronouns is not easily explainable. The article proposes that this variant was a conscious stylistic choice for solemn, biblical language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Sapientialized Priest?: Reconsidering the Priestly Torah in Sirach" examines the role of the priestly law in Ben Sira's book Sirach. It argues that Ben Sira places more emphasis on priestly leadership than on the authority of Moses. It is speculated that Ben Sira belongs to a priestly group or is subject to the circle of scribe-sages. It also discusses whether Ben Sira identifies the priestly law with wisdom and whether he supports the priestly ideology of the Pentateuch. It is noted that not all mentioned priestly texts point to the Aaronid priesthood. The text discusses whether the priestly ideology in Ben Sira corresponds to that in the Pentateuch. It is pointed out that Ben Sira does not show hostility towards the Levitical or Zadokite priests. It is also argued that Ben Sira probably does not support a political party, but rather chooses figures like Phinehas and Simon II due to his religious devotion to the temple. The main intention of Ben Sira regarding the priesthood lies primarily in the portrayal of wisdom figures within the instruction genre. The text deals with the role of the priesthood in Ben Sira's work. Ben Sira praises the priesthood as the embodiment of wisdom and particularly exalts Simon II. The wisdom given to the priests enables them to judge justly and continue the glory of the legitimate high priests in the next generations. Wisdom plays a central role in the glorification of individuals in Ben Sira's work. Those who accept wisdom and follow its path are rewarded with peace, joy, and protection, and they wear glorious clothing associated with the priestly glory of Aaron and Simon II. The text argues that Sirach is not strongly influenced by the priestly Pentateuch materials, but rather by the proverbs. It is claimed that the creation narratives in Sirach do not come from the priestly Pentateuch, but can rather be associated with non-priestly texts such as Genesis 2-3. It is also noted that Sirach addresses other themes and thoughts than Genesis 1-3. The connection between Sirach and the priestly Pentateuch is seen as problematic. The article examines the connection between the Book of Proverbs and the Book of Sirach. It is noted that various ideas and motifs, such as personified wisdom, the fear of the Lord, and wisdom as a pre-existing being, are directly connected to the Book of Proverbs. It is also pointed out that the opening and closing passages of both books address similar themes. The article argues that Jesus Sirach uses traditional wisdom literature, especially the Book of Proverbs, to secure the legitimacy of his priestly power and leadership. It emphasizes that Sirach should not be seen as a fusion of two separate traditions, but as an adaptation of the wisdom tradition in the Proverbs. [Extracted from the article]

In the article "Hebrew ḥāṭā’ in the G-Stem: »to Miss« or »to Sin«?" Richard Clifford argues that the Hebrew verb ḥāṭā’ should be translated as "to miss, not reach" rather than "to sin" in some biblical passages. This meaning is also found in related languages such as Akkadian, Arabic, and Ethiopian. Clifford identifies eleven biblical passages where "to miss, not reach" is a more accurate translation than "to sin". However, the religious significance of the verb led to the dominant biblical meaning of "to sin". The text discusses various passages in the Bible where the Hebrew word "ḥāṭā'" appears. It is argued that "ḥāṭā'" should not always be translated as "to sin", but can also mean "to miss" or "not reach". Using examples from the books of Isaiah, Proverbs, and Habakkuk, it is shown that the meaning of "ḥāṭā'" must be interpreted in the context of the respective texts. In some cases, "ḥāṭā'" is translated as "to sin" even though "to miss" or "not reach" would be more appropriate. The article examines the meaning of the Hebrew verb G-stem ḥāṭā’ in the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible. It is argued that in some cases, the translation as "to miss, not reach" fits better than the traditional meaning of "to sin". [Extracted from the article]

It can "explain translation procedure, process, and product from the point of view of what is (potentially) done by the original author in or by the text, what is (potentially) done in the translation as a response to the original, how and why it is done in that way in that context" ([24]: 4). Keywords: proverbs; translatability; metaphor; implicature; presupposition EN proverbs translatability metaphor implicature presupposition 131 150 20 10/26/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction The meaning transference has been a thorny issue in translation studies since its inception, and different linguistic approaches were used to explore its process such as structural linguistics ([66]), generative grammar ([51]; [52]), and systemic functional linguistics ([10]; [27]). 5 Discussion and concluding remarks As [53] and [43] noticed, the translation of proverbs across languages is worth exploring; however, it has not received the due attention in the pragmatic studies of translation. Thus, the (im)possibility of translation depends on the translation process and such ethnographic knowledge ([34]). Note, the main point here about un-translatability of such proverbs deals with their translations at the sentence or utterance level, rather than the inability of translators to learn such cultural knowledge to provide a translation with certain commentaries. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: phraseology; corpus pragmatics; Norwegian; contrastive corpus analysis; diachrony EN phraseology corpus pragmatics Norwegian contrastive corpus analysis diachrony 365 389 25 05/12/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction The scholarly field of contact linguistics was launched with two groundbreaking studies in the 1950s: [56] analysis of the linguistic systems of Swiss bilingual speakers, and [34] study of Norwegian spoken by immigrants to the United States. In the final case, the discourse marker I tingen er at is i , the diachronic-contrastive corpus method lead to the rejection of the borrowing hypothesis on the grounds that the phraseme existed at least two centuries before the massive influx from English onto Norwegian set in, and there is no evidence to suggest that its emergence in English predates that of Norwegian. As regards quantification, [23] observes that loan translations clearly dominate over direct borrowings and hybrid forms in German, as loan translations amount to about 70% of phraseological borrowings (see also [22]). 2 Characteristics of phraseological borrowing and analytical prerequisites A comprehensive and systematic study of phraseological borrowing requires analyses of the formal and functional properties of a borrowed phraseme. A cross-linguistic study of English phraseological translation loans and semantic loans]. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors go on to overview the background of the research into proverbs in general and anti-proverbs in particular, and discuss the paremiological metalanguage. In this respect, the comprehensive lists of the anti-proverbs in the selected five languages (from the collections that serve as the source of the empirical material dated no later than 2005) can now be supplemented by a slew of anti-proverbial texts that have been born in the recent propitious socio-political contexts. The volume under review is a comparative study of English, German, French, Russian, and Hungarian anti-proverbs based on well-known traditional texts by a group of internationally acclaimed proverb experts. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the variations and functions of the deictic address pronoun du (you) in the satirical Baroque drama "Absurda Comica. Oder Herr Peter Sequentz" written by Andreas Gryphius. Two types of address forms dominate in the drama, which vary in a highly systematic way. The most common one is the honorific form ihr 'you', which appears in addresses to humans of equal social status among both craftsmen and nobles. The more intimate pronoun du mainly occurs when the characters address themselves, their body parts or feelings and deities. Even lovers use the polite pronoun ihr; they switch to du solely when the beloved one is either absent or dead. In addition, there is a switch to du when the characters get into a quarrel, which illustrates the well-known connection of address pronouns to the expression of social deixis and politeness as well as the local, context-sensitive mechanisms of pronoun choice. Finally, generic uses of du are restricted to proverbs in the drama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yearbook of Phraseology, in its latest edition, focuses on idioms and proverbs from a monolingual perspective in Spanish, German, Croatian, and English. The articles presented in this edition are empirically and corpus linguistically oriented, exploring conceptual questions such as the idiomatic specificity of the discourse surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, word repetitions in speeches from a well-known English TV game show, and creativity in half-schematic phrase constructions. Additionally, three articles examine proverb variants in dictionaries, the phenomenon of hyperbole and its lexical marking, and phraseological valency from a diachronic perspective. The journal also includes book reviews and an obituary for a Swedish colleague. [Extracted from the article]

The Yearbook of Phraseology's editorial highlights the focus on idioms and proverbs in Spanish, German, Croatian, and English. The six papers presented in the issue are empirical or corpus-based, exploring topics such as the idiomatic specificity of corona discourse, word repetitions in English radio comedy, and creativity in constructional idioms. Three articles discuss idiom variants in dictionaries, hyperbole, and phraseological valency from a diachronic perspective. The editorial also includes reviews of recent publications and an obituary for a Swedish colleague. [Extracted from the article]

The study presented in this paper aims to perform a comprehensive analysis of the use of phraseological units (PUs) in contemporary Spanish according to two different levels of oral language production: (a) spontaneous informal (on the basis of conversations uttered among the contestants of the Spanish version of the reality show Big Brother), (b) spontaneous formal (on the basis of interviews performed on Spanish radio and TV programmes). The configuration of Spanish phraseology as it is used in formal and informal spontaneous oral language production will be investigated according to four variables: frequency distribution, typological distribution, stylistic distribution, and individual distribution. It will be shown that a) the more informal the discourse context, the higher the frequency of use of PUs, b) that idioms (and not routine formulae or proverbs) are clearly dominant in both formal and informal oral contexts, c) that there are speakers in formal discourse contexts who often utter informal PUs, d) that vulgar vs. non-vulgar PUs – and not so much informal vs. non-informal PUs – is the main disagreement between formal and informal spontaneous oral contexts, and e) that using vulgar PUs more or less frequently would be a highly individual issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a description of new specialized Shakespeare reference books belonging to English cultural heritage lexicography (dictionaries of characters, quotations, proverbs, guides, companions). The main accent is made on LSP titles published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries, describing terminology of different subject fields found in Shakespeare's works: economics, medicine, politics, philosophy, visual arts, religion, music, etc., where Shakespeare is known to be a professional. The article also covers needs and demands of LSP dictionaries target audience (theatre, cinema producers) and shows perspectives of the digital future of Shakespeare lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le Ps 109 développe dans le Psautier le thème de la malédiction qui y est très peu présent par ailleurs, le Psautier se présentant comme un livre de bénédictions. Il s'agit en fait d'un retournement de malédictions contre celui qui les pratique. De ce point de vue le Ps 109 se situe dans la ligne des dénonciations de Pr 30,11–14, non seulement quant à l'usage de la malédiction et de la bénédiction, mais encore quant aux comportements à l'égard du pauvre et du malheureux 'ny et 'bywn, comme dans le premier psautier davidique Ps 3–41. Voir également les liens plus larges du Ps 18 avec Pr 30,1–14, le Ps 18 comportant une réaffirmation conjointe du pauvre et du messie. Les allusions du Ps 109 quant aux rites de malédictions trouvent quelques parallèles bibliques, mais également extrabibliques quant aux rites liés à l'alliance d'un suzerain avec ses subordonnés. Ps 109 develops the theme of the malediction that is not very present in the Psalter, because the Psalter is a Book of benedictions. This Psalm corresponds to a flipping of maledictions against the man that practices them. In this way Ps 109 is in the line of Prov 30,11–14, not only about the denunciation of the use of the malediction, but also about the bad comportments with the poor and the unhappy 'ny and 'bywn , in the same line that in the first Davidic psalter Ps 3–41. We have also more relations between Prov 30,1–14 and Ps 18 that plays an important part in the redaction of the Psalter. In Ps 18 we have a reaffirmation of the poor in relation to the reaffirmation of the Messiah. The allusions of Ps 109 to the practices of maledictions present some parallels in the Bible, but also in the extra biblical texts, in relation to the rites of the alliance of a suzerain with his subordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence Oft daedlata domę foręldit (four words) in the Old English Proverb from Winfrid's Time (ProvW, 1) defies grammatical analysis because foręldit 'delays' requires an accusative object. It is proposed to read Oft daed lata domę foręldit as five words, with daed (= dǣd) 'deed' functioning as direct object. This suggestion does not require any emendation because word division in Old English is by no means regular and there is some space between daed and lata in the manuscript anyway. The dative forms domę and gahwem (2a) function as instrumentals, with gahwem perhaps subordinated to domę. The meaning of the simplex lata lies in the area of 'late-comer', but 'sluggard', 'laggard' or other derogatory terms are not suitable. With regard to its genre, ProvW may be viewed in conjunction with Bede's Death Song (BDS). The vocabulary of BDS presents some problems, but, above all, the construction of the five verse-lines is not totally clear. It is proposed that the comparative thoncsnotturra (2a) has absolute function, and that the adverbial than (2b), meaning 'then', introduces a fresh clause. ProvW and BDS may belong to a larger group of self-contained texts no longer extant. In a wide sense they represent the category of Wisdom Poetry in a Christian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This response to the paper by Cristóbal Pagán Cánovas argues that wide-learning networks might actually be useful in the description and analysis of phonology and morphology, but it is less than clear that the same applies to syntax or text. Phenomena such as proverbs and oral poetic formulae are probably better understood in a traditional Construction Grammar framework with mid-level abstract units based on compositionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proverbs (as Easy come, easy go) are a type of conventionalized multiword unit that can be used as separate, complete statements in speech or writing (Mieder 2007; Steyer 2015). The rationale of this study is to examine word class effects in online processing of proverbs. In Luckert and Boland (submitted), we reported facilitative effects associated with proverb keywords which suggests that word-level properties are active alongside properties of the level of the multiword unit. Previous research has shown that individual word classes have different effects in online language processing. Numerous studies revealed that verbs are processed more slowly (Cordier et al. 2013) and involve greater processing demands compared to nouns (Macoir et al. 2019). The results of the present study suggest that verbs rather than nouns facilitate proverb processing. A distributional analysis of word classes in proverb corpora implies a trend to prefer verbs over nouns in American English proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a choice of Sumerian proverbs or anecdotes. As the different translations show, their meaning is most often controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a complex image of the devil in the paremiological material from the Slovak cultural space containing more than 14,000 text units. All motives with the devil are excerpted from the available text corpus, which is made up of collections of proverbs by Pavol Dobsinsky and Adolf Peter Zäturecky. The present motives are semantically organized into categories as appearance, location and time of occurrence, character traits and functions, and ways of protecting against his influence. In the article, individual variants are confronted with the current paremiological database of the Slovak language, while all formal or semantic innovations are pertracted in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In den letzten Jahren wurde in Leuven ein neuer Ansatz entwickelt, um die Übersetzungstechnik der LXX-Bücher zu untersuchen: der »content- and context-related approach«. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf der Wiedergabe inhalts- und kontextbezogener Kriterien, z. B. bezüglich hebräischer Hapax Legomena. Vor diesem Hintergrund konzentriert sich diese Studie auf die Übersetzungstechnik von LXX Proverbien und betrachtet die griechische Übersetzung hebräischer Tiernamen, um die Übersetzungstechnik in diesem Buch herauszuarbeiten. In recent years, a new approach to study the translation technique of the different LXX-books has been developed in Leuven: the content- and context-related approach. This approach takes the rendering of content- and context-related criteria such as, e. g., Hebrew hapax legomena and jargon-defined vocabulary as a starting point. Against this background, this study will focus on the translation technique of LXX-Proverbs by looking at the Greek rendering of Hebrew animal names. By doing so, this study aims at providing a more nuanced characterisation of the translation technique of LXX-Proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yearbook of Phraseology, Volume 14, was published in 2023 and is available for research purposes. It is managed by Carmen Mellado Blanco and Fabio Mollica, with contributions from various editors and reviewers from around the world. The articles in this volume cover a range of topics, including idioms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, hidden repetition in language, rejection idioms, hyperbolic expressions, and variations in Croatian proverbs. The volume also includes book reviews and an obituary. [Extracted from the article]

Proverbs (as Time is money) are conventionalized expressions that are "equivalent to a sentence" and "express generalized experiences or value judgements" (Steyer 2015: 209-210). This study aims at describing the lexical structure of the proverb inventory and at identifying 'proverbial keywords' which may be assumed to play an important role in storing proverbs in the mind (Lückert 2018). A database of American English proverbs was compiled and content words were tested for their contextual predictability (with COCA as 'normative corpus' using a 'goodness-of-fit' test). The results suggest that 59.4 % of the word lemmas are significantly over-represented in the proverb corpus (i.e. 'keywords'). This finding underpins the assumption that a considerable number of words are strongly associated with the proverb as a category. In the experimental part of the project it was tested whether the 'keywords' differ in how well they contribute to a strengthened memory representation of proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multilateral negotiations and other political contexts, proverbs and figures of speech can be used to emphasize and legitimize statements. As allusive formulae, they are suited for implicit communication without direct accusations or claims which is typical for many political contexts. This article sheds light on the functions of proverbs and figures of speech as part of communicative strategies in multilateral negotiations and asks for contextual aspects which need to be taken into consideration when analyzing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant's most prominent formulation of the Categorical Imperative, known as the Formula of Universal Law (FUL), is generally thought to demand that one act only on maxims that one can will as universal laws without this generating a contradiction. Kant's view is standardly summarized as requiring the 'universalizability' of one's maxims and described in terms of the distinction between 'contradictions in conception' and 'contradictions in the will'. Focusing on the underappreciated significance of the simultaneity condition included in the FUL, I argue, by contrast, that the principle is better read as requiring that one be able to will two things simultaneously without self-contradiction, namely, that a maxim be one's own and that it be a universal law. This amounts to a new interpretation of the FUL with significant interpretive and philosophical advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on African oral literature is traditionally orientated towards genre-bound collections of proverbs, folk songs, riddles, epics, myths, legends and orally transmitted fairy tales. Within the realm of oral literature, the Fon, an ethnic group in Benin, are especially well-regarded for their rich tradition of fairy tales. Such tales were orally transmitted over many generations and central performative events took the form of storytelling evenings held at the village square. These were centered upon professional storytellers, the performance of whose tales were regarded as intangible cultural heritage. The central aim of this article is to discuss how the term fairy tales causes confusion among the Fon; from an African perspective, the genre boundaries in oral traditions are much more permeable and fluid than in the European context. The article also discusses the huge transformation in performativities of orally transmitted fairy tales and gives examples of the ways in which public story telling has changed in village life. Finally it discusses the future of storytelling, and especially fairy tales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a special variety of rhetorical questions in colloquial Jordanian Arabic, namely proverbial rhetorical questions: these are rhetorical questions used as proverbs with metaphorical content. Eighty-one instances of PRQs, ethnographically observed in everyday, naturally occurring conversations, were analyzed and their discursive role examined. It was found that PRQs are exploited by the interactants to serve a variety of pragmatic functions, namely invoking common ground in order to convey an opposite point of view, performing ritual impoliteness, performing face-enhancing and face-aggravating acts, evoking humor, and communicating irony. A common thread of these functions is the socioculturally shared presuppositions that underlie these formulaic PRQs and the role that metaphor plays in shaping and communicating messages in social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study challenges the use of the book of Proverbs as a primary data set in the recovery of ancient Israelite and Judean educational values and practices. The study argues that an examination of the nature of the Book of Proverbs and its poetics must necessarily precede the use of this text in reconstructing the values and practices of ancient Israelite and Judean education. Although Pro verbs can and has been compared to ancient Near Eastern instruction or ?wisdom? texts, the study demonstrates how the frame of Proverbs is distinct from the frames of these other texts. The study further argues that the Book of Proverbs in its framing and poetics articulates a specific and idiosyncratic position on formal speech performance and the value of participating in such an activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article examines the literary relationship between 4Q184 and the book of Proverbs. In contrast to previous research, this article demonstrates that 4Q184 depends not only on Prov 7 but also on Prov 9, 5, and 2. Given that these four texts (Prov 2, 5, 7, and 9) belong to three different literary layers in the redaction of Prov 1–9, the demonic female of 4Q184 thus appears in a new light. Even though 4Q184 presents an ontological metaphor, the shift in meaning from a structural metaphor to an ontological understanding of the female figure can already be found in Prov 1–9. A closer look at the literary formation of Prov 1–9 shows that the paradigmatic shift from a female figure (the “strange woman”) to a counter-principle of personified Wisdom (“Dame Folly”) is already evident in the redaction of Prov 1–9. Therefore, in its demonization of “Dame Folly,” 4Q184 does not present a completely novel concept, but rather one that is connected to the shift in the understanding of the female figure produced by the final redaction of Prov 1–9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of several books related to folklore and cultural studies. The first book is a biography of Carl Wilhelm von Sydow, a Swedish pioneer in folklore research. The second book is a dictionary of modern proverbs, while the third book focuses on Franz Xaver von Schönwerth and his research on the everyday culture of the Oberpfalz region in Germany. The article also discusses other books related to folklore and storytelling, including a collection of local legends and stories, a book about the history and variations of a specific folktale, and a book about the life and work of Heinrich Tiedemann. These books contribute to the study of folklore and cultural identities in their respective regions. [Extracted from the article]

From a geographical dimension, the land is a metonymy of everlasting life given to the righteous while death is mostly the wicked's inevitable fate and habitation. This raises the question of what it means to live long in the land and to be exterminated from it when one knows that in fact all die to remain in Sheol. My explanation is that to live long, for the righteous, is to enjoy many years of life and have their name perpetuated via their offspring. For the wicked to be cut off from the land means that they, along with their household, are literally put to death, leaving trace neither in the land nor in the memoirs of it. This execution may be viewed as an act of purification or removal of evil impurity. From an experiential dimension, life is offered to the righteous as a gifted experience of longevity, wisdom, welfare, integrity, and security taking place in the land. By contrast, death is an experience of volte-face and descent with respect to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography on the subject related to West Africa is presented which includes the articles "Proverbes, sentences, maximes en touareg," by Aghali-Zakara Mohamed, "Technical efficiency and productivity potential of cocoa farmers in West African countries," by Joachim Nyemeck Binam, Jim Gockowski, and Guy Blaise Nkamleu, and "The "Hamitic hypothesis" in indigenous West African historical thought," by Robin Law.

The article examines the use of proverbs in nine novels by Salman Rushdie. The author discusses the reasons for the incorporation of literary works in proverb study, thus covering one of the aspects of proverb use. The paper talks about the paremic character of Rushdie's novels and offers a description of forms and functions of the paremias. In the analysis the semantics of proverbs is considered: both the changes within the contexts of the novels as well as the main communicative functions that the paremias serve. The paper shows the multifaceted nature of proverbs and demonstrates how the polysemanticity and polyfunctionality of proverbs is deployed by the writer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideas and practices of gender are shaped and transmitted through language as the spoken word/s and the written word/s, and through gestures and the body. Language, in its various modes and registers, helps to disseminate ideas and practices of gender. Language is vehicle, knowledge, and power. It shapes images and representations of women through stereotypes, namely through proverbs, tales, adages, advertising, etc. Proverbs in particular have been tools of affirmation and resistance, of continuity and conversation, of rupture and innovation in the complex grid of gender and culture. Focus here is on the images of women in Moroccan Arabic and Berber proverbs and on orality (the heard and spoken language). The latter plumbs memories of feeling and events in which language itself is implicated, both in first producing and in later unlocking; proverbs are thus considered as cultural products and language use as an integral part of social ritual. Proverbs can operate negatively for women; however, as women move into literacy and other forms of emancipation, we must keep sight of the crucial functions of orality and the ways Moroccan culture perpetuates gender discrimination and relations through oral modes such as proverbs. The latter remind us of the roles women have played, and still play, as guardians of orality. Proverbs do not simply reflect the social reality of women, but help construct it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on research on variation in languages within communicative space and mentions contribution centers on period of Middle English. Topics discussed include role of the communicative space in medieval England along with influence on lexical items in proverbs, conceptualization of Christian history and interest to Christian Prunitsch.

The article offers information on the University Publications of America collection. The reports on "Special Studies: Foreign Nations, Africa, 1998-2006 Supplement" focus on HIV/AIDS crisis, international trade, violence and civil war in sub-Saharan Africa. The Henri Gaidoz Folklore Collection offers information on folklore studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It includes correspondence, journal extracts, monographs and research notes. It also includes over 100 subjects such as animals, fables, history, medicine, proverbs, saints and werewolves.