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Based on previous studies and detailed excavations, this paper makes restorations for some parts of horse chariots unearthed at Majiayuan Cemetery of the Warring-States Period in Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province, and explores the manufacturing skills and assembling methods of these chariots and their parts and fittings. Moreover, this paper also analyzes oxcarts unearthed at the same cemetery and discusses their adaptation and modification to the horse chariots and their influences on the development of ox-drawn vehicles in later periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This contribution argues that the horses and chariots of fire in II Reg 6,15b-17 play an important function in the plot of II Reg 6,8-23. These verses contribute to irony in the story, to the theme of »seeing«, and it is likely that they are the means by which God smites the Arameans with the sanwerîm (v. 18). Their irrelevancy to the plot cannot be sustained as a sufficient argument for considering these verses to be a later addition to the pericope. Résumé: On avance ici l'hypothèse que les chevaux et les chariots de feu en II Rois 6,15b-17 jouent un rôle important quant à l'action de II Rois 6,8-23. Ces versets constituent un apport ironique au récit quant au thème du »voir«, et ce sont probablement là les instruments à l'aide desquels Dieu fracasse les Araméens, avec les sanwerîm (v. 18). Leur non-pertinence pour l'action en cours ne peut ainsi servir d'argument suffisant pour considérer ces versets comme une addition tardive à la péricope. Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass die feurigen Rosse und Streitwagen in II Reg 6,15b-17 eine wichtige Funktion in der Handlung von II Reg 6,8-23 innehaben. Diese Verse tragen zur Ironie der Geschichte, dem Thema »sehen«, bei, und wahrscheinlich sind diese feurigen Rosse und Streitwagen das Mittel, durch welches Gott die Aramäer mit sanwerîm schlägt (v. 18). Ihre Irrelevanz für die Handlung kann kein ausreichendes Argument dafür sein, diese Verse einer späteren Ergänzung der Perikope zuzurechnen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay addresses the question of how the city and its territory (Umland) were related in the reformation process. Its object of investigation is the imperial city of Ulm which owned one of the largest territories. The assumption that in the reformation process the city was the outrider and the territory followed proves adequate only at first view. A closer look shows some more complex dynamics. Whereas reformation preaching indeed did spread from the city into the territory, the practice of a reformed eucharist started at the edges of the territory. After the official introduction of the reformation in 1531 the territory played an important role concerning reformatory diversity. It served the city as religious experiment space and storage room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will re-examine the evidence for the interpretation of a complex compound logogram of the Hieroglyphic Luwian syllabary, PES(2). SCALA.ROTAE. I will also offer an improved interpretation of the text of the Korkun stela. Finally, I will tentatively suggest that the specific meaning of the compound logogram PES(2).SCALA may depend on the contact with the semiotic inventory of the cuneiform writing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early Qin Culture refers to the Qin Culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring-and-Autumn Period. Considering its cultural composition, we will realize that it has three main sources, namely the Shang, Zhou, and Western Rong (Western Barbarian) Cultures. The elements derived from the Shang Culture comprised the furniture of waist pits and the custom of dog burial in graves, the use of human sacrifice, the interment of chariots and horses, the Shang-style pottery wares and the tradition of constructing huge-scale mausoleums. These elements reflect that the Qin people initially came from the east and had strong ties with the Shang Dynasty and were deeply influenced by the Shang Culture, and belonged to the Yin people (after the fall of the Shang Dynasty) in the broader sense. The elements absorbed from the Zhou Culture comprised the architectural types of ancestral temples and palaces, the adoption of the ritual vessels, the suspended musical instruments, the Zhou style pottery wares and the writing system. These elements indicate that the Qin people adopted the ritual and musical culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which had a great political significance at the early stage of Qin's history. The factors derived from the cultures of the Western Rong ethnic group or the northern steppes included the flexed burial position, the golden body ornaments and chariots and horses, iron wares, animal motifs on utensils, recesses on the walls of the burial pits and the ditches around the graves, the use of bronze cauldrons and swords (daggers). Such elements reflect that during the development process in the Longyou region, the Qin people absorbed the cultures of the adjacent Western Rong ethnic group, the Eurasian steppes and farther beyond. The first kind of elements continued to predominate the Qin Culture down to the middle Western Zhou, then the second and the third ones arose from the late Western Zhou to the early Spring-and-Autumn Period, and simultaneously, the first were only present in the aristocratic burial activities. Based on the remnants of the Shang Culture, the early Qin Culture came into being by widely absorbing elements of the Zhou and Western Rong Cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the function and role of Bronze Age chariots and charioteers as reflected in funerary contexts in the southern Urals. This work focuses on: 1) the presentation of archaeological data recently obtained from the excavation of a burial ground near the village of Stepnoye (southern Trans-Urals, Sintashta, Petrovka and Alakul' cultures); 2) the reconstruction of the social identity of individuals (their gender, age, professional affiliation) buried with the attributes of chariotry. Previous research had largely ignored aspects of gender and age identity and other social aspects of individuals linked with chariotry. Our analysis clearly demonstrates the diversity of 'chariot' burials and the absence of firm rules governing their construction. The grave goods discovered contain attributes of chariot complexes that are quite diverse, including the following elements: weaponry, tools, ornaments, and items and artefacts linked to the production of metal objects. Departing from what has previously been proposed and stereotyped, we suggest that chariotry is likely to have been a part-time activity for some males (although some cheek-pieces were found in children's and women's burials), but most probably not for all men in a community. Archaeologically, we do not see a social group of so-called 'warrior-charioteers' who were exclusively occupied in war or training for it. By comparison, conflict, and the need for defensive structures during the Bronze Age in Europe and the Ural steppe differed dramatically, depending on fundamental environmental, economic, and social differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trundholm sun chariot is characterized by extraordinary aesthetics. The front and the back side of the Trundholm disc represent through their difference in brilliance and decoration a separate concept -- the Sun and the Moon. The analysis of these exquisite decorations demonstrates that the Bronze Age people had profound astronomical knowledge of the movements of these heavenly bodies. Taken together, the front and the back side of the disc form a complete picture, one which already contains the Metonic cycle. The mathematics of the ornamentation on both sides is also of great potency and beauty. The Trundholm disc is thus the key to understanding the Nordic style and its underlying creation myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of KLIO: Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Linear B data, combined with archaeological, chronological and geographic facts, help to suggest some new solutions to problems linked with the inventories of Mycenaean chariot's wheels. For instance, o-da-twe-ta and te-midwe- ta could mean respectively "with studded-tread" or "serrated" tyres and "with (special) tyre". Etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review article, Philippe Clancier's recent monograph on the history of the overlooked Late Bronze and Early Iron-age polity of Sūḫu lying on the Middle Euphrates is examined. It is demonstrated that the central contention of two identically named polities of Sūḫu ("Eastern" and "Western Sūḫu" respectively), ruled by two competing dynasties with differing political relationships to Assyria, is not supported by the textual record. As a corrective, a new comprehensive political history of Sūḫu in the early first millennium BC is presented here, as a basis for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After emerging in the Lake Van Basin of Turkey, the Urartian kingdom expanded its territory across Eastern Anatolia, Northwestern Iran, and Armenia between the late 9th and early 7th century BC. The high altitude of these regions and the climatic conditions, especially long and harsh winters with heavy snowfall, likely forced the Urartian monarchy to establish a reliable network of communication: new roads and new settlements along these roads were established between the capital city Tušpa and other parts of its territory. This study presents a reassessment of the archaeological and textual evidence on Urartian routes used for military campaigns, settlements located along these routes, ancient road remains and means of transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung: Für die Landschaft am Zusammenfluss von Elbe und Moldau mit einem hier am Kreuzweg unterschiedlicher Fernwege sich konzentrierenden ausgedehnten Siedlungsgefüge konnte die Archäologie komplexe Gesellschaftsstrukturen, die Entstehung von Eliten sowie ungewöhnliche Bestattungsriten erkennen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden vor allem zwei frühlatènezeitliche Gräberfelder und eine späthallstattzeitliche Siedlung in den Katastergemeinden Hořín und Vlíněves thematisiert. Körpergräber mit eisernen Drähten auf den Schädeln der Toten weisen auf eine Kopfbedeckung hin, wie sie als 'Blätterkrone' bekannt ist. Die Bestatteten gehörten der aristokratischen Elite an und führten offenbar auch kultische Praktiken durch. Der ungewöhnliche Bestattungsritus sowie die Grabausstattungen von Hořín und Vlíněves belegen den gehobenen Status der Personen in ihren Gemeinschaften. Zwei etruskische Bronzebecken in einem der Brandgräber weisen auf die Bedeutung des Fundortes am Kreuzweg bedeutender Routen des Bernsteinhandels hin. Eine anthropomorphe Bronzetülle aus einem Ha D2-3-zeitlichen Siedlungsbefund wird als Bestandteil eines Trinkhornbeschlages gedeutet. Diese aufwendig geschmückten Trinkgefäße finden sich vor allem in den reich ausgestatteten Gräbern der Elite, dabei positioniert in der Nähe weiterer Gefäße aus Keramik und Bronze sowie beigegebener Speiseopfer. Weitere bislang nicht eindeutig interpretierbare Bronzebeschläge aus den Ha C-Ha D1-zeitlichen Kammergräbern der Bylaner und Horákover Kultur können gleichfalls als Bronzebeschläge von Trinkhörnern angesprochen werden. Ihre Entwicklung setzt sich in West- und Südböhmen in der Phase Ha D2-3/LT A fort, wobei in den reichen Ha D3/LT A-Gräbern mit zweirädrigen Wagen und Waffen kleinere Trinkhornbeschläge zu finden sind. Trinkhornbeschläge stammen äußerst selten nur aus Siedlungsbefunden und sind in solchen Fällen als Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit einer gesellschaftlichen Elite zu verstehen. Die an der Spitze des Exemplars von Hořín angebrachte Figur eines Adoranten verweist auf den Bereich der gleichfalls in breiteren Zusammenhängen erörterten Kultsymbolik. Résumé: La région située au confluent de l'Elbe et de la Vltava contient une vaste concentration de sites installés au croisement de voies d'échange à longue distance qui ont révélé la présence d'individus de haut rang appartenant à la société du Hallstatt Final et du début de La Tène. En particulier, deux nécropoles du début de La Tène et un habitat du Hallstatt Final ont livré des indices de cette présence dans les communes de Vlíněves et Hořín. Parmi les inhumations, des fils de fer retrouvés sur les crânes indiquent que ces individus portaient des couronnes en forme de couronnes de laurier, ce qui laisse penser à des membres de l'aristocratie qui apparemment remplissaient aussi une fonction religieuse. Ces coutumes funéraires inhabituelles ainsi que le mobilier provenant de Vlíněves et Hořín démontrent que certains individus occupaient une place de haut rang dans leur société. De plus une tombe à incinération contenant deux basins en bronze étrusques témoigne de l'importance du site au croisement de voies utilisées par le commerce de l'ambre. Un élément en bronze orné d'une figure anthropomorphe récupéré dans une fosse d'habitat du Hallstat D2-3 a été identifié comme faisant partie de la pointe d'une corne à boire. En général on retrouve de telles cornes à boire richement ornées dans les sépultures aristocratiques, où elles sont souvent associées à d'autres récipients en bronze et en céramique et à des offrandes d'aliments. A la lumière de cette découverte des fragments de bronze retrouvés dans les chambres funéraires des cultures de Bylany et de Horákov contenant un riche mobilier appartenant à l'élite peuvent être identifiés comme provenant de cornes à boire ; ces dernières évoluèrent au courant du Ha D2-3 et de LT A dans le sud et l'ouest de la Bohème. On y rencontre des cornes à boire plus petites associées à des tombes à char à deux roues et à des armes dans les sépultures à riche mobilier du Ha D3/LT A. La découverte d'éléments de cornes à boire est extrêmement rare dans un contexte d'habitat, ce qui suggère que des membres d'une élite y étaient présents. La pointe de la corne à boire de Hořín représente la figure d'un adorant, ce qui nous amène à considérer ce symbole et le symbolisme rituel dans une perspective plus ample. Abstract: The region at the confluence of the Elbe and Vltava rivers, with a vast settlement concentration at the crossroads of long-distance routes, has produced evidence of high-ranking individuals belonging to Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène communities. This evidence comes in particular from the parishes of Hořín and Vlíněves where two cemeteries dating to the beginning of the La Tène period and a settlement of the Late Hallstatt period were uncovered. Iron wire found on skulls in inhumation graves indicates the presence of headdresses in the shape of wreaths, suggesting that these individuals were members of the aristocratic elite who apparently also had religious functions. The unusual burial rite and grave assemblages at Hořín and Vliněves would indicate that certain individuals occupied a higher rank within their community. A cremation grave containing two Etruscan bronze basins further attests to the significance of the site, located at the junction of important amber routes. A settlement feature dated to the Ha D2-3 period produced an anthropomorphic bronze socket that was part of the tip of a drinking horn. Such richly ornamented drinking horns are generally found in the well-furnished burials of the elite, and they are often associated with other bronze and pottery vessels as well as food offerings. Bronze fittings found in the Ha C-D1 chambered graves of the Bylany and Horákov cultures, which had hitherto not been satisfactorily identified, can now be assigned to drinking horns; the latter further evolved during Ha D2-3/LT A in western and southern Bohemia. The smaller bronze drinking horn tips found there in richly furnished Ha D3/LT A burials are associated with two-wheeled chariots and weapons. Finds of such drinking horn fittings are extremely rare in settlement contexts and they suggest that members of an elite were present. The tip of the drinking vessel from Hořín features the figure of an adorant; this symbol opens perspectives on ritual symbolism which is addressed here in its wider context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyzes the term presbeis autokratores found in historical sources and in inscriptions. Previous scholars have not been able to give a consistent account of the term, which appears to vary in meaning. The analysis starts by examining the use of the term autokrator as applied to officials and public bodies and shows that the term refers to different special powers granted to officials, which are specified in each case but which may vary according to circumstances. The rest of the essay analyzes the use of the term and shows that presbeis autokratores were either sent to start negotiations with the power to receive proposals from a foreign state and to bring them back for ratification or to swear the oaths to a treaty the community had already decided to accept. The term is never found in multilateral negotiations. The use of the term in the speech 'On the Peace' attributed to Andocides is inconsistent with its use in the Classical and Hellenistic period, which provides additional evidence against the authenticity of this speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A sarcophagus found in Tarquinia at the end of the 19th century discloses an original iconography featuring infernal scenes with banqueters, Turms, Vanth, and winged snakes. One interpretation proposed in the 1990s was that this monument bears witness to esoteric doctrines of Greek origin in Etruria, in particular Orphism and Pythagoreanism. However, this proposal is not satisfactory and needs to be reconsidered. It seems more likely that this sarcophagus refers to the world of perfumes and, potentially, to the well-known anecdote of the flying snakes guarding the frankincense trees. This new interpretation sheds further light on the role of scents in Etruria, particularly in the world of the dead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written of the events concerning the Egyptian, Mittanian, and Hittite presence in the northern Levant during the so-called ʿAmārna Period. Decades of work from excellent scholars have established that the Egyptians elected two cities to be their "capitals" in the region, centres from where they could establish their control over the territory of modern Lebanon: Ṣumur on the ʿAkkār Plain, and Kumidi in the Biqāʿ (Beqaa) Valley. Many points remain relatively unclear, such as the succession of events in the region, the developments of war, and the reasons why the Egyptians decided to create a second centre in Kumidi, when they already controlled Ṣumur. This paper reanalyses the data at our disposal and reconstructs the diachronic succession of events related to the two centres, arguing that Kumidi became an Egyptian centre only after Ṣumur had fallen prey to Abdi-Aširta of Amurru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The reigns of Adad-nārārī II (911–891) and his son Tukultī-Ninurta II (890–884) are vital to understanding the rise of Neo-Assyria; yet, reconstruction of these is hampered by the scarce and fragmentary sources available. This study surveys the reigns of these two kings, and examines five fragmentary early Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions from the city of Aššur published in 2009 by Frahm within Keilschrifttexte aus Assur literarischen Inhalts 3, providing solid ascriptions of three of these to Adad-nārārī II and two to Tukultī-Ninurta II on philological and historical grounds. These findings are then integrated into present knowledge of this period in order to present new portraits of these kings' respective reigns. This results in a clearer historical articulation of Adad-nārārī II's remarkably successful incumbency, particularly shedding light on his early victories. In turn, Tukultī-Ninurta II's difficult reign spent consolidating his father's territorial gains can also be better understood. Interestingly, various innovations can be ascribed to this latter king, not least the 'calculated frightfulness' for which his son would become so (in)famous within Assyriology. Finally, some repercussions of these findings for the study of 10th and 9th century royal inscriptions are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-three years after the publication of Simo Parpola's article "The Murderer of Sennacherib," the events of his assassination in 681 BC and Esarhaddon's accession to the throne continue to provoke debate. More than a simple act of murder, the assassination of Sennacherib should be understood as an attempted coup d' état, a strategically planned attempt to use force to bring about a change in political leadership. Combining a new examination of the many sources associated with this event with fresh theoretical perspectives derived from the study of modern coups d'état, this article refutes recent suggestions that Esarhaddon played a role in the murder of his father. It argues that Sennacherib did in fact disinherit Urad-Mullissu in favor of Esarhaddon, that Urad-Mullissu successfully recruited professional chariot units based in Nineveh to participate in his conspiracy, and that Esarhaddon was likely based in the city of Dur-Katlimmu at the time of his father's assassination. Esarhaddon avoided assassination and prevailed in the conflict which followed by leveraging his status as the designated heir to create the perception that his candidacy for the throne was endorsed by the gods and therefore his victory was inevitable. Nevertheless, the assassination and the brief civil war that followed cast a pall over Esarhaddon's reign, shaping his own succession arrangements as well as the atmosphere of paranoia which marked his final years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since March 2011, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other institutions conducted excavation to Marquis of Haihun's tomb of the Western Han Dynasty located on the Guodun Hill in Datangping Township, Xinjian District, Nanchang City. Marquis of Haihun's tomb consisted of the burial mound in the shape of a truncated pyramid, the grave in a 甲 -shaped plan and the rectangular wooden coffin chamber. The wooden coffin chamber was partitioned into the main chamber, the passage, the ambulatory-shaped storage quarters and the corridor. The artifacts unearthed from the tomb included gold objects, bronzes, jades, lacquered and wooden wares, textiles, pottery wares, bamboo slips and wooden tablets, etc. Referring to the unearthed artifacts and the relevant historic textual materials, the occupant of this tomb is estimated to be Liu He, the first generation of the Marquis of Haihun of the Western Han Dynasty. The site of the Purple Gold City, the graveyards of the Marquises of Haihun of all of the generations and the cemeteries of the noble and common peoples formed the largest and best preserved settlement site of marquisate of the Han Dynasty found to date with the richest connotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts Conceptual Metaphor Theory to compare the Christian ideal of life, i.e. the kingdom of heaven and the Buddhist ideal of life, i.e. nirvana. Through a systematic investigation of the metaphorical expressions bearing the two concepts in the Book of Mathew and the Lotus Sutra, we find that they share the static metaphor (the kingdom of heaven/nirvana is a container), i.e. both religions envision the ideal state of life as entering a container. Dynamically, the kingdom of heaven is conceptualized as an upcoming event while nirvana as the destination of a journey. The two dynamic metaphors reveal four major differences. Firstly, the kingdom of heaven is described as arrival into and nirvana as departure from the mundane world. Secondly, the arrival of the kingdom of heaven aims to eliminate the sin of human beings while the departure for nirvana aims to leave behind bitterness of the mundane world. Thirdly, the kingdom of heaven emphasizes the dichotomy between the good and the evil while nirvana emphasizes delivering all living beings. Fourthly, God acts as a king and judge in the final judgement of the kingdom of heaven while Buddha acts as a guide in the journey to nirvana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastward expansion of Assyria, richly narrated in official inscriptions and supported by corollary materials such as letters from the royal correspondence and oracular enquiries, remains in archaeological terms hugely under-explored. Over the past few years, however, this has begun to change and a succession of recent discoveries is starting to give us an increasingly more detailed picture of the imprint of Assyrian rule in this sector of the Empire. The two fragments of a monumental stele of Sargon II published here, excavated at the site of Quwakh Tapeh in the Mahidasht Plain, are an example of just the sort of find that is ushering in a new era in our understanding of the Assyrian presence in western Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When human ancestors preferred to eat less and did not want to abandon their old parents in the mountains, they did something that violated the previous natural laws; that is, after the task of giving birth and raising children, they should no longer waste valuable resources. However, this brought unexpected results. Older parents can take care of their grandchildren, making families with grandmothers have more children than families without grandmothers. Therefore, filial piety may be the main reason why human beings stand out from the apes. Doing things without utilitarian motives but that may have lasting utilitarian results and recognizing the relationship between the results and the behaviors) is an important characteristic of this kind of filial piety that occurs and persists. Culture is something that transcends today's utilitarianism, is willing to pay for the value of emotion, aesthetics and morality, and, ultimately, has utilitarian results. This trait has always been accompanied by human development as a human cultural gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the narrow passageway along the southern shores of Lake Kopais evolved into a sacred landscape that provided space for the building of a political community among the inhabitants of 'two Boiotias'. The Kopais corridor was a highway for the movement of people and ideas since the Late Bronze Age. Its high frequency of cult sites offered ample opportunity for the nourishing of sentiments of togetherness. The first section of this article surveys the key determinants in the relations between the two major cities on either end of the corridor, Orchomenos and Thebes, prior to the creation of their first federal union. This lays the groundwork for the second step of the analysis, when the article examines the local environment of the Kopais corridor. Revisiting its cult sites, the discussion delves into the experience of local place – each one distinct and with its own sacred aura, but lined up along a path and linked with other places. In conclusion, the findings are put in the wider context of storied environments and sacred landscapes in the Archaic Age. It will be argued that the union of the Boiotians was subject to the dynamics of sacred landscape making in the Kopais corridor, a dynamic that allowed the ethnos to relate to a space critical to its origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book's first section offers a detailed examination of the 19 SP th sp century discovery of the site and its excavation by Falchi. Despite Milani's critiques, Colombi proves that the archival evidence for Falchi's excavations allows us to reconstruct the topography of Vetulonia's early cemeteries. The finds from his excavations are in Florence, Grossetto (Museo di Archeologia e d'Arte della Maremma) and Vetulonia (Museo Civico Archeologico "Isidoro Falchi"). [Extracted from the article]

Luther's treatise is presented as an answer to attacks from the Italian Dominican Ambrosius Catharinus. The language is highly invective, and Luther's argument culminates in a comprehensive biblical verification of a terrifying truth: that the pope is the Antichrist foreseen in several biblical texts. The papal Curia is part of the Antichrist's realm. Relating to Heiko Oberman's thoughts on the theological roots of Luther's "invectivity," the article offers a closer look into Luther's radically offensive language in his early years, arguing that it was closely linked to his central theological convictions at least since 1520/21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archiv für Religionsgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is a cognitive linguistic study of Shi Jing (The Book of Poetry), the first collection of poems in Chinese history dated from the 11th to the 6th century B.C. Adopting the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of all the metaphorical expressions in the collection, with the aim of investigating the underlying conceptual metaphors and exploring the interrelationships between metaphor, cognition and culture. The main findings are: 1) Altogether 476 metaphorical expressions have been identified, not only in those poems traditionally associated with bĭ (comparison) or xìng (affective image), but also in those poems traditionally associated with fù (narration). 2) Most of the metaphorical expressions identified belong to the Great Chain of Being Metaphor and can be further divided into downward ones and upward ones, with the former outnumbering the latter. 3) From the underlying conceptual metaphors, it can be observed that the conceptualization pattern of the Zhou Dynasty is rather anthropocentric and anthropomorphic, with a certain tendency towards animism. It is also patriarchal in regarding men as aesthetic subject and women as aesthetic object. 4) The Zhou people also showed remarkable figurative creativity. All the four devices summarized by Lakoff and Turner (1989) for creating novel language from conventional materials (extending, elaborating, questioning and composing) have been skillfully employed by the Zhou people to sing for their love and lament the miseries of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

His chapter effectively interacts with themes raised elsewhere in the volume (e.g., scripted emotions or insincerity), and, by attending to the associations of tears with authority and power, makes contributions well beyond it (connecting to M. Beard's work on imperial laughter). That original title surely explains why the resulting volume incorporates not just "Roman" material (as the book's title would suggest), but also studies of Etruria and Renaissance Italy (one chapter each). S. Matt's chapter on "Recovering Emotion from Visual Culture" (19-27) effectively sets the stage for the volume's contributions by providing an overview of the core issues, methodological problems, and larger stakes involved in parsing visual culture for writing a history and archaeology of emotions. In their brief "Introduction" (9-18), H. von Ehrenheim and M. Prusac-Lindhagen frame their volume as an attempt to harness Roman material culture as a "potential gold mine of information with regard to emotions when socially and affectively contextualized" (9). [Extracted from the article]

This study reexamines a lynchpin of Neo-Babylonian Levantine Phoenician historiography: Nebuchadnezzar II's purported thirteen-year siege of Tyre in the early sixth century bce. This detail about the length of the siege can be found only in Josephus' (first century ce) writings, but this study's new assessment of the (sixth-fifteenth century ce) manuscript evidence shows that the more commonly transmitted length of the siege was "three years and ten months." Other manuscript variations further illustrate that there was little continuous cultural memory of the length of the event. When coupled with (a) other chronological problems in Josephus' works, (b) a review of the complex Biblical, Mesopotamian, and Classical relevant literary sources, and (c) the lack of current evidence for any destruction levels or siegeworks at the site of Tyre, the case for insisting other sources be synchronized with this thirteen-year framework weakens. Shorter sieges or raids, blockades of the island or inland ports, and periodic Babylonian military presence to extract personnel and resources are all likely scenarios for Tyre and other Levantine sites during Nebuchadnezzar's 43-year reign. Discarding a single "thirteen-year siege" as a reliable historical detail allows scholars of the Neo-Babylonian period in the central coastal Levant to shift their attention to more interesting questions, including exploring the causes and impacts of the evident changes in Tyre's seaward and inland trading patterns in the sixth-fifth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

All attested texts in the Hittite language along with the phonetic writings of Hittite lexemes make broad use of Sumerian and Akkadian morphemes, words and word combinations conveying the meaning of corresponding Hittite elements. This article questions the common assumption that all foreign elements were read and dictated in proper Hittite and presents evidence suggesting that in some cases word combinations underlying Sumerian and Akkadian writings cannot be interpreted as grammatical Hittite strings because of their different syntactic properties. The phenomena discussed in the article are most likely due to the features of the scribal jargon heavily influenced by the Sumero-Akkadian scribal tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tug₂ guz-za /tug₂guz.za is a cloth attested in different spellings from the 3rd to 1st millennia BCE that has received diverse translations. Evidence from Ur III textile production texts, reconstructions based on experimental data, and lexical lists now converge to suggest that the cloth was defined by its thick weft. Although the tug₂ guz-za /tug₂guz.za has traditionally been connected to the Zottenrock of Mesopotamian visual media via the adjective guz(-za) 'bristly, wire-haired,' no independent evidence of shagginess has been found for the textile. Instead, this contribution demonstrates that there is another guz-za meaning 'bright red' that was applied to textiles and wool in the lexical lists of the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting that the tug₂ guz-za /tug₂guz.za was conceived of as a red cloth at least in some periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on issues related to political liminality in the environment of the Levant in the Late Bronze Age. It first defines the term and then identifies key population groups that can be considered politically liminal. The main focus is on the so-called Sherden (Akk. šerdanu, širdanu), a group of persons and individuals, which are found in ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian sources spanning several centuries during the second half of the second half of the second millennium BCE. Whether as incoming enemies or as individuals settled on Egyptian soil, they represent one of the key phenomena of the Egyptian New Kingdom. But who were the Sherden and how did their role in the ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian societies change over time? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All the fittings can be classified into three main categories in terms of their shape and possible function: 1) sleeve-related fittings (279 fittings in 17 types); 2) hook-related fittings (80 fittings in four types); 3) shovel-related fittings (32 fittings in two types); one unclassifiable fitting due to damage (WHU School of History et al. 2017). Keywords: Warring States period; Marquis Yi of Zeng; tent structure; engineering design EN Warring States period Marquis Yi of Zeng tent structure engineering design 171 181 11 11/16/22 20221101 NES 221101 Postscript Research on the engineering of the tent and related three-dimensional modeling were carried out by Wuhan Digital Culture Technology Co., Ltd. A thin, cup-shaped fitting is used, as the sole holder, to lift the common rafters and hip jacks (see the middle fittings in Figure 6b and 6c), and its triangular bottom is simply lodged in trapezoidal grooves along the beams (Figure 6d and 6e). Figure 3a illustrates four sleeve-related fitting types and their possible positioning, including: 1) two three-way joints; 2) two four-way joints; 3) 10 side fittings; 4) two corner fittings (another two are missing). [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Southeastern China; Western Zhou period; mound tomb culture; early history of Wu Yue EN Southeastern China Western Zhou period mound tomb culture early history of Wu Yue 162 170 9 11/16/22 20221101 NES 221101 Postscript The original paper was published in Kaogu (Archaeology) 2020.9:81-92 with one illustration and 72 notes. The origin and early history of Wu and Yue in historic literature Since neither archaeological research nor bronze inscriptions have solved the issue of Wu and Yue during the Western Zhou dynasty, we must re-examine the textual records. In a word, from an archaeological point of view, whether Wu and Yue appeared in the Western Zhou period, how they were related to the Zhou regime, and which remains belonged to the early Wu or Yue state are still not yet resolved. It is even more difficult to corresponding these sites and material culture remains to specific historical events, states, and royal lines, such as the enfeoffment of the Wu state, the early Wu king lineage, or the early Yue state. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Indogermanische Forschungen: Zeitschrift für Indogermanistik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Katniss's curling up against Peeta, like she did when they were in the cave, acts as a crowning image to Peeta's own creation, "playing the crowd exactly right" (HG, 438). The tributes take a train to the Capitol and Katniss describes their arrival in the following terms: "Both Peeta and I run to the window to see what we've only seen on television, the Capitol, the ruling city of Panem. Keywords: visual dystopia; digital baroque; performance of identity EN visual dystopia digital baroque performance of identity 293 318 26 08/09/22 20220901 NES 220901 Utopian and Dystopian narratives, since their first inception, have represented a social critique of the present and have literally staged "sites" (visual and narrative ones) for the display and articulation of cultural anxieties. As President Snow explains when he goes to visit Katniss before the Victory Tour, I have a problem, Miss Everdeen [...] A problem that began the moment you pulled out those poisonous berries in the arena [...] In several [...districts...] people I viewed i your little trick with the berries as an act of defiance, not an act of love. [Extracted from the article]